Chapter 2 Ni Reduction of Nickel‐Mediated Crystallization Polycrystalline Silicon Using A
2.3 Results and Discussion
2.3.4 Improved Ni‐Gettering Efficiency by Phosphorus Ions Implant
After the gettering process, the gettering layers were examined by OM to investigate the gettering efficiency. The results are shown in Fig. 2‐9. In Fig. 2‐9a, the pink region is α‐Si and the green region is needle‐like NILC poly‐Si verified by SEM, as shown in Fig. 2‐10a. The microstructure of NILC poly‐Si, in Fig. 2‐9d, is composed of needle‐like poly‐Si grains but etched away mostly by Secco etching solution, as illustrated in Fig. 2‐10b. This means
Figure 2‐9 OM images of the Ni‐gettering phenomenon by (a) a α‐Si film, and the
phosphorous‐doped α‐Si films at a dosage of (b) 1×1014 cm‐2, (c) 1×1015 cm‐2, and (d) 1×1016 cm‐2, respectively.
Figure 2‐10 SEM images of the NILC poly‐Si grains of Ni‐gettering layers: (a) a α‐Si film, and (b) a phosphorous‐doped α‐Si film at a dosage of 1×1016 cm‐2. Samples were treated with Secco‐etching.
that some implant damages formed in intrinsic α‐Si during ion implantation. When p16‐α‐Si was transformed into NILC poly‐Si, the crystalline quality was poor and these damages or defects trapped Ni. Therefore a lot of NILC poly‐Si grains were etched away.
Figure 2‐9d also shows that the length of the NILC poly‐Si growth on the p16‐α‐Si
gettering layer is 13μm, which is much shorter than that (60 μm) on the α‐Si gettering layer.
Since the NILC grains were induced by indiffusion of Ni atoms, it seemed that phosphorus dopant did not improve the gettering efficiency of α‐Si. The further investigation of the dopant effect on the NILC rate is discussed in chapter 2‐3‐5.
In addition to the gettering layer, the gettering efficiencies of ASiGET and PSiGET poly‐Si films are also investigated. The NILC/NILC boundary in Fig. 2‐11 is examined by SEM to compare Ni‐gettering efficiency. After the gettering layer and chem‐SiO2 were removed, the samples were dipped into a silicide‐etching solution (HNO3:NH4F:H2O=4:1:50). As shown in Fig. 2‐12a and b, numerous holes are observed at the boundaries where two NILC poly‐Si fronts intersected (NILC/NILC boundaries). These holes are residues of the Ni silicide that had been etched away by the silicide‐etching solution. These silicide‐etching holes seen in Fig. 2‐12b are quite sensitive to the reduction of Ni residue in the NILC poly‐Si, and are therefore ideal for elucidating the ‘‘Ni gettering’’ phenomenon observed.
After the gettering process, fewer and smaller silicide‐etching holes are found at the
Figure 2‐11 OM image of NILC/NILC boundary treated with TMAH etching.
Figure 2‐12 Schematic illustration of (a) silicide‐etching holes at NILC/NILC boundaries, and SEM images of etching holes of (b) NoGET, (c) ASiGET, (d) PSiGET‐14, (e) PSiGET‐15, and (f) PSiGET‐16. Samples were treated with the silicide‐etching solution.
NILC/NILC boundaries of ASiGET, PSiGET‐14 and PSiGET‐15 as shown in Fig. 2‐12c‐e.
Furthermore, there are almost no silicide‐etching holes observed at the NILC/NILC boundaries of PSiGET‐16, as shown in Fig. 2‐12f. These results indicate that phosphorous dopant did improve the gettering efficiency of α‐Si, which is different from our OM observation of gettering layers (Fig. 2‐9). But the gettering efficiency obviously improves until doping phosphorus ions at a dose of 1×1016 cm‐2.
Secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was employed to clarify the Ni concentration in PSiGET‐16 and ASiGET. Unfortunately, the Ni concentration in the NILC poly‐Si is hard to
measure since the SIMS sputtering area (125 μm × 125 μm) is much larger than that in the NILC poly‐Si area. Therefore, we used NIC poly‐Si to demonstrate that phosphorus dopant did improve the gettering efficiency of α‐Si. Furthermore, we verified the microstructure of gettering samples by TEM. The results are shown in Fig. 2‐13. The top region of the gettering layer displays darker than the bottom region does. This means that implant strains remained inside the top region of p16‐α‐Si layer. The Rp in Fig 2‐13b is about 50 nm in depth and the gettering layer is about 110 nm thick.
Even though the Ni concentration in NIC poly‐Si was much higher than that in NILC poly‐Si, we can still have a preliminary understanding of the gettering efficiency of α‐Si films.
Figure 2‐14 shows that the Ni concentration of NIC poly‐Si is reduced after the Ni‐gettering
Figure 2‐13 (a) Cross‐sectional TEM images of NIC Poly‐Si films capped with chemical oxide films and gettering layers, and (b) the high magnification of a gettering layer around 110 nm thick. The gettering layer was implanted with 1×1016 cm‐2 phosphorous ions and the projection range (Rp) was about 50 nm in depth.
Figure 2‐14 SIMS depth profiles of NIC poly‐Si films treated with and without a Ni‐gettering
process.
process. As can be seen, the Ni concentration in NIC poly‐Si with the α‐Si gettering layer is relatively higher than that with the p16‐α‐Si gettering layer. Moreover, p16‐α‐Si layer traps many more Ni atoms than does α‐Si layer. These results indicate that phosphorous dopant did improve the gettering efficiency of α‐Si.
Figure 2‐14 also shows that the middle of the p16‐α‐Si layer has a higher Ni concentration than other parts of the layer. This concentration distribution of Ni is similar to that of phosphorous atoms since the projection range of phosphorous ions is set at the middle of the α‐Si film. This result also indicates that phosphorus did trap Ni atoms.
In the gettering process, when more Ni atoms diffused into the gettering layer, more α‐Si would be transformed into poly‐Si by the NILC mechanism. The gettering efficiency increased with the growth of NILC poly‐Si grains. However, when the system reached equilibrium, no more Ni could diffuse into the gettering layer. At this point, the Ni concentration in the α‐Si gettering layer will be the same as that in ASiGET. However, the Ni concentration in the p16‐α‐Si gettering layer will be higher than that in PSiGET‐16 since phosphorus implant traps Ni atoms. In other words, the gettering efficiency of α‐Si is indeed improved by phosphorous dopant at a dose of 1×1016 cm‐2.