Provisions relating to distance education

1. Australia 澳洲

The provisions that allow educational institutions to use copyright material for educational purposes without needing permission from the copyright owner, including both limitations and compulsory licence mechanisms, are contained in Parts VA and VB of the Copyright Act of Australia. Payment is made under the compulsory license provisions to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) (for reproducing literary, dramatic, artistic and musical material), and to Screenrights (for copying from radio and TV).

允許教育機構為教育目的使用有著作權資料，而不須由著作權人許可的規定，包 括限制規定與強制授權機制，包含於澳洲著作權法Parts VA與VB。根據強制授權規 定，重製文學、戲劇、藝術與音樂資料的費用支付予著作權代理有限公司(Copyright Agency Limited, CAL)，而由廣播與電視製作重製物的費用支付予Screenrights。

The following is a brief overview of the most important provisions in the Act:

以下是本法最重要規定的摘要概觀：

Reproducing and communicating literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works.

重製與傳播文學、戲劇、藝術與音樂著作

There are two schemes in the Act which deal with the reproduction of literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works by or on behalf of an educational institution for its educational purposes.

關於為教育目的，由教育機構本身或代表教育機構重製文學、戲劇、藝術與音樂 著作，本法有二個架構：

The first scheme (the “Hardcopy scheme”) applies when reproductions are being made from print resources such as books, newspapers, journals and so on. This scheme covers, for example, photocopying and scanning print resources. The second scheme (referred to as the

“Electronic Reproduction and Communication scheme”) applies when reproductions are being made from electronic versions of literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works. This scheme covers, for example, copying a digital file, or printing from an electronic version.

This scheme also allows literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works to be communicated by or on behalf of an educational institution for its educational purposes (for example, by emailing a file to students, or by making material available to staff and students on a secure intranet site).

第一個架構（紙本重製物架構）適用於由書籍、報紙、刊物等印刷品進行重製。

例如，這個架構涵蓋影印與掃瞄印刷品。第二個架構（電子重製與散布架構）適用於 由文學、戲劇、藝術與音樂著作電子版本進行重製。例如，這個架構涵蓋重製物數位 檔案，或者由電子版本列印。這個架構也允許為教育目的，由教育機構本身或代表教 育機構散布文學、戲劇、藝術與音樂著作（例如，以電子郵件傳送檔案給學生，或在 安全的內部網站對教員及學生提供資料）。

Both of these schemes are administered by CAL, and there are strict limits as to the amount of material that may be reproduced or communicated if commercial copies of the

work are available. There are also a number of administrative requirements which apply, particularly in relation to the “electronic use scheme”.

這二個架構都由CA所管理，如果是有商業性重製物的著作，則關於重製或散布的 資料數量有嚴格限制。尤其是關於「電子使用架構」(electronic use scheme)，也有一些 適用上的行政要求。

The Hardcopy licence now includes reproductions from paper to paper and from paper to digital. It is clear that, within the copying limits, the following reproductions are within this licence scheme:

現在紙本架構包括由紙張到紙張及由紙張到數位的重製。在複製限制下，顯然以 下的重製行為屬於這個授權架構：

– Scanning from paper; and – 由紙張掃瞄；且

– Re-keying paper copies and storing them in a digital medium.

– 重新鍵入紙本重製物，並儲存為數位媒體。

The important element is that the original must be paper-based, therefore this licence does not permit reproductions from digital to digital – for this the new Electronic Reproduction and Communication licence is required.

重要的因素則是，原件必須是以紙本為基礎，因此這種授權不許可由數位到數位 的重製－為了進行數位到數位的重製，必須獲得新型的電子重製與散布授權。

The Electronic Reproduction and Communication licence for educational institutions deals with an original electronic work and allows educational institutions to reproduce and communicate it to their staff and students. The work must already be in an electronic form.

The electronic use system varies in the different educational sectors and has been operating in Universities and Technical And Further Education (TAFE) institutions since 2002.

Negotiations are currently underway to determine the form of the system to be used in Schools after 2005.

針對教育機構的電子重製與散布授權，所處理的是電子著作原件，而允許教育機 構重製電子著作，並散布予教員及學生。著作必須已經是電子形式。電子使用系統 (electronic use system)因不同教育部門而異，而自2002年起，則由大學與技術暨繼續教 育(Universities and Technical And Further Education, TAFE)³⁷等機構所運作。關於2005年 之後學校中所使用的系統形式，則正在協商決定當中。

In summary, the electronic educational licence:

電子教育授權之摘要：

– Provides for the electronic reproduction of an electronic form of a work within the copying limits of the licence;

– 在授權複製的限制內，規定了電子形式著作的電子重製；

– Provides for the communication of a work in an electronic form;

37 TAFEs are technical and vocational training institutions.

TAFEs 是技術職業訓練機構。

– 規定了電子形式著作的散布；

– Provides for the educational institution and CAL to agree on matters and processes constituting an electronic use system, such as payment and the system of records to be kept for recording usage;

– 規定了教育機構與CAL所同意之電子使用系統的組成材料及程序，諸如付款

及留存使用記錄的記錄系統；

– Includes literary, dramatic, artistic and musical works;

– 包括文學、戲劇、藝術及音樂著作；

– Must be used for the educational purposes of the institution.

– 必須用於機構之教育目的。

Pursuant to the terms of the licence electronic copies and electronic communications must contain the requisite copyright notice. In addition, the institution must take all reasonable steps to ensure that each communication can only be received or accessed by persons entitled to receive or access it.

依照本授權條款，電子重製物與電子散布必須包含必要的著作權聲明。此外，機 構必須採取所有的合理步驟，以確保每一件散布中，僅限於有資格接收或取用者所接 收或取用。

The scope of the licence in terms of the extent of copying is as follows:

關於複製限度的授權範圍如下：

For literary and dramatic works:

關於文學及戲劇著作：

– 10% of number of words – 著作字數10%

– All of the work, if not separately available for purchase

– 如果無法個別購買取得時，可複製著作全部

– All of the work, if not available within a reasonable period of time

– 如果無法在合理期間內取得時，可複製著作全部

For periodical publications:

關於定期性刊物：

– One article or more if of the same subject matter 如果是在同一客體刊物之內，可複製一篇或多篇文章 For musical works:

關於音樂著作：

– 10%

– 音樂著作內容10%

– All of the work, if not available for purchase

– 如果無法購買取得，可複製著作全部

– All of the work, if not available within a reasonable period of time

– 如果無法在合理期間內取得，可複製著作全部

For artistic works:

關於藝術著作：

– All of an artistic work

– 可複製藝術著作全部

Copying and communicating material from TV and radio 由電視與廣播資料進行複製與傳播

A scheme in the Act, administered by Screenrights, allows educational institutions to copy material from radio and TV for their educational purposes. There are a number of administrative requirements which apply. For example, particular information needs to be marked onto hardcopy or analogue copies of material copied under the scheme, or onto the containers in which these copies are kept.

在本法中由Screenrights所管理的架構，允許教育機構為教育目的複製廣播與電視 資料。這會適用一些行政上的要求。例如，在本架構下所重製的紙本或類比式重製物 上，必須標示特定資訊，或者標示於這些重製物的包裝容器上。

These provisions do not, however, allow educational institutions to copy commercially produced copies of films (for example, to convert VHS to DVD).

不過，這些規定並不允許教育機構複製商業性影片的重製物（例如將VHS轉錄為 DVD）。

Additional licences for music in schools 學校中音樂的另外授權

In addition to relying on the provisions in the Copyright Act, most primary and secondary schools have an agreement with the Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS) allowing limited photocopying of print music within the AMCOS repertoire where a copy of the music is owned by the school or a member of staff. Most primary and secondary schools also have a separate joint licence agreement with AMCOS and (ARIA) the Australian Record Industry Association , that allows them to make certain video and audio recordings of music, including recorded music. Most schools (and many other educational institutions) are also covered by a licence from the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) for the performance of live and recorded music.

除 了 依 據 著 作 權 法 規 定 之 外 ， 大 多 數 中 、 小 學 與 澳 洲 機 械 式 著 作 權 人 協 會 (Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society, AMCOS)簽有協定，於學校或教員擁 有一件音樂印刷品重製物時，得有限量影印AMCOS館藏的音樂印刷品。大部分中、小 學與AMCOS及澳洲錄製產業協會(Australian Record Industry Association, ARIA)有另一 份聯合授權協議，使學校得錄製特定的音樂視聽著作，包括已錄製的音樂。關於現場 與 錄 音 表 演 ， 大 部 分 學 校 （ 與 許 多 其 他 教 育 機 構 ） 也 加 入 了 澳 洲 表 演 權 利 協 會 (Australasian Performing Right Association, APRA)的授權。

Case study: CAL, Australia – The digital course material scheme

案例研究：澳洲 CAL－數位教材架構

Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) is an Australian rights management company whose role is to provide a bridge between creators and users of copyright material. CAL is the principal representative of authors, journalists, visual artists, photographers and publishers as a nonexclusive licensing agent for the copying of their works by the general public.

著作權代理有限公司(Copyright Agency Limited, CAL)是一家澳洲權利管理公司，扮 演著作權資料創作者與使用者之間的媒介角色。CAL 是作家、記者、視覺藝術 家、攝影師與出版商的主要非專屬授權代理人，處理一般公眾複製著作的授權。

CAL provides a legal and practical method for the public, business and government to copy published works. As a single entity, CAL provides copyright clearances for hundreds of thousands of books, articles, essays and artwork. It administers the copying of print material by educational institutions, government agencies, corporations, associations, places of worship and other organizations.

CAL 提供了合法而切合實際的方式，使公眾、企業與政府能複製已出版的著作。

CAL 是一個單一實體，為數以萬計的書籍、文章與藝術作品提供了著作權的交易 權證。它管理了教育機構、政府機關、公司、協會、宗教禮拜會所與其他組織進行 的印刷品複製。

CAL is the designated licensing agency in respect of both the statutory licensing schemes for the use of copyright works in education.

關於教育上使用受著作權保護著作的二個法定授權架構，CAL 是被指定的授權代 理人。

Under the statutory licence, course material must contain no more than 10 per cent or one chapter of any publication. To comply with this restriction, teachers often have to juggle content from various sources to stay within the limits, and may sometimes omit material they would prefer to include. They may also undertake extensive and time-consuming editing of material in order to comply with the copying limits.

根據法定授權，教材不得含有任何出版品 10%以上或一章以上的內容。為了符合 這項限制，教師們往往必須從各種來源拼湊教材，以維持在法定限制之下，有時便 不得不割愛他們想納入的材料。他們也可能進行繁雜耗時的教材編輯工作，以符合 複製的限制。

Materials copied under the statutory licence may not be sold at a profit. This provides no incentive for educational institutions or printers to add value to the book of readings, for instance by adding their own supplementary material or by including the same material on a CD-ROM to be bundled with the book of readings.

根據法定授權所複製的資料，不得營利販售。這可以消除教育機構或印刷者對書籍 或讀本進行加值的誘因，例如加入他們的補充資料，或是將相同資料放入 CD-ROM 與書籍讀本一起搭配。

The management of CAL realised the limitations of the situation and the fact that it does not always allow educational institutions to provide the most appropriate and best quality materials to their students. As a result, CAL has developed and is actively promoting a voluntary licensing scheme. Its aim is to act as a broker between publishers

and educational institutions to facilitate a more flexible and mutually beneficial system of licensing publishers’ content for distribution to students. To do this, CAL offers a range of voluntary licensing schemes that are not subject to the same restrictions as the statutory licence.

CAL 的管理部門了解到實際情形的侷限，以及這些侷限下，教育機構不一定能對 學生提供最適當及最佳品質教材的事實。因此，CAL 已經發展出一套合意授權架

CAL 的管理部門了解到實際情形的侷限，以及這些侷限下，教育機構不一定能對 學生提供最適當及最佳品質教材的事實。因此，CAL 已經發展出一套合意授權架