2.4.1 Broaden effect on personal resources
2.4.1.1 Intellectual resources:
Intellectual resources provide individual with effective compensation to ap-praise the happen of life events, which consist of positive experience sharing and personal counseling. Greater intellectual resources, a combination of intellectual flexibility and education, predict less degree of illness and less gross motor difficulty in older adults (Caplan & Schooler, 2003). Intellectual resources is beneficial for solving problem skill and manageability of life events by improving the level of self-efficacy.
2.4.1.2 Physical resources:
Physical factors, such as health status, health behavior etc., are highly associ-ated with health status and physical activity. Studies focused on twins of 2311 boys , 2717 girls to investigated the association with physical activity, health behavior and health status. Result showed that physical inactivity are associated with a less healthy lifestyle and poor perceived health status (Aarnio, Winter, Kujala, & Kaprio, 2002).
More physical activity are based on health status, psychosocial versus demographic variables (Boslaugh, Kreuter, Nicholson, & Naleid, 2005). Another study investi-gated the association of health status, physical activity and well-being of fertility-aged women, the result showed that physical active women have better gen-eral health status and experienced better mental health (Kull, 2002). Also, study showed that the influencing factor of physical activity including the general health
status for women, positively relations between physical activity and general health status (MacDougall, Cooke, Owen, Willson, & Bauman, 1997).
2.4.1.3 Psychological resources:
Psychological factors, such as self-efficacy, life satisfaction, quality of life and sense of coherence, are associated with happiness. Sense of coherence was sig-nificantly and strongly related to perceived health and is important to predict the psychological status (Eriksson, Lindström, & Lilja, 2007).
Cross-sectional survey of 1257 randomly selected university students in Switzerland revealed that feeling happy all or most of the time was strongly associ-ated with better mental health but also with the feeling of getting enough love and affection, and higher self- esteem (Perneger et al., 2004).
Several studies indicated that interventions combined with physical activity and psychological resources could significantly promote psychological status and also beneficial to health status (Penedo & Dahn, 2005). Another study result using structural equation model to examine 249 older adults the roles played by physical activity, health status and self-efficacy in quality of life. Result indicated that the re-lations of physical activity and self-efficacy, physical activity and quality of life are indirect.
However, physical activity activity influences self-efficacy and quality of life through mental health and physical health (McAuley et al., 2006). Another result in-dicated that physical activity was significantly correlated with self-efficacy and physical self-concept in preadolescences (Annesi, 2006). In conclusion, psychologi-cal factors, such as self-efficacy, sense of coherence, was directly or indirectly associated with happiness and be an indicator of psychological resources.
2.4.1.4 Social resources:
Social factors associated with positive social connection, social support and family relationships in older population are important to facilitate increasing physical activity, facilitating functional capacity, preventing disease and promoting successful aging (Booth, Owen, Bauman, Clavisi, & Leslie, 2000).
Social relationships, social support and family relationships would have direct and indirect (through depressive symptoms) effects on health behaviors and then beneficial for health status (Franks, Campbell, & Shields, 1992). The study results support the primacy of family functioning factors in understanding the associations among social relationships, mental health, and health behaviors (Franks et al., 1992).
Factors associated with psychosocial resources were social support and fam-ily contexts. A ten year literature indicated that psychosocial factors such as depression and low social support are established risk factors for poor prognosis in patients with heart disease (Compare et al., 2013). To sum up, social factors includ-ing social support, family relations, friendships, environmental facilitations could influenced in happiness.
2.4.2 Build effect on happiness and health
The mechanisms underlying the association between happiness and health re-main a mystery. We hypothesize that an upward spiral dynamic continually reinforces the tie between happiness and health status, mediated by people’s percep-tions of their positive social connecpercep-tions. Studies suggested that positive emotion undo the cardiovascular effects of negative emotions, positive emotion such as joy, interest, love and contentment (Fredrickson, Mancuso, Branigan, & Tugade, 2000).
Compared to people in the other conditions, participants who experience positive emotions show heightened level of creativity, inventiveness (Fredrickson, 2003).
Moreover, positive emotions promote discovery of novel and creative actions, ideas and social bonds, that broaden an individual’s momentary thought, otherwise, through the discovery of novel ,creative actions, ideas and social bonds, which in turn to build the individual’s personal resources (Fredrickson, 2004). Positive emo-tions broaden people's momentary and playful behavior. These broadened thought-action behaviors enabled to build intellectual, physical, social, psychological resources for the future (Fredrickson, 2003). These resources are beneficial to posi-tive psychology and correlated with happiness and health status.
Positive emotions, such as joy, happiness, trigger individuals to develop per-sonal resources (Fredrickson, 2000). Before addressing the broaden effect of perper-sonal resources, recognizing the motivation of changes in the process of behavior change is significant. Cues to action seems to play an initial role in the process of behavior change, which means an external influences promoting the desired behavior, may in-cluding social influence, reminders by significant others, personal experience and persuasive communications (Meillier, Lund, & Kok, 1997). Cues to action is not only an external influencing factor, but a spiritual vigor especially given from significant persons. Moreover, positive circumstance changes and positive activity changes comes after behavior change also make it efficient to pursuit happiness (Lyubomirsky, Sheldon, & Schkade, 2005).
People who experience warm, positive emotions live longer and healthier. In-deed, prospective evidence connecting happiness or positive emotions to physical health and longevity has steadily grown. Several studies show that positive emotion
can prevent the onset of depression, hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory tract in-fections (Richman, Kubzansky, Maselko, Kawachi, Choo, & Bauer, 2005; Wood &
Joseph, 2010), and a meta-analysis confirms that positive emotion is a protective fac-tor for survival in both healthy and diseased populations (Chida & Steptoe, 2008).
Experiencing frequent happiness, for instance, associated with social connect-edness, emotional and practical support and adaptive coping response (Steptoe, O’Donnell, Marmot, & Wardle, 2008), engendered success (Lyubomirsky, King, &
Diener, 2005), contributed to physical health and longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011), forecasts having fewer colds (Cohen, Alper, Doyle, Treanor, & Turner, 2006) and re-duced neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and cardiovascular activity (Steptoe et al., 2005). Complementing this prospective literature, a meta- analysis collected 150 ex-perimental, longitudinal studies to test the impact of happiness on objective health outcomes found that the impact of happiness on improving health was stronger for immune system response and pain tolerance, but happiness was not significantly re-lated to increases in cardiovascular and physiological reactivity (Howell, Kern, &
Lyubomirsky, 2007). Another study indicated that positive emotion is positively as-sociated with cardiovascular health, and robustly asas-sociated with health behavior or reduced risk event (Boehm & Kubzansky, 2012).
The results leave little doubt that positive emotion in general predicts longevity. In some studies happiness was associated with cardiovascular health only efficient in health behavior and biological function, such as only in physical activity, smoking consumption, cardiovascular and inflammatory process, and such differ-ences provide leads for future research.
The broaden effect of positive emotion emphasize that positive emotion broaden the scope of attention and cognition (Fredrickson & Branigan, 2005) and broaden individuals' habitual modes of thinking and build their personal resources for coping (Fredrickson, 2000). Otherwise, based on the broaden mindset and thinking, which, in turn, produced increases in a wide range of personal resources (e.g., in-creased social support, purpose in life, dein-creased illness symptoms ( Fredrickson, Cohn, Coffey, Pek, & Finkel, 2008). Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the impact of happiness broaden open mindset and build their personal resources, and then promote health outcome by reinforces the connection between happiness and physical activity, and detect whether the process mediated by people’s perceptions of their positive social connections.