Chapter 4 RESULTS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Respondents’ Socio - Demographic Characteristics
4.2.5 Respondent’s Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ)
The self-leadership questions were adapted from Revised Self-leadership Questionnaire (RSLQ) by Houghton and Neck (2002) (see Appendix B: Questionnaire - Section F: Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire - RSLQ) has 35 items, each item response can range from not at all accurate (1) to completely (5). Table 4.9 provides a descriptive analysis of the relationship between the three self-leadership dimensions and the nine self-leadership sub-scales. The “behavior – focused” dimension is represented by five sub-scales listed as follows: (1) self-goal setting (5 items), (2) self-reward (3 items), (3) self-punishment (4 items), (4) self-observation (4 items), and self-cueing (2 items). A single sub-scale includes five items represents the “natural reward” dimension named “focusing thoughts on natural rewards”. The “constructive thought” dimension represents for three sub-scales labeled (1) visualizing successful performance (5 items),
self-talk (3 items) and evaluating beliefs and assumptions (4 items). The results of the descriptive analysis for the RSLQ item are presented in Table 4.9.
Table 4.9 The descriptive statistics of Self - leadership scores (N=101)
Indicators Items Mean Std.
Deviation I. “Behavior – Focused” Self - leadership
Self-goal setting
F2 RSLQ I establish specific goals for my own performance. 3.12 .97 F11 RSLQ I consciously have goals in mind for my work
efforts. 3.28 .91
F20 RSLQ I work toward specific goals I have set for myself. 3.39 .96 F28 RSLQ I think about the goals I that intend to achieve in
the future. 3.41 .85
F34 RSLQ I write specific goals for my own performance. 3.35 1.00 Self-goal setting (1) 3.31
Self-reward
F4 RSLQ
When I do an assignment especially well, I like to treat myself to something or activity I especially enjoy.
3.30 1.10
F13 RSLQ
When I do something well, I reward myself with a special event such as a good dinner, movie,
shopping trip, etc. 3.28 1.01
F22RSLQ When I have successfully completed a task, I often
reward myself with something I like. 3.44 .96 Self-reward (2) 3.34
Self-Punishment
F6RSLQ* I tend to get down on myself in my mind when I
have performed poorly. 3.32 .99
F15RSLQ* I tend to be tough on myself in my thinking when I
have not done well on a task. 2.74 .92
F24RSLQ* I feel guilt when I perform a task poorly. 2.78 .93 F30RSLQ* I sometimes openly express displeasure with
myself when I have not done well. 2.72 .87 Self-Punishment (3) 2.89
Indicators Items Mean Std.
Deviation Self-Observation
F7RSLQ I make a point to keep track of how well I’m doing
at work (school). 2.44 1.07
F16RSLQ I usually am aware of how well I’m doing as I
perform an activity. 3.46 .86
F25RSLQ I pay attention to how well I’m doing in my work. 3.44 .87 F31RSLQ I keep track of my progress on projects I’m
working on. 3.27 .99
Self-Observation (4) 3.15 Self-cueing
F9RSLQ I use written notes to remind myself of what I need
to accomplish. 3.10 1.04
F18RSLQ I use concrete reminders (e.g., notes and lists) to
help me focus on things I need to accomplish. 3.11 1.09 Self-cueing (5) 3.11
II. “Natural Reward” self-leadership Focusing thoughts on natural rewards
F8RSLQ I focus my thinking on the pleasant rather than the
unpleasant aspects of my job (school) activities 3.17 1.01 F17RSLQ I try to surround myself with objects and people
that bring out my desirable behaviors. 3.35 .91 F26RSLQ
When I have a choice, I try to do my work in ways that I enjoy rather than just trying to get it over
with. 3.43 .92
F32RSLQ I seek out activities in my work that I enjoy doing. 3.44 .92 F35RSLQ I find my own favorite ways to get things done. 3.37 .99
Focusing thoughts on natural rewards (6) 3.35 III. “Constructive Thought Strategies” Self-leadership
Visualizing successful performance
F1RSLQ I use my imagination to picture myself performing
well on important tasks. 2.97 1.11
F10RSLQ I visualize myself successfully performing a task
before I do it 3.04 .99
Indicators Items Mean Std.
Deviation F19RSLQ Sometimes I picture in my mind a successful
performance before I actually do a task. 3.12 .972 F27RSLQ I purposefully visualize myself overcoming the
challenges I face. 3.22 .923
F33RSLQ I often mentally rehearse the way I plan to deal with a challenge before I actually face the challenge.
3.28 1.02
Visualizing successful performance (7) 3.13 Self-talk
F3RSLQ Sometimes I find I’m talking to myself (out loud or in my head) to help me deal with difficult problems I face.
3.08 .95
F12RSLQ Sometimes I talk to myself (out loud or in my
head) to work through difficult situations. 2.94 1.07 F21RSLQ When I’m in difficult situations I will sometimes
talk to myself (out loud or in my head) to help me get through it.
3.11 1.01
Self-talk (8) 3.04 Evaluating beliefs and assumptions
F5RSLQ I think about my own beliefs and assumptions
whenever I encounter a difficult situation. 3.28 .99 F14RSLQ
I try to mentally evaluate the accuracy of my own beliefs about situations I am having problems
with. 3.32 .92
F23RSLQ I openly articulate and evaluate my own assumptions when I have a disagreement with someone else.
3.22 .86
F29RSLQ I think about and evaluate the beliefs and
assumptions I hold. 3.25 .88
Evaluating beliefs and assumptions (9) 3.27 Average item score for RSLQ (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9) 3.17
Note: Adapted from Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire by Houghton & Neck (2002) F6RSLQ*, F15RSLQ*, F24RSLQ*, F30RSLQ* are negative reversed items.
The average item score of RSLQ was 3.17. The average rating for each sub-scale was as follows: focusing thoughts on natural rewards (subsub-scale 6; 3.35), self-reward (subscale2; 3.34), self-goal setting (subscale 1; 3.31), evaluating beliefs and assumptions (subscale 9; 3.27), self-observation (subscale 4; 3.15), visualizing successful performance (subscale 7; 3.13), self-cueing (subscale 5; 3.11), self-talk (subscale 8; 3.04) and self-punishment (subscale 3; 2.89). In general, brokers who are working in Vietnam stock companies only have a little accurate self-leadership.
“Behaviour focused” self-leadership: Vietnamese stock brokers established specific goals for their performance with a strong intent to achieve those goals in the future. However, the degree of goal setting is a less (3.31), brokers will use self-rewards with a special event, activity or whenever doing something well (item F13RSLQ; 3.28) or doing an assignment especially well (item F4RSLQ; 3.30) or completing a task successfully (item F22RSLQ; 3.44). In addition, brokers are somewhat accurate capable of self-observation (3.15), self-curing (3.11) in their work, for example, they usually are aware of how well they are doing as they perform an activity (item F16RSLQ; 3.46) or they also pay attention to how well they are doing as they perform an activity (item F25RSLQ; 3.44). They also use written notes or concrete reminders to remind them in accomplishing their work according to their schedule (items F9RSLQ; 3.10 and items F18RSLQ; 3.11). Besides, there is somewhat accurate or a little accurate self-punishment that these stock brokers indicate in the proceed of their work (2.89), for example, they tend to get down on themselves in their mind when they have performed poorly (item F6RSLQ; 3.32) or they feel guilt when they perform a task poorly (item F24RSLQ; 2.78).
“Nature reward” self-leadership: most stock brokers focus thoughts on natural rewards rather accurate (3.35), for example, they seek out activities in their work that they enjoy doing (iItem F32RSLQ; 3.44) and they only try to do their work in ways little accurate that they enjoy rather trying to get it over with (item F26RSLQ; 3.43).
However, they sometimes openly express displeasure with themselves when they have not done well (item F30RSLQ; 2.72).
“Constructive thought strategies” self-leadership: the degrees of evaluating beliefs and assumptions, visualizing successful performance, and self-talk are rather uniform and equal, the mean scores are 3.27 (subscale 7), 3.13 (subscale 8) and 3.04 (subscale 9) respectively. This analysis result indicates that most respondents have
“constructive thought strategies” self- leadership. However their strategies only are a
little accurate. Vietnamese stock brokers also evaluate their beliefs and assumptions about difficulties situations that they are having or encountering in such situations (3.27). Besides, visualizing successful performance such as using their imagination to picture a successful performance on important tasks, visualizing themselves to overcome the challenges that they are coping with also deployed a little accurate (3.13).
In addition, talking to them-selves is sometimes applied when brokers are in difficult situations to help them get through it (item F21RSLQ, 3.11), to help me deal with difficult problems they face (item F3RSLQ, 3.08), to work through difficult situations (item F12RSLQ, 2.94).