Words Re-classified as Measure Words

國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

one M willow tree one C willow tree

‘one line of willow trees’ ‘one willow tree’

Hang2

行

in ge-insertion shows that hang2

行is a measure word.

De-insertion:

(75) 一 行 (的) 柳樹

yi1 hang2 (de) liu3shu4

one M DE willow tree

‘one line of willow trees’

De-insertion shows that hang2

行

is a measure word.

Numeral/adjectival stacking:

(76) 一 行 十 棵 柳樹

yi1 hang2 shi2 ke1 liu3shu4

one M ten C willow tree

‘one line of ten willow trees’

(77) 一 大 行 柳樹 ≠ 一 行 大 柳樹

yi1 da4 hang2 liu3shu4 yi1 hang2 da4 liu3shu4

one large M willow tree one M large willow tree

‘one large line of willow trees’ ‘one line of large willow trees’

(78) 一 大 行 小 柳樹

yi1 da4 hang2 xiao3 liu3shu4

one large M small willow tree

‘one large line of small willow trees’

Hang2

行

in numeral / adjectival stacking shows that hang2

行

is a measure word.

From the above tests, it can be seen that hang2行

is a measure word.

4.1.1.3.2 Words Re-classified as Measure Words

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

Five words which are testified as measure words are listed below.

Table 10: 5 Words of Measure Words in Chao (1968) ‘A Grammar of Spoken

Chinese’

dun4 頓 yi1 dun4 mei3shi2 一頓美食 hang2 行 yi1 hang2 liu3shu4

一行柳樹

juan4 卷 dong1fang1za2zhi4 di4 yi1juan4 東方雜誌第一卷

qi2 期 cai2jing1za2xhi4 di4yi1qi2 財經雜誌第一期 ya2 牙 yi1 ya2 ju2zi

一牙橘子

4.1.1.4 A Dialect Word

Because Chao (1968) points out that dan4 笪

only exits in one dialect of Chinese

and Chao (1968) also does not make more descriptions for dan4 笪, I ignore it and

do not include it in my analysis.

Table 11: A Dialect Word in Chao (1968) ‘A Grammar of Spoken Chinese’

dan4 笪 (a dialect word)

4.1.2 Erbaugh (1986)

Erbaugh (1986) lists twenty-two core classifiers. Erbaugh (1986) thinks that no matter in what kind of conversations, adult-adult Mandarin or adult-child Mandarin or child-child Mandarin, these twenty-two core classifiers almost all appear. Thus, these core classifiers are regarded as typical classifiers. However, there are some defects in Erbaugh’s account of the twenty-two core classifiers. For example, Erbaugh does not provide any precise classification to show how ambiguous classifiers should be regarded as classifiers or measure words and Erbaugh does

‧

include measure words in the twenty-two core classifiers. As a result, I will re-examine the twenty-two classifiers and re-classify them into three portions by using the four tests in Chapter 3. In my analysis, I re-classify the twenty-two classifiers into eighteen classifiers, three Xc and Xm and only one measure word.

Because the methods and the processes of analysis used in analyzing the twenty-two classifiers are the same as those in Section 4.1.1, analysis sections will be omitted and only the words of three portions are listed.

4.1.2.1 Words Re-classified as Classifiers

Eighteen words belonging to classifiers are listed below.

Table 12: 18 Words of Classifiers in Erbaugh (1986)

ben3 本 yi1 ben3 shu1

duo3 朵 yi1duo3 mei2gui1 一朵玫瑰

zhang1 張 yi1 zhang1 chuang2 一張床

jian1 間 yi1 jian1 shu1dian4 一間書店'

shou3 首 yi1 shou3 er2ge1 一首兒歌

zhi1 隻 yi1 zhi1 mao1 一隻貓

4.1.2.2 Words Re-classified as Xc and Xm

Three words belonging to Xc and Xm are listed below.

Table 13: 3Words of Xc and Xm in Erbaugh (1986)

ba3 把 ba3 把 c yi1 ba3 dao1zi 一把刀子

ba3 把 c yi1 ba3 dao1zi 一把刀子

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

kuai4 塊

kuai4 塊 c yi1 kuai4 rou4 一塊肉

kuai4 塊 c yi1 kuai4 rou4 一塊肉

pian4 片 pian4 片 c

yi1 pian4 shu4ye4 一片樹葉

pian4 片 c

yi1 pian4 shu4ye4 一片樹葉

4.1.2.3 Words Re-classified as Measure words

One word belonging to measure words is listed below.

Table 14: One Measure Word in Ebraugh (1986)

duan4 段 yi1 duan4 gan1zhe4 一段甘蔗

4.1.3 Hu (1993)

Hu (1993) identifies twenty classifiers which are commonly used. However, some inadequencies mentioned in Section 4.1 also presents in Hu’s classifier categorizaiotion. Thus, I will re-examine the twenty classifiers and re-classify them into three portions, namely classifiers, Xc and Xm and measure words. In my analysis, I re-classify the twenty classifiers into fifteen classifiers, four Xc and Xm and only one measure word. Because the methods and the processes of analysis used in analyzing the twenty classifiers are the same as those in Section 4.1.1, the analysis sections will be omitted and only the words which have been re-classified in the three portions are listed in the following.

4.1.3.1 Words Re-classified as Classifiers

By using the four tests mentioned in Chapter 3 to re-examine these twenty classifiers, fifteen classifiers which are re-classified as classifiers are listed below.

Table 15: 15 Words of Classifiers in Hu (1993)

‧

liang4 輛 yi1 liang4 jing3che1 一輛警車

zhang1 張 yi1 zhang1 chuang2 一張床

4.1.3.2 Words Re-classified as Xc and Xm

Four Xc and Xm are given by re-classifying these twenty classifiers.

Table 16: 4 Words of Xc and Xm in Hu (1993)

4.1.3.3 Words Re-classified as Measure words

One measure word in Hu (1993) is listed below.

Table 17: One Measure Word in Hu (1993)

shuang1 雙 yi1 shuang1 xie2 一雙鞋

4.1.4 Huang et. al. (1997)

One hundred and seventy-three classifiers are identified by Huang et. al in the

Mandarin Daily Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers. Since Huang et. al. (1997) also do

not provide any precise classification for ambiguous classifiers and do also include

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

measure word in classifier categorization, I will make use of the four tests mentioned in Chapter 3 to re-examine these classifiers. One hundred and seventy-three classifiers are re-classified into seventy-six classifiers, nineteen Xc and Xm, seventy-seven measure words and one word which does not belong to any portion.

In addition to providing classifier category in this dictionary, a kind classifier category and an event classifier category are also given. Recall the former hypothesis, kind classifiers should not be treated as classifiers and that event classifiers may be classifiers, which I made in Section 2.4. Some demonstrations will be offered to support my hypothesis in the following. Kind classifiers will be demonstrated first and event classifiers later.

The fourteen kind classifiers as shown in Table 18 are proposed by Huang and Ahren (2003). Because yi-multiplier is a decisive test to differentiate classifiers and measure words, I only use yi-multiplier to re-examine these kind classifiers.

According to the yi-multiplier postulated by Her (2010, 2011b), such kind classifiers can be strongly proven as measure words because the multipliers of these kind classifiers are other than 1. For example, a kind classifier yang4樣, in yi1 yang4

shui3guo3

一樣水果

, does not have the concepts of multiplier 1. Thus, yi1 yang4

shui3guo3

一樣水果 is not equal to 1× 1 shui3guo3 or one fruit because yi1 yang4

shui3guo3

一樣水果 can mean more than one apple (in which shui3guo3水果 is a hypernym and an apple is a hyponym). Or a kind classifier zhong3種, in yi1 zhong3

‧

mian4bao1

一種麵包

, also does not have the concepts of multiplier 1. So, yi1 zhong3

mian4bao1

一種麵包is not equal to 1× 1 mian4bao1麵包 or one bread because yi1

zhong3 mian4bao1

一 種 麵 包 can mean more than one croissant (in which

mian4bao1

麵包 is a hypernym and a croissant is a hyponym). The remaining event classifiers in Table 18 are also re-examined as measure words by yi-multiplier.

Because processes in the analysis of the remaining kind classifiers are the same as with the above examples, the processes will be left out. In this thesis, kind classifiers are excluded from classifiers because they do not have a sufficient and necessary

property of being classifiers, namely the multiplier 1.

Table 18: The 14 Kind Classifiers Proposed by Huang and Ahren (2003)

ban1 般 yi1 ban1 ren2 一般人

kuan3 款 liang3 kuan3 xin1che1 兩款新車

se4 色 ge2 se4 ren2zhong3 各色人種 dang3 檔 yi1 dang3 shi4

一檔事

lei4 類 liang3 lei4 shui3guo3 兩類水果

yang4 樣 yi1 yang4 shui3guo3 一樣水果

deng3 等 zhe4 zong3 shen1cai2 這等身材

The thirty-five event classifiers as shown below in Table 19 are proposed by

Huang and Ahren (2003).

Table 19: The 35 Event Classifiers Proposed by Huang and Ahren (2003)

ban1 班 yi1 ban1 fei1ji1 一班飛機

fan1 番 yi1 fan1 hua4 一番話

quan1 圈 yi1 quan1 ma2jiang4 一圈麻將

bi3 筆 yi1 bi3 mai3mai4 一筆買賣

hui2 回 yi1 hui2 shi4 一回事

ren4 任 yi1 ren4 zong3tong3 一任總統

‧

bo1 波 yi1 bo1 mu4kuan3huo2dong4 一波募款活動

jian4 件 yi1 jian4 yi4wai4 一件意外

tai2 台 yi1 tai2 ge1zai3xi4 一台歌仔戲

chang3 場 yi1 chang3 yin1yue4ju4 一場音樂劇

ju2 局 yi1 ju2 bang4qiu2sai4 一局棒球賽

tong1 通 yi1 tong1 dian4hua4 一通電話

dang3 檔 yi1 dang3 guo2pian4 一檔國片

pan2 盤 yi1 pan2 qi2 一盤棋

zhen4 陣 yi1 zhen4 ren2chao2 一陣人潮

dao4 道 yi1 dao4 shou3xu4 一道手續

pao4 泡 yi1 pao4 cha2 一泡茶

zhuang1 樁 yi1 zhuang1 yi4wai4 一樁意外

Below, two pieces of evidences about event classifiers may be classifiers will be given. First, event classifiers are not described until Ahren and Huang (1996).

However, the concept of event classifiers, denoting an instance or occurrence of an event, has been proposed by Li and Thompson (1981). But Li and Thompson do not treat a type of classifiers which denote an instance or occurrence of an event as an isolated classifier category. On the contrary, Li and Thompson (1981) regard indicating an instance or occurrence of an event as the other description for classifiers. I also find that Gao and Malt (2009) treat classifiers with indicating an

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

instance or occurrence of an event as classifiers, rather than as an isolated classifier category. Chao (1968) also treats such classifiers with indicating an instance or occurrence of an event as classifiers. Thus, I infer that indicating an instance or occurrence of an event is another description of classifiers and it is not necessary to have an isolated classifier category denoting an instance or occurrence of an event.

The other reliable reason for proving that event classifiers may be classifiers comes from the test of yi-multiplier (Her 2010, 2011b). The concept of multiplier 1 is a sufficient and necessary property for being a classifier. The thirty-five event classifiers listed by Huang and Ahren (2003) like tong1通 in yi1 tong1 dian4hua4 一通電話

have a starting point of a phone ringing and the end point of that event, so

a distance from a starting point to an end point is metaphorically viewed as one entity, that is the concept incorporated in multiplier 1. Thus, yi1 tong1 dian4hua4 一通電 話 corresponds to yi1 一 × 1 dian4hua4電話 which means receive one phone.

Event classifiers like zhuang1樁

in yi1 zhuang1 yi4wai4

一樁意外 , jian4件 in yi1

jian4 yi4wai4

一件意外

, qi3

起

in yi1 qi3 yi4wai4

一起意外 and zong1宗 in yi1

zong1 yi4wai4

一宗意外 also have a starting point of an accident happening and the end point of that event, a distance from a starting point to an end point is also viewed as one entity, that is the concept incorporated in multiplier 1. As a result, yi1 zhuang1

yi4wai4

一樁意外or yi1 jian4 yi4wai4一件意外or yi1 qi3 yi4wai4一起意外or yi1

zong1 yi4wai4

一宗意外 all correspond to yi1 一 × 1 yi4wai4意外which means

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

one accident.

However, not all of the event classifiers listed in Huang and Ahren (2003) incorporate the concept of multiplier 1. For example, qi2期 in yi4 qi2 gai3jian4

gong1cheng2

一期改建工程 does not incorporate the concept of multiplier 1 because it is not necessary to finish the engineering project within one period of time.

It can be finished in a further period of perionds of time, i.e., surpassing the number of one time. So, yi4 qi2 gai3jian4 gong1cheng2一期改建工程 is not necessarily equal to yi 一 × 1 gai3jian4 gong1cheng2改建工程. Thus, event classifiers are likely to be classifiers, but it is not certain that they will be classifiers.

In my classifier portion, these thirty-five event classifiers proposed by Huang and Ahren (2003) should be re-examined to see which event classifiers incorporate the concept of multiplier 1. If an event classifier is testified to incorporate the concept of multiplier 1, I will include it in my classifier portion. Otherwise, I will not discuss such a classifier in any of the portions that I propose. According to my linguistic sense and the use of yi-multipler, thirteen typical and apt identification event classifiers are listed in Table 20. The examples of jian4件, qi3起, tong1通, zhuang1 樁and zong1宗 have been demonstrated above, and examples (79) to (84) represent the rest of the examples of event classifiers such as ban1班, bi3筆, chang3場,

chu1

齣, dang3檔, mu4幕, pan2盤 and ren4任 in Table 20.

Table 20: 13 Event Classifiers Testified as Classifiers

‧

tong1 通 yi1 tong1 dian4hua4 一通電話

bi3 筆 yi1 bi3 mai3mai4 一筆買賣

mu4 幕 yi1 mu4 qing2jing3 一幕情景

zhuang1 樁 yi1 zhuang1 yi4wai4 一樁意外

chang3 場 yi1 chang3 yin1yue4ju4 一場音樂劇

dang3 檔 yi1 dang3 guo2pian4 一檔國片

ren4 任 yi1 ren4 zong3tong3 一任總統

(79) 一 班 飛機 = 一 × 1 飛機

yi1 ban1 fei1ji1 yi1 yi1 fei1ji1

one C airplane one one airplane

‘one airplane’ ‘one airplane’

A process from taking off to landing is metaphorically viewed as one entity, that is the concept of multiplier 1. Thus, yi1 ban1 fei1ji1 一班飛機 is equal to one airplane.

(80) 一 筆 買賣 = 一 × 1 買賣 yi1 bi3 mai3mai4 yi1 yi1 mai3mai4 one C commerce one one commerce

‘one piece of commerce’ ‘one piece of commerce’

A commerce or commercial process is one which has a starting point and a complete end point and also has the concept of the multiplier 1. Thus, bi3筆 is also regarded as a classifier because bi3筆

incorporates the concept of multiplier 1.

(81) a. 一 場 音樂劇 = 一 × 1 音樂劇 yi1 chang3 yin1yue4ju4 yi1 yi1 yin1yue4ju4 one C music play one one music play ‘one music play’ ‘one music play’

b. 一 齣 歌舞劇 = 一 × 1 歌舞劇

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

yi1 chu1 ge1wu3ju4 yi1 yi1 ge1wu3ju4

one C song and dance drama one one song and dance drama

‘one song and dance drama’ ‘one song and dance drama’

c. 一 幕 情景 = 一 × 1 情景

yi1 mu4 qing2jing3 yi1 yi1 qing2jing3

one C scene one one scene

‘one scene’ ‘one scene’

A music play or a song and dance drama or a scene all have a starting point and an end point. Such a distance from starting point and an end point is metaphorically regarded as one entity, that is the concept of 1. Thus, chang3場, chu1齣 and mu4幕 all have the concept of multiplier 1.

(82) 一 檔 國片 = 一 × 1 國片

yi1 dang3 guo2pian4 yi1 yi1 guo2pian4

one C Chinese movie one one Chinese movie

‘one Chinese movie’ ‘one Chinese movie’

A schedule for a movie from the point of going into the theater to that of coming out of the theater is also the concept of 1. Thus, dang3檔 also has the concept of multiplier 1.

(83) 一 盤 棋 = 一 × 1 棋

yi1 pan2 qi2 yi1 yi1 qi2

one C chess one one chess ‘one board of chess’ ‘one board of chess’

To play a game of chess from start to end is a complete process. Thus, it can be viewed as having the concept of 1.

(84) 一 任 總統 = 一 × 1 總統

yi1 ren4 zong3tong3 yi1 yi1 zong3tong3

‧ 國

立 政 治 大 學

‧

N a tio na

l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y

one C presidency one one presidency ‘one presidency’ ‘one presidency’

Yi1 ren4 zong3tong3

一任總統 does not represent one president, but the term of office for being a president. Because the term of office of a president has a beginning point and an end point, such a process can also be viewed as having the concept of 1.

The above evidences and inferences further support my hypothesis that kind classifiers should not be treated as classifiers and that it is possible that event classifiers may be classifiers is correct. In the following, except for seventy-six classifiers that I re-classify from one hundred and seventy-three classifiers, I will also include thirteen re-classified event classifiers in Table 20 in the following classifier portion. If the same classifiers both appear in the seventy-six classifiers and thirteen event classifiers, I will regard them as occurring once in my classifier portion such as ban1班, bi3筆, dang3檔, jian4件, qi3起

and zong1

宗. Thus, there are eighty-three classifiers in classifier portion.

Because the analysis processes are the same as the above sections, they will be omitted and only the words of three portions are presented in the following.

4.1.4.1 Words Re-classified as Classifiers

Eighty-three classifiers are re-classified as classifiers are presented below.

Table 21: 83 Words of Classifiers in Huang et. al. (1997) ‘Mandarin Daily

Dictionary of Chinese Classifiers’

ben3 本 yi1 ben3 shu1 一本書

jian4 件 yi1 jian4 da4yi1 一件大衣

ting3 挺 yi1 ting3 ji1qiang1 一挺機槍

bi3 筆 yi1 bi3 shou1ru4 jie4 介 yi1 jie4 shu1sheng1 tong1 通 yi1 tong1 dian4hua4

‧

chang3 場 yi1 chang3 yin1yue4ju4 一場音樂劇

juan3 卷 yi1 juan3 lu4yin1dai4 一卷錄音帶

wan2 丸 yi1 wan2 yao4wan2 一丸藥丸

chu4 處 yi1 chu4 shang1kou3 一處傷口

ke1 棵 yi1 ke1 song1shu4 一棵松樹

wei3 尾 yi1 wei3 yu2 一尾魚

chuang2 床 yi1 chuang2 mian2bei4 一床棉被

ke1 顆 yi1 ke1 xi1gua1 一顆西瓜

wei4 位 yi1 wei4 lao3shi1 一位老師

chuang2 幢 yi1 chuang2 lou2fang2 一幢樓房

li4 粒 yi1 li4 hong2dou4 一粒紅豆

xi2 席 yi1 xi2 dong3shi4 一席董事

dang3 檔 yi1 dang3 gu3piao4 一檔股票

liang4 輛 yi1 liang4 jing3che1 一輛警車

xi2 襲 yi1 xi2 bo2sha1 一襲薄紗

dao4 道 yi1 dao4 zhuan1qiang2 一道磚牆

mei2 枚 yi1 mei2 jiang3zhang1 一枚獎章

yuan2 員 yi1 yuan2 da4jiang4 一員大將

ding4 錠 yi1 ding4 yuan2bao3 一錠元寶

ming2 名 yi1 ming2 xue2sheng1 一名學生

zhang1 張 yi1 zhang1 chunag2 一張床

zheng4 幀 yi1zheng4 jie2hun1zhao4 一幀結婚照

fa1 發 yi1 fa1 zi3dan4 一發子彈

pian1 篇 yi1 pian1 wen2zhang1 一篇文章

zhi1 只 yi1 zhi1 jiu3tan2 一只酒罈

fang1 方 yi1 fang1 yin4zhang1 一方印章

qu3 曲 yi1 qu3 liu2xing2ge1 一曲流行歌

zhi3 紙 yi1 zhi3 qie4jie2shu1 一紙切結書

zhi3 紙 yi1 zhi3 qie4jie2shu1 一紙切結書

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