Others

Outside cryptography, the law in many places makes provision for trusted third parties upon whose assertions parties to a transaction may rely. For instance, a notary public acts as a trusted third party for authenticating the validity and execution of documents.

除了密碼以外，關於能作為當事人法律依據的具公信力第三者陳述，法律有多處 規定。例如，作為具公信力第三者的公證人，能認證文件的效力與執行。

In the field of copyright we find two kinds of organizations that bear some resemblance to the requisite intermediary entities. On the one hand are the (normally public) institutions of registration and legal deposit for copyright materials. To greater or lesser extent, these entities are able to vouch for certain information regarding material that is registered and/ or deposited. At the very least they provide a source for verification of the precise substance of the material in question. In some cases they are able to furnish information as to the original owner of the rights in the material as well as the date of creation.

在著作權領域，我們找到二種某程度類似必要中介主體的組織。在一方面，就是 著作權材料的登記與法律寄託（公證）機構。在或多或少的程度上，關於這些登記與

∕或寄託的材料，這些主體能夠在法律上作證。至少他們能提供查證來源，證實系爭 材料確實存在。在某些情形，對於材料的原權利人以及創作日期，他們能夠提供資 訊。

On the other hand there is a multitude of entities responsible for the collective administration of copyright. Many of these have a long operational history and highly developed licensing infrastructures; others are of more recent origin with a less extensive scope of operation, often established to manage the consequences of advances in technology such as the widespread use of photocopying. Examples of the latter include the Spanish Reproduction Rights Centre (CEDRO) in Spain and the CAL in Australia. Both these organizations recognise the potential for development of their existing intermediary role as can be seen from the CAL Case Study included earlier in this study.

在另一方面，有許多種主體能負責著作權的集體管理。其中許多主體具有長期運 作歷史與高度發展的授權基礎建設；其餘主體的起源則是較為晚近，而運作範圍比較 窄，其設置目的通常是管理科技進展的後果，例如影印機的廣泛使用。後者的例子包 括 西 班 牙 重 製 權 利 中 心 (Spanish Reproduction Rights Centre, CEDRO) ⁵⁶， 以 及 澳 洲 CAL。這二個組織都認識到了既有中介角色的發展潛力，這可見於本研究中先前舉出 的 CAL 案例。

56 The Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos (CEDRO ) is a non-profit association of authors and publishers of books, periodicals and other publications in any medium. The association collectively protects and manages members’ intellectual property rights (copying, processing, public disclosure and distribution). CEDRO was authorised for its role in 1988 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture under the Intellectual Property Act.

<http://www.cedro.org/ingles_mision.asp>.

西班牙重製權利中心(Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos, CEDRO )是書籍、期刊與 其他媒體出版品作者與出版商非營利協會。該協會以集體方式保護與管理會員智慧財產 權（複製、公開與散布）。CEDRO 的這項角色，來自 1988 年由西班牙教育部根據智慧 財產法所授權。

Potential intermediary entities can also be found in the target fields of this study.

Indeed, a number of organizations representing the interests of visually impaired people are already developing their role as trusted intermediaries in the acquisition of content, its conversion into accessible formats, its secure delivery to qualified recipients. Examples of such entities in Europe include Braille Net in France and the Danish National Library for the Blind (DBB) in Denmark.

在本研究中的目標領域，也能發現潛在的中介主體。實際上，一些代表視障者利 益的團體，在取得內容、格式轉換、安全送達合格收件者方面，已經正在發展具公信 力中介者的角色。在歐洲，這種主體的例子包括在法國的點字網(Braille Net)⁵⁷，以及在 丹麥的丹麥國家盲人圖書館(Danish National Library for the Blind, DBB) ⁵⁸。

Another major development in this connection is occurring in the United States under the auspices of the Department of Education. The United States Department of Education’s Office of Special Education Programs has awarded CAST two five-year Cooperative Agreements to establish two national centers to further develop and implement the National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard (NIMAS). NIMAS guides the production and electronic distribution of digital versions of textbooks and other instructional materials so they can be more easily converted to accessible formats, including Braille and text-to-speech.

在美國，以教育部的推動下，出現了另一個相關的重大發展。美國教育部特殊教 育計畫局(Office of Special Education Programs)已經資助 CAST⁵⁹進行二個五年期合作協 議 ， 以 建 立 二 個 國 家 中 心 推 動 國 家 教 材 取 用 標 準 (National Instructional Materials Accessibility Standard, NIMAS)。NIMAS 指導數位版本教科書與其他教材的生產與電子 化散布，因而使可取用格式的轉換更加簡易，包括點字及文書語音轉換。

Version 1.0 of the NIMAS standard was developed in 2002-2004 by the National File Format Technical Panel comprised of 40 technology specialists, educators, disability advocates, and publishers, and is based on the ANSI/NISO Z39.86 (DAISY 3) specification.

有四十位科技專家、教育工作者、障礙支持者與出版商組成了國家檔案格式技術 小組(National File Format Technical Panel)，該小組根據 ANSI/NISO Z39.86 (DAISY 3)規 格，在 2002-2004 年間發展出了第 1.0 版的 NIMAS 標準。

The object of this program is to ensure that required texts are available in timely fashion to disabled students in need of accessible formats. A key element of the program is the designation of a central repository for the deposit of relevant texts and for management of the format conversion and distribution.

57 Braillenet is focuses on achieving full web accessibility for visually impaired people.

<http://www.braillenet.org/>.

Braillenet 專注於使視覺障礙者獲得充分網路可取用性。<http://www.braillenet.org/>。

58 DBB - The Danish National Library for the Blind - is an institution under the The Danish Ministry of Culture. DBB provides services to the blind, the visually impaired and other persons whose handicap prevents them from reading standard printed material.

<http://www.dbb.dk/English/facts.asp>.

丹麥國家盲人圖書館(Danish National Library for the Blind, DBB)隸屬於丹麥文化部。DBB 提供服務的對象是：盲人、視覺障礙者，及其他因障礙而無法閱讀標準印刷材料者。

<http://www.dbb.dk/English/facts.asp>。

59 Center for Applied Special Technology. Information available at <http://www.cast.org>.

這個計畫的目標在於，對需要可取用格式的有障礙學生，確保他們能及時取得所 需課本。這個計畫的一個關鍵是，指定一個集中典藏庫，以負責相關課本的寄託 ，以 及格式轉換與散佈的管理。

CHAPTER 7 第七章 CONCLUSIONS

結論

Imagine the use of a particular copyrighted work within an educational context recognised by the applicable law as giving rise to an exception to copyright or, perhaps, a licensed extension thereof. Within that context a student is given an assignment to produce a multi-media work bringing together audio, audio-visual and text materials from a variety of sources – some in the public domain, others from commercial copyright owners.

想像一下在某個教育情境中使用特定的受著作權保護著作，這個情境是相關法律 所認可的著作權例外情形，或者也許是一個因例外而來的延伸授權情形。在這個情境 中，某個學生被指定做出一份多媒體作業，作業包含各種來源的聲音、視聽與文字材 料－某些材料來源是公共領域，其餘材料來源則是商業性著作權人。

Provided the assignment is performed in a controlled environment which conforms to the permitted educational environment, and provided the product of that assignment is likewise controlled, it is relatively easy to conceive of a system of technical control which will map directly to the contours of the regulation derived from the copyright law.

如果這項作業是在受許可的教育環境下所完成，而且這項作業的產品受到控制，

則設計一套技術控制系統直接設定著作權法規範的界線，是相對上很簡單的事情。⁶⁰

That system would involve a number of components:

這套系統將涉及一些成分：

– A dedicated network of trusted devices through which content could be sourced, on which the assignment is performed, and on which the product could be made available;

– 一套受託設備的專用網路，得以藉此尋找內容來源，得以藉此完成作業，並

得以藉此利用產品；

– A central network administrator that would enforce the policies governing use of the system;

– 執行系統使用政策的集中網路管理員；

– A mechanism for authenticating the student as someone entitled to use a device within the network and to obtain and perform certain acts on content accessed via that device; and

– 一套認證學生的機制，判斷誰有資格在網路內部使用設備、獲得內容，以及

經由該設備對內容從事某些動作；且

60 Apart, of course, from the potential restriction in the use of the public domain material contained in the multi-media assignment product. That is not the issue here.

當然，此外還有的潛在問題是，在多媒體作業中使用公共領域材料的限制。這不是此處 討論的問題。

– A control mechanism to ensure content accessed and used via an authorised device did not find its way onto unauthorised devices.

– 一套控制機制，確保內容的取用與使用是經由授權設備，而不是經由未授權

的設備。

Such systems are commonplace in many walks of life today: in the work place, in state administration, in education. The problem facing the use of DRM systems in general is that answers have to be found regarding implementation of exceptions and limitations to copyright beyond centrally administered networks.

這樣的系統在今日各行各業中是相當普遍：例如職場、國家行政、教育。而 DRM 系統普遍面臨的問題在於，關於著作權例外與限制規定的執行，超出了集中式管 理的網路之外。

This is so for several reasons. The strength of the Internet as an information resource lies in the distributed management and use of content resources. At the same time, users of copyright protected materials want to enjoy access to content permitted by law on devices of their own choice.

之所以如此有幾個原因。網際網路的資訊來源優勢，在於內容資源的分散式管理 及使用。同時，著作權保護材料的使用者，想要以自己選擇的設備，以取用法律許可 的內容。

The implementation of exceptions and limitations to copyright law in the electronic environment should not however be constrained to centralised network systems.

在電子化環境下，著作權例外與限制規定的執行，不應該侷限於集中式網路系 統。

Imagine therefore the same scenario minus the centrally administered network. The student would be using an uncontrolled device and would be free, technically, to obtain the necessary content from any available source: by downloading from the Internet, by a file transfer mechanism or from a convertible physical source. Likewise, the product of the assignment would be, again from a technical point of view, freely distributable.

因此想像一下少了中央管理網路的相同場景。學生將可能使用不受控制的設備，

而且在技術上可以由任何來源自由獲得必要內容：網際網路下載、檔案傳送機制或可 轉換的實體來源(convertible physical source)。同理，由技術觀點來看，作業的產品可能 會自由散布。

This scenario is of course at odds with copyright law and with the rights of the copyright owner. It is, however, a scenario which is likely to become the norm not only in the field of education but in relation to the use of copyright materials generally. The dilemma is therefore to find a technical solution for this scenario which enables lawful use of content outside the confines of strictly controlled networks.

當然，這個場景抵觸了著作權法與著作權人的權利。然而，不只是教育領域，在 一般著作權材料的使用上，這個場景很可能會變成常態。因此，兩難問題在於，在嚴 格控管的網路範圍之外，找到這個場景的技術解決方案，使內容能夠合法使用。

As we have seen, the problem of finding technical solutions to implement the full scope of copyright law outside a centrally administered and strictly controlled environment is significant. It involves addressing the expectations of users regarding the scope of exceptions and limitations, the complexities of writing machine readable rules which accurately

encompass specific exceptions and limitations, the complexities involved in devising technical mechanisms for providing the contextual basis for the interpretation of machine based rules, and the complexities involved in managing the consequences of the application of such a rule.

如我們先前所見，在集中管理與嚴格控制環境之外，找到技術解決方案執行著作 權法的完整範圍，是一個重大問題。其中牽涉使用者對於例外與限制規定的期望；撰 寫機器可讀的規則，準確包含特定例外與限制規定的複雜性；設計技術機制提供詮釋 機械化規則的情境基礎的複雜性，以及管理規則應用後果的複雜性。

This study has attempted to break down in an objective way the various issues and concerns of both copyright owning content providers and the end users of copyright materials.

It has looked at the capabilities and limitations of the relevant technologies, it has reviewed

It has looked at the capabilities and limitations of the relevant technologies, it has reviewed