從台灣人才外流現象探討人才危機 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程 International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University 碩士論文政治. 大. 立Master’s Thesis. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Nat. er. io. sit. y. 從台灣人才外流現象探討人才危機. n. Brain Drain and its a challenge to Brain Crisis in Taiwan.. iv l C n hengchi U. Student: Chien-ming Tsen 曾建銘 Advisor: Dr.Mei-chun Liu 劉梅君博士. 中華民國 102 年 2 月 February 2013.

(2) 從台灣人才外流現象探討人才危機 Brain Drain and its challenge to Brain Crisis in Taiwan.. Student: Chien-ming Tsen 曾建銘 Advisor: Dr.Mei-chun Liu 劉梅君博士. 國立政治大學治. 政. 大. 學. ‧ 國. 立亞太研究英語碩士學程碩士論文. ‧ sit. y. Nat. A Thesis. er. io. n. Submittedatol International Master’s i vProgram. n U engchi in Asia-Pacific Studies. Ch. National Chengchi University In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master in Asia-Pacific Studies. 中華民國 102 年 2 月 (February 2013).

(3) Acknowledgement There is an old saying that "Squatting lower is in order to jump higher in the future". Facing the past life of various combat and tests, I learned to grow and thrive. Say goodbye to the shadow of the past, I restart to live a new life. Living in the era of filling trials and challenges, no one can be success alone. I have spent nearly four years under the limited time to complete the study that it was not easy to overcome all difficulties. It is really appreciated that a lot of friends giving me a hands.. 政治大. I would like to thank many friends sincerely. In addition to my. 立. family, I do appreciate some of my friends Wei Wan-Rong, Chang. ‧ 國. 學. Yi-Ming, Chang Hon-Fu, Tsai Ding-Jou, Ju Jia-Hua, Chen Chih-Chi, Li Cheng-Huei, the juniors of the Institute of Labor Studies, Assistants, of. ‧. the Asian Pacific English Master Program, NCCU and Chung Yuan. sit. y. Nat. Christian University Library. Moreover, the Professors of Chang. io. er. Chi-Heng and Huang Te-Pei gave me a lot of suggestions in the process of presentation. One of the most important professors who I would like to. n. a. v. l C acknowledge is my supervisor, Liu Mei-Chun. n i Without her earnest. hengchi U. guidance, selfless-love, tolerance and understanding, I could not complete the thesis and publish in time. She is the best mentor who I have ever met in my life. Thank God for everything!. During these four years, I have learned and experienced the happiness, belonging, and identity when I studied in NCCU. I am pleased to be able to complete school education in NCCU. However, "Life is short, learning is limitless". Facing the rugged and challenging future, I will keep the original intention of the responsible attitudes to overcome all test. i.

(4) Abstract The Government has repeatedly stressed through the media that Taiwan is facing a brain drain crisis. Taiwan will become a "third-level countries" if the Government does not take any immediate measures. There are over a million people with bachelor, master or Ph.D. degrees in Taiwan and 164 universities provide higher education cultivation. Thus, higher educational gets very common among younger generations and becomes universally accessible. Is Taiwan really facing a talent crisis? However, enterprises are short of workers. The government is currently encountering both talent crisis and the unemployment crisis.. 政治大 enhance and promote 立 social and economic development. The United The migration of talent is a world trend in which talent flow can. ‧ 國. 學. States, Europe, Japan and other developed nations do not worry about the. problem of brain drain. Is brain drain caused by the talent crisis or the talent crisis led to brain drain? It seems the main problem is Taiwan faces. ‧. talent crisis. This study aims to explore the issue of brain drain by. y. sit. io. er. policies.. Nat. examining current situations and critically discussing government. Firstly, this study will address and collect the relevant theories and. n. a. v. l C literatures to provide a comparative analytical schema of the problems. ni. hengchi U. Afterward, according to the historical data collection and consolidation, a comparative analysis of research is done through literature review. This study will discuss the status and practice of talent recruitment of China, Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore in a systematic way. Moreover, industrial restructuring poses challenges to the human resource strategies of research, enterprise, and higher education with regards to talent "Incubation (育才)", "Maintaining (留才)", and "Recruiting (攬才)". In sum, statistic data and Government policies were investigated and evaluated to find out solutions to talent crisis in Taiwan. Keyword: Brain Drain, Talent, Incubation, Maintaining, Recruiting ii.

(5) TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1、Introduction 1.1. Background……………………………………………………..4. 1.2 Study motivation and purpose………………………………..9 1.2.1. Study motivation…………………………………………….9. 1.2.2 Study purpose………………………………………………..11 1.3. 政治大 Research Methods…………………………………………...14 立. Research Methods/Processes………………………………….14. 1.3.1. 1.3.2 Process of Research………………………………………….15. ‧ 國. 學. 1.4. The research scope, content and limitations…………………16. ‧. 1.4.1 The research scope…………………………………………..16. sit. y. Nat. 1.4.2 The research content………………………………………...17. n. al. er. io. 1.4.3 The research limitations…………………………………….18. Ch. hi. en. i n U. v. gc Chapter 2、The theory of globalization and human capital flow 2.1. Preface………………………………………………………….22. 2.2. The globalization theory and human capital flow…………...23. 2.2.1. Led by financial capitalism………………………………….23. 2.2.2. The world divition and North-South differences……………24. 2.2.3. Regional trends………………………………………………24. 2.3. The theory of knowledge, creative economy and human iii.

(6) capital flow……………………………………………………27 2.3.1. Neo-classical Economic Theory…………………………….27. 2.3.2 The theory of global division of labour force and international trade…………………………………………………………28 2.3.3 Secialized division of labor and endogenous growth theory………………………………………………………..30 2.3.3.1. External, increasing returns and economic growth……...31. 2.3.3.2. Division of labor and economic growth………………….32. 政治大. ‧ 國. 學. Chapter 3、The development of Taiwanese industries 立 and human capital 3.1 The business cycle and stages of economic development….34. ‧. 3.1.1 The period of economic recovery(1949-1952) …………………...38. Nat. sit. y. 3.1.2 The period of agricultural workers (1952-1960) ………………….38. er. io. 3.1.3 The period of export-oriented(1961-1985) ……………………….39. n. a l transformation (1986-1996) 3.1.4 Period of economic i v …………………40. n U engchi 3.2 The history of industrial development and personnel training43. Ch. 3.2.1 1950's-Mainly importing substitution……………………………..43 3.2.2. 1960's-Export-orientation…………………………………………43. 3.2.3 1970's-The economic take-off period……………………………..44 3.2.4 1980's-The economies transition………………………………….46 3.2.5 1990's-The period of economic plan acceptance………………….47 3.2.6 2000'-The diversified economy plan………………………………48. iv.

(7) Chapter 4、The talent competition of the Asian countries 4.1. Hong Kong……………………………………………………..54. 4.2. Singapore………………………………………………………57. 4.3. Korea…………………………………………………………...60. 4.4. China…………………………………………………………...64. 4.4.1. The talent foundation in the past………………………...64. 4.4.1.1. From the "211 Project" to the "985 Project"………………64. 4.4.1.2 Academic awards and 「Cheung Kong Scholar. 治政大 ………………………69 The Diversities of Higher Education 立. achievement award 」 …………………………………………66. 4.4.1.4. 學. 4.4.2. International learning environment…………………………71. ‧ 國. 4.4.1.3. The current talent strategy……………………………….72 International learning environment…………………………72. ‧. 4.4.2.1. y. Nat. 4.4.2.2 The phenomenon of the mitigation talents countercurrent 74. er. io. sit. 4.4.2.3 Active involvement of the central and local government…75 4.4.2.4 The improvement significantly of the quality of human. al. n. v i n re s o u rc e s …C ……………………… h e n g c h i U… … … … … … … … … … 7 6. Chapter 5、The Taiwanese Personnel Status 5.1 Talents incubation…………………………………………………80 5.1.1. The aspect of the basic level talented people………………….80. 5.1.2. The aspect of the mid-level talented people…………………..81. 5.1.2.1 Lack of well- training system ………………………………………81 5.1.2.2 One does not do what one has learned in the domestic education ……………………………………………………………82 v.

(8) 5.1.2.3 The number of study abroad without increasing…………………84 5.1.3. The aspect of the high-level talented people………………….87. 5.1.3.1 Diploma does not equal employment ……………………………87 5.1.3.2 Education is gradually moving towards the M-type……………88. 5.2. Talents Maintaining………………………………………………90. 5.2.1. The aspect of the basic level talented people………………….90. 5.2.2. The aspect of the mid-level talented people…………………...92. 5.2.2.1 The impacts would be a tremendous in the industries …………92. 政治大 Overseas 立work………………………………………………93. 5.2.2.2 Increased the willingness of overseas work………………………93 5.2.2.2.1. ‧ 國. 5.2.3. 學. 5.2.2.2.2 West-ward working in China……………………………….95. The aspect of the high-level talented people…………………96. ‧. 5.2.3.1 Populist rule treated equal…………………………………………96. y. Nat. sit. 5.2.3.2 The "Brain Drain" of the academic and technology fields……97. a. er. io. 5.2.3.3 Overseas scholars are unwilling to back to Taiwan……………98. n. v task …………99 l shall take the enrollment 5.2.3.4 The professors ni Ch. engchi U. 5.3 Talents Recruiting………………………………………………..101 5.3.1. The aspect of the mid-level talented people………………….103. 5.3.1.1 Foreign students……………………………………………………103 5.3.1.2 Three limits and six noes for the Chinese students……………104 5.3.2. The aspect of the high-level talented people ……………….…106. 5.3.2.1 The flexible payment system without efficiency……...…………106 5.3.2.2 Talent courtesy effect is limited……………………….…………107. vi.

(9) Chapter 6、The reasons of Brain Drain and the response strategies 6.1. The reasons of Taiwan's Brain Drain………………………….109. 6.1.1. Development of higher education imbalance…………………..110. 6.1.2. Acts and Policies unrepentant………………………………….110. 6.1.3. Industrial restructuring slow……………………………………111. 6.1.4. Salary structure caused the adverse recruiting………………….112. 6.1.5. The tax shortage is not conducive to the talent competition….113. 6.1.6. The shareholder dividends limited the development of talent..114. The strategies. 6.2.1. 立. The program for shorten the gap between learning and. 學. ‧ 國. 6.2. 政治大 of the government …………………...116. training……………………………………………………….117 To promote the employability of the students……………117. ‧. 6.2.1.1. sit. y. Nat. 6.2.1.2 To enhance the matching platform………………………….119. io. er. 6.2.1.3 Continual improving the quality of labor force……………...120 6.2.1.4 To strengthen the linking of the local personnel’s with. n. al. international. v i n Ch standards………………………………………121 engchi U. 6.2.2. The program of economic momentum upgrading………….121. 6.2.3. The Golden Ten Years………………………………………121. 6.2.3.1 The innovation of the science and technology……………..121 6.2.3.2 Promoting the employment………………………………… 122 6.2.3.3 The education innovation…………………………………… 122. Chapter 7、The Conclusions and Recommendations 7.1. Conclusion…………………………………………………….......126 vii.

(10) 7.2. Recommendations……………………………………………...131. 7.2.1 「Incubating Talents」………………………………………..131 7.2.1.1 The part of Government …………………………………………131 7.2.1.1.1 To help obtain a professional license…………………..131 7.2.1.1.2 The development of interdisciplinary talents……………131 7.2.1.1.3 Reform of the higher education system………………...132 7.2.1.1.4 Emphasis on human resources of the new residents…...134 7.2.1.2 The part of enterprises …………………………………………135. 政治大. 7.2.1.2.1 The establishment of talent smiling curve……………...135. 立. 7.2.1.2.2 The establishment of brand image……………………...136. ‧ 國. 學. 7.2.2 The jobs of "Incubating talents" and "Recruiting talents"136 7.2.2.1 The part of government…………………………………………136. ‧. 7.2.2.1.1 To provide the healthy infrastructure and construction.....136. y. Nat. Improve the administrative efficiency………………….137. sit. 7.2.2.1.2. a. er. io. 7.2.2.1.3 Substantially relax the Immigration Act………………..138. n. 7.2.2.1.4 The implementation of the investment i v protection l. n U engchi agreement………………………………………………….139. 7.2.2.2. Ch. The part of enterprises…………………………………………140. 7.2.2.2.1 Improving the personnel salary…………………………140 7.2.2.2.2 Promote the industrial restructuring…………………….141. Bibliography Ⅰ、Doctor /Master Thesis………………………………………….143 Ⅱ、Books……………………………………………………………..144 Ⅲ、Seminar papers…………………………………………………145. viii.

(11) Table Table-1. Recession Cycle from 1785 to 21 Century………………..…5. Table-2. The communications records…………………………….…20. Table-3. The differences between the "Industrial society" and "Post-industrial society"………………………………….…26. Table-4. Four stages of business cycle…………………………….…35. Table-5. Taiwan Business Cycle…………………………………...…36. Table-6. The GDP accounted for the proportion of each industry…42. Table-7. Foreigners by Nationality in Korea in 2000……………...…61. Table-8. The comparison of the objectives and functions of "211. Table-9. 政治大 The recipients of Cheung Kong Achievement Award………68 立 The Performance of Taiwan Scientific Exhibition Project" and "985 Project "……………………………..…66. 學. ‧ 國. Table-10. 2011-2012………………………………………………..…82 Table-11. The admitted numbers of each type of scholarships. ‧. 2009-2011………………………………………………..…85 A percentage of the national education expenses in the GDP. y. Nat. Table-12. io. The Numbers of the Residences in Taiwan……………..…101. er. Table-13. sit. in 2011…………………………………………………..…100 The numberaof i v the employment l foreign professionals with. Table-15. The number of Aliens Residence permit in Taiwan 2002-2011. n. Table-14. n. C. hengchi U permit in Taiwan………………………………………...…102 …………………………………………………………..…103. Table-16. The numbers of the overseas students studying in Taiwan 2006-2011……………………………………..…104. Table-17. The numbers of the Chinese students study in Taiwan……105. Table-18. The welfare comparisons of Chinese and foreign students in Taiwan…………………………………………………..…106. Table-19. The courtesy comparisons of the three cards…………...…108. Table-20. The salary comparisons of the professors in the Asian countries…………………………………………………...113 ix.

(12) Figure Figure-1 The economic recovery cycle...................................................5 Figure-2 The Business Cycles...............................................................35 Figure-3 Taiwanese economic monitoring indicators, 1984-2010......37 Figure-4 Taiwanese unemployment rate, 1978-2010............................37 Figure-5 The amount of Hong Kong students studying in USA, 2002-2011……………………………………………….......56 Figure-6 The amount of Korea students studying in USA, 2002-2011…………………………………………………...60. 學. ‧ 國. Figure-7. 治政大and doctoral students in The enrolment numbers of the master 立 1997-2008...............................................................................70. Figure-8 The numbers of the postgraduate admissions and enrollments. ‧. in 1993-2008...........................................................................70 Figure-9 The amount of China students studying in USA,. y. Nat. er. io. sit. 2001-2011..............................................................................75 Figure-10 The amounts of Taiwan students study in the United States. n. a. iv. l C 2000-2010...............................................................................86 n. hengchi U. Figure-11 The number of students study abroad 1999-2008………........86. x.

(13) Appendix Appendix-1. Academia Sinica............................................................146. Appendix-2. National Science Council…………………………......146. Appendix-3. Industrial Technology Research Institute…………......147. Appendix-4. National Taiwan University...........................................147. Appendix-5. National Chiao-Tung University...................................147. Appendix-6. National Cheng-Kung University..................................148. Appendix-7. National Taiwan Normal University.............................148. Appendix-8. The Foreign Trade Association......................................148. Appendix-9. 學. ‧ 國. Appendix-10. 治政大 1111-Job Bank...............................................................149 立 518-Job Bank.................................................................149. Appendix-11 104-Job Bank……………………………………….....150. ‧. Appendix-12 E-Job Bank....................................................................150 Appendix-13 The Vision Magazine.....................................................151. y. Nat. er. io. sit. Appendix-14 Commonwealth Magazine.............................................151 Appendix-15 National Immigration Agency…………………….......151. n. a. iv. l C Development Bureau……………….....152 Appendix-16 The Industrial n. hengchi U. Appendix-17 Mainland Affairs Council..............................................152 Appendix-18 The Vocational Training Council..................................153 Appendix-19 National Youth Commission.........................................153. xi.

(14) Chapter 1、Introduction In the past, Taiwan, a small country, manufactured a number of products that are the first in the world. Taiwan is considered the most outstanding electronic technology producing country, which has created an economic miracle that tided over Asian financial crisis. However, the economic growth could not sustain as the result of overhaul of global economic structures and technology development during the past ten years. Furthermore, Taiwan faced serious human resource shortage comparing to China, Korea, and Singapore.. 治政 The competitiveness of Taiwan is gradually behind大 because of human talent loss. This 立 Government should pay more attention on this problem, and take policies to effectively ‧ 國. 學. address the worsening "brain drain1" situation.. ‧. "Human Capital" represents a national "soft power", which is the key to competition. Korea Samsung President Lee Kun-Hee (李健熙) said: "A genius can feed 1 million. y. Nat. io. sit. people2". It is clear that Korea Government considers the national development not possible. n. al. er. without talent. In addition, the Chinese Government aims to go from the "human resource. Ch. i n U. v. state" to the "talent state 3 " with talent-hunting plans in order to mitigate the talent. engchi. countercurrent. In addition, China began to implement "The thousand people plan" at the end of 2008 that aimed to recruit talent, cultivated brains by enhancing education quality and implemented talent-hunting project to uptake 2000 overseas high-tech scientists, higher-level management talent and entrepreneurs who are willing to return to China. China expects to 1. 2 3. The Dictionary of Modern Economics, edited by D. W. Pearce (1981), The Macmillan press, London. Brain Drain means the migration of educated and skilled labor from poorer to richer countries. Education skill, which represents investment in human capital, is usually cheaper to acquire in poorer, labor abundant countries, since its provision is usually a labor intensive activity. Those with the skills or education then move to more developed countries where the return to their human capital is higher. Such migration is often encouraged by laws and institutional factors, as most countries look more favourably on immigration by those with skills than those without. 聯合報，《韓攬才政策／有一個天才就可養活百萬人》，2012 年 6 月 22 日。天下雜誌，《花大錢、給舞台搶世界人才》，2012 年 9 月 20 日，第 481 期. 1.

(15) transform 230 million farmers and non-skilled workers to be skilled workers and professionals in 2020. The PRC Premier Wen Jia-Bao(溫家寶) stated at "Twelve-Five(十二五)" in the Government report an important declaration wich called attention to the emphasis on discipline construction and speeding up the upgrading of a group of excellent universities. A comprehensive project to strengthen training programs for high-level and high skills talent aims to create a large number of technological innovation talents to meet the shortage of. 政治大. talents during 10-year implementation plan of national medium-term and long-term talent. 立. development. It will cultivate 42 million business management experts, 3.8 million research. ‧ 國. 學. personnel people, 4 million innovation technological experts and 8 million medical experts as the cultivation target.. ‧. Taiwan suffers more threats and pressure when facing the aggressive talent hunting. Nat. sit. y. project from China. Thomas Friedman, a famous columnist of the New York Times in the. n. al. er. io. United States, noted on April 2012 by pointing out the fact that even though Taiwan lacks. i n U. v. natural resources, the performance and achievements of skilled experts4 of this island is. Ch. engchi. quite impressive. However, the gradual loss of competitive advantage due to the lack of professional experts looms large. Wong Chi-Huey's (翁啟惠), the Academia Sinica President, offered the Government with a proposal in 2011 called "Declaration of human talents" to call attention to the issue of the human talent shortage. In April 2012, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Singapore Vice-Prime Minister5, made negative comments on Taiwan’s human talents while. 4 台灣經濟研究院院長洪德生，《檢視我國人才流失問題(卓越雜誌文稿)》，2012 年 6 月 1 日。 5 新加坡海峽時報，《人才閉關將重演台灣故事》，2012 年 4 月 6 日。At the forum of the National University of Singapore, April 4,The Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam said that the decline in the average salary of the Taiwanese because the closed-door policy adopted for the foreign talents that simultaneously the best and brightest talents in Taiwan relocated to China, the United States and other countries.. 2.

(16) our Minister without Portfolio, Guan Zhong-min (管中閔) also warmed that Taiwan faces serious problems of human talent shortage and shall know the importance of recruiting international skilled persons.. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 3. i n U. v.

(17) Section 1、Background From the view of the human development history, the industrial revolution began rendering "Surf's up type" evolution since the 18th century (Table-1 Recession Cycle from 1785 to the 21 Century). With the invention of the steam engine and machine that replaced human power, human life had a huge evolution from agricultural type to post-agricultrual one that speeded up the progressive period. Since then, the computer invention and telecommunication in 1970 moved the global economic development to an innovative stage. 治政 that generated many financial giants and entrepreneurs. 大Because of the human greed and 立 manipulation, the world suffered a series of economic crises in the past two centuries, such ‧ 國. 學. as the Great Depression of 1930s, the oil crisis of 1970s, the Internet Bubble of 1990s, 2008. ‧. Lehman Brothers bankruptcy resulting in the emergence of bank closures and the 2011 debt crisis. The global economic downturn cycle with the trend of globalization suggested that the. y. Nat. io. sit. economic cycle shortened (Figure-1 The economic recovery cycle) and the recovery time. n. al. er. gradually elongated. The phenomenon of the economic downturn will be the norm in the. Ch. i n U. future and people should seek new economic solutions.. engchi. 4. v.

(18) Table-1 Recession Cycle from 1785 to the 21 Century Recession Cycle Era Duration（years）. Wave 1. Wave 2. Wave 3. Wave 4. Wave 5. 1785-1845 60. 1845~1900 55. 1900~1950 50. 1950~1990 40. 1990~2020 30 Energy Technolog y (energy-co nservation). Energy. Waterwheel 、Water Conservancy. Vapor. Mental. Iron. Steel. 立. 政治 Chemicals 大 Textile (Nylon. Petro-che micals. products). 學. Railway News. Telegram. Telephone. ‧. Telecomm unications industry (e-mail). Digital network (Software. Search engine). y. sit. Nat. Ref Resources: The organization by myself Figure-1 The economic recovery cycle. io. n. al. er. Media. Textile. ‧ 國. Indust Bioche ry mical. Internal-c ombustion engine. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Ref Resources: Vanderbilt University. 5.

(19) In 1980, the information revolution brought sweeping changes to the world. Even the United States who commands the world supremacy, also made great efforts recruiting human talents by adopting openness-inclusive policy. Anyone who meets the required qualification is the target of recruitment. This open-up policy made USA a superpower in science and technology, culture, and economy. After the Iran-Iraq war, the 911 terrorist attacks, the collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008, and the European debt crisis in 2011, the United States still pursues the next trends of the industrial development such as energy-saving, bio-tech,. 政治大. high technology to seek new economic growth opportunities as the force of the economic. 立. recovery. United States, full of human talents, still recruits more and more capable human. ‧ 國. 學. resources because she believes "Those who are able to master the key technologies will be able to make smooth and successful transition and dominate the global power". Even as the. ‧. top super power nations, the United States and China are urgent to recruit human talents,. Nat. sit. y. while Taiwan, only a small island without natural resources, faces talent crisis that is more. n. al. er. io. serious than other countries.. i n U. v. After the 2008 financial crisis, the global forecast is that the Asia-Pacific region will. Ch. engchi. become the major focus of future development and the most competitive region for the demands of human talents6, in which China has the most aggressive attitudes. The former President of the Communist Party, Deng Xiao-ping, decided the reform and opening-up policy in the "the 11th plenum" of the Chinese Communists in 1978 that speeds up the growth of China economy and the GDP growth rate is 10% annually. The achievements include not only the infrastructures such as railway, highway, or airport construction, but also the "211 project(211 工程)", "985 project(985 工程)" and the "Thousand person plan(千人計劃)", which are positive developments of software construction and layout. After the Global 6. 翁啟惠，中央研究院，《人才宣言》， 2011 年。. 6.

(20) financial crisis in 2008, China used the policies of "Loose Currency(寬鬆貨幣)", "Cars to the countryside(汽車下鄉)" and "Electronics to the countryside(家電下鄉)" to expand the domestic demands and tided over the crisis smoothly. European debt crisis in 2011 slowed down economic growth rate as a result of decreasing the consumption and expenditures. Moreover, the productions of Chinese enterprises over-supply and environmental awareness is raised. The Chinese Government asked the enterprises to upgrade under "Empty new Cage for new birds ( 騰籠換鳥 )" policy. The Communist Party began to pay attention to. 政治大. talent-cultivation and recognized the importance of the change that the human resources in the. 立. future have to be transferred from the "Human Power" toward the "Human Talents", hoping to. ‧ 國. 學. gain access to the key technologies and high-tech talents, so that China could seek the new leading position among economic superpowers. In addition, Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea. ‧. and other East Asian countries or regions have the talents competition war through. Nat. sit. y. substantially changing the national laws and policies to recruit more capable human resources.. n. al. er. io. In the past, the talent-cultivation in Taiwan started from Li Kwoh-ting (李國鼎) and. i n U. v. Premier Sun Yun-Suan (孫運璿) who had the insights with the precision vision and active. Ch. engchi. attitudes. In the period of 1970', the government promoted the excellent talents to the western countries for advanced study in order to learn new knowledge and technologies, or through the domestic cultivation of excellent universities to produce talents such as technological specialists of Lin Bai-Li (林百里), and Stan Shih (施振榮), or through the patriotic sentiment to recruit the world outstanding scientists back to Taiwan such as Morris Chang (張忠謀) and Lee Yuan-tseh (李遠哲). Taiwan economy rendered in the high-speed growth, not only in terms of economic performance as the first among "Asian Tigers (亞洲四小龍)", but also creating the "Economic Miracle" that won global awareness of Taiwanese tenacity and diligence. 7.

(21) Currently, Taiwan’s economy under the global interaction effect, has negative growth and unemployment problem so that economic issue as well as talent issues become a high concern, especially when the East Asian countries strongly compete for the talents through attracting salaries. However, the talent-hunting policies in Taiwan comparing with other countries seems to be slightly weak, and worse still is the education reform that seemed to fail its mission. Moreover, Taiwan research environment is not international enough and The incentives of headhunting are not attractive enough, which result in losing the talents and have. 政治大. enormously impact on the country's future development.. 立. During the financial tsunami and economic crisis, every country finds the solution. ‧ 國. 學. eagerly and new economic growth factors. The talent hunting will become the most important trend in the world. However, Taiwan’s society faces the dilemma of economic stagnation. ‧. growth and industrial restructuring has not much progress. Our Government would like to. Nat. sit. y. solve the manpower problems through the National Science and Technology Conference to. n. al. er. io. exchange the opinions with the proposed solution from the industries, governments, academia. i n U. v. researches. The Government expects to make some important instructions for the personnel. Ch. engchi. policies of shortening the differences of learning and training programs, the program of the economic momentum and the golden ten years in the 20th presidential speech on May 2013. The only way is to adjust the steps as soon as possible to stop quarrelling between the politics and work together making efforts for the future and strengthening the talent cultivation and recruting. If the government policy direction is correct, people should cooperate to overcome the current national embarrassment and create a new economic miracle.. 8.

(22) Section 2、Study motivation and purpose 1.2.1 Study motivation Guan Zhong-min, the Chairman of National Science Council, recently pointed out the topic of "how to face the Taiwan talent crisis" in Science and Technology Development Advisory Parliament that faced four crises7 including "the differences of talent supply and demand", "too rigid of the education institutions", "the inconsistent occupation needs with talent cultivation" and "the loss of international talent competition". If Taiwan does not. 治政 address this dilemma, it will become the next Philippines 大as the "three-level country" within 立 3-5 years. For this phenomenon, the Government should pay more attention on this issue. ‧ 國. 學. Under the globalization, this smoke-free war of the human talents completion has spread. ‧. around the world, particularly in China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea. All countries use money and investment environment as inducement to attract the talents aggressively.. y. Nat. io. sit. As to China, its country power has been changed due to the economic rise quickly no. n. al. er. matter in political, economic, military and soft fields, which are superior to other countries.. Ch. i n U. v. In political area, it has the equal level with the super strong country, United States. In the. engchi. economic area, it replaced Japan as the world second large economic body at the fourth quarter of 2010 and played the important role in 2008 subprime crisis and 2011 Europe debt storm. In the military area, the first aircraft carrier "Liao-Ning" set up on September 2012, and results achievement extraordinary no matter in space, science and technology and military research and development; in soft power, it established the first Confucius Institute in Seoul, Korea in 2004, and Chinese will become the world's second-largest language around the world in the future.. 7. 聯合報，《張忠謀論人才：不缺台清交缺創意人》，2012 年 8 月 8 日。. 9.

(23) Hong Kong under the United Kingdom colonial for 100 years, had received the reputation of "the sun never sets in the east" in 1997. While Hong Kong returned to China, the other countrues considered that its finances would be collapsed. However, after 15 years autonomy and validation, Hong Kong remains its world's advantageous as a financial center. Hong Kong does not begrudge the investment and recruit the talents to create today's strong financial strength and competitiveness. For many years, Singapore has been the best country in the world for the new. 政治大. investors, not by the excellent natural resources, nor the vast land, which depends on good. 立. investment environment, uncorrupted government, and coupled with government execution.. ‧ 國. 學. Thus, it can attract the foreign investment and construction instead of tiny, small that has the powerful force of human resources, which makes Singapore to win several Asian first. ‧. superiorities.. Nat. sit. y. In 1990', Korea suffered the network bubble that has once been announced it was. n. al. er. io. going to be bankrupt. However, Korean Government selected strongly development the. i n U. v. network industry, supported the major enterprises and put the foreign talents into an. Ch. engchi. important position in order to revise and create the new economic agenda. Those supplied the Korea economic continued growth. In 2011, it reversed the economic disadvantage and became the member of "20-508" clubs as the developed countries. In contrast, Taiwan was the first of the four little Asian Tigers in the past, but is not able to compete with other Asian countries such as Singapore, Hong Kong, Korea and China now. Our current human talents faced "succession gap", "lost generations", and “training. 8. 朝鮮日報中文網，《韓國下月進入 20-50 俱樂部全球第七》，2012 年 5 月 28 日。"20-50" means the countries their national per capita income are more than U.S.20,000 dollars with a total population of 50 million people. Currently, South Korea has officially jumped to the developed countries that become the world's seven next to Japan (1987), United States (1988), French , Italy(1990), Germany (1991) and the United Kingdom (1996). 10.

(24) insufficient", and "without competition", combined with the economic negative growth as the last of the "Asian Tigers". The Government has repeatedly stressed that Taiwan is facing a talent crisis and job opportunities that are equally important as the economy. However, the numbers of masters and doctors in Taiwan currently are more than one million and 164 tertiary institutions are responsible for nurturing the higher education personnel. In fact, the numbers of students of the higher education in Taiwan are sufficient to supply the industrial, academic, research and government agencies required, but why the Government still worried. 政治大. about the brain drain issue. The migration of talent is the world trend of the normal social. 立. phenomenon that the reasonable talent flow can promote the social and economic. ‧ 國. 學. development.The United States, Europe, Japan and other developed nations do not worry about the problem of brain drain, while Taiwan is very worried about this issue. Is the brain. ‧. drain caused by the talent crisis or the talent crisis led to a brain drain? The main problems. Nat. n. al. 1.2.2 Study purpose. Ch. engchi. er. io. individuals engaged in the study of brain drain.. sit. y. are Taiwan facing of talent crisis. The above problems prompted the motivation of. i n U. v. "Rome was not built one day". Currently, our country faced the international investment environment recession, the international talents hunting snatching competition fierce, domestic talents leaving seriously, and the differences of human resource qualification largely. Moreover, the news reported that the large amount of Taiwanese bachelors go to New Zealand and Australia for labor working recently. The phenomenon of "generations frustration sense" is getting serious.The average payment of the young people was less than it ten years ago , which led to the rate of college students postponing their graduation up to 19.1% and the rate of the unemployment up to 12% in 2012. That is because more and more 11.

(25) students fear the competition of work and escape through the further study or the Government employment for escaping the employment pressures. National Science Committee on August 7, 2012 held off "Technology development advisory conference". In the Conference, as to the human resources problems in Taiwan, Acer Group founder Stan Shih9 pointed out that Taiwan actually does not have enough human talents but the economic status in Taiwan that cannot provide the good opportunities to young people. Thus, the mass generally said that "this generation is worse than the. 政治大. previous generation", which is not logic and unfair on the young people. Today, because of. 立. the unwilling to do the investment, it makes not enough job opportunities for the young. ‧ 國. 學. people. He said that this generation is worse than the previous generation, which is our responsibility. Morris Chang10, the Chairman of TSMC, said Taiwan is not the lack of the. ‧. PhD of NTU、NTHU and NCTU and nor lack of the basic human resources, but Taiwan is. Nat. sit. y. the lack of mid-level human resources with the creativity and innovation, who are able to. n. al. er. io. convert the science and technology arenas to the economic values.. i n U. v. China, Singapore, Hong Kong and Korea in Asia are the major competition opponents. Ch. engchi. against Taiwan. Their training forces are more aggressive and objective. As to China, the government selected Peking University and Tsinghua University as "985 Major University", in which the students are accepted the professional training courses. As to Singapore and Hong Kong, they do not only provide a better investment environment, but also recruit the global human talents through the excellent payment. Korea has its talent cultivation by strong confidence under the single racial cooperated with the excellent training and innovative research with the large companies such as Samsung and LG that create Korea 9 10. 聯合報，《施振榮論人才：應提供舞台給年青人發揮》，2012 年 8 月 8 日。聯合報，《張忠謀論人才：不缺台清交缺創意人》，2012 年 8 月 8 日。. 12.

(26) have the strong global competitiveness in the network and mobile phone markets. Compared to the other countries, our Government currently is relatively weak in talent cultivation efforts although we have invested on 50 billion education funding for the major universities in five years for human talent training. However, facing the poor international degree and industry competitiveness, the "magnetic effect" of China, and strong head hunting of Asian countries, those factors led to Taiwan in extended recruiting scholars and retained talent work suffering impeded. In recent years, the link of global economy recession. 政治大. influenced the working conditions of employers. The Government has launched numbers of. 立. incubation, mantaining and recruiting personnel policies in order to solve the problem of. ‧ 國. 學. stagnation of the middle class people and the numbers of studying abroad. These will be discussed and evaluated in this thesis as the research purposes.. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 13. i n U. v.

(27) Section 3、Research Methods/Processes 1.3.1 Research Methods As the saying that "the cultivation takes a hundred years", which the National HRD is definitely not just happened recently, but the face of the wave of globalization. Many countries would like to solve the problem of the "Brain Drain" as one of the national competition strategy. In president's. inaugural speech at the 13th President Ceromony11. said the vision of "Golden Ten Years (黃金十年)" building a country of peace, justice and. 治政 happiness. The government will strongly emphasize大 the five points of the strengthen of 立 economic growth momentum, job creation and the implementation of social justice, a ‧ 國. 學. low-carbon green energy environment, the national cultural strength and actively cultivating. ‧. human capital force in order to raise the global competitiveness of the economic momentum that strengthen the personnel training to avoid the brain drain. The personnel training and. y. Nat. io. sit. recruiting has become the government's future objectives that various government. n. al. er. departments also actively adopt the various methods to solve the plight of human capital. Ch. i n U. v. problems by stimulating the economic and professional development and creating the new opportunity of economic miracle.. engchi. Firstly, this study will address and collect the relevant theories and literatures to provide a comparative analysis schema of the problems. Afterward, according to the historical data collection and consolidation, a comparative analysis of research is through the literature review. This study will discuss the status and practice of human capital recruiting for the job situtation of China, Korea, Hong Kong and Singapore in a systematic and complete evaluation. 11. 中央通訊社，《總統馬英九就職演說全文》，2012 年 5 月 21 日。. 14.

(28) Moreover, the evolution of the industrial structure changes which was caused by the quality of human resource, research, enterprise, higher education personnel work of "Incubation (育才)", "Maintaining (留才)", "Recruiting (攬才)". In this study, the number of international students, the willingness westward to work in China, foreign workers, personnel policies and personnel layout will be based on the relevant policies of the departments of the Ministry of Education and other data on higher education to explore the positive approaches of Taiwanese human capital dilemma in the current situation.. 政治大. This study collected related information and data are enclosed: the related e-Books of. 立. China and Taiwan, websites of government, annual reports of education, official documents,. ‧ 國. 學. laws and regulations of education, research reports, journal articles, dissertations, newspaper reviews, and books.. ‧ y. Nat. sit. 1.3.2 Process of Research. n. al 1.3.2.2 Literature review.. er. io. 1.3.2.1 Data collection.. i n U. Ch. e nanalyze 1.3.2.3 To collate, summarize and g c hthei data. 1.3.2.4 Making recommendations and conclusions.. 15. v.

(29) Section 4、The research scope, content and limitations 1.4.1 The research scope Facing the global human capital competition to enhance the national competitiveness and economic strength, every country is increasing human capital recruiting efforts, especially in Asia, such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Korea and China more fierce. The poaching and the flow of human capital has become an universal phenomenon. As to the "brain drain" discussion, this study does not only discuss the. 治政 recruiting status of human capital flow of the Four 大Little Tigers in Asia and China, but 立 also emphasize on practical implementation of the effects, problems and ‧ 國. 學. corresponding countermeasures of "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" work as. ‧. this research subject.. Followed by the good human capital foundation in the 1970s, the advantages of. y. Nat. io. sit. Taiwan human capital have gradually lost due to the fierce fight of political parties and. n. al. er. the more stretched international situation and competition. It is getting harder in the. Ch. i n U. v. implementation of the "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" human capital ,. engchi. although the government has launched the policies of the "22K of bachelor employment program", "57K PhD industry employment program" and "5-year 50 billion major universities plan" to solve the unemployment problem. It is still the urgent needs of palliatives with the global economy and college students' oversupply. The formation of Taiwan human capital becomes that "students cannot do what he learned", "enterprise has working vacancies but no workers", "high-level human capital loss" and "highly educated unemployment rate". In this regard, the Government is strengthening and sophisticating on human. 16.

(30) capital policies through industry, government, academia and research exchange by views and discussions to enhance the communication focusing on the practical solutions. The President will make an important speech focusing on human capital policy, hoping to alleviate the current personnel dilemma on May 20, 2013. Because it is not an easy job to address human capital problem by personal force, this paper is not available to investigate the whole issues easily and original official data are inconvenience collected. For analyzing the further human capital dilemma of. 政治大. Taiwan, this paper will emphasize on the implementation overview and faced. 立. problems of the "Incubation", "Maintaining", "Recruiting" human capital and give the. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. personal opinions for the government.. 1.4.2 The research content. Nat. sit. y. "Human Capital Flow" is the current global attention issues. The progress of. n. al. er. io. civilization and "Human Capital Flow" are the same way. "Human Capital Flow" is. i n U. v. also a common phenomenon among countries. However, this is an important and. Ch. engchi. serious issue how to recruit the needs of human resource and to retain the cultivation of human capital in the country. This study will classify out human capital needs on globalization first, and the effects of human capital flows followed by the economic cycle theory and the industry development history. Furthermore, I will compare Hong Kong, Singapore and Korea of "Asian Little Tigers" and China to understand its existing overview and policy of human capital with the difficulties of human capital policies in Taiwan for the references of our future government human capital policies.. 17.

(31) 1.4.3 The research limitations 1.4.3.1 I was just retired from the army service and had serviced at the important units of the Defense Department, which is limited by the 2nd and 4th item, the ninth article of Ordinance of people relationship of both countries. Moreover, I have signed the "confidential agreement" that is prohibited to enter China. Even though the period of limitation expires, I still will comply with the limitation of prohibiting into China forever to avoid increasing the national and personal plagued. From the data. 政治大. collected, I will gather through a Chinese official government website, statistic data. 立. and academic articles as references for writing direction, the same collecting. ‧ 國. 學. methods with Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore and other countries.. 1.4.3.2 I originally planned to use the the fieldwork investigation in this research to actually. ‧. understand the policies and countermeasures of brain drain of the relevant industry,. Nat. sit. y. academic, research and government by letters (Table-2 The communications records). n. al. er. io. to collect the internal data. However, the Personal Data Protection Act has been. i n U. v. implemented on October 1, 2012. Those authorities in order to avoid conflict with. Ch. engchi. the law declined to provide the internal information or reference. Moreover, my ability is limited without enough social relations for the dynamic data collection. However, to ensure the information reality, credibility, and credibility in the process of writing papers, I will continue to deliberate the government current promoted policies and press releases, as well as references.. 1.4.3.3 For Taiwan, the dynamic situation of "Incubation", "Maintaining", and "Recruiting" human capital is limited by the provisions of Article 10 of the Constitution. "The people have the freedom of movement and residence, freedom". The Article V of the Immigration Law: "The Taiwanese residents have freedom of entry and exit and do 18.

(32) not need to apply for permission except the national security staff". Moreover, the provisions of Article 9 of Ordinance of people relationship of both countries: "The Taiwanese entering China shall be approved by the general outbound inspection program. As to the data of high-tech, academia brain flow, this is not available to gather by the Immigration Department because the passport will not give the information of occupation, purpose outbound and career, only for those restricting the exit. For the residence information about foreigners in Taiwan, it is available. 政治大. through the Immigration website. As to the dynamic data flow of human capital, I. 立. only gathered from the foreigners residence information from the Immigration. ‧ 國. 學. Department and current job investigation parameters of 1111-Job Bank. Thus, the current countermeasures of "Incubation", "Maintaining", and "Recruiting" human. ‧. capital will be collected from the official government statistics and policies as the. Nat. n. al. er. io. sit. y. basic foundation and the job bank as the reference.. Ch. engchi. 19. i n U. v.

(33) Table-2 The communications records Fields. Receiver's E-mail Academia Sinica （aspublic@gate.sinica.edu.tw）. Science Research. National Science Council （misservice@nsc.gov.tw）. 政治大 We cannot. Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) （0800@itri.org.tw）. 立. Reply Content Appendix Please refer to the "Declaration of human 1 capital" and indicate the source. Please contact the personnel training office on November 9 by telephone. After contacting with Leader 2 Gin, he said this information is for internal confidential and it cannot be supplied.. ‧ 國. 學. 3. 4. ‧. n. al. 5. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Industry. this. We can't supply this information to other school's student to protect the security of our students. According to the Ministry of education norms, it is National Chiao Tung currently only available for University the reference of the Council （nc50663@nctu.edu.tw） without released by the public or used for other purposes. Please understand. The employment status National Cheng Kung survey and data Graduate University students have been （em50075@email.ncku.edu.tw） published on the Website of the school. After discussions with the National Taiwan Normal competent educational University assessment Center, this （president@deps.ntnu.edu.tw） information cannot be provided for your reference. Our main business is to help domestic enterprises to recruit overseas human TAITRA capital service. As to the （juliawei@taitra.org.tw） "Brain Drain" statistical data, please obtain from the relevant authorities. National Taiwan Univerity （career@ntu.edu.tw）. Academic. supply. information.. Ch. engchi. 20. i n U. v. 6. 7. 8.

(34) Please find attachment 1111 Job Bank related to the investigation （sylvia@staff.1111.com.tw） of working overseas. 518 Job Bank （service@518.com.tw） 104 Job Bank （lolin.lo104@104.com.tw） E-job Job Bank （FindJOB@mail.ejob.gov.tw）. Currently, we have found similar reports articles, please click on the following Web site. Due to the the Personal Data Protection Act, we cannot supply you the information. Please refer to the public information published by the magazine that we are unable to provide additional data. The magazines already published the relevant information. If you need to search any information, please use the keyword throughout the website.. 政治大. Global Views Monthly （gvm@cwgv.com.tw）. Common Wealth Magazine （bill@cw.com.tw）. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Please refer to the relevant data through the website.. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. ‧. 15. Industrial Development Bureau We don’t have the relevant of the Ministry of Economic statistical data, please refer Affairs to the Web site of CEPD. (service@moeaidb.gov.tw）. 16. sit. er. io. v ni. n. al. y. Please refer to our official website.. Nat. Immigration Department （service@immigration.gov.tw）. Governme nt. 9. Ch. i U e h n c g Mainland Affairs Council We do not have the relevant （macst@mac.gov.tw）. information.. 17. Bureau of Employment and Vocational Training. （b73000026@evta.gov.tw）. Please refer to the Web site of CEPD.. 18. National Youth Commission （jftsaur@nyc.gov.tw）. Please refer to the Web site of CEPD and Education Department.. 19. 21.

(35) Chapter 2、The theory of globalization and human capital flow Section 1、Preface In this information era, knowledge flows quickly and transcends borders. Globalization and Internationalization is almost irresistible. Many successful countries, companies and individuals are able to predict the future and make decisions faster than the others to seize the opportunity and maintain their priority. Globalization refers to all members in political,. 政治大 is a process, which is the phenomenon of social relations integration up due 立. economic, social, and cultural interactive and beyond the borders in the global village. Globalization12. ‧ 國. 學. to the information and communications technology developed. In this era, a head office in the United States of transnational corporations can put the order through the real-time network to. ‧. Taiwanese manufacturers and then the Taiwanese manufacturers put the products'. sit. y. Nat. specifications and data conveyed to the instructions to the China factories for production.. io. al. er. When each country plays the different roles in the production in the sales process, which is. n. able to complete the task by globalization with the geographic barriers restrict collapsed.. 12. Ch. engchi. 張庭，《2010 社會學》，志光文化，第 9 章 22-25 頁。. 22. i n U. v.

(36) Section 2、The globalization theory and human capital flow Since the phenomenon of globalization has been existed from ancient era, the watershed concept of globalization that most people think is from the computer invention in the 1970's by the information revolution. The origins of the term of "globalization" was first introduced by Theodore Levitt13 in 1983, used to describe the significant change in the international economy from 1965 to 1985, that is, goods, services, capital and technology in the global proliferation of phenomena in the fields of production, consumption and investment. The. 治政 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 大 (OECD) Economist S. Estuary in 立 1990 have also adopted this concept that refers to the production factors in speed and on a ‧ 國. 學. scale unprecedented in the global movement to seek an appropriate location and. ‧. configuration14. Ohmae, the Japanese management master, noted in 1990 that the globalized economic activity through the transnational activities such as production, trade and financial. y. Nat. io. sit. integration. The enterprise or region plays a major push to build a new way of social. n. al. er. organization that means the globalization eventually replacing the nationalization.. Ch. i n U. v. When capitalism entered the period of globalization in the late 1970, each country faces. engchi. the fierce competition with each other and the third world country is to survive the crisis in this transitional phase. However, the trends of world globalization including the three characteristics are as follows15:. 2.2.1 Led by financial capitalism With the globalization, the funds of financial markets have the plenty of hot money between movements, like "casino capitalism". When the funds quickly flow between. 13 14 15. Theodore Levitt, 1985. "Globalization of Markets" in the May–June 1983 issue of Harvard Business Review. David Held 著，陳淑玲譯，《全球化大轉變（台北：偉伯文化事業出版社，2001 年 1 月）》，頁 2-13。 Suzanne Keller，《Sociology（台北：雙葉出版社）》。. 23.

(37) the country to country that will lead to the manipulation funds of Investment Company to create the beautiful earnings and profit by the short-term operation strategy replaced the long-term investment. Moreover, the industrial production investment will be reduced for their long-term strategy. This is the reason why the financial credit problems repeatedly and the financial crisis recurrence time shortened that brings the major trauma for the global economy such as the Lehman Brothers debt crisis of the United States in 2008.. 政治大. 2.2.2 The world division and North-South hemisphere differences. 立. Although the funds are rapidly moving everywhere, they do not make the global. ‧ 國. 學. benefit. In 1980, the international funds still focus on their three main sections that are North America, EU and East Asia. In 1960 and 1970, the western countries would like. ‧. to reduce the production cost to invest overseas that indirectly caused third world. Nat. sit. y. countries becoming the newly developed countries. In the past, the lower price. er. io. products from the East Asia and Latin America made the industrial products from and. n. aUnited l C States losing theirn i vcompetitiveness and causing h e n g cunemployment hi U "de-industrialization" and massive eventually. The enterprise Europe. the. competitiveness of the advanced country is no longer dominated by the low cost, instead of the knowledge and innovation of information technology. All countries began to strengthen the personnel training and development.. 2.2.3 Regional trends Due to the Globalization, the funds movement also caused the regional economic association formed. There are two types of associations. One is formed of the Association by the neighbor countries, such as NAFTA, EU, ASEAN, TPP, APEC, TIFA, ECAP, and CJKFTA. When facing the strong competition between country and 24.

(38) country, many countries take the neighbor cooperation to strengthen their regional competitiveness. The regional association is cooperated by economic way. Another association refers to area association in the country, such as the California Silicon Valley, and Peking Zhong-Guan-Cun（中關村）, Hsin-Chu Science Park, Taipei Nei-Hu Technology Park and New York Wall Street. In the globalization process, the regional association gathered special properties and special industry capacity that the local government can skip the central government and attract the external investment. Due. 政治大. to the human capital needs increased, it can combine the regional universities and. 立. research institutions to strengthen the human capital development and related. ‧ 國. 學. commodity research which formed a special economic area based on the knowledge and information. Thus, it is the global industry innovation area, global flow, logistics,. ‧. movement of financial and information flow to become the area of global localization.. Nat. sit. y. The point of globalization is occurred by the period of the "post-industrial. n. al. er. io. society". When the industry development was not the main structure of the economic. i n U. v. development anymore, it was replaced by the formation of service industry and mass. Ch. engchi. consumption. The white-collar workers are replacing the blue-collar workers and the knowledge economy becomes the important sources of social productivity, which is the character of so-called "post-industrial society". What are the differences between the "industrial society" and "post-industrial society"?Bell, a sociologist, stated in 1973 that had five differences including the period occurred, industrial stages, means of production, social levels and productivity （ Tabl-3 The differences between the "Industrial society" and "Post-industrial society"）.. 25.

(39) Table-3 The differences between the "Industrial society"and "Post-industrial society" Industrial society. Post-industrial society. Period occurred. 18 century - 1970. 1970-present. Industrial stages. Industry. Service industry. Means of production. Machines. IT. Social levels. Blue-collar workers. White-collar workers. Productivity. Normal education. Knoledge econmics. 立. 政治Ref Resources: 大 The organization by myself.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 26. i n U. v.

(40) Section 3、The theory of knowledge, creative economy and human capital flow Following by the perspective of globalization, the OECD proposed the view of "Knowledge economy" in 1996. Gross domestic products（GDP） at present of the members of the OECD are over 50% coming from the knowledge-based industries16 .The human resources development will go to the international division of labor and specialization through the knowledge economy happened. The theories of the human resources development and human capital flow are as follows.. 立. 政治大. 2.3.1 Neo-classical Economic Theory17. ‧ 國. 學. Neo-classical Economic Theory is from the economics angle to analyze the. ‧. migration behaviors. The migration is caused by the supply and demands of global labour imbalances due to the individuls hope to obtain maximize profits through. y. Nat. io. sit. migration. The wage differences between countries is produced human capital flows.. n. al. er. When the benefits obtained are greater than the consumption cost and migration. Ch. i n U. v. happened.Massey (1993) pointed out that the wages differences will cause the human. engchi. market heavy distribution continuously to reach the balanced because human resources based on self-consider who will migrate to the high-income areas. The larger wage differences induce the higher human capital flows. The neo-classical economic theory was encountered the difficulty in the 1990's because the theory is based on the wage-gap as the main reason of migration. It does not explain there is an obvious phenomenon of the wage-gap of the European countries 16. 17. 周八俊，迎向新世紀國際經濟一體化（上海：上海人民出版社，1999 年 6 月），頁 182-183。「知識經濟」係指直接建立在知識與信息生產、分配與使用上的經濟，知識為主要生產要素與構成社會經濟發展主體。張靜文（2007），《我國專技移民政策及制度之研究》。國立政治大學行政管理碩士學程，頁 8-9。. 27.