United States of America

The free national library program of reading materials for visually handicapped adults administered by the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS), Library of Congress, was established by an act of Congress in 1931. The program was expanded in 1952 to include blind children, in 1962 to include music materials, and in 1966 to include individuals with physical impairments that prevent the reading of standard print.

國會圖書館的盲人與殘障者國家圖書館服務(National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, NLS) 是由 1931 年的國會立法所設立，負責掌理成年視覺 障礙者閱讀資料的國家自由圖書館計畫(free national library program)。這項計畫在 1952

36 Revealweb <http://www.revealweb.org.uk> is a web based catalogue bringing together information about available titles produced in accessible formats from a wide range of organisations. Revealweb is intended for use by visually impaired people and their intermediaries. Revealweb will :

– Find books available in Braille, moon, audio books and digital talking books, tactile diagrams and large print ;

– Find titles currently in production in an accessible format to avoid duplication;

– Find who produces, loans or sells accessible material; and – Act as the copyright notification register.

Revealweb <http://www.revealweb.org.uk>是以網路為基礎的目錄系統，收集由廣泛來源組 織所生產的可取用格式資料。Revealweb 是由視覺障礙者及其中介者所使用。Revealweb 的工作是：

– 尋找點字書、有聲書、數位有聲書，以及觸覺圖表書籍與大字體書籍；

– 尋找目前生產中的可近用格式資料，以避免重複；

– 尋找可近用材料的生產者、出借者或銷售者；且

– 擔任著作權通知註冊者。

年擴充而納入盲人兒童，於 1962 年納入音樂資料，而於 1966 年納入因生理傷殘而無 法閱讀標準印刷本之人。

From the beginning, this program was dependent upon the cooperation of authors and publishers, who granted NLS permission to select and reproduce in special formats copyrighted works without royalty. Although many factors influence the length of time it takes to make a print book accessible in a specialized format, the period required to obtain permission from the copyright holder has sometimes been significant.

自這項計畫的開始，便依賴於作者與出版商的合作，由他們許可 NLS 得不支付權 利金，而選擇有著作權的著作並重製成特殊格式。將一本印刷書籍製作成可取用的特 殊格式，其耗時長短牽涉許多影響因素，而由著作權利人獲得許可的所需時間，有時 候佔了相當大的份量。

Public Law 104-197

On July 29, 1996, Congress approved H.R. 3754, introduced by Senator John H.

Chafee (R-R.I.), that provides for an exemption affecting the NLS program. On September 16, 1996, the bill was signed into law by President Clinton.

於 1996 年 7 月 29 日，國會通過了夏菲(John H. Chafee)參議員所提出的 H.R. 3754 法案，這項法案規定了影響 NLS 計畫的一個例外規定。於 1996 年 9 月 16 日，這項法 案經柯林頓總統簽署而成為法律。

The Chafee Amendment adds section 121 to the U.S. Copyright Law, establishing a limitation on the exclusive rights in copyrighted works. The amendment allows authorized entities to reproduce or distribute copies or phonorecords of previously published non-dramatic literary works in specialized formats exclusively for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.

這項夏菲增修條款加進了美國著作權法 121 條，建立了有著作權作品專屬權的一 個限制規定。針對已出版之非戲劇文學著作(non-dramatic literary works)，這項增修條 款允許獲得授權者重製或散布盲人或其他有障礙者專用的特殊格式重製物或唱片。

The exemption covers all nondramatic literary works protected by copyright regardless of when they were first published, but reproduction and distribution under the exemption must take place on or after September 16, 1996, the effective date of the amendment.

這項例外規定涵蓋一切著作權所保護的非戲劇文學著作，適用於任何時間首次出 版著作，但是重製與散布，則限於這項增修條款生效之 1996 年 9 月 16 日起或之後。

The new exemption covers “nondramatic literary works”; section 101 includes

“periodicals” within the definition of “literary works.”

這項新例外規定涵蓋「非戲劇文學著作」，而美國著作權法第 101 條文學著作的 定義包含了「期刊」(periodicals)。

The exemption defines “specialized format” as “braille, audio, or digital text which is exclusively for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.” Works reproduced in large print are, therefore, not included under the exemption.

這項例外規定將「特殊格式」(specialized format) 定義為「盲人或其他有障礙者專 用之點字、聲音或數位文件」。因此，放大字體所重製著作不包含在這項例外規定 中。

The amendment defines and limits “authorized entity” to “a nonprofit organization or a governmental agency that has a primary mission to provide specialized services relating to training, education, or adaptive reading or information access needs of blind or other persons with disabilities.” A “nonprofit organization” is understood to mean an organization that has been granted nonprofit tax exemption under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code.

這項增修條款將「獲得授權者」(authorized entity)限縮定義於「對盲人或其他有障 礙者提供訓練、教育，或適應性閱讀或資訊取用需要等相關特殊服務，為主要業務之 非營利組織或政府機關」。「非營利組織」意指根據美國國稅法 501(c)(3)獲得非營利 免稅之組織。

To the extent that authorized agencies and organizations use or delegate authority to volunteers, special education teachers, and commercial producers under government contract to produce and distribute works under the exemption, those activities appear to be fully covered by the exemption. Such individuals can be said to be agents of authorised entities and are, therefore, acting under implied authority.

獲得授權之機關與組織自行使用，或委任志願服務者、特殊教育教師使用，以及 依本項例外規定根據政府契約而生產、散布著作之製造商，在以上限度內的這些行 為，看起來能夠由本例外規定所完全涵蓋。此等個人能夠解釋為代理人或是獲得授權 者，因而是依據默示授權而行為。

Section 121 has two notice requirements; it provides that the copies or phonorecords produced under the exemption shall (1) “bear a notice that any further reproduction or distribution in a format other than a specialized format is an infringement,” and (2) “include a copyright notice identifying the copyright owner and date of the original publication.”

美國著作權法第 121 條有二個聲明要求；規定根據本例外規定生產之重製物或唱 片應(1)「聲明生產或散布非特殊格式構成侵權行為」，以及(2)「包含著作權聲明，以 標示著作權人與原出版日期」。

Case study: Bookshare.org 案例研究：Bookshare.org

In the United States both the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped of the Library of Congress (NLS), and Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic (RFB&D), offer high quality digital book services. Contract narrators at NLS and volunteers at RFB&D record the audio books. The cost per book is quite high because of quality control requirements and this limits production. NLS has a server providing roughly 4700 books in the Braille BRF format via the Internet. RFB&D launched their digital program by making 6000 DAISY formatted audio books available on CR-ROMs in September 2002.

盲人與殘障者國家圖書館服務(NLS)，以及盲人與閱讀困難者記錄(Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic, RFB&D)，都提供了高品質的數位書籍服務。NLS 聘請的旁白者 及 RFB&D 的志願服務者錄製了這些有聲書。由於品質管制的要求，因此每一本書 的成本相當高，而限制了生產量。經由網際網路，NLS 的伺服器提供了大約 4700 本 的 BRF 格式點字書。於 2002 年 9 月，RFB&D 啟動了他們的數位計畫，以 CR-ROMs 製作了 6000 本 DAISY 格式有聲書。

Bookshare.org, an organization based in Palo Alto, California, aims to provide a vast library of low cost scanned books instead of a small library of high quality digital books. It is an online community that allows users with print disabilities to legally share books.

Bookshare.org 是一個位在加州 Palo Alto 的組織，宗旨是對多數圖書館提供低成本的 掃瞄書籍，而不是對少數圖書館提供高品質數位書籍。它是一個線上社群，使有閱 讀印刷本障礙的讀者可以合法分享書籍。

Bookshare.org and its operations are specifically facilitated by section 121 of the United States copyright law:

Bookshare.org 及其運作，是由美國著作權法第 121 條所促成：

“It is not an infringement of copyright for an authorized entity to reproduce or to distribute copies of a previously published, nondramatic literary work if such copies are reproduced or distributed in specialized formats exclusively for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.”

「對於已出版之非戲劇文學著作，獲得授權者重製或散布盲人或其他有障礙者 專用的特殊格式重製物，不構成侵害著作權。」

In practice this involves the following requirements which are at the heart of the Bookshare.org modus operandi:

在實務上，以下要件是 Bookshare.org 作法的核心：

– Copies of works may not be reproduced or distributed in a format other than a specialised format exclusively for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.

– 所重製或散佈的著作重製物，不得是非盲人或其他有障礙者專用的特殊

格式。

– The copies must bear a notice that any further reproduction or distribution in a format other than a specialised format is an infringement.

– 該重製物必須聲明生產或散布非特殊格式構成侵權行為。

– The copies must include a copyright notice identifying the copyright owner and the date of the original publication.

– 該重製物必須包含著作權聲明，以標示著作權人與原出版日期。

– “Specialized formats” means Braille, audio, or digital text which is exclusively intended for use by blind or other persons with disabilities.

– 「特殊格式」意指盲人或其他有障礙者專用的點字、聲音、或數位文

件。

As a project of the Benetech nonprofit organization, Bookshare.org meets the definition of an “authorized entity” under section 121.

Bookshare.org 是非營利組織 Benetech 的一項計畫，因此符合著作權法第 121 條「獲 得授權者」的定義。

The Bookshare.org offerings are based on electronic Braille and digital talking book standards, and copyright law recognizes these digital formats as specialized formats for the disabled. Braille books and four-track audio cassettes are the most commonly recognized specialised formats in use over the past thirty years.

Bookshare.org 所提供的資料，是基於電子點字書及數位有聲書的標準，而著作權法 認可這些數位格式屬於有障礙者專用的特殊格式。在過去三十年來，點字書及四軌 錄音帶是公認最常用的特殊格式。

In addition, some publishers and authors have provided permission for books and other publications they provide in digital form to be made available in accessible digital formats to individuals with qualifying disabilities, either within the United States or worldwide.

此外，不論在美國或全世界，某些出版商與作者對他們的數位書籍與出版品，已經 同意製成合格障礙者可取用的格式。

Although the requirements of the copyright law exception are quite clear, Bookshare.org has gone beyond these requirements to ensure broad support for the project.

It works with the Association of American Publishers, the main industry group, to address publishers’ concerns in the design of the service. Bookshare.org also works with the leading disability organizations, including the Library of Congress and Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic. With extensive input from consumers, publishers and leading organizations, a plan for Bookshare.org has been established that can be supported by a broad array of interests.

儘管著作權法例外規定的要求相當明確，Bookshare.org 不僅僅以符合法律規定為滿 足，而進一步尋求廣泛支持。它與主要產業團體美國出版商協會(Association of American Publishers)合作，以在設計這項服務時考量出版商的顧慮。Bookshare.org 也與主要的有障礙者組織合作，包括國會圖書館與盲人與閱讀困難者記錄。基於來 自消費者、出版商及主要組織的意見參與，Bookshare.org 計畫便能在各種利益立場 的支持下成立。

Bookshare.org works extensively to ensure that its collection and its users abide by

the law in order to maximise the benefits for the disability community and minimise the risk of abuse. Bookshare.org controls the format of the materials that it provides and ensures the appropriate copyright notices are in its digital publications. Access is restricted to disabled individuals and other authorized entities. Digital rights management helps to ensure that access remains limited to those covered by the copyright law exemption.

Bookshare.org 進行多方努力，確保它的館藏及使用者合乎法律，以追求有障礙 者社群的最大利益，使濫用的風險減到最少。Bookshare.org 控制了所提供資料的格 式，並確保它的數位出版品上有適當的著作權聲明。資料的取用只限於有障礙者與 其他獲得授權者。數位權利管理有助於確保取用僅限於著作權例外規定的範圍。

The security strategy includes seven elements:

安全策略包含七個要素：

Qualified Users 合格使用者

Only blind or other persons with disabilities that affect their ability to access print are permitted to download copyrighted books. Bookshare.org follows the procedures and standards for access to books that is now in use by Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic (RFB&D). A Bookshare.org user must register and supply a signed certification completed by an appropriate professional in the field of disability services education,

Only blind or other persons with disabilities that affect their ability to access print are permitted to download copyrighted books. Bookshare.org follows the procedures and standards for access to books that is now in use by Recording for the Blind and Dyslexic (RFB&D). A Bookshare.org user must register and supply a signed certification completed by an appropriate professional in the field of disability services education,