國小校長正向領導對學校效能影響之研究：教師心理資本的多層次中介效果

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(1)1. 國立政治大學「教育與心理研究」 2015 年 9 月，38 卷 3 期，頁 1-36 DOI. 10.3966/102498852015093803001. 國小校長正向領導對學校效能影響之研究：教師心理資本的多層次中介效果吳勁甫*. 摘. 要. 在教育行政與組織行為領域上，正向組織研究與綜觀或多層次中介研究乃是重要的研究趨勢。迄今，仍相當欠缺採正向組織的理論視角與多層次分析方法來剖析校長領導影響學校效能過程之實徵研究。職此，本研究試圖應用正向組織研究中之「正向領導」與「心理資本」的概念，同時考量多層次分析的必要性，提出校長正向領導（學校層次自變項）可透過教師心理資本（教師層次中介變項），影響學校效能（學校層次依變項）之「多層次中介」模式。在分析方法上，本研究採取新近發展可處理多層次資料，並能克服傳統研究限制及缺失之多層次結構方程模式，用以檢測教師心理資本之多層次中介效果。研究結果顯示，在學校層次上，校長正向領導可直接正向影響學校效能。此外，校長正向領導亦可透過教師心理資本之多層次中介作用，間接正向影響學校效能。關鍵詞：心理資本、正向領導、多層次中介、學校效能 *. 吳勁甫：國立中興大學教師專業發展研究所副教授誌謝：本文係由科技部（原國科會）贊助之專題研究計畫（NSC 100-2410-H-005-047-）的部分成果改寫而成，特此致謝！另外，特別感謝兩位匿名審查者所提供之修改建議！電子郵件：fu123uf@dragon.nchu.edu.tw 收件日期：2014.05.23；修改日期：2014.10.20；接受日期：2014.12.05.

(2) 2. Journal of Education & Psychology September, 2015, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 1-36. Impact of Principals’ Positive Leadership on School Effectiveness in Elementary Schools: The Multilevel Mediation Effects of Teachers’ Psychological Capital Jin-Fu Wu*. Abstract. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationships among principals’ positive leadership, teachers’ psychological capital and school effectiveness based on the relatively new perspectives of positive organizational research and meso-mediation research. In order to elucidate the complex relationships among variables, this study used multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) to examine the multilevel mediation model. The results showed that principals’ positive leadership has direct effects on school effectiveness in elementary schools in the school level. Furthermore, the results obtained in the study showed that teachers’ psychological capital has the multilevel mediated effects of principals’ positive leadership on school effectiveness in the school level.. Keywords: psychological capital, positive leadership, multilevel mediation, school effectiveness *. Jin-Fu Wu: Associate Professor, Institute of Professional Development for Educators, National Chung Hsing University E-mail: fu123uf@dragon.nchu.edu.tw. Manuscript received: 2014.05.23; Revised: 2014.10.20; Accepted: 2014.12.05.

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(29) 國小校長正向領導對學校效能影響之研究：教師心理資本的多層次中介效果. 效能之表現更上層樓。. 29. 免。此外，在中介效果之檢測上，又可. 就後續研究而言，可考慮之方向. 使用貝氏可靠性區間（ credible. 如下：其一、教育行政與組織行為研究. interval）來判斷。而基於貝氏取向的. 者可嘗試採取本研究在多層次中介效果. 優勢，後續研究者亦可考慮採此進行多. 模式之分析做法，針對校長領導影響學. 層次結構方程模式之分析。. 校效能之研究議題，提出及檢測各種可. 最後，就學校效能之評估而言，. 能的多層次中介模式。先前之研究受限. 本研究係採取競值架構的視角，此乃具. 於統計方法之進展，一直未能妥適處理. 有多元、統整與全面特性的組織效能理. 綜觀或多層次中介之研究觀點，現既已. 論模式，因而是學校效能研究中之核心. 有適合的方法可資應用，研究者即可順. 理論觀點。值得說明的是，正向組織研. 應此研究趨勢從事相關研究。. 究在近年來業已發展出研究效能的新取. 其二、在研究設計及分析上，多. 向，亦即正向超越或偏差（ positive. 層次結構方程模式方法之應用在學校數. deviance ）之概念（ Cameron, 2005,. 目有一定的要求，例如可達50至100所. 2010 ）。教育行政與組織行為論者認. （Meuleman & Billiet, 2009; Preacher et. 為，強調學校正向優異表現之正向超越. al., 2010）。另外，在模式分析上，可能. 的研究取向乃學校效能研究的新典範. 遭遇估計無法收斂或者變異數為負等難. （蔡進雄，2013）。迄今，仍欠缺發展. 題，相關分析實務問題之處理皆要求研. 良好的量表來衡量學校正向超越之概. 究者須對多層次結構方程模式之方法有. 念，因而相關實徵研究極為罕見，此正. 相當程度的了解（ Heck & Thomas,. 處萌芽發展階段。建議未來的研究者或. 2009; Hox, 2010; Stapleton, 2013）。在. 許可將其視為焦點，進一步去檢證校長. 多層次結構方程模式方法之最新進展. 正向領導、教師心理資本與學校正向超. 上，有統計方法論者認為可在貝氏取向. 越之關聯。. （ Bayesian perspective ）下從事分析（Hox, Moerbeek, Kluytmans, & van de Schoot, 2014; Hox & van de Schoot, 2013; Hox, van de Schoot, & Matthijsse, 2012; Kaplan & Depaoli, 2012）。貝氏取向之優勢處在於可將層次二樣本數之要求降低（如20所學校即可），而常見的分析難題（如變異數為負）亦可有效避. 參考文獻方杰、溫忠麟、張敏強、任皓（2014）。基於結構方程模型的多層中介效應分析。心理科學進展， 22 （ 3 ）， 530539。【Fang, J., Wen, Z. L., Zhang, M. Q., & Ren, H. (2014). Analyzing multilevel mediation using multilevel structural equation models. Advances in Psychological.

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