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20

圖一 Non-ICW Firms 與 ICW Firms 歷年報導誘因差異

-4-2 024

Scores for Reporting Incentives

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

year Non-ICW Firms

-4-2 024

Scores for Reporting Incentives

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012

year ICW Firms

21

表一 樣本篩選過程

Firm-years 自 Audit Analytics 中保留 2004 年~2011 年間強制適用 SOX 404

之公司

19,198

刪除:(1)缺乏衡量報導誘因的六項變數 (488)

(2)缺乏 Compustat 相關財務資料 (6,077)

(3)在美國上市之外國公司 (230)

(4)金融、證券等受政府管制之產業 (779)

(5)其他非於 NYSE、AMEX、NASDAQ 交易之公司 (9)

(6)重覆樣本數 (634)

測試假說 1 之樣本數 10,981

刪除:2004 年~2011 年間未發生內部控制重大缺失的公司 (10, 446)

測試假說 2 之樣本數 535

刪除:(1) 2010 年~2011 年間發生內部控制重大缺失的公司 (68)

(2)2004 年~2009 年間缺少內部控制查核報告的公司 (35)

測試假說 3 之樣本數a 432

註:

a由於假說 3 係針對內部控制重大缺失的公司,探討報導誘因高低差異是否影響其於後續二年內修正缺

失的可能性,故僅能對 2004 年~2009 年已發生重大缺失的公司做討論;其中依缺失公司是否於後二 年內收到無保留意見的內控查核報告作為判斷是否修正缺失之依據,因此測試假說 3 的樣本數為 432 個觀察值,其中已刪除 35 個缺少內控查核報告的公司。

22

b比較 Non-ICW Firms 與 ICW Firms 報導誘因之平均數,其平均數達到顯著性差異(t 值=5.623,p<0.00);

而利用 Wilcoxon 無母數統計法檢定兩類型公司中位數,亦達顯著性差異(z 值=4.415,p<0.00)。

23

ZSCORE=破產風險係數,數值越高代表公司破產風險的可能性越低,參照 Altman(1968)定義 Zscore = 0.012T1 +0.014T2 +0.033T3 +0.006T4 + 0.999T5。其中 T1 = 營運資金/總資產;T2 = 保留盈餘 /總資產; T3 = 稅前盈餘/總資產;T4 = 權益價值/負債帳面價值;T5 = 銷貨收入/總資產。

AUDITOR_RESIGN=虛擬變數,會計師於 t 年度辭職,不繼續委任財務報表查核者為 1,其餘為 0;

AUDITOR=虛擬變數,公司於 t 年度委任六大會計師事務所查核年度財務報表者為 1,其餘為 0。其中 六大會計師事務所包括:BDO Seidman、Deloitte and Touche、Ernst and Young、Grant

24 Thornton、KPMG 及 PricewaterhouseCoopers;

RESTATEMENT=虛擬變數,公司曾於 t 年度發生財務報表重編者為 1,其餘為 0;

LITIGATION=虛擬變數,公司為高訴訟產業者為 1,其餘為 0。參照 Ashbaugh-Skaife et al.(2007)作法,

將產業代碼為 2833-2836(生物科技業)、3570-3577 及 7370-7374(電腦產業)、3600-

3674(電子產業)及 5200-6961(零售產業)視為高訴訟產業。

ICW_REMEDIATION = 修正內部控制重大缺失之層級變數,以 0~2 表示,各含意為:

0=未修正 ICMW 的公司(NON-Remediators) (“第 1 及第 2 年均收到 adverse 404 reports”),

1=在第 2 年才修正 ICMW 的公司(SLOW -Remediators) (在第 1 年仍收到 adverse 404 reports 但在第 2 年收到 unqualified 404 reports),

2=在第 1 年立即修正 ICMW 的公司(FAST -Remediators) (在第 1 及第 2 年均收到 unqualified 404 reports);

∆D&O = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度偵測 MW 後更換董事長,其餘為 0;

∆BOARD_MEMBER = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度偵測 MW 後更換董事成員,其餘為 0;

∆CEO = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度偵測 MW 後更換執行長,其餘為 0;

∆CFO = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度偵測 MW 後更換財務長,其餘為 0;

∆NDUALITY = 虛擬變數,1=公司 CEO 及董事長由不同人擔任,其餘為 0;

∆AUDITOR = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度偵測 MW 後更換會計師,其餘為 0;

ICW_SEVERITY = 虛擬變數,1=公司於 t 年度發生公司層級(Company-level)的重大缺失,其 餘為 0;

25

2004-2011 2004-2006 2007-2011

Intercept ? -3.682*** -2.600*** -3.881***

Year Fixed Effect Included Included Included

Ind. Fixed Effect Included Included Included

N 10981 3492 7489

pseudo R2 0.155 0.111 0.148

Hosmer-Lemeshow p-valuec 0.281 0.387 0.517

註:

a ***

表示達1%之統計顯著水準、**表示達5%之統計顯著水準、*表示達10%之統計顯著水準。

b變數定義參見表三。

c Hosmer-Lemeshow Test係測試logistic regression整體模型是否具配適度,其虛無假設為該logistic regression模型整體具有一個合適的配適度,當p-value越高越無法拒絕虛無假設。本表之logistic regression均具合適配適度。

26

2004-2011 2004-2006 2007-2011

Intercept ? -0.061 -0.161 -0.216

Year Fixed Effect Included Included Included

Ind. Fixed Effect Included Included Included

N 535 307 228

pseudo R2 0.072 0.077 0.127

Hosmer-Lemeshow p-valuec 0.984 0.666 0.433

註:

a ***

表示達1%之統計顯著水準、**表示達5%之統計顯著水準、*表示達10%之統計顯著水準。

b變數定義參見表三。

c Hosmer-Lemeshow Test係測試 logistic regression整體模型是否具配適度,其虛無假設為該 logistic regression模型整體具有一個合適的配適度,當 p-value越高越無法拒絕虛無假設。本表之 logistic regression均具合適配適度。

27

2004-2009 2004-2006 2007-2009

Intercept 1 ? -3.395*** -2.690*** -4.465***

Year Fixed Effect Included Included Included

Ind. Fixed Effect Included Included Included

28

N 432 282 150

pseudo R2 0.082 0.086 0.216

註:

a ***

表示達1%之統計顯著水準、**表示達5%之統計顯著水準、*表示達10%之統計顯著水準。

b變數定義參見表三。

29

Year Fixed Effect Included Included

Ind. Fixed Effect Included Included

N 95 55

Reporting incentives, Internal Control Weaknesses Disclosure and

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