5. CONCLUSION
5.3. Territorial Tension Is the Main Challenge to China-ASEAN Relations
國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Belt” reaching Southern Europe via Xi’an and the “21st Century Maritime Silk Road” stretching from Venice to Fujian Province through Indian Ocean. The economic proposal helps resolve the territorial disputes in SCS, and China has been removing suspicion among its neighboring countries with financial support.
Nevertheless, the critical challenge for China-ASEAN economic relations is the different levels of development and economic scales. (Nargiza and Iacob, 2015) Prior to the 21st century, therefore, China-ASEAN ties had developed into multilateral cooperation on in fields such cooperation as HR resources development, finance and health.
5.3. Territorial Tension Is the Main Challenge to China-ASEAN Relations Increasingly tense territorial issue has been always a big concern among China and Southeast Asian nations. Territorial disputes in resource-rich South China Sea began to emerge in the 1980s. China and other five ASEAN members, including the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei, get
involved in the disputed area up to date. Until the present, rival territorial claims in the disputed areas are still often heard every now and then. Although Beijing attempts to improve its relations with Southeast Asian nations, its assertive sovereignty claims over these disputed territories almost ruins the efforts from economic cooperation. It’s clear that China and ASEAN states will encounter multiple challenges concerning political systems, territorial disputes and
economic development in their future cooperation. But, foreign investors won’t be interested if conflicts continue to remain in this area. Therefore, in the early 2000s, China-ASEAN cooperation in military had turned into official
relationship. In the fields of security and military cooperation, China signed the DOC and COC for the SCS territorial issues and became the first non-Southeast
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 74
Asian state to accede formally to join TAC with ASEAN in 1976. On the other hand, China and ASEAN issued Joint Declaration on Cooperation in the Field of Non-traditional Security. In 2005, China also officially acceded to TAC for peace and prosperity though friendly relations among states in Southeast Asia.
As a regional power, China is engaged to working with ASEAN to promote East Asia cooperation and make contribution to peace and prosperity in the region.
Over the past two decades, Southeast Asian countries have employed the regional institutions as multilateral platforms, such as ARF and ASEAN+3, to socialize the external powers, China in particular. (Ciorciari, 2009)
ASEAN members respectively signed ASEAN+1 FTA with their six dialogue partners including Australia, China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, and New Zealand. ASEAN and its dialogue partners initially pursued the goal of ASEAN+3 or ASEAN+6 framework, but later reached an impasse. In the case of ASEAN+3 framework, the progress of cooperation in China-Japan-Korea FTA stagnated due to the complicated political and historical background. As to the idea of ASEAN+6, the situation would be more intricate since there are more countries involved. ASEAN expanded its cooperation with obstacles, so most ASEAN states turned to bilateral cooperation with other countries on FTAs to find a way out of the difficult position. Among ASEAN states, Singapore takes the most active attitude toward FTA promotion, and so far Singapore’s network of FTAs has covered 20 FTAs. Malaysia and Thailand also have positive attitude toward FTA promotion. However, the attitude of other ASEAN countries such as Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines and Indonesia remains conservative on FTA due to the lack of government resources and their poor economic development. In the case of Indonesia, its textile industry became less attractive after
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
China-Indonesia FTA came to effective. The other Indonesian industries thus rejected to individually sign FTA with a country. So far, ASEAN members would rather promote FTA together than sign FTA with other countries respectively.
Simply put, ASEAN has been proceeding economic cooperation for many years.
In recent years, China’s remarkable economic growth contributes greatly to ASEAN’s economic development. The close economic relations between China and ASEAN, the bilateral diplomatic ties become friendly and good-neighborly relations. That’s also the very reason that ASEAN would propose RCEP to counterbalance TPP led by the U.S. Nevertheless, the path of China-ASEAN economic cooperation is full of risks and challenges. For example, some economically backward ASEAN members like Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar have been suffering from poverty. There’s discrepancy in the level of economic development among ASEAN states, which is a big concern in terms of regional economic cooperation and safety. On the other hand, China’s fast-growing economic influence provide ASEAN states resources on their economic development, but this way makes ASEAN become increasingly dependent on China economically. Moreover, China’s territorial disputes with its neighboring countries are often heard, including the competition on sovereignty over Paracel Islands and Spratly archipelago. That indicates economic cooperation might not completely avoid political conflict, but might further destroy the economic relations.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 76
BIBLIOGRAPHY Scholarly Books
Baviera, Aileen S.P. (2013) China-ASEAN Conflict and Cooperation in the South China Sea: Managing Power Asymmetry. The Study of National Security at 50: Reawakenings. A Golden Anniversary Publication of the National Defense College of the Philippines Quezon City: National Defense College of the Philippines.
Beneyto, José María; Song, Xinning; and Ding, Chun.(2013) China’s Southern Periphery: Assessing its approach to ASEAN. China and the European Union: future directions (pp.65-68). Spain: Fundación Univ. San Pablo Collins, Alan (2003) Societal Security and Ethnic Tension. Security and Southeast
Asia: Domestic, Regional, and Global Issues. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hall, C. Michael.and Page, Stephen. (2012) Tourism in South and Southeast Asia.
Business & Economics.
Kavalski, Emilian.(2009) China and the Global Politics of Regionalization.
England: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Knight, Nick., Heazle, Michael.(2011) The Sino-Soviet Split and Its Impact in East and Southeast Asia. Understanding Australia’s Neighbours: An Introduction to East and Southeast Asia. London: Cambridge University Press
Kwan,C. H. (1994) Economic Interdependence in the Asia-Pacific Region:
Towards a Yen Bloc.
Kung, I-Chung. (2004) Introduction: Chinese Business Research in Southeast Asia.
In E.T. Gomez and H.Hsiao (Ed.), Chinese Business in Southeast Asia:
Contesting Cultural Explanations, Researching Entrepreneurship. London
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
and New York: Routledge Curzon.
Leong, Ho Khai. (2009) Singapore Society of Asian Studies. Connecting and Distancing: Southeast Asia and China. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies(ISEAS).
Lew, Alan A. (2012) China: a growth engine for Asian tourism. In C. Michael Hall, Stephen Page (Ed.), Tourism in South and Southeast Asia. Netherlands:
KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies
Saw, Swee-Hock. (2007) ASEAN-China Economic Relations: A Review.
ASEAN-China Economic Relations. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies(ISEAS).
Roy, Denny (1998) China's Foreign Relations. Lanham, MD: Rowman &
Littlefield
Thayer, Carlyle A. (2011) China and Southeast Asia: A Shifting Zone of Interaction.
In James Clad, Sean M. McDonald (Ed.), The Borderlands of Southeast Asia:
Geopolitics, Terrorism, and Globalization. Washington DC: National Defense University Press
Wu, Shicun; Zou, Keyuan (2013) Securing the Safety of Navigation in East Asia:
Legal and Political Dimensions. Business & Economics. UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited
Journal Articles
Astarita, Claudia (2008) China’s Role in the Evolution of Southeast Asian Regional Organizations. China Perspectives. 78-86.
Ba, Alice D. (2003) China and ASEAN: Renavigating Relations for a 21st-century Asia. Asian Survey, 43(4), 622-647.
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 78
Baviera, Aileen S.P. (1999) China’s Relations with Southeast Asia: Political Security and Economic Interests. Manila, Philippine APEC Study Center Network (PASCN), 1-27
Booth, Anne. (2011) China and Southeast Asia: Political and Economic Interactions. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(2), 3-5.
Buszynski, Leszek; and Roberts, Christoper (2013) The South China Sea and Australia’s Regional Security Environment. National Security College Occasional Paper No.5, 1-64
Caballero-Anthony, Mely. (2010) Non-Traditional Security Challenges, Regional Governance, and the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC). Asia Security Initiative policy Series Working Paper No.7, 1-14
Cheng, Joseph Y. S.(2001) Sino-ASEAN Relations in the Early Twenty-first Century. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 23(3), 420-451
Chirathivat, Suthiphand. (2002) ASEAN-China Free Trade Area: background, implications and future development. Journal of Asian Economics, 13(5), 671-686.
Ciorciari, John David (2009) The balance of great-power influence in
contemporary Southeast Asia. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 9(1), 157–196. doi:10.1093/irap/lcn017
Cossa, Ralph A. (2010) The Current State of Regional Organizations in the Asia-Pacific Region. The Interface of Science, Technology and Security:
Areas of Most Concern, Now and Ahead, 13-19
Ding, Sheng. (2008) To Build A “Harmonious World”: China’s Soft Power Wielding in the Global South. Journal of Chinese Political Science,13(2),
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
193-213
Egberink, Fenna; and Dr. Frans-Paul van der Putten.(2011) [Clingendael Paper No.2.] ASEAN, China’s Rise and Geopolitical Stability in Asia. Netherlands Institute of International Relations, 7-14, 19-28.
Fravel, M. Taylor. (2005) Regime Insecurity and International Cooperation:
Explaining China’s Compromises in Territorial Disputes. International Security, 30(2), 46-83
Fukunaga, Yoshifumi and Isono, Ikumo (2013) Taking ASEAN+1 FTAs towards the RCEP: A Mapping Study. ERIA Discussion Paper Series,
ERIA-DP-2013-02
Hasan, Mohammad Maruf; Cheng, Jiang Hai; and Xuan, Li. (2014) CAFTA:
China-ASEAN Free Trade Area, Implications on Trade and Development.
Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(15), 1-9
Hussain, Nazia. (2013) Sino-ASEAN Relations: Implications of a rising China for ASEAN. Centre for Development and Peace Studies. Retrieved from
http://cdpsindia.org/pdf/China-ASEAN.pdf
Jiang Jialin, Cai Li. (2013) Analysis of Trade Development between China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Journal of Behavioural Economics, Finance, Entrepreneurship, Accounting and Transport, 1(1),15-20.doi:
10.12691/jbe-1-1-3.
Kodama, Yoshi. (1996) Asia-Pacific Region: APEC and ASEAN. The International Lawyer, 30(2), 367-389
Kuik, Cheng-Chwee. (2005) Multilateralism in China’s ASEAN Policy: Its Evolution, Characteristics, and Aspiration. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), 27(1), 102-122
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 80
Lengauer, Sara (2011) China’s Foreign Aid Policy: Motive and Method. Culture Mandala: Bulletin of the Centre for East-West Cultural & Economic Studies, 9(2), 35-81.
Liao, Ning (2012) China’s Regional Diplomacy toward Southeast Asia:
Calculations and Constraints of Beijing’s Engagement in Security Multilateralism. American Journal of Chinese Studies, 19(1), 29-46
Lum, Thomas; Fischer, Hannah; Gomez-Granger, Julissa; and Leland, Anne (2009) China’s Foreign Aid Activities in Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia.
Congressional Research Service, 1-21.
Nargiza, Salidjanova and Iacob, Koch-Wesera (2015) China’s Economic Ties with ASEAN: A Country-by-Country Analysis. U.S.-China Economic and
Security Review Commission Staff Research Report. 3-43
Roy, Denny (2005) Southeast Asia and China: Balancing or Bandwagoning?.
Contemporary Southeast Asia, 27(2), 305-322
Samphantharak, Krislert. (2011) The Rise of China and Foreign Direct Investment from Southeast Asia. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs,30(2), 65-75.
Schofield, Clive. (2011) Maritime Energy Resources in Asia: Rising Tensions over Critical Marine Resources. The National Bureau of Asian Research Special Report No.35, 1-10
Simon, Sheldon W. (2012) Conflict and Diplomacy in the South China Sea: The View from Washington. Asian Survey, 52(6), 995-1018
Skinner,G. William.(1959) Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 321, 136-147.
Suzuki, Sanae. (2004) East Asian Cooperation through Conference Diplomacy:
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Institutional Aspects of the ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Framework. Working Paper 03-04, Tokyo: Institute for Developing Economics. APEC Study Centre. JETRO
Thayer, Carlyle A. (2003) China’s ‘New Security Concept’ and Southeast Asia.
Asia-Pacific Security: Policy Challenges, 89-107
Thayer, Carlyle A. (2013) ASEAN, China and the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 33(2), 75-84
Thuy, Tran Truong. (2011) Recent developments in the South China Sea:
implications for regional security and cooperation. Center for Strategic &
International Studies, CSIS, 1-21.
Thuy, Tran Truong. (2011) The Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and Developing Maritime Energy Resources. The National Bureau of Asian Research Special Report No.35
Tsai, Hung; and Liu. (2011) China’s Foreign Policy in Southeast Asia: Harmonious Worldview and its Impact on Good Neighbor Diplomacy. Journal of
Contemporary Eastern Asia, 10(1), 25-42
Tsai, Tung-Chieh; Hung, Ming-Te; and Liu, Tony Tai-Ting. (2011) China’s foreign policy in Southeast Asia: Harmonious worldview and its impact on good neighbor diplomacy. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia, 10(1), 25-42 Wan, Ming. (1998) China’s Economic Growth and the Environment in the
Asia-Pacific Region, 38(4), 365-378
Wong, John; Chan; and Sarah. (2003) China-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement:
Shaping Future Economic Relations. United States: University of California Press, 43(4), 507-526
Wong, John (1995) China’s Economic Reform and Open-Door Policy Viewed from
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 82
Southeast Asia. ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 11(3), 269-279
Wang, Yuzhu; and Tong, Sarah Y. (2013) China-ASEAN FTA Changes ASEAN’s Perspective on China. East Asia Policy, 2(2), 47-54
Wattanapruttipaisan, Thitapha. (2003) ASEAN-China Free Trade Area: Advantages, Challenges, and Implications for the Newer ASEAN Member Countries.
ASEAN Economic Bulletin, 20(1), 31-48
Weston, Jonathan; Campbell, Caitlin; and Koleski, Katherine (2011) China’s Foreign Assistance in Review: Implications for the United States. U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 1-14
Wolf, Charles; Jr., Wang Xiao; Warner, Eric (2013) China’s Foreign Aid and Government-Sponsored Investment Activities: Scale, Content, Destinations, and Implications, Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 1-69
Yeoh, Emile Kok-Kheng; Ling, Susie Yieng-Ping; and Liong, Lionel Wei-Li. (2012) China-ASEAN Relations amidst Territorial Dispute, Maritime Conflict and Nationalism: Challenges and Prospects. China-ASEAN Perspective Forum, 2(1&2), 253-272
Yeung, H. W. C. (2006) Change and Continuity in Southeast Asian Ethnic Chinese Business. Asia Pacific J Manage, 23(3), 229-254. doi
10.1007/s10490-006-9007-2
Zhai, Qiang. (1992) China and the Geneva Conference of 1954. The China Quarterly, 129, 103-122. doi:10.1017/S0305741000041242.
Zhuang, Guotu; and Wang, Wangbo. (2010) Migration and Trade: The Role of Overseas Chinese in Economic Relations between China and Southeast Asia.
International Journal of China Studies, 1(1), 174-193
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
Others
Information Office of the State Council (2011) China’s Foreign Policies for Pursuing Peaceful Development. China’s Peaceful Development. People’s Republic of China: Information Office of the State Council
Asia Pacific Greens Federation (2013) ASEAN Market Integration a Tough Call for Members. Retrieved from
https://www.asiapacificgreens.org/news/asean-market-integration-tough-call-members-0
Association of Southeast Nations (2014) Tourist arrivals in ASEAN. Retrieved from http://www.asean.org/news/item/tourism-statistics
Desierto, Diane A. (2013) Ripples in the East and South China Seas: Aid, ADIZs, Aircraft Carriers, and Arbitration. Retrieved from
http://www.ejiltalk.org/ripples-in-the-east-and-south-china-seas-aid-adizs-air craft-carriers-and-arbitration/
Greater Pacific Capital LLP (2013) Retrieved from
http://greaterpacificcapital.com/chinas-overseas-population-leveraging-a-criti cal-asset/
InterAksyon.com. (2014) ASEAN+3 Countries Maintain Trade, Investment Momentum Despite Challenges. Retrieved from
http://www.interaksyon.com/business/94124/asean3-countries-maintain-trade -investment-momentum-despite-challenges
Itakura, K. (2013), Impact of Liberalization and Improved Connectivity and Facilitation in ASEAN for the ASEAN Economic Community. ERIA Discussion Paper 2013-01, Jakarta: ERIA.
Lum, Thomas., Morrison, Wayne M., and Vaughn, Bruce. (2008) China’s “Soft
‧ 國
立 政 治 大 學
‧
N a tio na
l C h engchi U ni ve rs it y
P a g e | 84
Power” in Southeast Asia. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress. Retrieved from http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34310.pdf The Ministry of Commerce, PRC. (2015) China’s Commodities Trade by Country.
Retrieved from
http://data.mofcom.gov.cn/channel/includes/list.shtml?channel=mysj&visit=
D&type=1
The Wall Street Journal. (2014) China Sees Itself at Center of New Asian Order:
Beijing Builds Roads, Pipelines, Railways and Ports to Bind Itself to Region.
Retrieved from
http://www.wsj.com/articles/chinas-new-trade-routes-center-it-on-geopolitica l-map-1415559290
Yuan, Jing-dong. (2006) China-ASEAN Relations: Perspectives, Prospects and Implications for U.S. Interests. Retrieved from
http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31822035937929;view=1up;seq=20