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物種多樣性的維持機制

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張楊家豪 Chia-Hao Chang-Yang

國立中山大學生物科學系

Department of Biological Sciences, NSYSU

changyang@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

高中生物科學資優培育計畫

物種多樣性的維持機制

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台灣的植物區系界

台灣為全北域(Holarctic region)與古熱帶域 (Paleotropic)的交會處

(Takhtajan, 1986, Floristic Regions of the World)

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http://www.geocities.com/jacobzhu/taigeol.htm

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沉積岩

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氣候分區

溫量指數

Warmth Index (溫量指數,Kira 1945) = Sum of (TM-5) when TM is above 5℃ TM: Monthly Mean Temperature

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台灣生態特色

位置

介於熱帶與亞熱帶

兩大植物區系交會處

鄰近歐亞大陸的島嶼

平面

夏、冬雨差異 (西南季風 + 東北季風)

地質多樣化

將近60%的面積為森林

立體

錯綜複雜的地形

海拔變異大

人為與自然干擾強

很高的生態系多樣性、物種多樣性

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台灣的植物概況

蕨類植物

37科 (全世界65科) 145屬 630種

裸子植物

8科 (全世界11科) 17屬 28種

被子植物

190科 (全世界291科) 1257屬 3681種

合計共235科 1419屬 4339種

(4077原生種 + 262歸化種)

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海拔與及特有率之關係

台灣的特有種計有1069種,特有率為26.2%。特有種的比率隨著海

拔的升高由低海拔地區的17.6% 逐步上升至亞高山帶的59.2%。在

緯度上,特有率則由北部往南部遞增。

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台灣多樣的植被帶

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Lin, H.-Y., Li, C.-F., Chen, T.-Y., Hsieh, C.-F., Wang, G., Wang, T. & Hu, J.-M. (In press) Climate-based approach for modeling the distribution of montane forest vegetation in Taiwan. Applied Vegetation Science. doi: 10.1111/avsc.12485

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Altitudinal diversity gradient in

Taiwan

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Pasoh Forest Reserve

2°58’47”N, 102°18’29”E

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Latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

Francis, Anthony P. & Currie, David J. (2003) A globally consistent

richness‐climate relationship for angiosperms. The American Naturalist, 161, 523-536. doi: 10.1086/368223

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Latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

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Species–area curve

Reptile and amphibian in Antilles

(MacArthur and Wilson 1967)

Plant species in Great Britain (Rosenzweig 1995)

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Habitat diversity increases with area

Isopod data from the Aegean Islands (Hortal et al. 2009)

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Theory of island biogeography

MacArthur and Wilson (1967)

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Species–Abundance Distribution

(SAD)

R. A. Fisher (1890-1962) F. W. Preston (1896-1989)

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Preston, F. W. (1948) The commonness, and rarity, of species.

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Niche apportionment models

(Broken-stick model)

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Species–Abundance Distribution

(SAD)

Neutral Theory

Steve Hubbell

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Latitudinal gradient in biodiversity

Francis, Anthony P. & Currie, David J. (2003) A globally consistent

richness‐climate relationship for angiosperms. The American Naturalist, 161, 523-536. doi: 10.1086/368223

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Ecological hypothesis:

Climate and species richness

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Ecological hypothesis:

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Historical hypothesis:

The time-integrated area hypothesis

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Evolutionary hypothesis:

Rates of diversification

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Evolutionary hypothesis?

Angiosperm speciation cools down in the

tropics

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The paradox of the plankton

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Modern Coexistence Theory

Peter Chesson (2000)

• Unstable coexistence

– Species coexist for a long

time due to slow rates of

competitive exclusion

– Species will eventually

disappear

• Equalizing mechanisms

– Reduce fitness difference

– Hubbell’s neutral theory

• Stable coexistence

– Species recover from low

density

– No long-term trends in

species density

• Stabilizing mechanisms

– Fluctuation independent

• Niche partitioning • Density dependence

– Fluctuation dependent

• Storage effect • Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

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Canopy gaps: Patch dynamics

• A forest can be thought of as a set of patches of

widely varying sizes that have experienced

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Neutral theory: assumptions

(Hubbell & Foster 1986)

• Zero-sum game: constant

total abundance

• All individuals & species

have an equal probability

of colonizing new sites

• Constant and fixed

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Neutral theory

• Competition in a local community

– A random walk to single-species dominance

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Ecological drift

• Population sizes of species fluctuate due to

stochastic events, and this fluctuation may

cause the disappearance of certain species

from a community

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Neutral theory

• Competition in a local community

– A random walk to single-species dominance

• Ecological drift

– High abundance + low mortality rates

• Dominant species take very long time to out-compete other

species

• Local communities connect with a much larger

metacommunity

– Species immigration from the metacommunity

– New species in the metacommunity arise via

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Testing the predictions of

the neutral theory

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Testing the predictions of

the neutral theory

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The value of the neutral theory

• Enormously influential

• Mathematically elegant and tractable

• Real communities represent a continuum of

niche and neutral interactions

• Emphasis how dispersal and regional species

pool may determine local community structure

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Storage effect

Chesson & Warner (1981)

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Storage effect

• Environmental variation includes

– Resource availability, rainfall, temperature, predation levels

• Species-specific environmental responses

– Asynchronization among species

• A relatively long-lived life stage

– Annual plants with long-lived seeds

– Zooplankton with diapausing (resting) eggs

• Covariance between environment and competition

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Adler, P. B., J. HilleRisLambers, P. C. Kyriakidis, Q. Guan, and J. M. Levine. 2006. Climate variability has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:12793.

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Adler, P. B., J. HilleRisLambers, P. C. Kyriakidis, Q. Guan, and J. M. Levine. 2006. Climate variability has a stabilizing effect on the coexistence of prairie grasses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:12793.

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Latitudinal gradient of forest diversity

explained by storage effects

Usinowicz, J., C.-H. Chang-Yang, Y.-Y. Chen, J. S. Clark, C. Fletcher, N. C. Garwood, Z. Hao, J. Johnstone, Y. Lin, M. R. Metz, T. Masaki, T. Nakashizuka, I.-F. Sun, R. Valencia, Y. Wang, J. K.

Zimmerman, A. R. Ives, and S. J. Wright. 2017. Temporal coexistence mechanisms contribute to the latitudinal gradient in forest diversity. Nature 550:105–108.

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Latitudinal gradient of forest diversity

explained by storage effects

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Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

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Bongers, F., L. Poorter, W. D. Hawthorne, and D. Sheil. 2009. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis applies to tropical forests, but disturbance contributes little to tree diversity. Ecology Letters 12:798-805.

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Thanks for

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