大學院校環境教育指標系統之發展與建構研究

(1)

~ ~ IX ~ ~ ~

m

21WJ •

m

97·122J:{ •~f!Il931F6fj Journal of Health Education

No.21, pp.97-122. June 2004 **~i~~.a~k.k~~.~.~n.'J-~~~A~k.k~.~.~ n.~~.~*.'*~~~*I~J;~~*~.8aA*oJ;~~

• •

~~~~ k.k~.~.~~#~~.~*.,.~~**~a~~~*~

•••

(~~~ ~~~~),~~~~~.~t*~~.~~~~~'~A*

• • • •

n.~*~*., ~

• •

~~~~~,~~~.a4.~~.~~~~~~*~a4a

• • •

M~~. #'~

• •

~M*A~~~~a~~~M~h,~~~.ft.*t*~~

• •

~~n. ~ ~J(. 0

;~~*~~t*~*.tlP.tJt.~J~~~~~J(.A

3

1OO4~JJi.'

10 lOOJiti1

,29

.l~J~~#a

86 .l}U~H~~ EJ 0 ~

tf

J.t.J~~~ ~ ~lOO4JiJ~ ~*"

r.+t.t A J ' r

~~I

Jar.+t.t :±u ;

~4~JJi.~

r

~7J'-

10 1'00

Ut

ti1

J '

.Jt.

t *,tia.

~J],ti~

J;tAJf4-1t '

~t

*

*4

A

1.

r

J!~

-t..

(.+t.t

~)J'2. r~~I

• •

(~~I)J'3.

rJ!J!'f-J."f

(~~I)J'4.

r4tJlt.Jlt.1R. (ttrA)J'S. r .

~j)ll#t (i~HI

)J' 6.

r.~

(ttr A)J' 7. r

~J1.~1l1t

(

~~I)J' 8.

r

;iff"*"

(~A)J'

9. r.fft

1/01;

1JJ (

~fI

)J a 10. r AftJ!J.t.1f l&.* (

f#r

m

)J

0 {i

10 {rolf

ti1~

r

~ ~*"

29 .lJi

U~

~~

J '

~

tf

~

17

.l~A~*J~~~

, 12 .lJiA

**J~~f, 0 ~*J~~# ~*"

:

r.~

-t..

J' r.1.

•

~ll~MW~*~~~~~~*~~

••

~ll1rJll~m~l~ttlt&bf4~*irJ~~

...

~ll~MWl1*~~~~~¥*liJf~FJTlifi±fH~~

••••

~t:Pm~flIlJlfJ~t:P~91.m~~

..

~~W ···~~t'*iFfJ1fIl1~t:P~M!.m~ff~W ~mf'F~

:

ifJ~{"

-

(2)

97--t..

J

,r

~~Ilt'tl#i!-t-#i!-J'

r

$i~ 1:~

( $i{{

)J'

r

$i~7iif;;J'

r

~5" ~ ~if;J

,r

1:ilt.

of J.t

J '

r

*.ttlt,tl

J '

r.Jt

~

It''J

J '

r

Jl1*:Jg.iJ'l

J '

r

iJll.~~~IJ

,r

J....:JJ 1:~J '

r

.f!1.

t

1:~J '

r

.L1t

It:t

J '

r III

ftfh:JJ J '

r H.-1>t?tit

J

&. r

it-fhJ!'tl #i!-t-#i!-

J -f~Ji ;

1£

17

~Ji it-l~ ~Z

r

ll'J

~*

r

22.1Ji

lr.}

it-

r

li#~ ~ J 0

~~~M~.za#H.-~'I~k.&~.~$i~Z~.1Jiit-a.&.~~'~~A

k.&~&.~~.ft.~

••

.Jt~~.'~~.~.~.~'~ff.~ofJ.t&.M~B~

z~t-*.'~~~-~~**~~~k~.~$i~~~&.~~1:#~zt-~o

(3)

1972~ , ~-g-~m-Jffit~trWWTtt~JiIOJH~mJl.iim~~

,

~~

r

AM!.iiJrn:~

J'

~

~m~lli~~m~~ft~I~Z-~~~~l.iim~W;~~$~~~~-g-~w~~m

~ (UNESCO) .)E!.im~1f§t.

'

mWJ~~ffE1T!.im~1f

(mltti!& •

1998 ; *M!~

,

2000) 0

~lIt1977~~~!&}ffm-fBfUgg~~!.im~1f~~$~1M)E!.im~ff§l¥J( Goals of Environmental Education)

&

§ ~

M 53U

(Categories of Environmental Education Objectives)0!llm~ffl¥J

§

I¥J~

r

t.g..g~&IUlW1£WffJfD~t1ra~lflUl*~~1¥J

'

w±~1¥J

'

!&rE1I¥JW~~l¥Jf§lllRlf*

J ' r

~m@lAtijH~~~~~!H~f*~~m&c5l:ji!limffifM~1¥J ~D~

,

fI~B:

'

t~Il

'

*mfDttng J ' r

~m@lA

'

MllfDffrr.~~RiU~te!1l.iiml¥JiT

1T~f~A

J ;

~m~ff

§

~~U'El.m

r

jt~D (awareness)

J ' r

~~ (knowledge)

J ' r

~ll ( attitude)

J ' r ttng

(skill)

J & r

~W (participation)

J

(mltt!& '

1998)0

l!t)'i- ,

1992 ~~-g-~ftEI[§!l!¥J~J7;JJ.:IB~

r

!.imW~~*~

JC

UN Conference on Environment and Development)'

:x.m

r:ttH~~.~~J' itt59i~~~¥U7}d'~~I¥J§~

,

~\~:l#.Jtlf

!.im*.I¥Ji}~ 'itm-tLi}~Wng~~te~jfffl¥JJ.imfi~ 0

ft~J7;J1Jlii

'

~1f$m-~~-t::+n~fflGJ1. r!itmf*~/J\*flJ' f1ifit7}M:~~!.im~

1f• •&ffElJJzftJts ' :Mzm-

1997~fflj!.im~ffz*§,f*

r

it~~~ng~~~Iimr~~a

'

~m:MzlRlW~~W~mIimz~~,ji®fflG~~~~~~~fDIim~~I¥J.a~·u ~¥U~~7k.fljffl

·

:Mzitllif-t¥lf3(~Wft~l¥J~mIimJ 0 ?J)\~PJiE8~1fI¥J~~

· it

~~1I1~f*~&C&~!.imffifjzflfB~

,

~~

,

t~ll

'

ttng&fI~1i!

;

j;)'A~~~&f4

~1J~'~nm-§~~~f*ff&~m~~-g-~~~·~f*~AM~~z7k.~~°ft ~ml:

·

f~~~'m~~

,

it~~*~§~

,

.afIJ¥Jng~

,

mm '

~~&~JDI¥J~m 1JAoffillt~~!.im~ffl¥J~m-!.im7k.~~l¥Jm~tto ~l:~!.im~ffl¥J§I¥J~~'!.im~ffM~~~~ffl¥J1JA·:l#.Jtlf~m*. 1¥Ji}~,*m~l.iim~eo~OOft~liiffE.~m~ffz~'!.im~ffl¥J~~WfflG~ili fflG~~~IUl~~m~~eo~~ft~A*.I¥JAn,~n'Mn~~z~·~~I¥J!it m~~lf7f§~~Ill¥Jc5l:~

?

-

(4)

99-~~~~~~~~~~~'~.~~~~~~~~~~~'~~'fi~,~m~

~~~~fi~~~~~~~~~.~~,~~~~&~~~.~m.o~~

• •

@~

~I~'~~~~~~~*.'~M~.~'~.W~~~;~~~~~$M~~~ ~&~~W~ftfi~.~,~~~~~~~,~~,*.~~.om.~~~~ftW ~~~ftWm*~~~~m~'~~*~&~~~~~ftW~I~~*~.'~~~ ;ltf&~[ij(~

,

JtU~~~~ 0 ~~ §JW~~*~&~~lli~ftWm~z~~lt~

,

~W

$~~~¥~*~&~~~.~fi~~o

**~lli (1996) ~~~.*~~~f§lHJf4*~~~1'j~~~$B'~~&fillJ.~

~~'~~~~~~~~~~M~.'fi~.~&.~fi~.~'~~Em~~&~ f§IHJ~~~.m~~'jjJm~f~' 1JH~~fillJ5i:~~0 ::E~~ (1997) ~~~::ItmJL

W$B~~~~~fi~~~~'~m~~~JjimlJJl~fj~fl~12.1%'~~~~~ml~t± ~*§*~~m'jjJ~~&~~~ftW~M~~~o~7~fjft~~@Z~'::E~~ (2000) ~~~t~*~~fii&f01!r~M@(~O

'

.~~*~1ti~WJl~¥JJ~~~1!r~) ~fi~~,m.~~~*M~'&~~~~~~~~~W~~~Z~o~~L~'* ~~~ftW~m~tt~~.~~,m~$~~~w~~,*~~~~ftW~fj'~~ ~~1!r~i&~&*~~~:Ili~~~

,

~~

,

1'jIlJ~W~M1JO. 0

~fJHl*~~:tjtftW~.1if£nX~

,

~\~$t 7m§M~~iEfO$* 0 Ham& Sewing

( 1988) fJ!te~.~~ftW~tJ7~~iE~*1!H15Il~

,

~1ll.ii~5i:~~* (~ra~ ,

*iI!

. ' ••

'~~~m~~\,ftM'&''P~~'~

rQ~~

,

j(ffL~DLI~)' ftfiftWng}]&ft~~1t~ 0 Collet ~A (1996 ' 51§~ff

j$ ,2000) JtIJ~¥U*~&~ljfJtem~750 :¥:~~~~mlJAl~fj

,

m.~LRWfi~J!(

~*~~Hfft.l¥Um~~fj

,

~~~~;2fq;}~~fj~e*iI!j,;:~~7 0 Lemons (1994)

fu

moB~L~m~~iE~~~M~~&~m.~~~

~~'m~§JW~~.~mlJJl~~~~~'~jjJm.~o~7L~m~~W~*~'

~.~ftWM~jjJ~fu~~iE~Z-o~ftW-~.m.~ftW~§~ttm

.'&~m~~.~fj'#mlJJlw*m.HfmlJAl~fj®ft

W;

W&~~

,

ftW$~~~ 80 ~

r

ftW$1JD.mfiJli~ftWrrIiJ

J

.1if£~JJ1~

,

e

mf1J~~:tJtftWjUA*~

r

~~ftW

J

~~fj ~

(51

§ ::EM~

,

1999)0 13.::Elm~

(

1999)

~r*W~~ftW~~~fj~~~mzm~J~~~,~~~fj~~~m~~te~~,

mUI,

~~WfillJ' ~~~~~~~~a~lii1J~ 0 il1!r~O~ '~~ftWFJf~)i~~fj

~§Z.'~~Z~'~L;ltf&~iE~~~m~,a~*~ftWm.~

(5)

100-1¥J~&o

~~,am*.~mftWill~~~D'~§Mffi~~~~~'.$.~

~m.~I¥J.~ffi~,£~.~w~~~~l¥Ja.*m~*

• •

mftft,~m~~a ~*m~zM'~~~frffWAnW~.'W~~~~~I¥J~.o~~,*~~~~ ~~*.~~~~~,~~~~~*.~~.~.~ftftl¥J~~~fi~~'~M§M .~.mftftl¥J~~·.~~.m.*'~W_R*

• •

mftftm.*e'~~mm -1iI~~1lJ&il*MC1tl¥Jwp1iiI.~

,

fF~ft.~

.

~~~&f§IDI~.Ajt~ft

•.

~ ~·ffi~a

••

~&B.~~~z.~;~Mmm~*.~~~mftftm.*MCI¥J~ ~,m~**~li~~I¥J*.~~.mftft~a~~&*.~~.mftft~~.z. ~,~~.~~m~*.~~~mftftl¥J.~~~,~@m~am*

••mftftl¥J*

~

;

IPJ~

,

*~~l¥JjG~

,

~{f: ral~r.rE.lmftftm.~~~~ml~~J z~[tJlJ

' E8

~ft~~~ftft~~~~ffi~M.·jG~I¥J.~.mftftm.*.,~@~**m~ ~m.mftftz~~'~~*

• •RZ§.o

rH~.J (indicator) ~~7G~f.i~I!£~~~ra~~tt!fliil¥J~1PJ

'

f§~~~MI¥J~1t

'II~ 0 '8~-f.iMC[tl¥Jmlli1:

'

fj~&I!lH~.~M[§jI¥J±'~:EJ!~

,

fj~~f§IDII¥JM[§j~fT1JD~

~?t1t

'

j;)~¥tl~~?tfJTI¥J§1¥J (M~Jf

.

*}}tSJ3 '

2001) 0 ~~ , 1~.1lJm~IHJ~*

MC~M~*MC~m~$~I¥J~~~m,~.*eZ-~~~'~~@~~W~M*MC

db~I¥J$

••f§ ,

~~.1t (quantify)

WM1t (

simplify) =*mfj~(Van Esch, 2000)0

ffij~~M (1998) ~~fim~ftftm.m*~~~~~1WmtB

'

ftft1~.I¥J~~±'~

~~[t.W.I¥J~~'ftE8~~.~I¥JI!£~'~flftftJfRI¥J~~Wm~,m~w?t

~ftftl¥J~~W~m,~mm.~~m,~{f:ftft~.~~W.~,~~ftft~.1¥J

db~Wa.l¥J1lJfTtt 0 !j.mftft1lif.*MtI¥JJfR@~

,

Jt§I¥JW~~U(})\mftft1Iife

f§IPJ'

~m7G~mftftdb~W.~*5*I¥J~&~~~' iQ1lJj;)mf~~.~~,~I¥J~m, ~!j.mftftm~l¥J~mW~~'fFtB~~1lJfil¥J~.,~~mm**~li.m~ft wpa~N&.mftft~fl.z~~,~~.~~m~~mftft.~~~,m~m~~ m.mftftl¥J*~o ~~'*~~,@1:E~~a~*.~~Z.mftftm.,m~**~~*.~~!I mftft~~Z.~om-~BjG~Z*.~~.mftftm.*MCW&.~,m=~~ m~B~liz*.~~.mftftm.*MtW&_~,m~=~.*~.W~~I¥J.~

f$j (Delphi technique) , ~fT~Jim.zm~'I1W~t7.J'111¥J~1ii

'

fF~JfRW~m1life

Z.~~~,~ftE8m~ttMC[t·~&~M&M~?t~~MC[t~$?t~W*m.&~

(6)

101-.~~~Z.M'~Mm~M.A.~~tt&~~zm.h,~~~.~~m

• •

~ ~wj(mZm~*ME0 *3t~rJ±.~JJlm=~Zliff~JJl~&~. 0

~~m~*ME~.~$~.~~~w~~,.*m~*ME~~~tt,mm~~~

$1J[Ij;)~M1l:m.~~~'~l~ 0 tlD.:Ef*~

(1993)

ft~.:k~wpliiz~,mJl1f~~~

,

.1l:mi~~Jl~¥Ummf~§ ~ , Mz.~~miU~Jj~~~~f~f!t~~mmt1~h

'

9JG~¥j{~

~~~I¥J!ff1J[I

,

~P$'Cj;X±'JJX~~fJT$MJI&~M{[i:k~

1

:g.kmettm~

,

~1&~fi~

M~fJT*I&~f~~ra'I¥J*~JI1IDI{*

'

&~t1~m.I¥J~~I 0 ~BBfti

(2001)

~fj~£.mm

f~~~.~$J!!~I1l:ml¥Jliff~#I!fB' m~~.:gI¥J$~t1~h 'liff~~~'

I!U.&1tU '

~&m~l¥J1l:m:gW1l:mfB~~~*o~*liff~~~~~~~~I,ft*liff~~~$ ~~m73t~.M$'~.~.$'~~.~$'.~~~$'

• •

~'~&~~. ~~$I¥J~~'~fi:k~~~.~.ftm~~g~w.~I~'H~liff~ti.,m~ I¥!-&~1T?},~mSJ3tlD~0

-

,ijJf~!~~ *liff~m~m-~B~~Z:k~~~.~.wm~*MEW?}

• •

'R~~~.*

~~wm~~.'I1~(Delphi technique)j;)~~.~.ftf§rDl.~f;f:k~~~:Ellt~.W

m~*MEI¥J.$'~~fi~~m~~

• •

tt&~~ttl¥Jwp~,~~

• •

nm~*.z ~~0 *liff~r:pW~~~&tt1!!~r~,~.~z~~, ~j;)

2002

~ml~m.i¥.~.ftif M.ZW.AA~.~M.~~.'Mz.~.~.ftffirDl.~~.:Ellt~.ft.~'.I

:

• • •

~&0$MZ

• • •

8IW:g~:km,~.~~~z.~~m~.-

• • '®

~$J!{~J!mJitZm~~.0 H~m~f;f.mSJ3tlD~

:

~~.~~

• •

Zili~.~~.20ru'f;f.§~:±~M-~~m.~(~~~ lIi:k~ttf4f4~*

) ,

~~3t.~

( tJ1IlW:kf$j.* ) ,

~J~{"'.~

(

tJltlW:kf$j.* ) ;

:Ellt~.W.~

-

.:EII~~.~

(tJflJW:k:Ellt.pff) ,

.:E~.~ (tJ:k:ttE~)

,

¥£~SJ3~~

(tJflJW:k• •pff) '

:f*SJ3Jlffi.~ (tJr:pgffiiH~~

• •pff)'

~*ffj.~ (~W:k!ilt

pff) ,

mJfm.~

(tJflJgm:k• •pff) ,

~~It.~ (~~tW1JJ.*)

,

~JTX~.~ (~BiIi

(7)

!1!!JI) ;

3liI~!.I~~~

-

~,'tJ}t~~

(

Ei'*~IPJT-*~!.I!jiIm'&0~~r~Z~~.~ If'F~)' Rep~~~ (epUJ*~~IpJT)' ~~l!IMil$~~ (ep**~3liIPJT)' ,li1¥~ ~ (Ei'.f4tt*~1tI~)

;

0$r~Zfli~.~I{'F~-m=#jt~;:±ff (Ei'*WiB~~!.I

3(f$jepIL\ ) ,

mt!t~~~ (!.I1*W~frgtlll~)

,

~~.ratt~ (R~~tt~) 0

ffij~'f!tf;lijro~~W~

,

m-*§J!&

29

151 '

m=*§J!&

25

151

0 W~-§-a

:

!.I:tJt~ff

i W~

-

xfftill.~~~ (rP~tgrliJ.i~pJT

) ,

xJ[~~~~

(

Ei'.W*!.I~PJT

) ,

**SJ3!1ffiPJT~

(a

9JW~!.I~PJT)'#t*flj~~ (~gffl*fli~pJT)

,

~J~~~~ (Ei'epW~!.I~PJT)' mJ1~

~~ (a.W*J.i~pJT)

,

m=t!t~~~ (*.~~!!'f~~~~PJT)

,

~~a~~ (~~t

•

SiliW~~

) ,

ji~~,~~ (gm*t1!!~~)

,

~~X~~ (a.W*1$j~~)

,

~JiX~~~

(~WWfB*~J.i~PJT-*~!.I:tJtIfj~~

) ,

mmJ&~~ (Ei'.w*!.I~m~pJT)

,

5i

,

Tm~~ (a.W*!.I~pJT)' n~B~~~ (~~tgffi!3~f4~~ff~): !.II~$~~

~-!~B'tJ}t~~ (Ei'.*~!.IIpJT-*~flifJtIfj'&0$r'jZ!.I~.~I1'F~~it)'

R

9J*Jf~~ (epUJ*~!.IIPJT-$!jiIfj)

,

"fiij.~~ (Ei'*!.II~±13:*pJT~-!.I:ljiI

fj): 0$r~Z!.I~.~I1'F~-*aii~~(~.~*0~m~~W~)'!~!Jf.i1Af4

*

C1TJ&~!.I1*W~frgf.~), ~~$:±13: (1Rl?1i!3~~ffepIL\)' jixlJ~~ (:*

~liH~*0111~~~)'~m{-tt± (tTJ&~.~~**~~)'

;t;f!t1/J\m

(~W$!.I

~/J\m)

:

!.I!jiM!~~~gf

-

rrfgjg~~ (gX;:rJJ*~M!~~)

,

mttFls~~ (.1t*~

Jji!ji~gt~

)

0

=,

uff~I~

r

~*~~fl~*~

J

*Wd-§-a~JU:g.Jj

:

l.m~~Mt:rJ]~~.epPJTI~jfHl!tZm~i5

~~w.)E ,

-§fl5 r

$!ji~ff

J ' r

!.I!ji~fff§rm~W

J ' r

~!ji~fffEHJI~fj

,

mmv '

gfjl ,

~{'F

J

0 2.:rJ]~~mep pJTJuzm~JJi

§

~iSfm~ttfilllfj 0 3.:rJ]~~.ep pJTJuzm~JJi§ ~

~~~iU. 0 4.~*Jt*~~~$!ji~WtIM~I¥J;g$

,

~iSff;!tffl!g~ 0

r!.l~~ffm~~m~~~Ju~*g~~.~.Zr*~~~J.i!ji~ffm.Jj §JM~~'.~~.~~~Zm~x~.Rffij~oMm~~~~3~r*~~~!.I :Iji~ffm~JJ[§

J

1¥J=@IM~7}M

r

RfITfi

J'

rt~~J ,& rm~$§

J

0 ~~Wl!t=@IJtf

~1¥J:g.Jj~3--~tT

r

m~'~

J W r

j@W'~

J

Z~tt.

:

m~'~El31~'¥~7}5JU~.:y 1

:'"

-57}'

j@W/~ZJ)\~~DlIt0 ~7m~'rtW~Wtl:I¥J~tt.z~

, MfJgmm:g.ifiIDZf§wm

,

~tl:

'

l1IDfj~*~Jtl!t 10@lJiJiID~tTmFf 0 1*J1&~ro~~$7}~U~~~*~~l¥Jg~

,

Jt~pJTJu.zm~Jji§~iS~;!t1tMm3C~~MLIDtsJ3;!tl!l!El3 0

(8)

103-,

3irj$~

*WfJi:~m-ff.B:fn~~J!H~~f¥Jlft~fJ;~

,

m=ff.£!P1J[~~jfHJf~~f¥JW5E

'

m~W~lEIfF 0 gt~*lHJ.~U~~lI!l~*J;A

'

~lft~"m.~f¥JiU:fi

'

1(zW5Ef~~f¥J1j

fF~5E~

,

~)~~1T~*4l&~f¥JI{'F (W1(3~ , 2000)0 *ff.gr~WfJi:~fi1!l.fl5.*~

~~~.nlB

'

tt't!HiILJ~.nlB~)'&~*4m~WMCH5tfJT 0 n~aAtlDT

:

W*~~~

:

~fjj~~{-t~JI1:~fl~:E.i:tJi~WI{'FAffi!t,&~gffi

'

ji1TW*i]¥~5E

1& '

~~

e-mail

1;IG1lJ~f¥JjJAj&~:E.im~Wf§IJA1.*~W~~~

,

1(z~ftf:~tLWfJi:§ f¥J,m~tt~~'&§~~~~~~~~~~§~'~W*~~jJ~~$~~~~~~' ~ra'

,

~)~i1Hr~~~~3(~F$1! 0 WJf&:#~1T=~W*~~~

,

j&~¥U20

lliW*jt

!1f~~**5t:fn~~.~T~~'&~1=rm~JI1:W~tlJJI1:~1i5t.~f¥Jmstc0 Wf3'l:~~W

~-~f¥J~~

,

1(z~~fi,&~j§ pg~~)WM§ '~1l ,~~~jJA~1JO§c~ '~~&J!~ .~1lpg~~~mmm~*.,~~m~tt*5tHjJ$~~W*!13m~~§~ms~m

5t ;

m:1&~-=,*~~pJT1~~*4**if~~

,

.~)~lEm~m¥ (1!l.~WfJi:i]~~W5E'&f~ ~m¥~ttt~1;IGfjfFJI1:5E~~lE)

,

1(zft(.-=.~W*JlJI1:~~f¥J.~~*

'

~m~JI1:& ~tlJttZP:~Ml/J\~35t~f~~~

§

T~)ffiIIJ~ (1i5t:ll~f¥Jtpra%!) 0

~1T~'lJifiM

:

*J1!W*~~~2!(~&~m~JJi

§ ,

"~~IH~rQ'~

,

~)ji1=rf~~~ji -~f¥JmsftW5tfJT 0 tt'I!lVltjrQ'~1*mOO%jJ~:#~1T 2 ~ 0 Wlfj~fiEEtt'I!H~jJ~~~

W*!1~f~~msl:i*MCf¥J:#~, ~~tfMCH*5*~.a~f¥Jm~msl:i*MC0~rQ'~1*m

OO%jJ~:#~1T2~,~~%~~~~~~.~~~w*~~ft,m-@~~32ro, @l&29ro,m=@M!1m-@~@~~~~W*i]¥R~~29ro'@l&25room= ~Wm-~~Mi*~¥U*5tHL~-~JI1:[3mra'N:~!1ft*f¥Jf§IJA1~5E

(Paired Samples

correlation)'

~~Ia~f§IHJ-P

<

0.001 ' 3mf¥Jf§lDJf*~Ml~1:E .618 -.984 ~ra'

,

~ltt.~

mm=~*5tH5tfJT*5*f'Fm~~f~~msli**5t~.~

ft(tf

0

~1Tji*4Jtt~WMCH5tfJT

:

*WfJi:~~)

Excel

2000

,& SPSS For Windows

10.0

miMe

H~~~m~1Tfl*4m~W5tfJToffiN:mf¥J~HjJ$1!l.fl5m~tt*5tH'M~5tfJT&~

~j®~5tfJT 0 r«~~,~7J~.L-:UaHl1!JI1:*5tH~~f~~~m~JI1

'

~tlJJl1mstC'&W*fdFFf

fiM~~F'¥~*

;

R~)~~iml~$~~fU~~msli~

§

f*7Jjl.~Ia~f¥JmmUM"1J

;

m:~

~)~F~)l-M~5tfJT

(nonhierarchical cluster analysis)

~1=r'±~~f~~1~:J~~~

§

~7t

M

0 pJT~M~5tfJT$~~~fm r

Jr:r+m

J ~)~fm~~1JD~)5t~

,

{tfBlltt.f§fP)~Mf#~

(9)

tt1{~lfSUW~7tffit:p1¥J r~~~JlM~7tm$

J '

1tt$~-m~~5E-£~

,

ffi]f&tt~FJT.

~I¥JMm~~~~o~1tt,m~.~~~7tMI¥JW~~~~*I¥J~~~~&wijg,~

.~~~§I¥J

• •

I¥J~~~N'~.~&N

• •

*~~~~~.7tMZ.~7t~M

~

,

HP~~5Ett1~m:~'I1&~W'I1~+7tZ~7tt:p

,

7t53U*t~

rIO

7t J

m~~m~M

&

r5

7t J

m~.t~~MI¥J.f~7t~M'.6

'

~ltdll1tt~t~~JJi

§ WmI §

W7tmm.&~.

m*Mo

*~~Mi*~~~mmff37t

' HP

rIi:tjt~1fW*Z~jl.~

J

&~m r*~~~

!.i:tjt~1fm~J 0 n7t~tml'"

:

- ..

JltJi3*2..~

.~-=:.~w*~~~zm~~~

·

7t~7m~i5~~W5E

'

Mli%te~JJit~~Z~n ~Je.0

(-)

I..'I-~g~~;t 1.

r

J.fftlfi~J :

( 1) -m'l1mt~5E~

:

r

Ii:tjt~1f~-fm~~I¥J~~

,

ijgftt1Jo~~!MIiU;ttf§1JA1

m~I¥J~~!JiPlfjfI!r

·

ML~1m:~JItH~J!:!;fj~fl!t,PJT&:,~l¥JttijgWW~ttVILj

·

U~

~~~5EW~~~.ffN~I¥J~I!r,~~w*moJ

( 2) fjf~~5E~

:

r-1il*Jl~

,

m

7Iii{:~1¥J7j(.tt

'

~m (~~~m1~U) ~?1J

'

m

~'~N~.'~~~1f~~'~~A~~m~~:tjt~.1¥J0~oJ

2.

r

J.ittlfi~ffilUlP3;m

J :

*~JlJ!M rIi:tjt~Wpg~J FJTW5EZmt~m rIi:tjtJ' rIi:tjtJ' r!li:tjt~

1:1I!

J '

r0~~~

J

t)&

r~t~ZP:1ti

J

0

3.

r

JltJ!fi~ffilUJfi8if1

J :

~~r~~.~oom~!li:tjt~Wf§g.~'~~~~OO~M~.W~:tjt~.ffi~ ~t.

'

~H~~~OOteltEi:fEH»'llfflF

'

M:m:fElIHl~m!~~M:fElIJA1~~~~-=:.~OOff-f~flf Z~WJ

4.

r

Jltjfi~ffilUJ~~

,

)~i1J

'

atw '

~1'F

J :

-

(10)

~A~~§~'$~§~,~~§~m~~~~~-( 1)

j:

§'~ r~T~mffii~ff (educate for the environment)J 0

(2) [i:Jmrp~~ r~mJ =~] ~ [.?&i:Jm1'~ r~mJ' m.~~w~m~~m ~Wf§lDl]0

( -=-)

~:tj{ ~*~.:t: 1~ ~T;t

Jt

1.

r

1UJ~~~*ftJtiBlI$9J : ( 1) iI!~*m~iI!flB'lmlli~1£~{I~l3tI¥J~W~~W~W~*

'

5Si~W~m~ll f~~l¥JiHI[~ii~PfT1'jqJ

,

~lIt~m~!]!l¥JiiBf5111ikfiAfldA-&~~l¥JgIHt, ~~ T5gHt~!]!W~WI¥J~t5, ?)gDj;)~W§I¥J~~.Z~' PfTfAl~fI}1J[)5SiZ~m

~!]!g~7t; ~iI!~-a]1£~iJi~~l¥JiiB7t1J[)..t.iim~W~flffi1£~m~~~WI¥J~ N'~5Si~~~I¥J~~-&?)gD*m~I¥J~W§I¥JZmllio (2)*m~a:j:~Jjf'F~~WiiBff§WJ~*~~l3tf$ii~~WZJfj,Jtm~iiJ!!:B:~f3 *~~l3t1¥J

r

PfT~~~J Z~i*I¥J~~~1fiii*l¥Jtm1J

' i&9lJ1-a]WPf3 r

~~ 1f-~~J~~~m~WI¥J~~~N'~~W~m~W~IDlI¥J~~~~~~jqJ ~~fu1J[)j;)WPf15 0 2.

r

M~1ij1lJ1~~.i§ie'9mm&~1'F~:4EjiJ : (1 )iI!~~flffiI¥JW~'ij'-i{ZiiB7tI¥JD1'&\~:;tm

'

1ltff£IDt~~~l3tW~'ij':i{I¥J::$5

flffi~53U~

,

~~~fi'&1~~53UW

;

li~:f5IT.~

,

~mi*~f§lDlf4~I¥J::$5W

'

~J!! .~~m~WI¥JWff~Wo

(2) ~t!ff~~m¥Jj§Z~f'Fml5£~Z~~f'F~lE:~D r~m~W1ii1J,~~J

OJ5E

~~~m~W1ifl~:r~~JI¥J5£~:~PfT*~PfT1£Z~m;~~wXm. b!J!c~~Wx*ll.Z~JJ' m~JI1-&JtmtJ~···~ 0

3. rM~1~~*~wi§mi\$9

J:

(1) 9l~~*-a]j;)Jf~l:Brm~W~~~~1'~I¥JWPiif.l~0

(2) iI!~wr~1'~¥Afil¥J~fln1J~j;)~~Ji~I¥J1J~~1T;~D r~~rt3~~J'

nt§?jltlte*~f{.Zf§~~I¥JA1J

' 4o/J1J

0 iI!~-a]j;)tE~~l3t~~ttf9lJ

'

f9lJ~D~

~~~~~~~&\

'

~~Zf§IDl~~*~t.

' J!cm r

l3t1J~fl

J '

~DlIt-*

'

b!~OJj;)~~rm¥

'

~1J 0

(3) iI!~tEc~~'11Hf~Zjf:jJJl*f$WP.

'

~WJarA1J~~I¥J~j!i

,

~D~~$ 0

( 4) ~wpffif~Ngf~U;tl~{I:il:~~~WP:il:-*

'

~iI!~34:l¥Jffifra~~~~d 0

~~..t.~~~m~z~n~~,*m~Z~Jjm.~fifl}*~not~~~w* ,",,'

(11)

i,

l

m&$:tt~1H~J~~~fBlIJ.~¥Uffil@'~89PJT1H~*J

.

~ltt*Wf~fif&JI~HiV;Jt1f

J!l!.89mH5t~~AWdA&~fj89$5t

·

Mt1£f.i:tt~J:!I!89$5t1JDJ:Jli:tt~W~W1£~:fJt1f J!l!.MOO89~WfjNoltt~·D&~~$~~~&~~~~'~ltt*Wf~~~~~fu~ Am.·~.M~~a~.~~o~.'#W.~~~.~ili.~(~~ili~.m.

&*HIED

W~~ (~.&::x.~t~.W~§¥-39Uili) ~lm~[QJ89Wf&f~~

.

$ii}f~ili

t?9ltt~tt'I'HJ/tjpJT1~~~5t~fim~5tfJT

·

~~Jjt~.&t~.~

§

Wi5t~~.&::X.~

$5t ·

~*Wf~PJT.~~m.~Mt1£m!mffi!f~~.m'I1&5!1ttt 0

f9UtlD ·

~~~:tr~7'G

,

V;~~flJ!1I' ~Uw*.~~~m.~:I:Ji1&m

·

~tJ 7mm~

;

;s~.JEfiIbH.~1J

~

·

~~N~A~j]

·

~U.~cpPJT*'I9U~~.t~.

·

m!:m:~fI$t;~~~J:ji§ 0

i~

=,

7\:Wft!iti~fl§i~

,

.1 (-)~.~~~~.~*.~tt ~17\]~1Hl7k

• •

~~k:l@'*~89t~.Wf~(~JIX~

,

~7k~

, HWtl '

g3t~

·

, 2003; iiJ5~

·

2002 ; *7k~

·

1999) , *~*~m.~~'I1~t~.5t~~lI00~~~ 1

N

0 *Wf~~U~m rltrA-~~-ltriliJ

(IPO)

m;~~.~~JlOO~t~.~1JDtJ~5t

~

r ItrA J

t~.::x~Mt

' r

~fj

J

m.::x~MC&

r WdtB J

m.::x~MC 0 ltt~.~~lJ~

l{ij~~~~f43t*flK:ll

(UNESCO)

~~wm.~Mt

·

ltt~Mt~~@'1£~

·

.At~*J~ ~MC~:f].tB r~Wji~J

&

r~WfI$t;'I1J ={~~N~.~; ~~m.~~*1E5$~ r~

*1E*5mW5t~

J ·

~.A~.*~~.¥u~~~~~~~m

;

.tBm.~~*1E~U1gm

r

~

W~.~J&r~~W~~~tBJ=lI~N~.*·.DI7\]$~~&~$~~;ltt~

~fi;iJm:m:-gf§&"7'G~~~Wt~.~*1E(

x:(Wd1§ •

2001 )0f.i:fJt~W~. John

Fien(

1999)

1:E-{5tWfii~m~WWf.i:tti*~ffi~tJi~i*WJ::~ffif~89W1§-cp

·

tr~~~Wt~.~*1E

flJ:t89

rItrA-~~-ltrtBJ llll~~. ·IkAf.i:tt~Wt~.~.~*1ECP

·

Mt~~:tt~Wt~

.1.J\~5t~.=.*~*1E

·

E!P~

rltrAJ

r~fjJ

& r

~~

(achievement)J' Mt.L-:J- r

m:~t~

• J

*~.f.i:tt~W89ltrtB~~

·

~ffi-~~Wt~.89~.flJ:t~~f§{PJ 0 ~~.J:!I!

~ffif~

· IPO

~MtflJ:t:m:f;tE~MCIUUi~1'J5tfJT

·

~!&~JlOOfti3N

•

~~~W~MC89f§1D1 ~~·Mt~-~mtB~Wm.M89ffili~~o~mlttmJ:tPJT~.89~Wm.,~~~

Mffif~~~m~,m~fBlIJfu~~~,.ftm~~W89~m.~offiff;tEm.M89IHl~

*~'~MCmJ:t~~~~*IHl~89~:tr·~~.tBffiMA&~~89IHl~'Mt5tfJT~~

~~W~lI~W~MC89~.

(mii!;,M '

2000)0

~~J::~¥-f@.&{I~}j

,

~ltt*Wf~~mlttIPO (Input'

Process' Outcome)

~MCfl

(12)

107-~.m.~

• • •

'*~ti*.~~~m~W~.Mm~~

• •

·~fi&~~*~~

~~~ij!0 *liff~pJT~!l~fflm~Wm.~MEtgi?l31l1~.a~

. 101llJl-iID . 29

JJH~.&

86Jjm.~

§ ,

nmafjtm~ 0

3

{~~.a~5tJjU. 11a~

J . I

~fi

J &

Ilal~rJ

'

ffij~.a~~~~5t

10111 I Jl-iID J '

*

liff~{&

• •*ti 10

llIJif

iID

~m~tt&3iMwttWf tb~lf*jirr~H¥

'

MID!j~~F¥~fJi5t1~J~ ~W*~ti.MiIDM.~mF¥OO~~~~'~~'M~.*M~.Jl-iID~mF¥.W.

1 '

~U.Mrnl~~~F¥OOfJi5t.

25 ;

()J\{~~pJT~.*W6

• •

Jl-rnl~m~'[j:~m-ij

,

~Illt PI~tJ~F¥{i~:f"5t~{~~~~.*~~£[QJ.Jl-rnl~m~'[j:

,

.&:~~Uf§.&: 0 .~m~'[j:&

~W'[j:Wftb~~F¥1&' ~*{&F¥.

1.

I~m*.

(Iate)J' 2.

'~fi~~ (~fi)J'

3. 1:£1

m~!J. (~fi)

J'

4.

Ifijij:jij:m

(Ia~)

J . 5. I

~WW,,_ (~fi)

J .

6.

r • •

(ftu~)

J .

7. r*ll~jifF z (~fi)J' 8. r1f~ (1a~)J'

9. ImlitmltJ

(~fi)J

& 10. r

~m:£l

m~w~*

(late) J

(3e.~-

)

0 jteptJ~ijlWlZ9lJi~JirnlW~li

(2000)

ft~.*.~

~~liff~epM~telZ9ll1±~~$~.~~,jtlZ9ll1±~~$.r~~~mjij:*w~

!J.J' r

.~~lIm.J·

r

~~~lli:tji~fiW~.J'

,1:)& r

~~~m-a~m.

J

0

E8

litPI

3e.

r llim*_ J . r

~fi~.

J . r

fflm~!J.

J & r fijij:jij:* J

f{f.~*~~~lli:l:Jt

~w~jtm~~Jlirnl° .%~FrffitIZ~FJ¥:g* JirnJ:gm/J5ff.~~ (~Frf{jfJ5t)

*

!1i~. (~tBJirnJ)

(

45 ) 2 ~fj~¥ (~fjJirnJ) (71 ) 3 J.lm~l!I! (~fjJirnJ)

(

99 ) 4

ffi&if3l:Jfi (fllJAJirnJ)

(105 ) 5 ~Wwll~ (~fjJirnJ)

(

119) 6 j(~

(fllJAJirnJ)

(

130) 7

*1lKijlfF

(~fjJirnJ) (144) 8

1fjt(.AJirnJ)

(172) 9

mlJimllJ

(~fjJirnJ) (184) 10 ~Ill?ilm~wpx:*

(itltBJirnJ)

(196)

*

tt:

r~FrffitIfJ5t.!

fitI -

gf~OO:.%~!1~MrnJffi{$:t¥J~FrffitI-yp)'1JDk;!ffimmZ~F

rffJ5tfi . f9IltzD '

ffilf$%~-Y~JirnJt¥J~FrffitIti1.S 1 ' J{U~JirnJt¥J~FrffitIfJ5t

1.S

25 ; 1N1It1:iJ~~Frf:g*~;rurnJ11f

.

~FrffitIlI5t~fU

•

~1!t.%~~~~JirnJ t¥Jm:~tE

. &:ZJ{UfEl&:

0

(13)

:(£

10

@IJ1rm~""f~'El."2I291JU~~:& 861JH~~RfllEl '~liJf~~iI**~*$~f5t

:tEnJEJlim~WfElrDlj6(~:&~~fjlliJl~

,

{F.(fiJfiErmf.jA7J¥J7J:&ji~~~.&*,J

' ft;;!llt '

.~, ~

29

ljm~:&

86

lJU~~MIl§ 3iHJ:±~~7tM

'

PJWl~¥tlj~~M1t~

EI B"l

0 ~liJf~t*

m

r

~F~JlM~7tfff$;

J '

*~I±L~UI?9Ul*~wplfi:±~~7tM~iH~7t~g"..5

' RP:tEwp

. f JEm~m~tt:&~wtE~+7t~~7trp, 7t}jrJ*~

rIO 7t J

~:±~j~~M:&

r

5

7t J

~~~m~MB"lilf!7t~g"..5

'

.llt~4ij@l$~~7j~~lJ[

EI WMIl EI

B"l7t~wplfi~m ~:&~~Nii*M' ML~IiJ:4ij@lj~~ljEl~:±;:~~7tMrpffif6B"lS7ttc~

'PJ

rO.70 J

~OOM~~~~~m~lJ[E1~RfllEl~:±~~~~MB"J~.'~~Q'~lJ[E1B"l$~~7t ~wplfi~:±~7tMPfif6B"lS7ttc*~

0.70 '

RP1tl~~j~~~:±~j~~lJ[E1

'

&~Jtrj~ ~~j~~lj§ 0 29ljm~B"lMtrrfi5*W

86

m~MIl

EI B"lMtrrfi5* '

J!~=W~'= 0

~r.AJ~~®6'ffiliJf~fi5*.~rrrj6(j6(~JB"Jm~tt~~r~~J:&r~

:i( J Rfrm ;

:;a:~-?V7tfff:1tm~1iJDm

r .AJ

~~~1f

3

lJ[:±~j~~

· :1tcp rrrj6(

j6(~J JlrmB"J:±~j~~~ rj6(~mI'J.n; rjf~J Jl"rmB"J:±~m~~

r

A7J.~.n

:&

Ii*~

".n ;

~~

r

~fi

J

JlrmB"l~lJ[m~

,

'El.m~W

•

~~:&rrj6(AjiB"J~fi

'

~*~fjA:± ~me 0 Mk?JJtt~~~:±~m~RfllElJtfj1iJ~

· r .AJ

1.Jrmff!lfm~?il:trflitlTB"lrr~1f

~j6(~

,

:&:£~mfIJJlim~~fElrDl~fj

·

~gj11ffT~AjiB"J3Z~W3t7tB"JJlm~w*~ .o®~141Pfi*~f5t~~~Jlm*.~~B"lfi5**~'fu.~~m~~:&~~(~ ffi~~rp~j6(~zW~~~mrr7t)W~~Jlm*.rpB"J~m~~·~m~~·~m~

100:& .

JlmftfiEWiimrrltJ~~m.~lEfElIBJ

;

:tE~fift;;!*1.Jrm

'

iimfEllB1«*~~ B"lJlim~~:&ftfiE~~~F~mffilBJf4*~~

,

{8:tE~lIlfimrrllJB"J~mJ:

'lfimfElIHI

f4*~~W~FJlmfElrHI«*~~ML&1f.~/f'~

(IlJrJ:'L'

·1iB~m· ~~3t~,

2003)

0

~ r~fjJ ~~ffjj~ ,r~fj~~J' rlfim1f~J

:&

r~~wll~J ~JlrmB"lm~tt ~~

r

*fI..~f.lF

J :& rnt,.mltJ J

~}l-rm 0 :;a:~-?V7tfffJt:j~~1iJDm

r

~fjJ ~~

~1f 12lJ[:±~j~~

, :1trp

r~fj~~J }ffrmB"l:±~m~~ r~fjmJlJW~wJ' r~~ ji~ (~*n.n

:&

r~~1.J$;.n ~

3lJ[ ;

rJlm1f~J MrmB"l:±~j~~~ rr5~lSJjmJ'

r~~1f~.n

:&

Ii

:i(&mllJ.n

~

3 J]i ; r

~Wwll**

J

RfrmB"l:±~m~m

rJI-f*ttfwll.n :&

liwll**~fj.n ~

2lJ[;

r*.EI..~1'FJ JlOOB"l:±~j~e~

rrfra-tm.n' flllmllJ7JJ:& r*

*!t2~~.n ~

3lJ[ ; rWlImltJJ

JirmB"l:±~j~emJtfj~ rmltJmIIJW~W.n 0 :(£~$

17

JJi:±~merp

·

~fj~~B"l:±~meRP~~

12lJ[ ,

:1tm~tt.®~J! 0 Pfim~W~fj

~j~~~W~A~jl~"1t~~Wfi5*B"l~~mHttl (~;E;.

'

2000) ,

~ltt~DfBJ~.A

~~Wll~~~~~B"l~flFmtttl1JQPJ1f~B"l"1t

'

~~m~W~J;}]WBB"lm~rHI. 0

(14)

109-M~

r

~fiJ ~~z±:~m~*Hl §OJ~D

'

:tE~fi~~1JIIDJ!!~~~fil?\]§~~MIIDW

~~~~~tt,~m*~~

• •

~~~fiz~*'~~~J!!.~~~~~&~m~fi

.5i~~~~ttJ0

;

:tE!itmtf~1JIIDb!fif5tll~mi{IH~11J

'

~JEWH{i~~f5t15~~1tU '~~&~~f5tIl~m~~&mfi~~~~~~~~~~zm~,~~~f5t~i{6m~ &~.~m~.wNi5

;

1:E~~HIf~1.f1ID

'

~if:~f5tb!m1~fim~W~.mlh!JJGtifIDI[~

IiJ '

~IDI[.~fipg§b!~jiW~

,

~~

,

~JJt

' 11IfOO:6 ' filhWtt(tg ;

1:E*lHi~fF1J

1ID'b!m*~f5tfi~±:tf~m~fiJJt'~~~~~~~~~~W~~~fi'~~~~

~~W~mtf~~fiJJt, ~~IT:JJD~Wf5t~~m~Wf§lHlm.*~~~mEWRmD 0

1:Em

.mlh1JIID,~mlhpg~ili~~~W~,~~,~JJt'~fOO:6,tt~Wfi~o~~*

~~~m*.z~.~*~~1!t*5!lHW.~

,

tf*~

• •

fi~f§lHl~fi~~~tc*

• •

:g-fi~f~z~~WgJJt(~J7J{.\

'

trB~:m

'

~~3t~

, 2003 ) ,

~*5*iliEPm7~fi~

~zm~tt;ffi~,tf~

• •

~~ffig~fi~~~1:E~M~~m~.1JIID,§m!itm

.~, ~mflfOO:ll'

J.lmtt(tg&fimfilhzm7t,

j{U~*f§~*

• •

fi~~fiz~~

,

~-m~.~J.I~~fizm'IJ&~~

,

1:E~®*.1JIID{}1ffl:JJo~ 0

~

rDteJ

~~ffijl§

,

rJ.lm~.

J

~m~'[j:f.ll:'@

10 fiMlIDztr ' ffij r

~ftJ.lm

~W~*JW,@10fi.lIDz*o~m*.MIID~~r~m*.J&r~~~.~~2

Jfi!'7J~±:~f~~

,

~*5*.~

,

fim~Wfi~~~m~f!P~~~W~mZfimJ:~

,

~~

,

~,gr

,

1IfOO:6 '

tt(tgWfi~

, • •

..till®m~f~~~~~ililE~fi!Jt~W~

§

~ (Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference,

1978)

0 ~~

r

~ftfim~WfflG*J

'

W~fr'JW

~m~tt&3lj1lJ'[j:ZWftc~f~

,

~7 rjfetlll~flm~WWfa5*J zm~Hl§Wf

JE~m~m~kffi

§

~

,

~JiIID~Z

3

lJU~~&

11

fim~kffi

§

!'7J~::X~~

§

0 ~-*5*

.~teW*~~~OJ~ffi~~nlll~~~m~WWfa~*m~~m~fim~WfflG*'

~w~m~r~m~ffiIHlW~Jwr~~~.J~*~f5t~fim~W~

•

..t~m~m

~

;

iH'&~Mm~tttt~~~~f5tWfil~mz~~

,

{E1±fim~W£jfZWf£:..t~~F

tlD~

,

~-mJ@,:tE**9lJ1:*~f5t~fim~W

£jfWfIi1tUJJtffifb!:JJDj;)jj:j!

0

(..=..)

~*~ ~~

ltl.:t:

1t

#

It-1k.

~

it.

IDt

sA

jfWm~Wfa~MCWf£:~~

,

~~j;)

OJ:11ft '

OJHM/FZm~*~m*~~f5tfi!l: ~W~BmH~i5l

'

'&fiJE7tffijm~~*ft~tft.~il.~Wfiijjj{j{rj&1J"iCfF~Wf£:~5i:

~ (jii~~,

1996)'

ffi~m~~j(flJi~&mil'[j:~.~mX'W;~~~zrp~ft:*.m

'

*~~~

• •

~ZfflG*~~&tfm~OJllitt'OJfitt~~~~.~,~.~m~.

(2001)

FJT9lJ1:~f~~jiflJi~ffiUW

'

.JEj;)~~~tfm~~~jjj{~rj

,

~rr;~

1.OJ:II

-

(15)

{tlt9*1C~tjl~

;

2.~RI:iJ~fjfF

;

3.~~I&t~13.I&mfflG*{~

;

4.I:iJffi:M~JEf~J!!

·

~~

l:iJa'~W~JE'~; 5.~Rl:iJmL¥Jwp.I~~liJj1*Jm· ~jl~zJ(m1J~7tm-=.*M 0

*~~f5U.im~fffIMJ

1000.00 '

17±~1iIm*J& 221i1f~fjmlJiL¥Jjl~J(m~~

·

~~[g 0 n~-=.*~jl~l&mmaAtlD""f 0

.~ ~+~~ft#~~ (+~~~~ft#.+~~*~ft#)

ffi.~~ j:~mft' _*lJ!mft'

tl:jft'i5ffi .~ttJ!j8W j:~M,,*~Mffi filft'i5ffi .~ttW~w j:~M,,*lJ!

IDo.z.2Ji~ f~tt$

IDo_z.2Ji¥-3

Mffif~tt$ fiJ A ~m:mJlJ 8.28 .84/.16 IUIi~ntf;fft 7.64 .64/.36 ~.R~ ~rmR~ 8.24 .80/.20 7.2 .52/.48 (-2iN:WD

A.11Rifj

7.96 .72/.28 ffUkil 7.04 .32/.68 ~?f..jf. 7.04 .56/.44 fT~A.jlf;f. 6.20 .32/.68 ~~'W. 5.56 .08/.92

---~ ~ ~~UJ 9.40 .88/.12

IUlifilf!l.WflA.fTA

7.48 .52/.48 ~W RlJj'l'~ 9.08 1.00/.00 _flt.J!~fJ 7.04 .56/.44 ff~llJjmtJ 8.75 .92/.08 AAtIlm:1I3 6.52 .36/.64 t;.~15$. 8.68 .80/.20 !l11.~~ 8.64 .92/.08 t;.~jf~ 8.64 .92/.08 (t;.;f;f ) 11I1111111 8.48 .88/.12 mllJUJW 8.48 1.00/.00 ti>W *~&~ 8.36 .76/.24 (Jj]t!g) 1J:fimJlJ 7.80 .80/.20 If~tJlJ 7.76 .80/.20 lIf*ttfi'11 7.44 .72/.28

---'"

tB t;.W*_ 9.24 .88/.12 _{mIl1JilG~'HWHI~} 7.00 .44/.56 ~~*. 8.64 .72/.28 tBJl&& 6.96 .56/.44 liJf~JilG* 6.80 .44/.56

-

(16)

111-.fff

1.

ft

11

~:fIt . ~ 21 /!}l . ~I 93

-+

6 }]

*-..3-

~+~.~~

••

~~.~+m.*~

••

~~

PfTJlM:~ ±~m~*IIl§ ::X~1~~*IIl§

1~~*IIl§i;m

_tt1Ioki8z

m~tt!n~w ±:ftBF~~BFPfT_zp:t!o}

_ftitt$

m~koIII§i;m m~tt!n~w ±~~~:ft~

_tt1Ioki8z

_zP:_t!o}

_PfTftitt$

• A

JlJ:llflJfffi

!IIl~ilIlU* _8.84 _.96/.04 ~f5!JlJJlfJCFf _7.36 _.60/.40

~~UJ Z!!t~iI&m

~f5!l.llJ:llfJI:1fzfii;l(

!nJl.ttfJI:Wffi

&'1fJ.!l!iI&m

8.60 .96/.04 !Ill

ZMijfEf:5t

7.32 .52/.48

tt

fiiI&Aft~5tM'tt $~jIUll.J~f5! 7.96 .84/.16

lllfJI:If'FZ•

7..28 .52/.48

.fii;l(AftA.

ti:tt·

JlJ:llfJI:1f~.5tt:l:\tt iaJfI.lfJI:~f'lf 7.58 .76/.24 ~

• •Ml.ti:

7.28 .64/.36

§

l.llJ:llfJI:W$~ _7..24 _.56/.44 .flL~*

JlJ:llfJI:1ff§1IIl

_7.12 _.44/.56

f4*ti:

I.IJ:llfJI:1f~. _7.04 _.56/.44 ~*$

'M"jtglllJJljl$i

~A~f5!l.llJJl 6.96 .48/.52

fJl:1ff.5I1lti:

'l'jtglllJJljl$i

~A!!J!f5!l.llJ:ll _6.68 _.40/.60 fJl:1ff.5I1l~*

$

$~:5t!Cf5!~ _6.76 _.52/.48 "jtg~fllltt$

llIJ:llfJI:1fjl$i

_6.44 _.48/.52 fJI:~ $~:5tftCf5!~ "jtg~flll~* 6.32 .32/.68

$

fii;l(AAllI=-~P31t~!nl.ll _6.28 _.20/.80

f*n IIIf.511J!j\G

~~ztt$ ml1J~f5!l.llfJI:

If'Fz• •fi

_6.04 _.16/.84

i;l(AftAIlc!llG

*$

$~'I'jtgjl$i~

A!!J!f5!!.IIJ:llfJI:

_6.00 _.16/.84

Wf.5I1J• •

flL

!llG*

!!J!~A~iWP3 1t~!n!.llf*n _5.84 _.24/.76 1II~l.llf*f.511J

ztt$

(17)

k~~~~~.~~#~~Z~£~~~~~ (~J:J(~) ~ m1tilli*ffillllm _5.72 _.08/.92 ·t _~zU:.$ ,.' '~ ; ~F1tf:tt!!jflliil~A_~~iIIiJt~

..riS

5.56 .08/.92 ,~

1IJ1ilG*$

~~

.1:A.,m1tfJ

~JlIiJt~"jf@ 5.20 .00/1.00

ztt.$

=~p;j1t~1JOJll f*if~~riSlIJ 6.76 .441.56 .,

_!Y-Jrt.<¥

.~:' ~ ~

@

.~fjJti:'lfU@ 9.40 1.00/.00 _~.11~.m@ 7..92 .68/.32 -:; J

J3f

. ; ! mfj~lJ{JN¥Jjflliil@l 9.28 .96/.04 .~HllI1.U1IIz 7.80 .68/.32 ~... ~.

J&jflliilznf1i9i

'lfl!UfflJ. i"_;~ _,

,

a~p;j~Di~Jlifii _9.16 _.88/.12 5illlft.Jl~~ _7.22 _.64/.36 rc.J_W~iAffl

'~,' ~: ~Wl*D~r5!4l!1iJj_{ftjIJ.1fJ'&q\l:f!f.~IIJl1} _9.00 _.92/.08 ~1JIi~fi':lts~11

_{ft. .}

_~:I:JJteft. _7.60 _.68/.32

iJt~1: ~'l:rf jf~p;j~Di~lIiii wt5lp;j~f&fja 9.00 .921.08 _.~~fj"wa 7.58 .68/.32 ~ i ~'~"f'F .: : _{riSlIJp;j~ltiIiii} _~J3fitftJl3

_.7'£

." 8.48 .76/.24

_1ilG$

7.52 .641.36 , ~lII.IlUJ PJJlIJlWff:AW f : .60/.40 8.32 .881.12 7.52 , ' _rE.J wt5l~lIiJt~1fffillll ~1:A.~1t_ m.~"3C~~B:1IJ 8.20 .72/.28 WlIm±lIJft 7.50 .60/.40

i'f:riSlIJzrt.$

" ~ffl~ml~.tt ~1JIi_qJlft 8.16 .80/.20 Wffillll~p;j#~ 7.32 .60/.40 i'f~Z.A.~.&~

B:

~.A~~Jl1fJ1! _8.04 _.76/.24 .~;!wa(lIJ _7.24 _.60/.40

OOJ3f

~) ~ml~5Cft. .~A.titttJn nHll~IIliMllllll Jl~1f~m.Ztt.$ 7.80 .84/.16 _{fl~"f§IIII~m.} 7.20 .60/.40 ~.~B: ~~t!!. _7.8 _.80/.20 1J[]A:tt!!:I5~~1I _7.16 _.60/.40 ttll~ ~~t1t5"f.\J3f 7.76 .76/.24 ~"~II.1fJ~ 7.60 .48/.52 ~l!I!lIJl~"~~riS _7.64 _.72/.28 1fm.~B: _7.12 _.48/.52 1IJ~!fIl!tftJ~B: iIIfl~.R _7.58 _.76/.24 ~.jfUffl. _7.20 _.56/.44

1fJ

~1film~5Cft. 7.08 .64/.32 riSlIJ~~~.11 7.08 .52/.48

waH'&It'F

_7.04 _.48/.52 fJ{~.~tt .~;!_(lIJ _7.04 _.64/.36 ~) ~g~5Cft. ii~qi*11 itllJz~B: 7.00 .48/.52 1ilG~$ ~1Ili~1I.A.tIi1J _6.96 _.36/.64 llliJi ~1JIi~qfl~ 1fffillll~p;j~~ 6.92 .60/.40 i'f~Z.A.~.&~ B:1ilG~$

-

(18)

113-*P..

Lf::±~~!7tMtrJ.'&ffif6tt.~Z[t.0~

,

m-~7J5t~.4i-MtrJ.0~:tm~

[( 4iMlJi

§

.~11+j8tT.J~m.7t)

-

(±~mfJ7tM7tMl!i

10 7t )]

2

< [(

OlJi§

:m~11~tT.J~

m.7t) -

(~~m.7tM7tMI55

7t )]

2fPtrJ.m±~fl:ifJ

'

~ rPj

1

ft~J '

iiffl&fPtrJalm

~~m. ,~ rPj

0

ft~J; m=~, *l:BffifflJi§l¥JtrJalt5~

(1

~

0 ) l¥J1Joi'@Jif,Mm=±

~fl:ifJffif6I¥Jtt.~; 1-±~mtJffif6tt.~=~~fl:i.ffif6tt.$· .44/.56 .32/.68 .24/.76 .20/.80 .32/.68 .36/.64 .20/.80 .24/.76 .16/.84 .12/.88 6.76 6.48 6.56 6.36 6.40 6.28 5.60 6.08 6..20 5..96 !.I~IXlifffilJllfJ: .52/.48 III~MftIX#

mill.

ftIX1fffillllfJ:

.72/.28

III.MftIX1f

fflIllJilG:!l$

lXiJlitB~1X

lifffiIJllM3t.

ftIX#ffilJllUl

f'.±it3ttt

IXiJIiftfX#ffi

IJllfiff3'e.n

IX&li!.I~lXllffi 1JII*f'F_.~ $ !.I~IX1fffiIlllUl f'.±I*3t~:Il$ IXiJlitBR~1X "ffilJll.3t~* $ IXMi!.I~IX#ffi Illlfiff~.~JilG* $ .1*ilOlflJd'DJH~

•

·~ilft&.5 _6.88 .44/.56 'lf~ 'lJiJilll_~iI' _6.80 _.48/.52 .1Ji.'t~7tft .~jJ'1iI1J" 6.76 .48/.52 iJI.'M.J.Ivm IXliffl~~7tft 6.76 .44/.56

IX.au.1J

_6.68 _.40/.60 J:t~7tft !.I~IX1fffiIlllJilG _6.64 _.40/.60

fttBf#;$

M~!.IUlif~ fJmlll!AAl;lIit 6.64 .44/.56

It.lJilG:Il$

!.I~IXlifffillll. _6.60 _.32/.68 .BIJIl~•

....

6.52 .32/.68 t'!lilll~ziMt~ _6.40 _.20/.80 ~ h~ 6.32 .24/.76

IXMUllffi

9.28 .92/.08

·1JII*fF_.

7.04 .52/.48 7.48 8.80

(19)

1. eD~Ijl~~ r~~ii~J:

~fia.~*~~~~m~~flz~~'ill~~~~rr~.~z~N~~~~~ ~M9lfi~fEHUJ~*4~~~fitt

' PJi'Ittii

PJ5EWnj5E~m:~~*4

·

i'&lttfm~*l-J[. ~~~~fi~~1t~~~z)JK~rj~f.j~ 0 .~Jtt~J[~~~zt~~:rj

§

t0fti*liH~:±

~t~~kml){rp~[gpx-t; 0

2.

3ifj

r

rc~~~~J :

~JfXIDit~ (2002) ml:B-~~7J<If~JtH~~~~1iJ?t~~~

,

IIP r l!I!illiiilUW J

( theory-driven)

:& r li*4mtb J

(data-driven) ~~ ; ffiJ*liH~

r

!.im~ffm~~&~

~J IIP.~~~~~~

rl!l!illiiimtbJ

Zm~~~· Jtrplf~~~ln~~~m~Jj§

,

~~z.mpx1iJ1&f~~~1J~~tl){.

·

~rj1iJ~rM3~ffl1iJiIi'~:& B9lf1f~Wffif5(JJ!z.~rr I~'~~~~~N~&zm~~~J[~°ft*liH~rp'%~~9lf1f~~r*~f5(~ ~~!.im!.im~.

J' r

*~f5(~~Mi!.im~ff*.

J :& r

rr~Ajl!.im~ffm~~.ffljj!t

J

~=~~~·~~.-~~~mRz.mli*49lft'~-1JOO'%1iJ~.**m~~ &~fi.*4J[~~·.~~m~.~I~Z-offiJ.~Jtt~J[~~~Zm~Jj§t0~ *liH~:±~m~kml){rp~-pxj\ 0 3.~~9.X~.QU.I~

r

~~~~J : ft*liH~rp~~~.~~~m~~§rp'~M~~~Wlf.~

• •

I~~t0~* liH~:±~m~~I){ZEpxA'ill.£~ffi~liH~~~mA·~m~~~~~m~zli *4J[~o

tttjzttz~fY31iJ~

· liH~?JTZm~~~4J[~W~ 'illlf**~IDijJ~

~~U.fiI~~M~~ 0 !i1tt~jt1t (quantify) W~1t (simplify) =*:c}]ijg~~~m~~

m~Wl~

,

fB~1t~ffm~~pfu~~ffm~~~l:Bm~iliR9;:

,

~tJ:fi1tfDJf1t.flMz m~1J~t~JJ!t~~ (~$.

'

2001) 0 ~7ijg~mtlim~ffZ~~' Mz~.Jl:1tfDJf1t

.*4Z~~'~R~.-~~ffrr~~~~~~~*4~ft~~·~Jtt'~~lf.~~ ~:&Jl:~UI~*~~!.im~ffHHDlli*4

'

~~-~liH~zm~~m 0

(20)

115-.ftf

1.

tt

1i

"':4a. .

~ 21

Jtfl .

~IfJ 93

-f

6 }]

~l!!I _*.~~.~

..

_a.&.#~.*.

(

~*" 10

1Wlf

iii " 17 .i:.~1W4:H~& 221W4li'1l~.JJO

voom"

.00

:j::l!mtll :j::l!m.eEl ltfF~)i:iI jfflIU~'lfm m~1 lftU. IXOOi• • ~IIIXlilizlftiJJf~.~ r*.~~lft~IX.IXlililft~••j~~~

(MI±l) • -1I!l1Jt' '1IIflE .ttim - r.ll~J'l1!E filfJ

"'~

..

"'~Z18~.~·~.· r*.~~"'~lft~18~••j~~~~

1IllJt"1JIfItIE,ttim r.ll~i1lI1!E

fJlfJ

H~~2 _il!I!~IX'" ~~ml!J ~~I"J~jIj.IlOO "'~il!I!~I"J~~~jljI.~·~.·1I!l1Jt'·1II~

flfflr.ll~DJa

(~fj) W.W E,ttimWfilfJ

~UII!l~tltt il!I!UII!l(r(]U'Il!:El flfflr.ll~DJa

"'~J..."'tttt.~lftJ:.l tt.~18~IX.mlllafjz*~~I'!;1;"'~Il!:/~ _~l"Jjfflf

IX1fafjzl;t~ ~.Il!:

IX"'jfiii 'U!~fl:! ~~I"J~~m~,*±~&~~~(r(]fjlJt' _{flfflr.ll~DJa}

(~~)

~~1il! ~~ttJ:5(r(]MJ.l1Jt' ~1iIi13.ilm~"'ttJ:5ztElIfU flfflr.ll~DJa

~~3 lft~n i'f~1\fj1li4 )i:lOl.ftjJ!.~~i'5~I\fj*,J *fl.)i:WJ.ftjJ!.txm*'lfl1l! *fl~)i:WJ.ft*li'5

(~fj) ll~&ijln'lf~=lft~li *&~".~l1I!*fl.)i:WJ.ftjJ!.~••~ _~l"Jjfflf

~ fl.~.mIllTl1I!*fl.)i:WJ.ft*l~=~.i'5 ~'lfl1l!*fl.)i:WJ.~~~.~i'5~'lfl1l!

jfiiiWl!I! ltfi~lJiMi¥iJiiii@)JIll: ·fl.ltfJ~*&m·fl~ltfi~.m~·fl~

z1If11i ltfi~~• •@)JIll:lIf~·fl~ltfi~0~lft~ flfflr.{J~DJa zjlllil':ltmm~

:aEm~ ~=:aEm.J :lE~fljjtfJ~~.II:aEm.J flmcll~DJa

lftU.~ ~fi~~~Eml!J~·fl~Wlft~~.~~ flfflr.ll~DJa lJ~~4 fiI*am amml!J •~lft~IXffzfJa&'If n)i:lft~IXffzfJR&'lfl1l!Rmzll!:• _~l"Jjffl

(MJ...) l1I!il':ltm

18~~.mlllJ!IU!Rfj(r(] ·lft~fX1fmlllJ!"fj~~Il!:.&X~~.~

mJIJ i£ ·~4"-18~fX._Jl_fjlN!.l&Il!:./1:~ ~I"JJiflf

~E.~fXffmIllJl.afjM&Il!:.

~~S ~.1VI1. .~ffllVll ~l1I!.~~ffjjt.mlfJ~ fi~fi4"-~~~l1l.~~ffi!tJmlfJ~iff~lI:t _~I"JJifi

(~ti) ffl1JlI~t.J~1l!: .JZ~1l!:

iV"~ti afjl"J~jIj.IifOO 1J11_fjl"J~~~jIj• •~.~.' II!lIJt' . 111(1 _{flfflr.ll~DJa} E· filfJWttim

~~6 j(iii (MJ...) AnJiiii fii&AJil(r(]1i:~1Jt' fJI*:AA13~&~~'fXOOim~~ZfJi&AA1i: _r.{J~ilII1!E ~1Jt'

ti!tf(ftil2: ~.@.1i:l±ltt. ~*:t4"-lJt'lft~~.@tt~~tt _~I"JJifi

tIItt)

~~7 MlAIQW IfFJt. W1.t~~mtlleEl

(~ti)

IIllllbn ~"Ji1.q~'lfl1I(r(]fjlJt' *flfX"A.Wz.~'If~W~ElIl!:&.

WAIl!:Z8~I;t*fl~"A.WZ18~'lfl!l! ~1"J.fl

IWlJiElIl!:

~*1t~m ~?f..il~ffmlll~~ ~?f.lft~IX.mlll~.ti!.~~WRlbm _{flfflr.ll~DJa}

(.Jj]tI€ ) _.~VltW1i1b _~

.~fJi&:j::'lfiti:RIJt' .~~.~altlfJ~~~fj~.~ff(r(]~ _{flfflr.ll~DJa}

$tWlJ¥ ~~8 1f1t(MJ...) ~OO~1.t~~m.lJiEl&~l!mtlleEl

H~~9 ltlJmlfJ mlbUJW mlbl"J~iIi.OO mlbl"JiIi~~iIi••~·~.·lIllJt".~E' _{flfflr.{J~DJa}

(~fj) .W ttll~WfilfJ

lJ~~10 jl.lft~~.mlb~*jf ~~~.mlllnlll~E~* ~il~.mUn.#W~I"J?f.zttlll~&W

~*(.I±l) f1m.(~ (1.t:j::~mtll~El) ~ _~l"Jjffl

~El1.t~1! mtl)

tt :

~cp~I:!I!l¥JmtJ~MC{¥jfW.:t~l¥JmfllJ;i

EI bUlB EI

{'FtJj~BJ3

'

~~fl1i{JlJ;i

E1.&m{Jkti! EI

~Irf

:t:Elitpgo

(21)

116-*liJf~{*,7Jf*m IPO

(itrA

·~fj-itrtB) tr%*1tfl!~~?tifJT?#!ffiJ

'

1£f\ll.iif:~~WktB*

~~f5t~m~Wf~~wpli~*1t'&f~~m~

,

~-§I3"~~~W

3

@1~Jif~'

10 @IMmi' 29

JJU~~ (~?tI1S

17

JJtt~'&

12

Jj:tK~f~~)

,& 86

Jjm~~§ (~?t

22

Jj:±'~'&

64

Jj:tK~f~~tm1

§ )

0

*~~f5t~m~Wm~wiSiitr%*1tep

,

1£+{~mrml¥JfjFJ¥

' r

~fj

J

~Ji~2J~~Mrm

,PJT615}:!iU5t ritrAJ ,& ritrtBJ

~Ji~zf~~Mmi~.m 0 r~fjJ ~Ji~ep r:E.im~!.IJ

,&

r~fj~~J S"J.m~'[j:~~ r~Wa"I**J' r*fI.~~1'FJ

,& rmJJimlhJ

~Mrm 0

17 Jj

:±'~f~~ep

,

~fj~Ji~I¥J:±.~m~~p~~

12 Jj ,

.;tt.m~I[j:miffij~Je. 0 ~Ilt~$1t~1'F

~fj7J~~~W~mW~S"J.m~~.o

rStB J

~Ji~ep

r

~~*.

J

S"J.m~/[j:111,@~-ij

,

mi~m:.m~S"Jf~~~P~~~ W~grpZ~~*.

' • •

L~®.m~f~~S"J~ffl(;fulE~~m~WS"J

§ S"J

(Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference,

1978)

0

ffij r

~m~m~Wffl(;*

J

~~?t

'

$*1r,f-t;tt.m~

1[j:,&3r§W/[j:ZWPtt~{~

,

~7

r

ff!±lIIa"Jji~fI~Wwpliti5*

J z7f. '

~Mrm~z

3 Jj

m~,&IIMm~~§~~:tK~~§omi~$*~~~~I1Sr~grpS"Jffig~1'FJwr~

gfflliJf~~*

J

~*~f5t~~~~WB<j.m~m~ 0

*liJf~~~~m~~S"JL~JW

'

~J¥-§I3"~ l.tiJ:fi{tB<j*1t~t1l*,,"; 2J~mtiJ1#~1'F

;

3·~~I&~~_§)&~~~*1~

;

4.tiJ~WnjJE1#1i!

'

~~tiJ~/[j:W~JE'[j:

;

5.~mtiJmS"Jwp .I~~1iJjmUW' 1'F~m~wpiltr%*1tepz rf5t~ji*4JJrJ:l~~~~J'& r~f;!jrJ:l~~

.WkJ~~.S"J~m~.~~S"J~~~~,ffij?t~M~?t~U~~m~wpiltr%.epm~

• •

S"J~~~'-~A'1i~A';ttepUr~f;!j~~.WkJS"J~m~.~~6.~.' ~f;!j1'F~./[j:S"JI~.Wk0

=,

~~i 1£~m~rm

'

*liJf~~ffiJZ*~f5t~~~~Wf~f~Jj§

,

tiJ1'F~**WP13*~f5t ~.m~w~~~~fi1l~~.WWP.Z.~o1£*~f5t~~~~Wzmm~rm'~ tiJ.~*?#!ffiJ'pJT)1UZ:±.:tK~m~*~TJE~5tJI~J¥'&.WkfTtJJ~~ 0

1£liJf~~rm

'

*liJf~'pJTDmZf~~.

r

~~jjij~tJJ

J

~~S"Jf~~~*ft.

'

l!t~~fl§~

(22)

117-ft.A.~~.,~~~mmili~~.m.~M~~'.~R.g.¥.~m.~tt

~~~.®;~~,~w~~m.~

•••

~~.~~.Aftm.~~m.,~m.

Aft~~IA:@G1¥Hl7tfflj.~&~7t1JDm~rr~tv,l~

,

~gX;.7k

•••

1~.~MC.""f

*~

••

~~.m'Mffl**~fi~~ffi~.~mA*.~~.m.wm.7k

•••

~f~IU1~~' ng~.1~.~.~~~tI*u~mJL&g.0

*~~~~f41f&.W$~*~.MWJmif' rrIJJm~.NSC90-MOE-S-003-004-X3 (90

if

8 J=j

¥

92

if

7 J=j ) 0 *~~.~f41f~ilml~~ep rf\G~!.i:tji.W1~.m;{1f~

ilml~~J ~-JJiTgtIU

'

;tt:'8TrrJU±:M"=A.~~3t.~· 5iTm.~· ~11Wi~. ~·m~~.~&~~a.~°ft~~~mif~ffMOO'~~*~ilrr~~~ep,e -Trr~±~A&~W~~~gnMili;~~W~ff*~~~elli$*·.~~~$

~1t 0

.:E..~ (2000) :lftmfXffElli1P~0 http://www.giee.edu.tw0

.:E.i*~ (1993) : rei~fXff~JJU~tJzliff~0 i&m*¥fXffliff~P1Tf\J±~3t0

.:E.i*~ (1993) :~~fXff~JJlf~tJzliff~ 0 i&m*~fXffliff~P1Tf\J±~3t 0

.:E.i*~

(

1996) :fXfff~tJ£*fIl~z7HJT0 fXffliff~jim

'

4 (3) , 1-180

.:E.JI[Q~ (2000a) :~&lIl1iJlre.ll@0 http://www.giee.edu.tw

.:E.nm~ (2000b) :

tf<@'¥&li1P:l:lJi§

0 http://www.giee.edu.tw

.:E.t.l

(1999) : ~~I:fl/J\~&III1i.lm~&~J!t~~~fffi-~~i¥.Jf9lJ-T0 fXff$lftmi*~/Nfl0

.:E.t.l

(2000) :

7]<.&111-

~&lftmfXffi&mi¥.JiGf9lJ 0 ~3t~~tn r 2000

1flfti.lfXffliffiMit

J ' ~n:~OlMi

iG*~~Mo

rri&~ftli.li*~W (2001): 11+1fmllJllImi*~1fJ:}]~&,fXMi&¥~Ej~3B~mmllJm.f§~jifl0

~i&ii

(

1999) :1!IJ~/J\~fXff~lif~m.~~.zliff~-mf$ltfl~fJJj

,

mf$lRf~7tfJT1*wmf$l**~1ffli1*z

~mo~n:i&m*~fXffliff~P1Tf\J±~3to

§JtJIlfit '

flJtJ~~ (2001) :jiEfl*¥mllJlfti.l3(~~~~l'!l!JJl?£ 0

llIi.lfXff*fU

(40) I ' 31-340

r.n'IlA '

f*3t~

,

~Jijz1'&

'

~1Ja§ (2000) :~1!IJ1:fl~¥&1lIi*/Nll~1'F&1lI!1lfXff'±J!l!I

1'FJJl?£7tfJT

0

1lI

-

(23)

3 .

j:ll:tJf~fU44 (I) , 31-340

tf?1ii-U

(1985):B¥~7tfJTl¥JlM~W*1t~7t$~j&JJ!mB¥~7tfJTl¥J.~~liff~0 q:riJmUM~.mUMiFfU'32,

155-180

Jif5~tI

(

1990) :t:t~tmlllq:rfXn~fXffJJl5l~lt~0 1Il:lLt:t.Mife*~~~fXffliff~~m±~::c0

~;&;. (1998) : IfJmfXfff~~ftI~I¥J5lt.wJJ!m 0 1Il:lL!&m*~fXffliff~~1\J±~::C 0

!mrm (2000) :1I~.13~~0 http://www.giee.edu.tw0

!m~~ (2001) :JJ!mf!gr7tfJT1J$mt:t.~'i5lt.7x.D!UI~~m~~*1t 0 ~:lLt:t.*~lI~Ifi~

liff~~1\J±~3to

!mlunf (1997) :t:t~tmlfJmq:r~f5(*~f5(~~If'Ffi:ltgzliff~ 0 lIIrz:a.Mife*~~~fXff~~m±~

3to

Ji~~

,

f{q:rWT ( 1994) : q:rLu*~lI~~Nii.fXffl¥J~fimIUWfX~li. 0ii.fXff~fU'I (3 ) , 91-10I .

Jii&. ( 1996) :q:r/J\.~*.1Jf~mz~~mJlJliff~ 0 t:t~t :~rz:t:t.Mife*~fXffliff~q:r{., 0

Jii&. ' $~§~ (1998): IIlmq:r/J\.fXfflW&zliff~0 t:t~t :rJJrz:a.Mife*~fXffliff~q:r{., 0

*lj(i!& ( 1998) : lIJ:1fXff 0 t:t~t : 1!ij3t.nu 0

*lj(ii& (2000):

iArtiJ

211!t~NlDJMI¥JJlIJjl~Jm· * _ rllJ:lW7xNlDJMfXff J iiillllil*fjmJlJWfX~DJM ~IU 'lI~fXff.1lJjliff~ft0

*llfJm, JillJlJ=3 (1998):~rJJ~AfXffm~liff~, ffd:dffflU ' 28 ' 87-1400

.~

, tn#]. '

~~~ (2002) ::fJG11',:t£1!tW-ttl¥J'~-@Illilll? t:t.~WiJI~*.m~zgf.&7tfJT 0

1W

mw~. ' 29 (3) , 445-4700

ilJ~{., '

Jif5H '

~iiti3t' iI~lW

'

~.3S.

'

$tm:.

(2003) :*~f5(~¥~II~*.&~mllllf!g~iI!Iltliff ~ ,~~fX1f.¥12 ' 19 ' 71-94·

JJiltlmfXff~jlft' JJiltlmJ.ft~~llInu ' JJiltlm*lIJfOtt.~.nuEP~ (1997) : 1Jfltlm rkf<tg~f5(J iWl¥

m~o

~Jlij~' jflh~ '.fftnf (2001) :7xNlf5(1II11~1ff!E-~rJJ*.~f5(3i.'~~~JJl5llW1i5Wall:~mam 0J.ft

~fXff~fIJ ' 40 ( I ) , 9-180

~M~ (1991):~a!liff~WTM~zmJM1Iiffr-~fXffm~zliff~0 ~DJMJ=3f1J ' 19 (10), 1361-13670

~~¥~ (1991):~a!liff~WTfli~zmJM1Iiffr-M~fXffmmzliff~0 M~JMJ=3f1J ' 19 (10)' 1361-13670

Braus 1. A. & Wood D. (1994) . Environmental education in the schools: creating a program that works! Washington, DC : North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE).

Environmental Education Standards for Kansas ( 1999) .Kansas Association for Conservation and Environmental Education. http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/neap/EE2000/desc.htm.

Environmental Literacy Assessment Consortium. (1995). Environmental literacy needs assessment project. Stevens Point: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

Finn, C. E. Jr. (1987). Elementary and secondary education indicators in brief, 1987. Washington, D.C.: Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

Green,L.,Krueter, M. (1999). Health promotion today and a framework for planning. Health Promotion Planning. PaloAlto: Mayfield Publications.

Hines J., Hungerford HR, Tomera AN., (1986) . Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis.The Journal ofEnvironmental Education, J87, 18 (2) , 1-8.

(24)

119-Johnstone, IN. (1981) . Indicators of education system. Paris: UNESCO.

Kansas Association for Conservation and Environmental Education ( 1999 ). Environmental Education Standards for Kansas. <http://www.uwsp.edu/cnr/neapIEE20oo/desc.htm>.

Krejcie, RY., & Morgan, D.W., ( 1970) . Detennining sample size for research activities. Educational and

psychological measurement,30, 607-610.

Kirk, M., Wilke, R. and Ruskey,A., (1997). A survey of the status of state-level environmental education in the United States. The Journal

0/Environmental Education,

29 (1) , 9-16.

May.,T.S. (1997) .Elements of Success in Environmental Education, Through Practitioner Eyes0 A Dissertation

Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

May, T.S., (2000). Elements of success in environmental education through practitioner eyes. The Journal of

Environmental Education,31 (3) , 4-11.

Oakes, J. (1986). Educational indicators: A guide for policymakers. Santa Monica, CA: Center for Policy Research in Education.

Mayer, M., (1991). Environmental education in Italy: proposals for an evaluation strategy. European Journal of

Education,26 (4) ,325-337.

Nuttall, D. (1992) .The function and limitations of international education indicators. In the OECD international education indicators: A framework for analysis ( pp.13-21) . France: OECD.

Oakes, J. (1986). Educational indicators: A guide for policymakers. Santa Monica, CA: Center for Policy Research in Education.

Porter,A.c. (1991). Creating a system of school process indicators. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 13,133-29.

Ruskey,A.,& Wilke,R, (1994). Promoting environmental education:Anaction handbook for strengthening EEin

your state and community. Amherst, WI: University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point Press.

ShaveJson,R,McDonnell,L.,Oakes,1,& Carey, N. (1987). Indicator systems for monitoring mathematics and science education. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.

Taylor,c., (1998). Environmental education in primary education: status and trends in southern and eastern Africa.

Environmental Education Research,4 (2) ,201-215.

Tbilisi Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education (1978).Toward an action plan: A report on the Tbilisi conference on environmental education. A paper developed by the FlCE subcommittee on environmental education. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, Stock No. 017-080-01838-1. Thomas J. Marcinkowski (2001) .A Contextual Review ofthe 'Quantitative Paradigm' in EE Reserch . 90

if.1l1.l

~liff~$~fjJjlifft-f*.

Wals, Arjen E. I; van der Leij, Tore (1997) . Alternatives to National Standards for Environmental Education: Process-based quality Assessment. Canadian Journal o/Environmental Education, V2,7-27.

Van Esch (2000) . Perfonnance Indicators of Environmental Policy. Background Document to the Indicatorsinthe National Environmental Program 1972-2000, RlVM, Bilthoven, Netherlands.

f9:~ 2004.2.1

~IE 2004.4.28

(25)

A Study of Developing and Constructing an

Environmental Education Indicator System for

Higher Education

Chieh-Hsing Liu, Cshi-Yang Chiou, Han-Wen Yan, Heng-Hua Lee,

Chiung-Ja Pan, Jla-Yuh Femg

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to develop the environmental education indicators for higher education. This study havs been conducted for two years. During the first year, an original framework of indicators has been constructed.This paper is aimed at presenting the processes and results of this study during the second year.

During the second year, in accordance with the original framework of indicators which has been constructed in the first year, we held ongoing informal discussions two times using Delphi technique to evaluate importance and suitability of the environmental education indicators. Statistical methods including descriptive statistics,stepwise regression and cluster analysis had been used to prove the representability and explanation of result .

Within this study there were three domains, ten layers, twenty-nine indicators and eighty-six detailed items had been developed. The three domains are "input", "process" and "outcome". The ten layers under the domains,as ranked by their importance and suitability are"environmental literacy","curriculum and teaching", "environmental management", "admini stration policy", "educational training", "resources", "organizational circulation", "backg round", "popularize activities" and " tangible environmental outcome". The twenty-nine indicators under the ten layers are seventeen main indicators and twelve minor indicators. The main indicators are" teacher literacy", "student literacy", "curriculum plan and participation", "teaching resources", "teaching method", " pollution prevention", " reso.urces

(26)

121-management", "landscape ", "policy plan", " environmental protection training", " training curriculum", " human resources", "budget resources", "working plan", "team power", "systematic refonn" and "activities plan and participation". There are twenty-two major detailed items under the seventeen major indicators.

The results of this study serve as an important reference for teaching, future research, policy-making and budgeting for environmental education. In addition, this study helps to establish a valid evaluation system, to set up a database and to enhance the quality of environmental education at universities and colleges.