Chapter Ⅳ DATA ANALYSIS
4.8 Learning style couldn’t be measure by physiology signals when learners learning
According to the post-test score, the academic achievement between learning environment and learning style group (active vs. reflective, sensing vs. intuitive and sequential vs. global) were shown in Figure 42, Figure 43 and Figure 44. Static e-learning and Reflective, DGBL and Intuitive, DGBL and Global were the highest score (56.25).
31.25
Figure 42. Academic achievement between learning environment and learning style (Active vs.
Reflective)
Figure 43. Academic achievement between learning environment and learning style (Sensing vs.
Intuitive)
35.71
Figure 44. Academic achievement between learning environment and learning style (Sequential vs.
Global)
In addition, the academic achievement between learning environment and learners’ major (Non-science vs. Science) was shown in Figure 45. The result showed that Static e-learning and Science group got the highest score.
38.46 38.89
For finding the physiology signals significant difference between learning style group (active vs. reflective, sensing vs. intuitive and sequential vs. global), paired t-test was used. In the first statistical test, the independent variables were active and reflective, the dependent variables were the physiology signals during learning including learning attention (AT), affective experiences (PE) and cognitive load (TFD, NF, AFD, PVT, FSP). The t-test results of physiology signals between active and reflective in static e-learning group were shown in Table 35. The t-test results between active and reflective in DGBL group were shown in Table 36.
Table 34.t-test of physiology signals between active and reflective group (static e-learning)
Learning style
Variables Active(n=8) Reflective(n=8)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
Table 35.t-test of physiology signals between active and reflective group (DGBL)
Learning style
Variables Active(n=8) Reflective(n=8)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 229358.25 (53380.71) 249726.50 (103008.45) -20368.25 -.497
NF 501.50 (169.86) 587.63 (258.53) -86.13 -.787
AFD 474.11 (75.07) 441.10 (103.44) 33.02 .731
PVT 1551.82 (471.77) 1550.47 (351.56) 1.35 .006
FSP 4.54 (4.50) 4.27 (1.54) .27 .160
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations,
In the second statistical test, the independent variables were sensing and intuitive. The t-test results in static e-learning group were shown in Table 36 and DGBL group were shown in Table 37.
Table 36.t-test of physiology signals between sensing and intuitive group (static e-learning)
Learning style
Variables Sensing(n=9) Intuitive(n=7)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 456669.33 (56330.87) 419034.29 (120067.17) 37635.05 .835
NF 1932.56 (279.38) 1734.00 (626.52) 198.56 .854
AFD 239.59 (35.63) 263.85 (78.92) -24.26 -.826
PVT 761.12 (93.88) 698.39 (200.11) 62.73 .835
FSP 3.21 (.46) 2.41 (1.12) .81 1.982
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
Table 37.t-test of physiology signals between sensing and intuitive group (DGBL)
Learning style
Variables Sensing(n=8) Intuitive(n=8)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 257313.25 (91472.65) 221771.50 (67883.90) 35541.75 .883
NF 610.38 (240.90) 478.75 (178.87) 131.63 1.241
AFD 437.75 (103.48) 477.45 (73.15) -39.70 -.886
PVT 1583.75 (473.00) 1518.54 (346.41) 65.21 .315
FSP 5.35 (4.46) 3.45 (.83) 1.91 1.187
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations,
In the third statistical test, the independent variables were sequential and global. The t-test results in static e-learning group were shown in Table 38 and DGBL group were shown in Table 39.
Table 38.t-test of physiology signals between sequential and global group (static e-learning)
Learning style
Variables Sequential (n=7) Global (n=9)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 385909.71 (100955.87) 482432.89 (49525.28) -96523.17 -2.522
NF 1728.57 (619.34) 1936.78 (287.80) -208.21 -.898
AFD 248.10 (85.71) 251.84 (26.72) -3.74 -.125
PVT 643.18 (168.26) 804.05 (82.54) -160.87 -2.522
FSP 2.67 (1.19) 3.01 (.60) -.34 -.740
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
Table 39.t-test of physiology signals between sequential and global group (DGBL)
Learning style
Variables Sequential (n=8) Global (n=8)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 273774.50 (89348.47) 205310.25 (55096.91) 68464.25 1.845
NF 640.00 (246.97) 449.13 (134.59) 190.88 1.919
AFD 445.82 (97.62) 469.39 (84.33) -23.56 -.517
PVT 1589.86 (484.19) 1512.43 (329.09) 77.43 .374
FSP 5.23 (4.50) 3.57 (.92) 1.66 1.020
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
In the fourth statistical test, independent variables were non-science major and science major group. The t-test results in static e-learning group were shown in Table 40 and DGBL group were shown in Table 41.
Table 40.t-test of physiology signals between non-science and science group (static e-learning)
Learning style
Variables Non-science (n=13) Science (n=3)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 423234.62 (88376.94) 513738.00 (43405.72) -90503.38 -1.693
NF 1772.08 (473.08) 2164.67 (191.62) -392.59 -1.381
AFD 252.71 (62.41) 239.35 (36.51) 13.36 .351
PVT 705.39 (147.29) 856.23 (72.34) -150.84 -1.693
FSP 2.85 (.91) 2.91 (.92) -.06 -.094
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
Table 41.t-test of physiology signals between non-science and science group (DGBL)
Learning style
Variables Non-science (n=9) Science (n=7)
Difference(A-B)t
Mean (A) SD Mean (B) SD
TFD 261186.89 (91987.55) 211713.71 (55602.85) 49473.17 1.251
NF 623.11 (246.05) 443.57 (121.28) 179.54 1.762
AFD 436.31 (93.91) 484.99 (80.45) -48.68 -1.093
PVT 1680.83 (430.42) 1384.41 (314.93) 296.42 1.527
FSP 5.32 (4.12) 3.23 (.97) 2.09 1.305
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations,
In the fifth statistical test, independent variables were problem1 low and high performance group. The t-test results in static e-learning group were shown in Table 42 錯誤! 書籤的自我參 照不正確。 and DGBL group were shown in Table 43.
Table 42.t-test of physiology signals between P1 low and high performance group (static)
Learning style
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
*p < 0.05;**p < 0.01
Table 43.t-test of physiology signals between P1 low and high performance group (DGBL)
Learning style
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
**p < 0.01
In the sixth statistical test, the independent variables were problem2 low and high performance group. The t-test results in static e-learning group were shown in Table 44 and DGBL group were shown in Table 45.
Table 44.t-test of physiology signals between P2 low and high performance group (static)
Learning style
TFD 457652.46 (48955.82) 364594.00 (183835.02) 93058.46 .870
NF 1946.62 (269.52) 1408.33 (882.29) 538.28 1.046
AFD 238.11 (31.95) 302.58 (117.19) -64.46 -.945
PVT 762.75 (81.59) 607.66 (306.39) 155.10 .870
FSP 2.98 (.73) 2.35 (1.470 .63 1.128
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations, AFD = average fixation duration, PVT = percentage of viewing time, FSP = frequency of saccade path.
Table 45.t-test of physiology signals between P2 low and high performance group (DGBL)
Learning style
AT = attention score, PE = occupied percentage of positive, TFD = total fixation duration, NF = number of fixations,