4.3 Experimental Results
4.3.3 Near‐field Intensity Distribution
The near‐field intensity distribution was picked up by means of a near‐field scanning optical microscope. The convolution of the near‐field intensity with the aperture of the fiber tip is converted to an optical signal detected by a photo‐multiplier tube (PMT) and amplified by a lock‐in amplifier. Therefore, the magnitude of measured signal represents the relative intensity in the near field. In addition, because the transmitted energy through the circular aperture is too weak to be recognized from the background noise, the optical image of the circular aperture is null.
The optical signal of the single C‐aperture, shown in Fig. 4‐7 (a), reaches 2.5V, indicating a signal‐noise‐ratio of 40 dB compared to background noise of 0.02V. Moreover, the peak intensity of the C‐aperture surrounded with a corrugation is up to 7V, which is 2.8 times higher than that of the single C‐aperture. The experimental result under oblique illumination also confirms the enhancement. Figs. 4‐8(a) and (b) show the near‐field distribution with normal and 44‐degree incidence. By comparing the signal voltage of 1.1V in the normal‐incidence model to that of 1.8V model under 40‐degree incidence, the near‐field enhancement factor can be as high as 1.6.
Due to finite spatial resolution of NSOM, the measured spot size is unavoidably larger than the actual size. In the case of the aperture size of the fiber probe used in this experiment ranging from 50 to 100 nm and the theoretic spot size of this fabricated C‐aperture of 150 nm x 150 nm, the measured spot as a result of convolution is estimated around 300~400 nm, which is in agreement with the measured result.
Fig. 4‐7 Intensity distributions measured by NSOM (a) background noise and (b) the C‐shaped aperture
Fig. 4‐8 Near‐field distribution observed by NSOM with (a) normal and (b) 44‐degree incidence
To further examine the consistence of the experimental results with simulation, the power throughput and intensity distribution at 50 nm from the C‐aperture, of which the dimensions are the same as that of the fabricated one, are calculated with normal and 44‐degree incident illumination, respectively.
The simulation results are shown in Fig. 4‐9. The output spot with 44‐degree incidence has a smaller size with higher peak intensity than that with normal incidence. The calculated power throughput enhancement as a result of the hybrid effect is 2.2. Moreover, the calculated Ex and Ez field profile under 44‐degree illumination also shows the hybrid effect in Fig. 4‐10, even though the
(a) (b)
(a) X (μm)
Y (μm)
X (μm)
Y (μm)
(b)
dimensions of the fabricated waveguide were larger than the designed one. The incident light propagates through the waveguide with the aid of the surface plasmon wave propagating along the dielectric‐metal surface. Therefore, although the measured enhancement is not as high as the simulated one of 2.2, the results demonstrates that the hybrid effect contributes to the enhancement of the transmitted power propagated along the C‐shaped aperture which functions as a ridge waveguide.
Fig. 4‐9 Calculated electric intensity distribution at 50nm from the nano‐waveguide with the experimental dimensions at (a) normal incidence and (b) 44‐degree incidence
Fig. 4‐10 Calculated (a) Ex and (b) Ez field profile with the experimental dimensions
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Enhancement (to C-aperture)
C-aperture with Corrugation
C-aperture with 44°
Illumination
Far-field PT 1.9 1.3
Near-field intensity 2.8 1.6
4.4 Summary
The experimental results successfully confirm the existence of the hybrid effect. The far‐field transmission of a waveguide with corrugation in incident interface is 1.9 times higher than a single C‐shaped aperture and 33 times higher than a circular aperture with a similar spot size. In the case of the aperture with oblique illumination, the far‐field transmission measurement demonstrates an enhancement factor of 1.3, while the near‐field intensity distribution measurement shows that the enhancement can be as high as 1.6.
The measurement results are summarized in Table 4‐3. These results give the birth of our proposed straw‐shaped fiber probe employing the hybrid effect induced by illuminating the waveguide with obliquely incident light.
Table 4‐3 Comparison between the measured power throughput enhancement of a C‐shaped aperture with corrugations and a C‐shaped aperture with 44‐degree illumination
Chapter 5 Near-field Servo Control System Employing Self-mixing Sensor
For a near‐field storage system, the optical head has to be put in proximity to the surface of the recording medium because the optical energy decays exponentially with an increase of the distance from the head. Conventional near‐field servo control requires a complicated system to process signals.
Therefore, we proposed a novel servo control system by employing a self‐mixing laser sensor. The dependence of the laser output on the spacing between the laser and the target makes the laser itself function as a sensor and thus self‐mixing interferometers can reduce the system complexity [40‐42].
Furthermore, the use of a laser diode has an advantage of compact package because the modulation in the emitted power can be detected directly by the photodiode inside the laser diode package. Therefore, laser diodes can be used as a compact optical sensor and easily integrated into other systems.
In this chapter, the proposed near‐field servo control system employing a self‐mixing laser sensor is developed. To characterize the self‐mixing signal, a simplified coupling formula is derived and compared to the measured signal of a laser sensor which is obtained by modifying a conventional laser diode. A biaxial actuator is used to drive the laser sensor. The approach limit of this system, the theoretic minimum spacing that a laser sensor can achieve, is also estimated base on the alignment precision and measured angular variation of a spinning disk. According to the measured dynamic response of the actuator, a PI controller is designed and implemented into the servo system. Finally, the system is tested under a spinning disk to evaluate its performance.
5.1 System Configuration
In the system configuration shown in Fig. 5‐1, the disk surface and the laser diode output facet function as an external cavity Fabry‐Perot interferometer.
The laser diode is used as a position sensor by employing and sensing self‐mixing interferometry. A part of the light emission from the laser is reflected by the disk surface and then injected back into the laser cavity. The reflected beam is mixed with the optical field inside the cavity. This self‐mixing effect causes strong modulation of the optical output power, and is dependant on the distance between the reflecting surface and the laser and is detectable by the photodiode in the laser package. Therefore, the laser diode itself can function as a direct high‐accuracy position sensor and thus no external optical interferometer is required. Given the highly sensitive correspondence between the gap width and the optical power output, this laser position sensor can be used to determine the gap width with nanometer scale precision. The monitor current from the photodiode is used as the feedback signal to control the pickup and hence gap distance.
Fig. 5‐1 Schematic illustration of system configuration