Centralization of state power that generally traditional bureaucrat's government is, controlling, its purpose is to maintain the survival and development of the country for rule the people effectively. However, as the enlargement of the national domain , people's quantity increase, and the public affairs are complicated further; For rule people effectively, person in power set up agency act for ruler stay in all parts in all parts, guarantee that
the area administered can be totally under controlling. So, the local government is that a kind of country rules the organ , it has several governance power , this kind of power or stating from the constitution, or is stipulated by the central decree. But the one that is different from the central government is, ' the local government is a kind of regional organ , the affairs administered by it are localized, so its power is not limitless, it is not highest, not also independence and the initiative, so does not have sovereignty either.
' (celebrate nine , 1997 thinly: 7).
The past centralization bureaucrat type's local government, control local sending the organ as the central government, power is granted by the central government too naturally , functions acted by it are all the order from government of higher level too, but not offer according to the need of every place ; So, all public services are offered with facilities by the government, the people do not have any leeway to interfere . If it will make well local government leader praise
"Germany pool locality ', place leader not doing well, ordinary people can only submit to humiliation , accept the lintel as unavoidable upside down .
Participating in type culture takes the democratic era of the mainstream by 1990, it is an inevitable trend to implement local autonomy, the autonomy of the place appears , expands day by day, the function of the local
government is no longer a tool or ' the agent ' ruled as the central
government, but in order to serve the people more effectively, in order to understand the people's heartfelt wishes and demand further, so under the structure of dividing the work , share and manage the country , service people's role with the central government together. But the speeches of role and function that so, from the whole government's system, the reason that the local government exists is no longer the purpose to rule, need , need of the service view , and need of the cultural characteristic of the values that but should be plural; Should have the following three kinds of
characteristics at least in accordance with the Lu 's:
1.On the basis of the local government of the plural values: Different people life , culture their of area,, demand must
The same, so need local government because in conformity with different demands in all parts.
2.On the basis of serving the local government of the view: The local
government stores in order to promote local people's happily Yes, offer the best service.
3.On the basis of the local government of the cultural view: Organization and speciality of operation of local government, are not due various kinds of to
With the culture type or environmental characteristic.
Rule the country or the country that implements democratic politics regardless of the centralization of state power, demonstrate that the importance that the local government is in the modern government's administration structure increases more and more. Besides need in essence of local government, local government ' can offer the government to manage the most basic function in the activity too: Lighten the burden of central government, adapt to the local special environment; Establish the foundation of founding the state, ensure people's rights and interests; Promote democracy to realize, train democratic politics talents; Develop local economy, solve the people's livelihood problem. ' (celebrate nine , 1997 thinly: 17)
Though local government has above-mentioned basic functions, but the power of not all local governments is the same, the role acted in the administration structure of the whole government may not be the same.
Managing the local government with bigger authority in the locality, its public service can relatively do proper adjustment according to locality's needs , on the contrary, manage relatively the weak of the authority , can only mostly be according to offering the service of the rule in the decrees of the central authorities or the scope of authority. On the other hand, in order to increase the government's administrative efficiency, a lot of people in recent years maintain government should study enterprising spirit, public service committee all market competition function, in order to improve the efficiency of serving, so the local government does not go to provide service directly, but stipulate the norm that trusts and supervise , so as to ensure the quality of the public service. Meanwhile, take the place of drawbacks of discussing democracy more and more, people's independent consciousness adds promotion , have many people hope to it manages
government affairs to be not only to raise the efficiency government too , can also want abundant response different people demand, so the government should understand the people's heartfelt wishes , even the strength and intelligence that can combine the people create better service content and quality .
According to this, the role of the local government can face and is analysed according to three different ones : It is the place to face first
The government manages the size of the authority , can divide into ' local initiative / central leading factor ' ; It face second public for
provider of service,it can divide into ' government /for government (folk) '; Third, it is a administration way of the local government , participate in the number of the degree according to the people, and there is difference of ' participating in type democracy / taking the place of and discussing type democracy '. The people (1994 ) , such as Leach , Stewart , Walsh ,etc. do this three orientations into a coordinate of three-dimensional space, and found out it with modern four kinds of local government type attitudes that appeared in the past , placed on the proper position of this three orientations respectively in accordance with its characteristic (such as Fig. 7-1), the types of these four kinds of local governments are slightly stated as follows: (Leach et al., 1994:239-240)
Administration type attitude of 7-1 local government of Fig.
Source of the materials: Leach et al., 1994: 239.
(1) traditional bureaucrat's government (Traditional Bureaucratic Authority ):
Managing roles in the public service , relatively surging locality that put emphasis on being offered all by government's common department , and take the place of discussing type democracy. This is most typical
government's organizing type attitude, under taking the place of the
democratic politics discussed, all public services are offered with facilities by the government, but control and subsidy that because the power and funds of the local government are still limited to the government of higher level, so its role managing it can only be relative, need to be subject to government's number authorized of higher level.
(2) government (Residual Enabling Authority ) of the most basic service ability: Manage roles , lie between the democratic form taking the place of the discussing type and participating in type in the public service , place of the weak tendency where the market leads. A lot of public service outsides wrap up privatization, it is relatively efficient to be offered by market, and the government only offers the most basic control or the role supervising . Whether (3), lead by market the government (Private-oriented Enabler ).
Manage roles , participating in type democratic form in the public service , surging place where the market leads. 雖也強調市場機能，但是與「最 基本 服務能力政府」最大的不同，在於政府較強烈與積極介入經濟活動的規劃、協 調，以促進經濟發展。
(四) 社區導向的有能政府(Community-oriented Enabler)：強調參與式民主、
介於強勢與弱勢的地方治理、介於市場與公部門的服務。此一模式強調依照不 同人民的需要，運用不同的服務管道提供最適當的服務，包括由地方政府直接
提供、或是由私人企業、非營利組織等。也就是說，並不預設立場，而是完全 依照實際的需要再做決定。
傳統官僚性的地方政府扮演提供所有公共服務的功能，已經不符合現代民主 政治的發展趨勢，因此，已經逐漸向後三種政府模式發展。其中「基本服務能力 的政府」較強調商業性的效率價值，以提供最有效率的服務或是控制為目的，因 此權力向上集中，地方政府的權限相當受限，只能在授權的範圍內做本分的工
作；「市場導向的有能政府」強調反映顧客的需求，因此權力必須下放給地方政
府，使其具有較大的自主權依照顧客的需要提供服務；「社區導向有能政府」則 強
調公民精神的價值，它所重視的是如何使得公民能夠成為公共服務的主體，人 民 可以充分參與政府治理，公共服務可以由公民與政府一起來提供，因此地方政 府 的治理角色，並不是那麼重要。(Leach., 1994:244-245)