Section two ' the community builds overallly ' and awareness of the obligations of citizens

Chapter six, citizen's culture and democracy of Taiwan are consolidated

Have several deep factors influencing people's behavior and thought in one chapter and a society of Taiwan of

discussion of the end, these factors have hindered the forming of ' citizen's culture ' to a certain extent.

Citizen's society is the field land where the citizenship intension can be practised, the citizen is in society, every citizen moves through positive participation, realize the right and obligation of the citizenship in order to the goal of tending to public interests. And this positive action must possess ' the awareness of the

obligations of citizens ' and ' citizen's ability ' at the same time . But, Taiwanese society receives China's traditional culture factor, and the influence in factors , such as politics , economy ,etc., ' citizen's society ' of ideal distance stills have sizable distances, must pass several strategies and ways , positive modernized Taiwan ' citizen's culture ' of construction. The main tactics are two: Namely wake the awareness of the obligations of citizens up with ' train citizen's ability '.

Section one Train citizen's culture

' wake the awareness of the obligations of citizens up ' go on through the way that is educated (including school citizen's education is educated to the community ) mainly, educate it for important project, must be overall , lasting to take root; However, it relatively belongs to static way after all to educate, in addition, another dynamic way that can wake the awareness of the obligations of citizens up , but begin from train approval and emotion of the community where one stays to condense, and participate in local characteristic ,

community public affairs actually further, make use of this ' community's

consciousness ' trained, expand ' the awareness of the obligations of citizens ' which becomes universality again. ' the community build the ones that are built and will be promoted by the document overallly ' at present, it is exactly a best action way , it cuts in terms of culture, from people's understanding , realize , melt inside but produce the emotion to approving of cultural history of

community growing.

And it on one hand can be by community people to studying and training in the participation action experience of community's public affairs to train citizen's ability , and then expand to and participate in public affairs , public policy of influence beyond the community further. Secondly, citizen society regard pursueing public interests as goal , want practice project this to is it seem by personal strength strength wait till only to mark, must get the awareness of the obligations of citizens and ability together to organize in a collective way , seem to give play to the influence power of the policy even more. So, the ' nonprofit organization ' that various kinds of topics demand plays a very important role here, it can do constant concern and push to a certain specific topic with the angle of professional lines , in order to create public interests. And citizen individual by strength of nonprofit organization, can abundant to realize and practise right and obligation of citizenship too, can learn to participate in the ability and skill of the public affairs , care society continuously from participate in the course of nonprofit organization . Build since education , community

overallly separately in this chapter, the coming type citizen's culture of moulding us of three tactics ways of nonprofit organization.

One , awareness of the obligations of citizens and citizen's ability First, regard awareness of the obligations of citizens as and approve the basic national approval

Train the awareness of the obligations of citizens, should approve this land in Taiwan first , with the intergrowth of other ethnicities , get rid of the unification and independence to set against, review the cultural trace of history in the past , creating now together and culture in the future. The awareness of the obligations of citizens comes from at first ' admit ' (identification), in the democratic politics in Athens in Greece, the people approve one administrative unit deme, and

register for members of this deme, not merely have citizenship of this deme, and there were all rights and obligations to this deme from then on. So, admit it is a starting point of a citizenship, is a basic key element of forming a citizen's society too.

' admit ', in accordance with target that admit can divide ' ethnicity acknowledgement ' into, ' culture admit ', ' system admit ', ' the national approval ',etc.. Chinese are used to establishing the relation networks of ' the family ' with blood relationship, after expanding , establish the approval relation of ' the ethnicity ' with blood relationship too, the political dispute often takes place in every dynasty of history, the modern and unavoidable too one is repeating history, and as it always goes, cause the Hans' complex antagonistic to ethnicity among aboriginal , Taiwanese and people of other provinces. In fact, blood relationship or it borns to be fact we can't choose, determine man's destiny by this not only falling behind , feudal thought, have neglected people's independence and independent character especially.

Culture is a result of history, a person, is language , thought , habits and customs and sense of depending on that the behavior produced accepted of living environment after coming from it and was born in that ' culture is approved ', this is a modern foundation formed of ' nationalism '. Mr. Sun Yat-sen thinks ' always a national composition and a country in China ', nationality of here should point ' nationality , Chinese of culture ' but speech, come interconnected system equal to several different race or ethnicity with ' Central Plains culture '. Namely ' Chinese large, what has been it and lacks at political nature to be or not socialed cognition ' (the the south more,1998: 119).

Under the advocating strongly of this so-called ' national country ', require ' one nationality one country , one country one government form ' , think at present having two hostile China of government form abnormal, because the leader of the other bank insists on maintaining that understands the relation on two sides with the frame of ' One China ', even force Taiwan to submit in legislative way to stipulate ' the constitutional law against separation ', have caused two sides' regime in setting against and potential conflict crisis all the time.

On the other hand, the same concept has formed ' the nationalism of

Taiwan ' or ' the doctrine of country clan of Taiwan ' too inside Taiwan, and has caused ' the book question in the province ' politically. Cause this question, because the estrangement formed that ' culture rupture ' that the historical factor causes between culture of Central Plains and Taiwan native country culture that basically to come from, in addition, the

Kuomintang's authority rules period, suppress the culture besides this in order to advocate China's traditional culture, the one that cause the culture of native country to culture of Central Plains is extremely repugnant, break out at one blow until the authority is ruled and removed .

No matter cause in the world ' Taiwan status has not come to a conclusion ' or form at home ' province book, correctly

Stand ', cause above-mentioned problem, main reason come from a lot of people ' ethnicity acknowledgement ', ' culture admit ', ' system admit ' lump together, then some political personages can relatively arouse ' the ethnicity ' of people's emotion to utilize , ' culture ' achieve the purpose that their politics demands. The leader of the other bank declares that ' One China ' arouses the national emotion, it is proper in order to obtain its regime . At home, the one out of office is suffused with blue , regard ' unified China ' as the long-term goal, one that is with prominent Chinese among them is proper; As to,party in power on it is the past and outside the party political for personage it is or not present, in order to advocating by independence and the independent character, Taiwan of culture, and have opinion of ' the nationalism of Taiwan ' indistinctly . In this kind being to so-called Central Plains culture or under being bigoted Taiwan two of culture, the ones that made the democratic politics of Taiwan twine in this mood all the time are when entangled with , it is difficult to face the fact with more rational , more objective attitude, indirect hindrance Taiwan moves

towards ' citizen's society ' of reason.

In fact, Taiwan is the societies of many kinds of cultural shock of an experience, the main cultural factor comes from the traditional China's language culture (or the Hans' culture ) , few culture of Japan of part, and unique culture of native country agitated out of living environment of Taiwan. We must know an objective fact , a lot of so-called ' Taiwanese ' is ' the mainlander ' crossing the sea successively to come to Taiwan after the Ming and Qing dynasty too today, the factor of the sub culture

of Central Plains of inner tube of bone is only here through the

desalinization , transformation of 100-200 years, and Japan captures the fracture caused with Central Plains culture of Taiwan, makes Taiwanese and mainlander of today produce the difference of a certain degree. So, what difference did the mainlander who came to Taiwan in 1949 and mainlander coming to Taiwan when the Ming and Qing

dynasty have? Still more actually in essence the culture of Taiwan is one of China's language culture, it is difficult to totally cut off the relation. So, old in the south of it (1988: 22)Advocate:

We should separate nationality , government form from country to treat this question . From the point of view of nationality or culture, Taiwan is

certainly one of the culture of Central Plains, it is a part of the broad sense ' cultural China ' naturally ; But in terms of government form, what Taiwan implements is the economic and democratic political system of capitalism, what the continent implements is communist economy and politics of centralization of state power , there are sizable differences between the the two life style and habit formed, it certainly will be difficult to force it by merging together. And two sides politics it separates to be fact already in one year, interconnected system or the question of subjective judgement alone, but the question whether the objective situation could be mediated .

So, deal with the cross-Straits relations or domestic province book complex, can't or ' culture admit ' basis with subjective ' ethnicity acknowledgement ' only, must consider a objective one ' the system is approved ' to face, and implement to ' the national approval '. So-called ' system admit ' to a certain politics , economy or social system willing to recognize, for example,

someone approves liberalism, someone approves socialism. ' national approval ' it is ' citizen for their in community initiative approval (willing identification) not political, by the emotion of condensing of its production , make the citizen like to render a service in order to live together actively, and would like to sacrifice oneself when the community has danger and disasters . ' (Xiao GaoYan, 1998: 163)this national approval has three basic specialities:

(Xiao GaoYan, 1998: 164)

1. It is a choice to its constitutional government system and collective goal of community member, it is the expression of the political will too.

2. Admit it must be apparent by way of expounding the fact, thus involve the application of the reason and speech.

3. The national approval forms the proper indispensable foundation, therefore must be able to mould the motive of citizen's behavior , that is to say that must want the tangible emotion which become cohesiveness to face .

Under the basic common understanding of ' national approval ', as to above-mentioned the cross-Straits relations or province treatment , book of problem can for system but clear treatment. It is foundations formed under the great structure of Chinese culture that ' culture is approved ' in Taiwan, and culture developed out under the special condition of Taiwan, certainly it is a branch under the Chinese culture structure, but the same one can't deny its particularity and independence . In ' system approval ', choose in the life style of capitalist economic system and democratic political system, the further one is ' the national approval ' to this title of a reigning dynasty of ' the Republic of China ' . On the basis of this ' national approval ', on one hand we can maintain that two sides are the culture structure of the same ' Chinese nation ' , but there can be different one ' the system is approved ' or ' the national approval ', different system and country that so can exist at the same time ; And another side, the native country culture in Taiwan is originally the culture of Central Plains, hold or have several differences or estrangement during that time , but after 1949, ' the people of other provinces ' that reached Taiwan together have already chosen to belong to the system and country of this destiny community of Taiwan clearly , have created contemporary history , culture and various kinds of systems that remember together of belonging to together in more than 50 years too, on the premise of this, no matter the script is Taiwanese or the mainlander, everybody is the same, original province nationality has been already not important.

If can realize this objective fact , Taiwanese on it is not only original can in so-called "Central Plains culture ' with ' Taiwan native country culture ' between produce not recognizing a the same one the in disorder, the mainlander who came to Taiwan after 1949 can admit steady and surly this land in Taiwan was direct bearing of destiny in the future too, and both sides can just talk in the

equality , harmonious sitting down , build and construct ' citizen's society ' of Taiwan together.

Second , it is ' private ' to surmount , tend to the ' common awareness of the obligations of citizens '

Chinese lack ' public cognition ', is the close psychology that because forms too too in accordance with the relation network attached to ' home ', on one hand make Chinese lack the interpersonal relationships experience and concept beyond ' the family ', expand the concept of ' the family ' excessivly to all social relationships on the other hand. What the former showed is everything for being ' private ', for example use neighbour's field as a drain, promote one's private interests under the guise of serving the public; The latter to demonstrate ' make a clear distinction between public and private interests ' , for example authoritative period ' party (private ) country (common ) divide '.

Of our country democratic politics develop most important party politics, ' party country divide into ', lack under the ' common ' essence in a

above-mentioned one, totally regard interests of ' the party ' as the

prerequisite , but not consider under national future or the whole people's interests prerequisite , so a word that we can often hear the personages of party and government say most frequently while electing is that ' everything is by defeating selecting to attach most importance to ', how does such a psychology expect that be able to bring our country to democratization , modernized road ? So, old in the south of it (1992: 23)Point out, ' just develop from blood relationship to the geographical reason in composition of the national society as regards development process of the democratic politics of our country, develop from geographical reason to " party's reason

". ' Lin Yu grows (1996: 187)Use so-called ' creative transformation ', China intension clear localization very of ' house ' in the traditional culture, point out that it actually belongs to ' private field ' , should not extend it in the field expanded to politics . As we being with ' private ' political field occupied make way for after coming out from ' house ' in the past, can just develop the due characteristic and value of political field further , and then by

replace ' private operation value ' ' commonly ', replace the psychology that ' home is all over the world ' with ' citizen's country 'ing.

Old in the south of it (1992: Preface 7-8) think too, ' if Taiwan transforms and becomes a modernized country,

Must cross over such social idea taking blood relationship as main shaft , let the relation between people and people be no longer just defined according to blood relationship or the national relation, but should smoke before coming out from the membership of such traditional identity , change oneself into a social person , political person , or even law people. Like this, could really participate in a lot of public affairs , could realize to as citizen's rights and obligations of members of a country and society . ' in other words, only under the operation if ' public ', ' citizen's society ' may take shape and develop .

Third , awareness of the obligations of citizens and ability of participation

Having approved this ' life community ' of Taiwan, and the cognitive citizen's society one is ' public ' after the essence , train a public consciousness with ' the property of participation ' further. Because one member when we this piece ' life community ',it answer too ' it is be private to go from the common ' go not maintaining and not creating by interestsing not public, so, it is righteous alone in a community where the general moral tone is low that my has no right, the modern citizen should have right and obligation of participating in the public affairs actively .

' traditionally China, because lack the cohesiveness of the social concept , can't produce the social consciousness of the community , but it can still exist in history with the form of a national system , mainly last system not

maintaining not falling bureaucrat when it is it is through being autocratic ' (the south not old, 1992: 7). For a long time, on one hand Chinese rely on and submit to the control of rulers or the bureaucrat excessivly, form the segregation with the public affairs or the politics again on the other hand.

Though has entered the era of democratic politics, people still get used to just choosing, but ' democracy that can only be chosen, offered to the people, it is to choose the person not more rotten to work as one's own boss; Select thing make real concerns of people and know the public affairs very well , and then promote the democratic level in an all-round way, facilitate the society on Pure Brightness. ' (the yellow for hero not military,1997) in other words, only it make

citizen unable to participate in public affairs' changing society of actually, impel social progress.

It is at we it is to Taiwan ' citizen society ' transform into,it and it is be positive to encourage ' as ' participation of responsibility take action, but often it can have neglected it is the passive ' as ' the getting getting more important more quite too in obligation,the only to the lawless , lack there aren't behavior , social morality of heart. It is much otherwise positive construction, and the behavior destroyed may be greater. So ' should encourage consciousness and

responsibility idea of " respect others " on one hand, in order to establish the new feudal order relation between individual and stranger , among whole individual and society; On the other hand, on the question of the communal participation, outside the idea that should do good works in traditional

kind-heartedness , pay attention to understanding of modern citizen's power and application ability , make our society not only have philanthropists , there are people with autonomy ability too. ' (old weak water,1999: 89)

Second, the citizen who reforms the school educate

Awareness of the obligations of citizens , ' public awareness of the obligations of citizens ' , and awareness of the obligations of citizens of ' the property of participation ' that ' approve Taiwan ', it is a forming foundation of Taiwanese citizen's society, they can go on through the most basic educational way . The school is the most important political socialized organization besides family, but Taiwan of period of the martial law , rules the education system under in the authority, just does the tool that inculcated ideology easy to rule for the ruler, at the same time in rigid teaching way and stiff teaching material under the

doctrine of entering a higher school, it is very difficult to cultivate the above-mentioned awareness of the obligations of citizens.

The sheep recalls and once carries on in-depth analysis to 1950 times to the junior middle school textbook of 1980 times to Rong, after his content to two subjects of Chinese and citizen is analysed, make a conclusion: ' the political theme is too strong, and rely mainly on pledging loyalty to consciousness;

The traditional orientation is strong ; The modern orientation is weak . ' (guide Qu sea source, 1998: 82)in addition, the primary school

Teaching material emphasize more loyalty and filial section of form the justice story and habits and customs not goods, ' the Three People's Principles ' of the high school is analogous to the composition and more make the inculcating of ideology. However, in accordance with educating scholar Li Qi's bright research, after disintegrating in authoritative system, the Taiwanese citizen educated to face another kind of tradition and modern predicament that compete for again: (Li QiMing, 2001: 63) 1.From ' the rule of ideology ' to ' the knowledge assorted cold dishes of value neutrality ': The traditional citizen educates and is considered as and transmitted major value and promoted individual's political socialized course and organization to the national approval, but fall into the rule of a certain ideology , bring up passive , passivism , superstition authoritative obeying the personalities of the people . In recent years, the citizen

educates and already got rid of doctrinal inculcating , receive the intension that the relevant field of social science educates as the citizen, one can educate the citizen each aspect expanded to whole social life , but the knowledge becoming ' the assorted cold dishes type ' instead is piled up, still fail to form the modern citizen's key spirit.

2.From ' the campus of management of centralization of state power ' to ' overweening dominant consciousness ': The school is the basic place to educate citizens, but the traditional school is often a operation way to adopt ' from top to bottom ' , become another kind of bureaucracy; In addition, educate and is led the twisting of teaching by the examination and make students become the examination machine, lack thinking with the ability that is judged independently. However, after the authority is cleared up , the power structure is changed , the phenomenon that the autonomy producing ' the people's pure type ' is expanded excessivly , power abuse, misapply, form another kind of dominant consciousness.

3.Know what the citizen educated with ' walk ' disconnect: The center which the citizen has educated has been in the school for a long time, it must practise but at campus that is close ' know ', with school or not among experience of life not social ' walk ' produce by serious disconnection or even contrary to from, therefore, the citizen educates and is only considered as one of ' the knowledge recited ', and difficult to become ' the behavior practised '

forever.

The whole but the speech , the education system of our country, to becoming citizenship in law soon, from primary school to the educational content of the citizen at stage of the high school , hardly discuss the intension of democracy, the ones that lack to social morality are emphasized too; Under the circumstances that this kind is full of political ideology and consciousness of control, our citizen is only passive , passivism , obey and selfishing.

Influenced by the doctrine of entering a higher school in the teaching way, leading teaching in examination, students only emphasize memory , recite to the content of the books, unwilling criticizing thinking . Combine with, regard knowledge as obtaining the high score , outstanding tool wrongly, it and neglect knowledge and the related in daily life,it make citizen unable to educate not staying only in ' know ' level, it is unable to implement . So one ' citizen and morals ' is it is it investigate to assess while being whole to educate to junior middle school, ' the teacher was regarded as unsuccessfully junior middle school having 59%, only 24% is thought to succeed. ' (Ju

HaiYuan,1998: 76)

The result of education is slow, but influence is far-reaching but for a long time, should be from the moment that it is done that it is small in training a modern citizen , make it become and get used to a set of environments which moulds ' the awareness of the obligations of citizens ' and ' citizen's ability ', enter after the society can use right and obligation of citizen their very easily naturallying.

Otherwise, is finishing national education, after the thought and behavior take shape gradually, already it is difficult to change . Democratic societies , such as western Great Britain and American ,etc., is a chance to participate in teaching the activity through the family, have trained participating in and idea to

democratic politics since childhood, it is quite easy for moulding a ripe citizen's culture. Whether sincere if scholar recommend ' modern citizen should include to educate. It set up it is democratic for idea, it form by morals national, promote group life of, and it last responsibility of citizen ,etc. intension ' (GuangHui Chen, ridgepole and beam Zhan, 1998: 25). In recent years, the policy for education has already accelerated the step and carried on the reform, besides structure of education, have a lot of improvement to the content of courses and way. Is it can put forth effort more in citizen's education to hope, in order to train modern

citizen , is it construct citizen society of Taiwan to build.

The community of joining , lifetime study educates

Besides regular education of the school, the more important one lies in promoting citizen's quality through the lifetime study channel , education

channels on it is important in this already in recent years ' community educate ' in launch progressively.

In September of 1994, the yellow military hero , big professor of Taiwan , put forward the idea of setting up community's university at first, and set about drawing up one " local government sets up the plan draft of community's university ", the local government sets up community's university to propose , and authorize the diploma. The yellow military hero published several articles in the newspaper once again in December of 1997, emphasized it through community's university ' deepen democracy, it develop culture it is new ',in order to wake by recovery of strength not social up,and last approval of various circles of society and echoed. In March of 1998, many scholar experts , such as Shi Ying ,etc. established ' the preparatory committee of community's

university ', set about promoting the establishment of community's university in all parts of the country; On September 28 of the same year, supported by government of Taibei , ran first community's university formally in the gentle mountain area, attracted attention by the whole country from all walks of life. A lot of county and municipal governments are eager to have a try too, making preparations to found community's university actively, the era of a kind of common people's university is coming. Run from the university of community of gentle mountain area of city of Taibei so far, including Taipei , Hsinchu ,

Miaoshu county , Taichung , Changhua county Tainan , Keelung , Yilan county , Taitung county ,etc. in all counties and cities run successively or prepare actively.

Ministry of Education announced in March of 1998 ' march toward and study the social white paper ', plan future domestic university towards research , teaching type, getting scientific and technological, community type and far distance type five type attitude develop. According to the planning of the community type university, minister of Ministry of Education Lin QingJiang

and proposing community's institute's concept at that time, but community's institute is only regarded as a way in the whole educational reform, used for improving one of the plural ways of the unified rigid system of university education at present. And the purpose of community's university is obviously different from that of community's institute, it ' on one hand no doubt offer the personal knowledge growing up , academic credentials to add the chance to rise, put emphasis on opening up the people's public field , substantiating their life contents even more on the other hand, think deeply with the new culture of the society of Taiwan , in order to rebuild the society in criticism of developing the people at the same time , pave the way for the folk society in the future. ' (yellow Wu hero,1998: 62)So, the idea focal point of Ministry of Education is an educational reform, community's university emphasizes that the educational reform and social reform go on in the lump.

The goal of community's university lies in training the modern citizen, the ones that educated the citizen were ignored under remedying the traditional education system, the social improvement project carried on in order to build and construct a citizen's society at the same time . Under the idea like this, take community university of the gentle mountain area of Taibei as an example, the main content of its course focuses on three aspects (gentle community's university of mountain area, 1998: 1):

1. Expand the scope of knowledge , cultivate the ability to ponder over the analysis , reason to judge . (academic course)

2. Promote the artistic skill of life, promote the ability to work and quality of the life. (artistic skill course of life)

3. Promote the ability to participate in social public affairs. (corporation activity course)

The initiation and planner of community's university are conceived from these three kinds of courses, attempt to set up several characteristics different from general school eduaction for community's university: (Huang

WuXiong, 1998: 63)

1. Open the public field, develop the people's pulse (civil convection ): In corporation activity course, the citizen goes to face the present social concern with the participation of the public affairs, cause the care to the society, offer the concrete material that thinks and discussing too.

2.Carry on the society and introspect inherently , train and criticize the ability of thinking: From academic course , can make the student treat the world with more broad and deeper view , but the deep one inspects oneself , others , social , natural relation with the macroscopic. Is it go on by job workshop form on ' special topic - read altogether - discusses ' to emphasize at the same time, in order to train the personal criticism to ponder over ability.

3.Rely mainly on student, manage community's university in coordination: In order to promote the interdynamic and participation between student and course, participated in the administrative work of some schools by the student, and push away and send representatives to participate in the administrative affairs of schools meeting , manage community's university with administrative personnel , teacher together.

4.Keep a firm hand on the characteristic of adult's study, focus on the discussion that the question sets out: The traditional school eduaction only pays attention to the teaching of knowledge, very scarce to analytical capacity of the question and annotating , criticizing the development with creativity ,etc., the latter must got from a lot of real experience of life and work while experiencing , this is exactly a characteristic focused on of community's university. The characteristic of community's university lies in utilizing

student's work in the past and gains of experience of life, discuss and share each other, expand personal thinking and face the world with experience.

5.Make use of artistic skill course of life to substantiate the life content , rebuild the values of the private field: Deviation idea that ' to be a scholar is to be the top of society ' that there are traditional thought li, make a lot of people only ask the acquisition of knowledge , but unwilling study and life skill , bring up and become ' the life idiot 's. Artistic skill via life that community's university attempts is substantial , change the traditional values.

Is it is it watch to come with goal that expect to design from course , community of university, awareness of the obligations of citizens and cultivation of ability needed have sizable benefit as to citizen society, take course of community's university of mountain of papers as an example to analyse , it is exactly the goals of awareness of the

obligations of citizens and citizen's ability that the orientation trains the modern citizen's society to need. Run so far the course contents of four

issues on community's university of mountain of papers of Taibei now , the three orientations of approving consciousness , public

consciousness , participating in ability according to the citizen etc. are put in order like appendix one. Analyse from its course content what time can find:

1.Most by training course of participating in ability in course of community's university of mountain of papers, course of consciousness that secondly admit about Taiwan, it is fewest and train courses of public

consciousness.

2.About participating in course of ability, it is not to belong to persons who need of ability who participates in public affairs that there is the majority, and the regulation , enriching course of melting of the personal life.

3.The whole but the speech , the offering and is still partial to and given lessons what a lecturer puts forward of course, lack it by the content of initiative planning of community's university. The cultivation that especially has public consciousness , participates in ability should increase , could reach the goal of fostering the modern citizen , but not sink in the continuation class of another kind of intelligence and art.

Above-mentioned problems are not exclusive in the place of community's university of mountain of papers, the community universities of other counties and cities all encounter the similar situation too, for example, ' the national seminar of university of the second community ' held in Kaohsjung in April of 2000, the yellow military male professor points out, the problem which the existing universities of more than ten communities of the whole country all face too: Academic subject shrinks, becomes tool courses , such as lying fallow , language ,etc., it is unable to participate in attractivly continuously not to offer the degree . Even someone expresses clearly , the base of universities of a lot of communities is as the packaging with community's university, but the entity popularizes and educates (China Times, 2000.4.10: Six editions).

The establishment of community's university contributes to the reform of the present society, can promote the forming of citizen's society actively too, have already obtained the general common understanding of various circles of society, therefore set up community's university one after another under the positive push of every local government and educational circles, and regard community's

university of mountain of papers as the target learning to imitate. But, relevant education system and resource are under insufficient and ripe terms at present, if community's university can manage continuously and develop several

bottlenecks to await and break through . For example, making and asserting the standard of the diploma, source of the funds ,etc.. These predicaments await the government and cooperate from the policy, and encourage the folk

warmheartedness personage's positive push , can create the new scene of some education systems .

Section two ' the community builds overallly ' and awareness of the obligations of citizens

Through the educational way of the citizen of the long-term, in order to train the awareness of the obligations of citizens and ability, the further type moulds Taiwanese citizen's culture and forms the citizen of Taiwan society, this is this more static method . In addition, ' the community build what the document of executive organ is built and will be cut and promoted by the angle of culture overallly ' in recent years, launch flourishingly in Taiwan all parts, belong to a kind of dynamic , concrete citizen and take action , can make the awareness of the obligations of citizens implant from taking action in life then form citizen's culture deeply.

One , the background produced and present situation that ' the community build overallly '

Former president Lee Teng-hui was on May 20 , 1993, after it took office and put forward the concept of ' the life community ' at press conference of the third anniversary, committee's General Board explains and studies the cultural construction of executive organ mediocrly in October of the same year, as theme , make specialist paper of the regular meeting among the Kuomintang with " cultural construction rebuild with social ethics ", tactics proposed ' implements community's consciousness and community's ethics and rebuilds through cultural development ', echo president Lee

Teng-hui's concept of ' the life community '; Propose for the first time in the administrative report of the legislative organ too in a moment ' build

overallly the community with the cultural construction ', hope to cut in terms of culture, set up the community at the basic level of Taiwan as a living community's community. Later, on one hand president Li emphasized ' the community ' to the importance condensing the social common

understanding constantly during a lot of speeches of occasion, on the other hand, document it builds to be can progressively implementation of work that culture promote at taking place as focal point tactics, and the plan proposed ' builds overallly the community with the cultural construction ' formally in October of 1994, and grind and order ' community's cultural activity is developed ', ' substantiate the villages and towns and perform facilities ', ' coach establishment of exhibition halls of a theme and historical relic hall in the counties and cities and hide and substantiate ', ' coach and beautify the building space of local traditional culture ',etc. four concrete relevant plans (operating room of cultural environment, 1999: 29).

Then, since 1995 , declare lead energetically and accord with the push of the activity in literature and art seasonning via what the document will build,

Successively with ' community overall to build ' execution that plan launch culture look for one's roots and condense community's consciousness

separately all parts; And the regional cultural rebuilding of history that a lot of scripts have already carry on been by the specialized literature and history workered, cooperate with the upsurge planned that ' the community build overallly ' too, put into more positive push work one after another . Even, cultural interest which originally just several fragmentary intellectuals with heart were carrying on quietly , under adding fuel to the flames of this plan too , combine the people of more communities, operating room of literature and history , culture sodality , culture and education foundation ,etc. are established one after another, plan to carry on this meaningful job for a long time. The leading factor that will build in the document in March of 1997 is got off, combine the communities in all parts of the country even more, ' the national community build the fair overallly ' to hold grand one once in Yilan, the phased achievement of building every community shows , come from U.S.A. , Japan , Germany and amount to 41 communities to participate in at home, it is the

three weeks -long will interim,up to visitor number by more than 350,000. In the fair, except each community shares each other outside the experience of building the community, on the other hand even open to come over people to visit fair, get the whole country every corner spirit diffusion on ' community overall to build '.

In fact , have quite far-reaching meanings to the social development prospect in Taiwan behind the ones that promote in ' the community builds overallly '. Known as preceding paragraphs that ' the community builds a chief engineer overallly ' of Taiwan and will build a vice chairman the south oldly (1998: 122)Point out , the production that is planned is for put forward the idea which solve the good recipe for several present problems in Taiwan basically that ' the community builds overallly ', these questions include:

1. Deterioration of the integrated environment: Four the past such as Taiwan,, over the past 50 years, for develop predatoriness , standardize with the industrialized economy attitude of taking, decline , destruction of the natural resources , and national development goal in the future are ignorant to cause moving , elementary industry outside rural population.

The community has built and offered several thinking directions for this overallly: a.The industry activity makes the transition in the direction;

b.Marketability of culture and economic worth ; c.Individualization , melting with quality definitely of the products; d.Humanized community home ; e.Combination of industry activity and local community's life.

2. Shortcoming of the awareness of the obligations of citizens: China traditional thought is it possess modern concept of citizen to fail, in addition, authority is it suppress to people independent consciousness and democratic concept to rule, make the awareness of the obligations of citizens be unable to obtain the chance of development. The

community builds putting emphasis on beginning from the community overallly, train community's consciousness and ability of participating in.

3. The merger and distribution of public resources: Public resources that the authority rules period and offered the mandatory distribution of central government, but because no understand local demand, and make the application of resources put by mistake and waste. But, it is

built that the community is overall to maintain the distribution and application which carries on various kinds of resources from bottom to top, can relatively suit the actual need of the community .

4. The community studies the necessity of the system: A lot of social concerns can be summed up in the educational problem, but besides school education, home education, adult education are more important, the ones that really

influenced social concern directly are because the home education goes wrong, there is no proper chance to study in awareness of the obligations of citizens and ability. And the overall main work that build of community one is

emphasizing from ' people ' as starting point changing, that is to say that transforms ' people ' with the way that the community studies .

Two , content and meaning that ' the community build overallly ' So-called ' regard existence and consciousness of community's community as the prerequisite and goal in " building overallly in the community ", participate in the local public affairs making use of community residents actively, condense community's common understanding, via the independent ability of the community , cooperate with the community to build the push of the idea

overallly, make every local community set up one's own culture characteristic , let community residents manage " industry's culture " together too, cultural industrialization ", " the culture affairs are developed ", " organizing operation in local cultural group and community " , and other relevant cultural activities of "

merger of the whole culture room and important public construction " ,etc.. So because community people act on one's own and participation, make living space beautify, quality of the life promote, culture , industry , economy competent rejuvenation, scene , ground form takes on an entirely new look, and then impel community's vigor to reproduce already existingly. The rule of so comprehensive , globality is drawn and participated in community's

managing the course created, call community totality build '. (The cultural construction committee of executive organ, 1999: 23)

And the community builds the concept emphasized to not only directs overallly against the local space, still include building more deep common emotion of community: (The cultural construction committee of executive

organ, 1999: 23)

1. Emphasize the existence and consciousness of the life community of community's community.

2. The forming of community's common consciousness comes from resident's common participation of community's affairs .

3. Different communities should launch culture sports of one's own life each .

4. Residents' initiative participation is the most important strength of transforming the community , activating the community.

5. The community builds the enterprise paying attention to camping step by step to draw and manage overallly, is a creative course.

6. It was the whole including culture , industry , environment , education , public administration ,etc. in the community that was cared about.

7. One's own area , community should be created by oneself, and is adopted and put(the community) going to (government)

Method.

Last plan not put forward idea document not comprehensive, and not in recent years push experience when ' community the overall to build ' and

The achievement, can roughly sum up the following several meaning for it in this thesis:

First, the goal built is overall , whole

, the overall community development in the past of community is to rely mainly on single political purpose , controlling a kind of mechanism of the society as the party in power, and ' the community built overallly ' had already declared it is ' overall ', the main function or goal reached by it is comprehensive , including the aspects , such as politics , economy , society and culture ,etc.: (Yang ShuFen , 1995:17 - 18)

1. Political respect: It is eager to pursue the representation of democratic politics in the democratization course of Taiwan, make common people and the one in power equate the concept of democracy with electing , vote by mistake , this kind takes the place of democracy of discussing and just elects some people and does things for us, it is the true

essence of the democratic politics to neglect direct democracy , and the overall purpose that build of community lies in training residents to participate in the consciousness and ability of community's public affairs, lie in the spirit of returning to direct democracy.

2. Economy: If a policy is to emphasize the rejuvenation of empty ideology or culture and arts, then can only do it for the social elite's plans or hopes that are unlikely to be realized described of knowledge stratum at most, can't go out of the ivory tower of knowledge . The community builds and emphasizes overallly that implements and spreads culture, hope to help the place to develop ' the fourth industry ' with the

packaging with the intension of culture - Namely cultural industry, emphasize ' cultural industrialization , industry's culture ', in order to revitalize the traditional local industry of declining day by day , and set up modern industry's culture characteristic .

3. Social respect: The greatest difficulty is to lack ' the awareness of the obligations of citizens ' in the course of pursueing modernizedly in the society of Taiwan, transform sport through community overall society that build , can make people of all community is it admit community to become all ' belong to people ', but not ' the transient guest '; Setting up and concurrently the values of heavy private interests and common justice, it is interdynamic to pay attention to the interpersonal

relationships, and participate in the public affairs actively , transform the social conduct , rebuild the cultural values of life.

4. Cultural respect: Taiwan received the emperors of Japan the people and the Kuomintang's authority and ruled the Chinese culture that brute force was inculcated for a long time in the past, make the native country culture of Taiwan suppressed , culture still exists now to recognize the same crisis. The community builds overallly not only a social transformation, but also the rejuvenation of a kind of native country culture in Taiwan, hope to transform sports through community's culture, in order to condense community's resident's common consciousness and values, including keep and rebuild the culture characteristic of local building , save the local historical historical site and cultural heritage, set up personage's theme exhibition hall of local literature and history, develop the local folk custom activity, beautify and

inhabit the space and view , reinvent view people's writing style looks of the street , recommending the exquisite and popular performing art to move about , hold the international smaller event etc..

So, it is the whole plans of work that the science and technology combine , professional field different from combining of leap that the community builds overallly, except document is it can promote outside ' community overall to build ' to build in executive organ, correlate with this for Ministry of Internal Affairs ' is it promote the development of community the working

implementing scheme to strengthen ', ' living environment overall

transformation plan ' , environmental protection of administration,, economic department ' shop street develop plan of promoting ' with ' area of commercial circles of the image coach the plan '; Whether (cultural environment operating room, 1999 through can build ' transform in urban and rural areas new style and features ',etc.. 223-224). The implementation targets of these schemes all regard place , community as the unit, so each plan must coordinate , communicate each other in promoting, resources must be combined , so test an administrative chance of government's whole group.

Second, regard place , community , living as the starting point

The traditional China's thought lacks the idea of ' the society ', the people are besides caring about the affairs of individual , family , the psychology that namely clasp ' not in charge of the frost on others' tile '. By era, people know how to care about public affairs, but put the focus on the public policy of the national level, it is not clear instead to neighbourhood that is closer to the personal relation , community's affairs. So, old to think that our society is societies of a kind of ' doctrine of central centre ' in the south of it, because it is nationwide affairs , policy of the central government that most people care about, do not know to managing government affairs of local affairs and

government at all . As to,government official with popular representative is too for policy it is to care central authorities, seldom care that place people's need will be even and will care about only when it is elected that have arrived. (Old in the south of it, 1995: 28).

On the other hand , because of the resource allocation of centralization , often cause the putting and wasting by mistake of resources too, improvement with still not too great construction of the place and quality of the life. Though, the developing trend of democratic politics, has already made the resource and power transfer to the place gradually, but inland square government and community resident are unable to be responsible for acting on one's own , participating in public affairs in short time.

The work that ' the community builds overallly ' should change the past the national public policy overly pay attention to the central and nationwide deviation , and emphasize that regards personal daily life as the starting point with ' the place ' , ' the community ' centre, go to care about , participate in the public affairs of the surrounding area, and during the process of participating in, train the interpersonal common approval emotion , and the ability to participate in public affairs; And then then expand this kind of emotion and ability to including other communities , countries further. So, seriously, the community builds having certain way or content overallly, but build a one's own community's environment

according to the characteristic of each community and community's common demands of people, so want to can be divided and cut from different angles this job, include: (The operating room of the cultural environment, 1999: 182)

1.Settlement of the problem concerning life.

2.Improvement of community's environmental view . 3.Creation of the community living space .

4.Historical site , architecture , gathering to fall with the save of the living space .

5.Local literature and history , arrangement and appearing of the personage , legend , allusion.

6.Hold a memorial ceremony for the representing of the allusion quatation and local life culture in temple fair of folk custom .

7.Gentle friendship ties activity of community's skill.

8.The community studies the activity all the life.

9.Promote the happy cooperative undertaking of place .

10. Development and promotion of cultural intension of the local peculiar

industry.

11. Construction of the street of life shop.

12. Creation of community's image and recognition system.

13. The progressing greatly of local cultural tour quality.

Third, participated in together by the combination of the administration , speciality , people and various circles of society

The past social reform was by the government's state power mostly, public power or the elite's push from top to bottom of knowledge, but often resisted by community people , make a lot of plans end up in vain. Though the plan that ' the community builds overallly ' will build the policy promoted by the document of executive organ, but the main work must be by resident's positive participation from bottom to top of the community , because only community residents understand the demand of the community and cultural , social background most, changed the environment of its life by the common participation of the residents, will just produce and admit , safeguard and show loving care for the community, make the overall implementation of work that builds of community get on community people too, make it promote continuously.

Besides regarding community people as the centre, the government's administrative resources play a quite important role too, no matter the central authorities or the local governments, are all cooperating with the demand of the community in the course of overall push that builds of the community, offer proper resources and the functions of technology , communication , coordination. So, seriously, ' the community builds

overallly ' the government policy that can't be regarded as a kind of rigidity is promoted , it is more of an idea than a kind of policy, a kind of thinking way, whether or one solve procedure of problem (old the south their , 1995.

31).

It is the popular push course that ' the community builds overallly ', it is politics , economy , society and culture too

Overall for construction,involve different aspects with might take placing it

conflict with interests, the transformation especially in community's

environment, the looking for one's roots etc. of cultural history are at work, still need professional worker to offer specialized assistance and merger . Professional field including community these work , literature and history work , art work , plan ,etc. , plan of city and view of building. Already several organizations were promoting with all strength in the past several years, the persons who if build learning (president Li Yuanzhe of Academia Sinica takes on a president ) , speciality overallly in the community of the Republic of China city transforms the organization (OURS ), cultural environment

foundation,etc.. In addition, are made up of a lot of professional personages of literature and history in various kinds of operating rooms too, offer the specialized service in the ground community for a lot of, for instance the operating room of literature and history of the either end of a bridge, Shanghai end operating room of literature and history,etc.. (The operating room of the cultural environment, 1999: 197). In addition, schools at all levels in the community (such as junior middle school such as garden such as mandarin orange, county of peach garden,),, enterprise (unify enterprise , gold car enterprise), media(China Times),etc. overall to build at work in whole community too, playing a quite important role each. Just as ' the operating room of the cultural environment ' described, ' " the community builds overallly " to need common input of a lot of persons of different fields. She walks back and forth like a piano concerto, community residents take on the key of different scales of key link , the tutti produces sound of musical

instrument which runs through the whole audience, plan the group , literature and history operating room , professional staff member , common

department , community worker , voluntary labour, academic organization , enterprise , media make up and sometimes crane one's neck to look into the distance , sometimes bake the orchestral music department lined with the musical instrument sound , depend on different speciality of musical instrument , play appear Taiwan every local community building new movement of home together. ' (cultural environment operating room,1999:

26)

Fourth, emphasize that develop promotion with the quality

of the life continuously forever

Taiwan was under the development policies of capitalist economy over the last 50 years, make open France and usedding of a large number of to the natural resources of Taiwan, bring extensive destruction at the same time , though the development in economy lets the national income of Taiwan be increased year by year, make the quality of the life drop year by year. Results brought of this kind of ' the expansionism ' (yellow military hero , 1997 ), is space a large amount of compression of the human survival, make the human nature tend the competition and nearly profit of nearsightedness . Sincere in the south like old its (1995: 32)Speak, this kind of increase in the quantity economically from poverty to affluence, can only say it is one ' grow up ', have not reached the ripe stage yet; Reach ripe economy and society ' develop ', must transform from the respect of the quality , turn the national income and economic force into the promotion of societies and quality of the life.

' the community builds overallly ' not to emphasize the construction which is engaged in the hardware , but emphasize giving a new lease of life to with human nature culture, and the result built must be under the prerequisite of promoting the quality of the life, is it under the principle of have aesthetic feeling , sample with the styling , is it build one new people , new social and new life values to go to that is to say (old south their, 1995: 36). Under this prerequisite, the development of the local industry is not to introduce a large number of hardware project and construction from the outside,

Transform from the community , an economy attitude and local characteristic that has of the place , combine culture resource packaging of place , develop towards goal of ' industry culture , cultural industrialization '. Under giving consideration to people and natural , cultural and economic harmony, there could be development chance continued forever.

Fifth, train modern citizen and the civil servant's community to study

' community overall to build ' transform community is but in essence in form in ' make people '. Pass care and ' the community ''s emotion to community's public affairs of community resident, produce to the approval

consciousness of the community and understand the interreaction among individual and community, develop the foundation of awareness of the obligations of citizens; At the same time, during the process of participating in public affairs actually, can study the ability that citizens participate in too. So, besides making use of community's university to foster the modernized citizen, the overall actual participation that builds of the community is to offer the chances and places of inspection awareness of the obligations of citizens and ability .

In addition, as for the government's administrative personnel, the community builds overallly to offer a best education and opportunity of the transformation, because in the course of moving in this community, ' can enable the civil

servant to have visions vertically and more horizontally , know that community's question surrounds and deducts each other, so can start from the single project , and then enter overall thinking of the chain effect. Such a community builds overallly, has already contained the attempt and scale that a society gives a new lease of life to, it not only needs the government's support and push, the more important one but also people's own approval and common

understanding, could really agree with the overall key spirit that builds of the community . ' (cultural environment operating room,1999: 182)

Join, the future prospect that ' the community builds overallly '

' build overallly in the community ' since built and will be proposed by the document in 1994ing, have already launched one after another in each Taiwanese corner, has already formed the common direction of the social development of Taiwan in recent years. But, want lasting development and promotion its future , face several predicaments remained to break through . Wu is wise (1999: 17-18)What understood was pointed out, ' build and face the problem that two are basic in the community of Taiwan at present: First, because community's consciousness is weak , lack the community to build the professional knowledge , and proper chance that participate in, it is not tall when causing residents to participate in degree; Second, lie in resident's cognition of concept that the community builds has disparity and think that it is

a government that the community builds the biggest obstacle, the government has not meritted the restriction of funds subsidizing and decree , but neglect the community and build the most important motive force and come from people's strength from bottom to top, the government only lies in offering proper assistance. '

First of all, in mobilization of community people. Traditional attitude that Chinese clasp mostly, as to unwilling to wade entering with the own public affairs that have nothing to do. But the speech of work that ' the community build overallly ' needing to be built that so , as to make peopling, the mobilization work of manpower seems extremely important, it is the community that builds the key factor that could develop overallly continuously too. But in mankind being with since under profit drive for basic behavior motive, without the inducements of realistic interests, it is very difficult to mobilize community people effectively; And getting passive one do according to they already existing inertia mostly too , may build with community idea run counter to. If do not need realistic interests to mobilize , another way is to appeal to the crisis topic , condense the people's common understanding and emotion via the crisis awareness; ' however, turn into community operation mechanisms of the normality without cohesive emotion and community's consciousness, once after the crisis was removed , these community consciousness disappeared immediately , it was unable to last. ' (Peng MingHui,1999: 167)

Secondly, from professional community worker. Community residents are originally a mess, need community's leader and professional personage with enthusiasm and professional ability to inspire and mobilize other people, however, in the competition society under capitalist logic, it is real and unable to exist to too much space and time are engaged in practice that the community build the idea, make a lot of people disappear with the doing in the test amount of the realistic factor warmly, have to withdraw from the work that the community builds rightly in regret. (Peng MingHui, 1999: 168)

Community resources are originally very limited , the overall camp of communities promoted under the leading factor that the executive organ document will build

Make, certainly must cooperate with the subsidy of the funds to go on lastingly . But, while the government is subsidizing the funds,

The relative even involvement bringing the official ideology and power , and make the original idea produced and twisted by reform sports of community's own spontaneity. For example, some scripts have local group of the root personality of grasses , form and rely on the personality progressively under the circumstances that the government subsidizes; And subsidize in order to obtain the funds, cooperate with the need of official side's administrative homework and often grow the dried rhizome of rehmannia to build hard out a ' model village '; Should have root local group of grass to take notice of the form of knowing and lose independence to make instead under the official leading factor (China Times, 1999.1.25: the sixth edition).

On the other hand , because it is related to government's different

departments to build overallly in the community and is in charge of the range, if can't get effective communication , coordination , in addition, the big overly strength of community's independence of degree which the government involves in entering , it is all right to make every plan stop up finding it difficult because of defending each other further. In addition, it is a kind of folk social sports that the community builds overallly, but a lot of reforms are closely linked with the government's decree , system . For example, should carry on the transformations of environmental rooms of community, involve relevant regulations , such as city plan , building ,etc.; The establishment that the community organizes must be restrained by the law of people's organization;

The demands of some public policy topics are under the administrative

procedure law and relevant incomplete situation of regulation which the citizen participate in, limited repeatedly. So, how the government offers the good participation space in the relevant decree, it is overall to determine the community too and can build the key factor of effective development.

For solving the above-mentioned relevant predicament faced of work that ' the community build overallly 's, except that the running of community's university can foster more professional workers of community and wake the awareness of the obligations of citizens up , the workers of a lot of communities begin to be thinking that the community organize and promote the transition of the way too, in order to seek to break through the predicament

of development in the future. For example, in 1991, because the economic department water money will plan to build the reservoir in the beautiful and thick yellow butterfly valley of Kaohsjung, have caused American thick people to the ecological crisis awareness, and combine local people and oppose the central authorities and ignore the ecological policy in the locality; While it confronts with each other to the central authorities because of crisis awareness of environmental disruption, on one hand has condensed the emotion of the American thick guest family once again , has even begun to transfer to think how to extend American thick Hakkas' culture with the re-recognization of cultural history on the other hand, so has established the permanent organization promoting this job as the long-term of ' the sodality of American great kindness township '. Initiated social sports of ' the east way of loyalty and filial of constellation in night ' numerously, more early ' had no housing to unite the alliance ' in 1989 in similar example, after the upsurge that society move , establish ' mother Cui rent room centre ' as regard this as professional public organization that demand too.

It is root social sports of the first grass of Taiwan that ' the community builds overallly ', it is one that offers the Taiwanese people to make a thorough review on history and culture foundation deeply, develop, manage the best chance of exquisite culture, train the modernized citizen , one of the ways to form citizen's society too. However, it faced the diet culture of speed of Taiwan at the same time ' have enough and to spare cordially, it is the constant to be the insufficient ' test,and getting more important most one: Whether Taiwanese people have already totally gone out of the shade that ' the authority is ruled ', can fully act on one's own but rely on the governance of parents' patriarchy type to manage simply . If can overcome these two obstacles , success that ' the community builds overallly ' is what my can expect .

Section three, ' nonprofit organization ' and citizen's ability

With the changes of the society, people's demands are complicated and diversified day by day too, unable response that traditional bureaucrat's government but seems in the face of the pressure of this demand, but market

economy is difficult to give consideration to the request for social justice on the premise of profit, have three-strand appearance of strength because of this , offer the proper public service under the principle of give consideration to efficiency and fair, in order to meet demands of numerous people.

In Taiwan, begin 1980 times, various kinds of social sport initiate vigorously, in addition, what politics lift a curfew add fuel to the flames, make the democratizing of Taiwan push to a new course , has formed the independence of folk strength, on one hand get rid of government's state power, the control of public power , supervise various kinds of public policies with the position out of office on the other hand. But, the Kuomintang's authority for a long time of the challenge rules the irrational policy under to move by way of resist , street parade in a lot of societies, force the authorities in power to reflect various kinds of challenges with the concrete action and system reform constantly gradually, make fight upsurge in the past is it go to retreat gradually, social sport these transfer with permanent organization then, various kinds of social concerns of reform that each to attempt in the topic paid close attention to the thing. This is why since lifting a curfew, the main reason of a large number of nonprofit organization has appeared in Taiwan.

And the nonprofit organization takes shape for the citizen of Taiwan society, has developed another way .

One, definition and developing the background of nonprofit organization

This noun of ' nonprofit organization ' (Non-profit Organizations ) is not a name of a distribution, called separately from its evolution ' the wish is organized ' (voluntary sectors), ' the duty-free organization ', ' the charity ', ' organize by government ' (non-governmental organizations), ' the

independent department ' (independent sectors), ' for establishment ' (non-commercial organizations), ' the third department ' (third sector ). Call this kind of organization ' nonprofit organization ' openly, should come from the tax system (Internal Revenue Code , IRC ) in U.S.A. and down and offer the duty-free favour for the organization of the purpose with public interests to this kind charitably mainly, and become the name with

comparatively interchangeable educational circles. (Hodgkinson & Lyman,