英語教學中的翻譯行為：以國民中學師生為例

全文

(1)A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Institute of Translation and Interpretation National Taiwan Normal University. ! ! Thesis Advisor: Dr. Posen Liao. ! ! ! A Preliminary Study on the Use of Translation in English Teaching in Taiwan’s Junior High Schools. ! ! By Keng-Li Shen. ! ! ! ! January 2014. !.

(2) !. !.

(3) !. ESL. ! ! !.

(4) Abstract. ! The role of translation in English education is often neglected by ESL/EFL researchers despite its prevalence in the classroom. This study explores how junior high school teachers and students in Taiwan view translation and how they employ it in the classroom by observing teachers in the classroom, interviewing them after class, and conducting a questionnaire with students. This study finds that despite depending heavily on translation as a teaching method, the teachers still favor an “English-only” method. In addition, most students tend to rely on translation while learning English, especially those with higher English proficiency or stronger motivation; however, those students hold a more negative attitude toward it. The study argues that the reason for these contradicting attitudes is that although English education in Taiwan still prefers the communicative approach to ESL, which encourages monolingualism, it is not practical to implement this approach in a real classroom setting in Taiwan.. ! !. Key Words: translation in language learning, translation in language teaching .

(5) ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! “ I believe it can be helpful to view the translator as a life-long language learner and language learner as a natural translator.” Angeles Carreres (University of Cambridge, UK). !. !.

(6) 1 1 2 3. !. 5. 2013. !. 5 9 13 18 24. 25. !. 25 25 27 29. 34. !. 34 38. 46. !. 46 51 60 65. 68. !. 68 71 72. 76 77 80 81 94.

(7) !. ! !. !. !. 2-1 2-1 2-2. 19 20 21. 3-1. 30. 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-8. 46 47 48 48 49 49 50 51. 5-9 5-10 5-11 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16. 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59. 5-17 5-18 5-19 5-20 5-21. 60 61 62 63 64.

(8) ! !. Carreres, 2006: 3 1.

(9) Carreres an either/or choice 2006: 13. ! ! ! Cook 2010. Translation in Language Teaching. Liao, 2006. !. 2. Carreres,.

(10) ! Cook, 2010; Pym, Malmkjaer & Planta 2013. ! ! !. 2013. 3.

(11) !. 4.

(12) ! ! Brown, 2006: 1719. Grammaer Translation Method. Brown, 2006. the Reform Movement. Cook, 2010. Cook 2010. Berlitz School. 5.

(13) Berlitz Method. Cook. Berlitz Method Direct Method. 2007 Audio-lingual Method. Brown, 2006. 2007. negative transfer Brown, 2006: 248. Brown, 2006: 252. cross-linguistic influence. Brown, 2006: 254. 6.

(14) Community Language Learning desuggestopedia. the Silent Way. Total Physical Response. the. Communicative Approach. 2007. 2007. 2007 1970 Nunan, 2001; Brown, 2006. 7.

(15) !. Brown. Brown, 2006 Brown Principles of Language Learning and Teaching. Celce-Murcia. Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Brown. Teaching English When the Teacher is a Non-native Speaker Medgyes, 2001: 439. Brown. 8.

(16) Brown, 2006: 18-19. 2007. !. ! ! Zojer Zojer, 2009: 33-34. ! . . . . 9.

(17) . exigence absurd . ! Zojer Zojer, 2009: 34-36. ! . . 10.

(18) . . . . . . . ! Zojer. wishful. thinking. Zojer, 2009: 36. foreknowledge 11.

(19) Cook. Cook, 2010: 3. 2007. Cook four pillars. Cook, 2010: 8-9. monolingualism naturalism native-speakerism absolutism. ! Cook Cook. 1990. Cook, 2010. 12.

(20) Brown, 2006: 255-256. Witte 2009. Witte, 2009: 94. linguistic imperialism Liao, 2006. ! !. Kobayashi Rinnert 1992. syntacti complexity. 13.

(21) avoidance startegies Maxfield. 2002. Kobayashi Rinnert. Kobayashi Rinnert. Kobayashi Rinnert. Maxfield. Kern. 1994. think-aloud. Kern. Omura 1996. 14.

(22) Omura Hudson Teaching Second Language Reading. Hudson, 2007. Liao, 2006. Bagheri Fazel 2011 Karimian. Talebinejad. 2013. 2006. Kavaliauskienė. Kaminskienė. 2007. 8. Ashouri Fotovatnia 2010. 15. :20. :17.

(23) tolerance of ambiguity. risk-taking risk-aversers. risk-takers. Takimoto. Wu. Hashimoto. 2010. 2010 Wu. Lin. 1990. Wu. Wu, 2010: 72. 16.

(24) Wu, 2010: 73 Mackinney. Rios-Aguilar. 2012. EFL English-only. Rios-Aguilar 83 important or extremely important. get them back on track Mackinney & Rios-Aguilar, 2012: 360 Lee. 2013. Lee. Lee. !. ! ! 17.

(25) 2013. ! Directorate-General for Translation, European Commission. 2013 7. Translation and Language Learning: The role of translation in the teaching of languages in the European Union. Anthony Pym Kirsten. Malmkjaer. ! ! 1990 18.

(26) 0,2 0. a shift This suggests128 that opinions are most divided with regard to the task-based learning and total physical response methods. On the other hand, there is substantial agreement on the use of grammar translation. Among the Chinese respondents, there were similar proportions of responses at each extreme with regard to how often the respondents used translation exercises, with 7 per cent saying that they ‘never’ use them, and 8 per cent saying that they ‘always’ use them. The interesting finding here was that an overwhelming 71 per cent of Chinese respondents used translation exercises in the middle of the frequency scale. This trend is reflected across all three sectors (see Figure 31). Of those who responded that they used translation exercises ‘never’ or ‘rarely’, 29 per cent said that they had never considered it seriously and 24 per cent said that they did not feel qualified to use translation in their 2-1 classes.. ! !. !. Figure 31. ‘Do you use translation exercises in your language-teaching classes?’ - replies as percentages of 112 language teachers in China, according to the level at which they teach. 80% 60% 40% 20% Higher 0%. Secondary 1 (Never). 2. Primary. 3. 4 5 (Always). 2-1 figure 31. ! 2-1 7%. 19.

(27) 71%. ! !. 2-1. ! 2-1 1. 5. table 30. 3.182 3.120 2.835 2.821 2.802 2.571 2.432 1.916. ! ! ! ! 20.

(28) 2-2. ! 2-2 5. table31. !. ! ! !. 21. 1.046. 3.717. 3.737. 1.083. 3.938. 3.666. 0.901. 2.575. 2.451. 1.161. 2.469. 2.388. 0.939. 2.292. 2.219.

(29) Cook, 2010; Pym, Malmkjaer & Planta 2013: 112. ! Pym, Malmkjaer & Planta 2013: 135-136. ! . . . . language lateralisation scaffolding. 22.

(30) !. ! 23.

(31) !. Cook. Cook, 2010. ESL 2007: 236 2006. ! !. 24.

(32) ! ! ! mental translation. !. ! !. 25.

(33) Seidman Seidman, 2006: 7. (Seidman, 2006: 10). Brown. Brown, 2001: 13. Brown, 2001: 15. !. ! ! 26.

(34) !. !. !. ! 27.

(35) Example/Clarification probing. ! !. !. !. 28.

(36) ! !. 200. ! “EFL Learners’ Beliefs about and Strategy Use of Translation in English Learning”. Inventory for Translation as a. Learning Strategy. 1-3 4-7 8-10 11,16, 17 12-15. 29.

(37) 18-21 22-23. 24-27. ! Likert scale 3. 1. 5. !. Cronbach’s Alpha. .95 3-1. ! 3-1. 3-1 Q1. Q2. Q3. Q4. Q5. Q6. Q7. Q8. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 3.72. 3.59. 3.54. 3.4. 3.45. 3.27. 3.86. 3.59. 30.

(38) 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3. 4. 4. 1.08. 1.10. 1.26. 1.10. 1.01. 1.03. 0.99. 1.05. 82.0. 79.0. 78.0. 75.0. 76.0. 72.0. 85.0. 79.0. ! ! 3-1 Q9. Q10. Q11. Q12. Q13. Q14. Q15. Q16. Q17. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 3.31. 2.86. 3.4. 3.36. 3.77. 3.86. 3.86. 3.81. 3.27. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 3.5. 3. 4. 3. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4. 4a. 1.09. 1.17. 0.96. 1.26. 0.87. 0.77. 0.94. 0.91. 1.16. 73.0. 63.0. 75.0. 74.0. 83.0. 85.0. 85.0. 84.0. 72.0. 3-1 Q18. Q19. Q20. Q21. Q22. Q23. Q24. Q25. Q26. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 22. 3.4. 3.13. 3.31. 3.68. 3.86. 3.4. 3. 3.04. 3.72. 3. 3. 3.5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 3. 4. 3. 3. 4. 4. 4. 3. 3. 3. 4a. 31.

(39) 0.80. 1.04. 1.09. 1.25. 0.83. 0.85. 0.87. 0.95. 0.88. 75.0. 69.0. 73.0. 81.0. 85.0. 75.0. 66.0. 67.0. 82.0. SPSS. Statistical Product. ! !. ! . and Service Solutions. 27. 26. 32.

(40) 26. ! !. 33.

(41) ! !. ! !. be based on. turn off. 34.

(42) ! shine mind. sign. sign sign. says. smart wise need to. have to. need to each. each every. ! little. 35. few. every.

(43) !. “Actions speak louder than words”. ! Youtube. Discovery. National Geography. ! ! ! base 36.

(44) !. back translation. back translation. ! !. 37.

(45) scaffolding. Pym,. Malmkjaer & Del Mar Gutiérrez-Colón Plana, 2013: 14. Brown. Language. Assessment: Princeples and Classroom Practices. certainly passé Brown, 2004: 159. input. ! !. 38.

(46) Wikipedia Youtube. “Busy Teacher”. Corpus of Contemporary American English. !. 39.

(47) !. 40.

(48) 41.

(49) so that. summary. 42.

(50) !. Google. !. 43.

(51) Cook. XXX. trade off. !. 44.

(52) 2005. ! !. 45.

(53) ! ! 200. 101. 3. 98. 99. 93. 6 191. 95.5%. SPSS. Cronbach’s Alpha. .91. ! ! 191. 96. 98. 95. 60. 33. 5-1 5-1. 33. 17.3. 17.3. 17.3. 60. 31.4. 31.4. 48.7. 98. 51.3. 51.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. 46.

(54) ! 1 10. 1. 5.96. 2. 7. 1.51 7. 9. 5-. 2. ! 5-2. . . 3. 10. 5.2. 5.3. 5.3. 4. 22. 11.5. 11.6. 16.9. 5. 43. 22.5. 22.8. 39.7. . 6. 41. 21.5. 21.7. 61.4. . 7. 47. 24.6. 24.9. 86.2. 8. 18. 9.4. 9.5. 95.8. 9. 6. 3.1. 3.2. 98.9. 10. 2. 1.0. 1.1. 100.0. 189. 99.0. 100.0. 47.

(55) . 2. 1.0. 191. 100.0. ! 4 2. 1. 3. 5-3. ! 5-3. 39. 20.4. 20.4. 20.4. 69. 36.1. 36.1. 56.5. 72. 37.7. 37.7. 94.2. 11. 5.8. 5.8. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! 4 2. 1. 3. 5-4. ! 5-4. 45. 23.6. 23.6. 23.6. 55. 28.8. 28.8. 52.4. 72. 37.7. 37.7. 90.1. 19. 9.9. 9.9. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. 48.

(56) ! ! 5. 90. 0-59. 1 191. 63.4%. 4. 79. 5-5. 121 22.5%. 80-89. 80 5-5. ! 5-5. 27. 14.1. 14.1. 14.1. 60-69. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 22.5. 70-79. 27. 14.1. 14.1. 36.6. 80-89. 51. 26.7. 26.7. 63.4. 70. 36.6. 36.6. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. 90. ! ! 5-6. ! 5-6. 181. 94.8. 94.8. 94.8. 6. 3.1. 3.1. 97.9. 3. 1.6. 1.6. 99.5. 49.

(57) 1. .5. .5. 191. 100.0. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! 1 2. 3 5. 4 0. 5-7. ! 5-7. 155. 81.2. 81.2. 81.2. 8. 4.2. 4.2. 85.3. 20. 10.5. 10.5. 95.8. 3. 1.6. 1.6. 97.4. 4. 2.1. 2.1. 99.5. 1. .5. .5. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! 5-8 0.1 5-3. 0.3 5-7. ! 50.

(58) ! 5-8. 1-10 1-4 1-4 1-5 0.1. = 0-6. 189. 3. 10. 5.96. 1.51. 191. 1. 4. 2.29. 0.86. 191. 1. 4. 2.34. 0.95. 191. 1. 5. 3.63. 1.41. 191. 0.0. 0.3. 0.008. 0.04. 191. 0. 6. 0.41. 0.98. ! ! ! ! 5-9. 5-16 Likert scale. 3. 1. 5. 24. 25. ! ! ! 51.

(59) 5-9. 1. 2.. 3.72. 1.15. 3.58. 1.11. 3.81. 1.03. 3.70. 0.89. 3.. ! 5-9 61.2% 14.2%. 68.6% 11%. 2. 3. mental translating Omura, 1996; Pym, Malmkjaer & Planta, 2013. 52.

(60) ! 5-10. 4. 5. 6. 7.. 7. 4.15. 3.8. 1.10. 3.68. 1.18. 3.7. 1.13. 4.15. 1.07. 3.83. 0.92. 78.0% 8.9%. ! 53.

(61) ! 5-11. 8. 9. 10.. 3.54. 1.07. 3.25. 1.13. 3.46. 1.16. 3.42. 0.85. ! authentic. 48.2% 18.3% 25 18..9%. ! ! ! !. ! 54.

(62) !. 5-12. 11. 16. 17.. 3.61. 1.10. 3.72. 1.08. 3.1. 1.14. 3.47. 0.84. ! 17 37.2%. 28.7% 58.7% 10.5% 16. 17. 11. 16. ! ! ! 55.

(63) 5-13. 12.. 3.32. 1.16. 3.97. 1.10. 4.03. 1.08. 3.97. 1.05. 3.82. 0.82. 13. album 14. take it for granted 15.. ! 12. 4.03. 72.2% 7.3% 12. !. 46.1%. ! 56.

(64) ! 5-14. 18.. 2.99. 1.10. 2.92. 1.13. 3.65. 1.11. 3.48. 1.18. 3.26. 0.77. 19.. 20. 21.. 18. 19. 28.7%. 29.3% 30.4% 33.5%. 19. ! 57.

(65) ! ! 5-15. 22. 23.. ! ! 61.7% 9.5%. 70.6% 7.9%. ! 24. 25. ! 58. 3.83. 1.08. 3.96. 1.04. 3.89. 0.91.

(66) 5-16. 24. 25. 26.. 24. 3.48. 1.085. 3.47. 1.209. 3.85. 1.1. 3.60. 0.87. 25. 26. 9.9% 26. 16.2%. 24. 18.9%. 25 10%. 27. ! !. 59.

(67) ! ! Liao, 2006. 5-17. 5-17. . Pear son. 1. (. . . 0.38**. 0.30**. 0.29**. 0.41**. 0.29**. 0.17*. 0.06 -0.21**. 0.36**. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.02. 0.40. 0.00. 0.00. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. ) 191. 60.

(68) **. *.. 0.01 0.05. ! !. ( (. . ) ). 5-18. ! 5-18. . Pear son. 1. (. . . -0.14. -0.02. -0.05. -0.15*. -0.11. -0.06. -0.05. 0.10. -0.11. 0.06. 0.81. 0.47. 0.04. 0.12. 0.38. 0.51. 0.16. 0.15. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. 189. ) 189. *.. ! !. 0.05. (. ). 61.

(69) 5-19. ! 5-19. . Pear son. 1. . . 0.37**. 0.27**. 0.24**. 0.38**. 0.23**. 0.11. 0.07 -0.23**. 0.32**. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.00. 0.13. 0.32. 0.00. 0.00. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. ( ) 191 **.. ! !. 0.01. (. ). 5-20 62.

(70) ! 5-20. . Pears on. 1 0.35** 0.28**. (. 0.18* 0.32**. . 0.21**. 0.12. 0.08. -0.22**. 0.29**. 0.00. 0.00. 0.01. 0.00. 0.00. 0.11. 0.29. 0.00. 0.00. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. ). 191 **. *.. 0.01 0.05. ! ! !. ( (. ) ). 63.4%. 81.2%. 5-21. !. 63.

(71) 5-21. . Pears on. 1. (. . . 0.09. -0.06. 0.02. 0.06. 0.05. -0.06. -0.13. -0.34**. -0.00. 0.23. 0.45. 0.83. 0.44. 0.50. 0.40. 0.07. 0.00. 0.97. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. 191. ) 191 **.. !. 0.01. (. ). 64.

(72) 26 27. 26 5. 1. 4. 2. 3. !. ! 66. 34.6%. 30.9%. !. 65. 59.

(73) ! 9. 4.7%. 10. ! 66. 5.2%.

(74) 47. 24.6%. 27. 4. 5 1. 2. conflicting. Liao, 2006. !. 67.

(75) !. scaffolding. Pym, Malmkjaer & Planta 2013: 135. !. ! 1. 23 50%. 9 70% 2006. 68. 12. 17. 18. 19.

(76) !. ! 65.5% 9.9%. 16.2% 18.8%. 9.9%. 69.

(77) Cook 2010. Cook. Cook, 2010. 2005: 9 postcommunicative 2005. 2004. Zojer, 2009. 2004. ESL. 70.

(78) Cook. ESL ESL EFL . !. ! ! !. Cook 2010. sandwiching. 2008: 187. authentic 71.

(79) Griggs(1999) ESL. Griggs. Griggs self-reflection. ESL. ESL. ! ! ! ! 72.

(80) land. “A bee landed on a flower.”. serious. “be serious about”. “a serious person/mistake”. !. 73.

(81) !. 2006 17. 18. !. 74.

(82) ESL. ESL. Carreres, 2006. !. 75. EFL.

(83) !. !. !. ! ! e-mail. e-mail. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 76.

(84) !. . ! 1.! ! 2.! ! 3.! ! 4.! ! 5.! ! 6.! !. !_________ _________ !_________ . _________. . 7.!. !. 90-100. 80-89. 70-79. 60-69 . . 8.! !_________!. !. . !_________. __________. . 9.!. . _________ _________ ___________ . _________. _________. 1 5 77.

(85) !. 1: 3:. !! !!. 4:. 2: ! 5:. 1.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 2.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 3.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 4.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 5.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 6.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 7.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 8.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 9.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 10.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 11.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 12.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 13.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5 album. 78. ! .

(86) 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 14.! take!it!for! granted 15.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 16.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 17.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 18.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 19.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 20.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 21.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 22.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 23.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 24.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 25.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 26.!. 1!!!!!2!!!!!3!!!!!4!!!!!5. 27.!. 26. ! ! ! !. !. . 79.

(87) http://www.dgpa.gov.tw/ ct.asp?xItem=2335&CtNode=233&mp=1. ! 80.

(88) 1.. ! Q1. 1. 11. 5.8. 5.8. 5.8. 2. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 14.1. 3. 47. 24.6. 24.6. 38.7. 4. 60. 31.4. 31.4. 70.2. 5. 57. 29.8. 29.8. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 2.. !. Q2. 1. 10. 5.2. 5.2. 5.2. 2. 20. 10.5. 10.5. 15.7. 3. 54. 28.3. 28.3. 44.0. 4. 64. 33.5. 33.5. 77.5. 5. 43. 22.5. 22.5. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! 81.

(89) 3.. ! Q3. !. 1. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 3.7. 2. 14. 7.3. 7.3. 11. 3. 39. 20.4. 20.4. 31.4. 4. 79. 41.4. 41.4. 72.8. 5. 52. 27.2. 27.2. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. . 4.. !. Q4. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 14. 7.3. 7.3. 12.0. 3. 42. 22.0. 22.0. 34.0. 4. 67. 35.1. 35.1. 69.1. 5. 59. 30.9. 30.9. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 82.

(90) 5. Q5. 1. 14. 7.3. 7.3. 7.3. 2. 15. 7.9. 7.9. 15.2. 3. 44. 23.0. 23.0. 38.2. 4. 64. 33.5. 33.5. 71.7. 5. 54. 28.3. 28.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 6. Q6. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 19. 9.9. 9.9. 14.7. 3. 47. 24.6. 24.6. 39.3. 4. 62. 32.5. 32.5. 71.7. 5. 54. 28.3. 28.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. !. 83.

(91) 7.. ! Q7. ! !. 1. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 3.7. 2. 10. 5.2. 5.2. 8.9. 3. 25. 13.1. 13.1. 22.0. 4. 54. 28.3. 28.3. 50.3. 5. 95. 49.7. 49.7. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. !. 8. Q8. 1. 10. 5.2. 5.2. 5.2. 2. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 13.6. 3. 64. 33.5. 33.5. 47.1. 4. 63. 33.0. 33.0. 80.1. 5. 38. 19.9. 19.9. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! !. 84.

(92) 9.. ! Q9. 1. 15. 7.9. 7.9. 7.9. 2. 28. 14.7. 14.7. 22.5. 3. 73. 38.2. 38.2. 60.7. 4. 44. 23.0. 23.0. 83.8. 5. 31. 16.2. 16.2. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! ! 10. Q10. 1. 13. 6.8. 6.8. 6.8. 2. 22. 11.5. 11.5. 18.3. 3. 64. 33.5. 33.5. 51.8. 4. 49. 25.7. 25.7. 77.5. 5. 43. 22.5. 22.5. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 85.

(93) 11. Q11. !. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 21. 11.0. 11.0. 15.7. 3. 51. 26.7. 26.7. 42.4. 4. 65. 34.0. 34.0. 76.4. 5. 45. 23.6. 23.6. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! !. 12. Q12. 1. 14. 7.3. 7.3. 7.3. 2. 32. 16.8. 16.8. 24.1. 3. 57. 29.8. 29.8. 53.9. 4. 55. 28.8. 28.8. 82.7. 5. 33. 17.3. 17.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! ! ! 86.

(94) 13. album Q13. 1. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 3.7. 2. 15. 7.9. 7.9. 11.5. 3. 31. 16.2. 16.2. 27.7. 4. 61. 31.9. 31.9. 59.7. 5. 77. 40.3. 40.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 14. take it for granted. !. Q14. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 5. 2.6. 2.6. 7.3. 3. 39. 20.4. 20.4. 27.7. 4. 57. 29.8. 29.8. 57.6. 5. 81. 42.4. 42.4. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 87.

(95) 15. Q15. 1. 8. 4.2. 4.2. 4.2. 2. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 7.9. 3. 39. 20.4. 20.4. 28.3. 4. 66. 34.6. 34.6. 62.8. 5. 71. 37.2. 37.2. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! ! 16. Q16. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 11. 5.8. 5.8. 10.5. 3. 59. 30.9. 30.9. 41.4. 4. 58. 30.4. 30.4. 71.7. 5. 54. 28.3. 28.3. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 88.

(96) 17. Q17. ! !. 1. 19. 9.9. 9.9. 9.9. 2. 36. 18.8. 18.8. 28.8. 3. 65. 34.0. 34.0. 62.8. 4. 49. 25.7. 25.7. 88.5. 5. 22. 11.5. 11.5. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 18.. !. Q18. 1. 20. 10.5. 10.5. 10.5. 2. 36. 18.8. 18.8. 29.3. 3. 80. 41.9. 41.9. 71.2. 4. 36. 18.8. 18.8. 90.1. 5. 19. 9.9. 9.9. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 89.

(97) 19. Q19. 1. 25. 13.1. 13.1. 13.1. 2. 39. 20.4. 20.4. 33.5. 3. 69. 36.1. 36.1. 69.6. 4. 42. 22.0. 22.0. 91.6. 5. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 20.. !. Q20. 1. 11. 5.8. 5.8. 5.8. 2. 12. 6.3. 6.3. 12.0. 3. 60. 31.4. 31.4. 43.5. 4. 57. 29.8. 29.8. 73.3. 5. 51. 26.7. 26.7. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 90.

(98) 21.. ! Q21. !. 1. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 8.4. 2. 19. 9.9. 9.9. 18.3. 3. 56. 29.3. 29.3. 47.6. 4. 58. 30.4. 30.4. 78.0. 5. 42. 22.0. 22.0. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! !. 22. Q22. 1. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 3.7. 2. 11. 5.8. 5.8. 9.4. 3. 55. 28.8. 28.8. 38.2. 4. 53. 27.7. 27.7. 66.0. 5. 65. 34.0. 34.0. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 91.

(99) 23.. !. Q23. 1. 7. 3.7. 3.7. 3.7. 2. 8. 4.2. 4.2. 7.9. 3. 41. 21.5. 21.5. 29.3. 4. 65. 34.0. 34.0. 63.4. 5. 70. 36.6. 36.6. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! 24.. ! Q24. 1. 8. 4.2. 4.2. 4.2. 2. 23. 12.0. 12.0. 16.2. 3. 71. 37.2. 37.2. 53.4. 4. 48. 25.1. 25.1. 78.5. 5. 41. 21.5. 21.5. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! !. 92.

(100) 25. Q25. ! !. 26.. 1. 16. 8.4. 8.4. 8.4. 2. 20. 10.5. 10.5. 18.8. 3. 60. 31.4. 31.4. 50.3. 4. 48. 25.1. 25.1. 75.4. 5. 47. 24.6. 24.6. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! Q26. 1. 9. 4.7. 4.7. 4.7. 2. 10. 5.2. 5.2. 9.9. 3. 47. 24.6. 24.6. 34.6. 4. 59. 30.9. 30.9. 65.4. 5. 66. 34.6. 34.6. 100.0. 191. 100.0. 100.0. ! ! ! ! ! ! 93.

(101) ! !. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 94.

(102) ! ! ! !. Ashouri, A.F. & Fotovatnia Z. (2010). The Effect of Induvidual Difference on Learners’ Translation Belief in EFL Learning. English Language Teaching, 3(4), 228-236.. !. Bagheri, M.S. & Fazel, I. (2011). EFL Learners Beliefs about Translation and its Use as a Strategy in Writing. The Reading Matrix, 11(3), 292-301.. !. Brown, H.D. (2006). Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, 5th edition, NY: Pearson Education.. !. Brown, H. D. (2004). Language Assessment: principles and classroom practices. NY: Longman.. !. Brown, J. D. (2001). Using Survey in Language Programs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.. !. Carreres, A. (2006). Strange Bedfellows: Translation and Language Teaching The teaching of translation into L2 in modern languages degrees; uses and limitations. In Sixth Symposium on Translation, Terminology and Interpretation in Cuba and Canada. December, La Habana. Canadian Translators, Terminologists and Interpreters Council Retrived from http://www.cttic.org/publications_06Symposium.asp. !. Celce-Murcia, M. (2001). Language Teaching Approaches: An Overview. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed.) Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (pp. 3-11). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.. ! !. Chesterman, A. (1998). Communication Strateies, Learning Strategies & Translation Strategies. In Malmkjaer, K. (Ed.) Translation and Language Teaching: Language Teaching and Translation. (pp. 135-144), Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing. 95.

(103) !. Condinho Bravo, M. C. (2008). Putting the Reader in the Picture: Screen Translation and Foreign-Language Learning (Doctoral Dissertation). Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Spain.. !. Cook, G. (1998). Use of Translation in Language Teaching. In M. Baker (Ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies, 117-120. London: Routledge.. !. Cook, G. (2007). A thing of the future: translation in language learning. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17(3), 396-401.. !. Cook, G. (2010). Translation in Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.. !. Cordero, A.D. (1984). The Role of Translation in Second Language Acquisition. The French Review, 57(3), 350-355.. !. Dagilienė, I. (2012). Translation as a Learning Method in English Language Teaching. Studies about Languages, 21, 124-129. !. Garcia, I. (2013). Can Machine Translation Help the Language Learner? In ICT for Language Learning 3rd edition, Jan 14, 2013. Retrieved from http://www.pixel-online.net/ICT4LL2010/common/download/ Proceedings_pdf/TRAD02-Garcia.pdf. !. Gnutzmann, C. (2009). Translation as Language Awareness: Overburdening or Enriching the Foreign Language Classroom? In Witte, A., Harden, T., Ramos de Oliveira Harden, A. (Eds.), Translation in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Intercultural Studies and Foreign Language Learning Vol 3, (pp.53-77 ). Oxford: Peter Lang.. !. Griggs, A. (1999). Being Aware of Difference: Using Translation Theory to Help Inform Teaching in an ESL Setting (Master’s Thesis). University of Toronto, Canada.. !. Hentschel, E. (2009). Translation as Language Awareness: Overburdening or Enriching the Foreign Language Classroom? In Witte, A., Harden, T., Ramos de Oliveira Harden, A. (Eds.), Translation in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Intercultural Studies and Foreign Language Learning Vol 3, (pp. 15-30). Oxford: Peter Lang.. !. Hudson, T. (2007). Teaching Second Language Reading. Oxford: Oxford 96.

(104) !. University Press.. Izumi, K. (1995). Translation-aided Approach in Second Language Acquisition. JALT Journal, 17(2), 225-237.. !. Kavaliauskienė G. & Kaminskienė L. (2007). Translation as a Learning Tool in English For Specific Purposes. KALBOTYRA, 57(3), 132-138.. !. Kalantari, E. & Karimnia, A. (2012). The Application of a Translation Model to Foreign Language Teaching Methodology. World Applied Science Journal, 16(10), 1416-1426.. !. Karimian, Z. & Talebinejad, M. R. (2013), Students’ Use of Translation as a Learning Strategy in EFL Classroom. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 4(3), 605-610.. !. Kern, R. G. (1994). The role of Mental Translation in Second Language Reading. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 441-461.. !. Kobayashi, H. & Rinnert, C. (1992). Effects of First Language on Second Language Writing: Translation versus Direct Composition. Language Learning, 42(2), 183-215.. !. Lee, T.Y. (2013). Incorporating Translation into Language Classroom and Its Potential Impacts upon L2 Learners. In Tsagari, D. & Floros, G. (Ed.) Translation in Language Teaching and Assessment, (pp. 3-18), Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Retrieved from http:// www.c-s-p.org/flyers/978-1-4438-5044-5-sample.pdf. !. Lee, J. & Seneff, S. (2005). Interlingua-based Translation for Language Learning Systems. In 2005 IEEE Workshop on Automatic Speech Recognition and Understanding,, San Juan , Nov. 27, 2005, (pp. 133-138). Retrieved from http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=10480. !. Liao, P. (2006). EFL learners’ beliefs about and strategy use of translation in English learning. RELC Journal, 37(2), 191-215.. !. Liao, P. (2007). Teacher’s Belief’s about Teaching English to Elementary School Children. English Teaching and Learning ( ), 31(1), 43-76.. !. Macau, C. M. (2003). Teaching Foreign Languages through Translation: 97.

(105) !. Considering Multiple Intelligences (Doctoral dissertation). Universitat de Vic, Spain.. Machida, S. (2011). Translation in Teaching a Foreign (Second) Language: A Methodological Perspective. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 2(4), 740-746.. !. Mackinney, E. & Rios-Aguilar, C. (2012). Negotiating Between Restrictive Language Polities and Complex Teaching Conditions: A Case Study of Arizona’s Teachers of English Learners. Bilingual Research Journal, 35, 350-367.. !. Malmkjaer, K. (1998). Introduction. In Malmkjaer, K. (Ed.) Translation and Language Teaching: Language Teaching and Translation. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.. !. Maxfield, J. (2002). Using L1 to Write in L2: An Investigation into the effects of Translation versus Direct Composition among “Low-Proficiency” ESL Writers (Master’s thesis), University of Toronto, Canada.. !. Medgyes, P. (2001). When the Teacher is a Non-native Speaker. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed.) Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (pp. 429-442). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.. ! !. Muskat-Tabakowska, E. (1973), The Function of Translation in Foreign Language Teaching. In Fisiak, J (Ed.) Papers and Studies on Contrastive Linguistics, 1. (pp. 131-139), Washington DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.. !. Newson, D. (1998). Translation and Foreign Language Learning. In Malmkjaer, K. (Ed.) Translation and Language Teaching: Language Teaching and Translation. (pp. 63-68), Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.. !. Nunan, D. (2001). Syllabus Design. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed.) Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (pp. 55-65). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.. ! !. Omura, Y. (1996). Role of Translation in Second Language Acquisition: Do Learners Automatically Translate? (Doctoral dissertation), University of Texas at Austin, the U.S. 98.

(106) !. Oxford, R.L. (2001). Language Learning Styles and Strategies. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed.) Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (pp. 359-366). Boston: Heinle & Heinle.. !. Pym, A., Malmkjaer, K. & Del Mar Gutiérrez-Colón Plana, M. (2013). Translation and language learning: the role of translation in the teaching of languages in the European Union. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.. !. Randaccio, M. (2012). Translation and Language Teaching: Translation as a Useful Teaching Resource. In Gori, F. & Taylor, C. (Ed.) Aspetti della didattica e dell'apprendimento delle lingue straniere: contributi dei collaboratori del Centro Linguistico dell'Università di Trieste. vol. 2, (pp. 78-91), Trieste: EUT Edizioni Università di Trieste.. !. Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as Qualitative Research: A Guide for Researchers in Education and the Social Science. New York: Columbia University Teachers College.. !. Stibbard, R. (1998). The Principled Use of Oral Translation in foreign Language Teaching. In Malmkjaer, K. (Ed.) Translation and Language Teaching: Language Teaching and Translation. (pp. 69-76), Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.. !. Takimoto, M. & Hashimoto, H. (2010). An “Eye-Opening” Learning Experience: Language Learning through Interpreting and Translation. Eletronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 7(1), 86-95.. !. Takimoto, M. & Hashimoto, H. (2010). Intercultural Language Learning through Translation and Interpreting: A Study of Advanced-level Japanese Learners. Babel, 45(2-3), 11-16.. !. Vermes, A. (2010). Translation in foreign Language Teaching: A Brief Overview of Pros and Cons. Eger Journal of English Studies, 10, 83-93.. !. Vienne, J. (1998).Teaching What They Didin’t Learn as Language Students. In Malmkjaer, K. (Ed.) Translation and Language Teaching: Language Teaching and Translation. (pp. 111-116), Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.. !. Wang, C. & Seneff, S. (2006). High-quality speech-to-speech translation for computer-aided language learning. ACM Transactions on Speech and 99.

(107) !. Language Processing, 3(2), 1-21.. Witte, A. (2009). From Translating to Translating in Foreign Language Learning, In Witte, A., Harden, T., Ramos de Oliveira Harden, A. (Eds.), Translation in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Intercultural Studies and Foreign Language Learning Vol 3, (pp. 79-97). Oxford: Peter Lang.. !. Wu, T. (2010). Open the Door to English with Your Native Language: The role of the Mother Tongue in English Language Teaching in China. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Aachen, Germany.. !. Saito, Y. (2012). Translation in English Language Teaching in Japan. Komaba Journal of English Education, 3, 27-36.. !. Zare, P. (2012). Language Learning Strategies among EFL/ESL Learners: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(5), 162-169.. !. Zojer, H. (2009). The Methodological Potential of Translation in Second Language Acquisition: Re-evaluating Translation as a Teaching Tool, In Witte, A., Harden, T., Ramos de Oliveira Harden, A. (Eds.), Translation in Second Language Learning and Teaching, Intercultural Studies and Foreign Language Learning Vol 3, (pp. 31-51). Oxford: Peter Lang.. !. 100.

(108)