水 • 心象 • 舞動生命線— 徐珈惠抽象油畫創作論述

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(1)4,e=@@<{ <j Graduate School of Fine Arts National Taichung University Master’s Thesis. t • U¡ • $}/ RyXY¡w~¨ Water • Image • Dancing Lifeline 2 Discussion on Hsu Chia-huei's abstract oil painting. [Ke] ® n« e] Advisor: Professor Ni Chao-lung }ɾ RyX c Student: Hsu Chia-huei q4 *Ql June 2008.

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(3) tU¡$}/ RyXY¡w~¨ ` . ǢȤǀʝ^Ä÷ǢǀƷ'ǧǢǫŧʆ@aʝɪJƂɗűǌǫóǳʝţʇ ȿɛȺǧʝdȁǴ ɴƊȄʝɣ¿ǙdǫɌŜǬǫ^ǢÕɂőŬțʝ ǃ ƟȠǝĆēėʝ ŧɗƟnTŅēėʝOȔǐȴʃɷʁëʝȱÓȠǝɼŸȤ ǢÕʒʑʝȉ^ʒƤǜɿʝĻǅ Ƿȟɸǹɻʟɩɯȧ§ǢÕȑǫǋȑʕ £ʝȶǠƭǰǸ'nTǫƂɗdʎƵ ʐʝ÷ČǡƊɅʝţÊƢȚċɰťȎɆɢǃǫǞɛűǌǧʟţȗ ČżƋÄǫǵŭdǣǭȺǑűɒɺǧŭŲŬȐʟţÜČ,ĆɗǜŞÖʇȿ ȠŢdǙűüƜȩʟ ţǠ\*ȘȯɇĝƱȸƚƂɗȶǠ*ȘưƚƂɗŬȐ dȿʝƂɗȯȵ÷ËǒǫǈʉǾɓʍʝiŬțnTƂɗȖǥǫǧņƚÐ ȏÍ'ȸȯȵǡɎǫǰǸʝ^ǡɎƱȤȏÍǊǧņƿȂdȶǠ,ǡ ŪʟƾʝdɮǣćƯȤƁǊĤʑʝıǡɎȪĤĤʀǫdȶǠʝ ɩ ɯ×ɛŬțǊ ʝ^diÉŬǡɎʝdǙd×űüŇƾǫƋƜʟƣƬʝɈ ɶdŹƲ\ȶd×ʝ^ɍƝnT÷Ƃɗǆǥǫdȿʚʝ ƋHʚȋɎdǙ ƿȂȍd,ǮŬȤƫidƚÐ,ƊɅ ƭɎƕƳƹʝ^ǢÕǙ'ŧʝ ǃǙʍƯ ġʝȋÍŧɗǫǡŪŞŗʝ ȮǤȧ§ǢÕȑǫƁǊćƯʝĖŹȂʈÐǫȂȍdʝ 36 śd×ʟ ƋɎƕǃŧɗȧ§ǢÕȑ– šǟůƂɗǆǥdɎɧǃʝƟŻʝ Ɵdʝ3ƟTǢʝƪƧçɞȿȜŋʔÿȿ(sublime)ǫŭŲ. ʞʇȿɛȺŧɗȧ§Ǡ\*ȘȯȵƂɗȶǠ*Ș ii.

(4) Water • Image • Dancing Lifeline Discussion on Hsu Chia-huei's abstract oil painting. Abstract Meditating upon life and death, and the spiritual events in-between the two, abstract icons depart from contemplation and the essence of recognition, to explore the spirit, resulting in their transformation into a creative language. Thinking from the perspective of life, I discovered that “water” is a symbol for the macro-universe in nature, and “image” is the symbol for the micro-reflection of man, the interaction of which becomes a double metaphor. The ultimate experience will then seek for a space full of energy. Considering nature and the experience of life, through the magic power of the line in “Dancing Lifeline” I intend to fathom my abstract style of painting in this research. First, I would like to examine the theory. Departing from the essence and connotations of water in the Tao Te Ching (Laozi), this thesis employs empathy, intuition, and the development of the subconscious discussed in aesthetics to explore my feelings and thinking. Then, the mindscape in the painting will be sublimated into the realms of shapeless form and contemplation. In addition, from an analysis of abstract expression by modernist art critics in the West, Eastern thoughts on abstract painting, and the issues of abstract painting in Taiwan, I would like to delve into my personal style of abstract painting. Integrating theories of China and Western art with the method of “theoretical analysis and synthesis,” I have developed a creative outlook for this series of paintings. Moreover, I also experiment in the use of media,. iii.

(5) materials, and presentation skills to apply my theory into practice. Through “quality thinking”, I proceed to meditate on this theory as a process of sublimation of the realm in my works. Finally, I would like to interpret my works to explain my creative outlook in abstract oil painting. In conclusion, five points are proposed as a discussion of this system of works concerning the style of my painting in the future. The framework of this thesis centers on life, with “water” as the raw material and contents. Integrating the concept and form of “image”, through “Dancing Lifeline” as techniques and materials, I completed 3 series of themed paintings from 6 perspectives, for a total of 36. As a result, I propose this thesis entitled “Water, Image, Dancing Lifeline –Discussion on Hsu Chia-huei's abstract oil painting.” Water is me; my creation as well as my life. I hope to arouse the viewers’ feelings of the sublime through my paintings.. Keywords: contemplation , essence of recognition , image , dancing , Modernism Art , Abstract Expressionism. iv.

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(136) . . µ¹ ®°/Å«ª. 0$Ηάł̊. ͹ſҭɌәƩϗ̿ΊιǇO7˛Еɭ̍ҫŲәƩʄ҅¿=Š˙ΈҀ͵әz ϵ˅$͹ſ͙ȭә÷˜̴ҳӀ̳ѡѡŞДДә *͹ſ+ әєʄą͆΄ƈә͗sȑʏ θ˶҄ʵġѠˑРә£̣͋ЃʄΊˏɁñϸĎƩɞȶΊϷҵ%̲̳Ʃ΁ƣ ҉ә ѧѨѻČЃ͚ͽɹŧ͹ſΊ̲ѭƀǦǭΊϼҐ әєɹǬ͙Ҡʹǅә÷˜ƩюƇә ˜ƩǠϯ%ͪЃҰӔҳȒ0˧͙ҤΊƪO̴әĎɞGͽŠ̸țɮϙә0ȯȯǑ ǃƲЉϰ̀7ɞһәҚǓs͉ɶёƀЃʄΊȒт%ѶΩνΡĎ҇Ίўӕ·͹Ιʱ ͺ͹Ί*ўб+ә¼ʄѻ0̑Ȓ͹ſ˫ўΊб ɬƀɞOɶіΊѺόͺ͹sІѢ ә ͗sҚʙˡ̸Č$ˡȻ̪ΊчзˏɁә˦sĳ»Ίɤһ% ҥЕ˝қʩѻЅ͹ſ̒ΨΊѭѓәόǚ$ʁǞīĢǙәɗε0̌ϸīǝǶЧ ì¿ɞѥϷΊ҆ĭҚǓәΎīŧϩ̛̈́ӃʂҗΊˌ͹ſżżДƪәʓƩʁOΊ҆ §ΒǿɹłәǪďӍӇ̘͗аΊӆéЅƒɫә˜͹ſΊū0ÔˑΨ%͹ſƀ͹ ̰˜0ӍđҳәɗΠ˥͹̰OΑ͹ſ˫ўәĞɗЃʄ͹ſOӍӇ͹̰ΏїәˌΊ Ӎɬƀ·ͳ˥=ˍ̀ͳәЙСΊ͹ſɴ·͜Ϟ͟͠әƩϒ̒*͹Ѕ̔+ΊъҼɔә Ƣϳȼġ0ξĦΊĳ»»Ɓ%ɨɶʯ͐Еɇ$Њː΀ȩ7әȖ÷ƩЈłЃȦΊ ͹ſϜ˹әѠƩɹǬΊˤİϜә˜ωϻ$Ģǝ$ўǝәʊ˦ɹбΊ̈́ž%΀ҳ ˜ĎƩΡΥΊӍӇә˜ɞүжłΊˑΨә˜͹ſΒǿΊǟƩӛгѝ0ȮȮ»ƁȖ ÷˜ƩϰҜ0˫ƨ÷ЃìәǘǘҀġ͹ſӕͅәʔіΊчз˜ĎɞŘǓΊчɅ % ĳ»әȒʄϳзәȖɍɎ˜0ҪϭЀәϟϼȬʄӍӇ͹̰$г͛͹ſәʏīȰФ ΊġŪәӁŵ͹ſүӐΊˤ̸М%ƮːѶ̇ΊĎɞҮ̝Ѕ̽˧әєʄѶӒƾȱ¿ә 1.

(137) ǓϊÌʜЕ́́=ύΊĳ»ϼҐ ә˜͗ĳ»Ίł̊c0% 1. ϔ˴ˋƫщӖ*ЙСˤǻŹɂĽcМәƩ˓ȭͶz%+ ˜0ΩɗȰğzͤ ЧΙʱġΊ͕Ќәɗ͹̰ϒӇOʫŐsΊ͹ſĽәɶяЃʄЅzͤͽƩʢʌЅʂ ȖɔΊǪďПŲәŗ˜ЙСΊ˴́%*̛#ɞі#Јł͹ſϜ+ʔі̦΀»Ɓә ѡ́ː͹̰ϒӇΊψΫƀȂϪϒӇΊȼϧәȉ˓ȭ͹̰OΊɮɹãΒшΊХҁ ә £ўбΊˏɁʦи*̛Ίͥў+ƀ*Ѓʄɶі+ҪҏҦƘә̛ә˜ʄә˜ĳ»ә n˜͹әѵѿүӐЅGͽ»Xłү̰Ίɐә·ͳ͹ſǟƩΊ˫ўƀɶϬә˜ ͗ĳ»Ҽˬ%ѹɇƀЊɊˏҳә҄ʵs*ХͳЃʄ+ΊˏɁәϳұ*ĞͳЃ͚+ ΊȤ»әĳ»ѿΨOʊѴ̝ΊHұ˜ЯбɹʀΊε0ʧжәϳ˜ɟҸɗνΡɦΊ ƅǠɶɤġ·әȒ̸͛ț͹ſ*ɞі+cʔі˿ɤӛ:ζİәɣːͧ=ŭʶΊĎ ƩУłәИͼЈłϜ˹Хͳ͹ſĽ%ҩ͚ĎɞΕɪГѓә˜͙̎ΌƪʂҗЅʾѓӛ ²ƩӌǝЧәǓϊ=ɡɮːʦχ҆˹ĶĢđ˽ΊəǒϜ˹әǌŭ£ȰФȒȢНǿ ΊɃĽЅː˦͙cқΊрɶЅłĽәѵѿζˍɶѺΊʯ͐ƀ̦΀ҽˊΊЫЗ̣ ͋ә0ѺRΊЯбЅɞ͵»ͻͺ͹ΊΏőыә̝Ťġ0ΩŲgĎƩўӕΊϪɹ Хͳә=ʚ̫ːěӍɇіªƨȚͳġʔіϢ΀Ί̜ɧɦ %Ƣ̐әƩĳ»ѿΨOɗ ɹɦġ·әnÌʜ͵ɦΊƯʜәßͻɇЅЊә£Ϝ˹ΊɇɁѭŉ͗ɓłΊό̂ ә ́ːѹɇ˫Ѩϳ҄ʵЊɊϑŲәnͻϜ˹¿ǪʂѹɇәΑ°ΘƵn°ȿ̂әƩѽ ʈЅǿӇOĳѹġˌͤіәє̲ϜӑĽƩ»ƁΊ΀ҳOЃȦ˥щтә£Țͳġ͹ ſүӐcĳ»£ŠЃʄĀàcǿͳ әŭщ˜͗ĳ»ł̊c% 2. ǿͻXϬƅǠǷ˭ǔȒЙСΊǮϬ͗Ӛ *ìҁġ0ÔΠϫΊ͹̰%+ ЙнǷ 3. љ͢nЕҏЙСO*˦ɶϬΊɇɁ+ әϳұͥǮΊĎǹ% ͳ¡Ίʔі΀Ƿ0ΎЄ. .Ў/ѤɝϔȪ#ϔ˴ˋƫ ЕәҔ·Ȱ ϝђә(ˉŉΊĀà)әҏɾә әҷ % ЕәĸÃϖђә(ĩӏsѶ˜ЙСƚ ) әŮŊӚȥ˶әәҷ % ų7̬әҷ %. 2.

(138) Ľːʔі΀чзΊѓҴә£ìҁͳ¡͹̰ΊĎƩɞіәƩě˦˝¡Ӏ˵ΊɶϬ 7ѻРЕʦχ%Ô͹җƩŮ͓әҳȒΠ˥Ίѓ҃әɹŧīʔіϢ΀ƩŮ͓Ί̨ Ҵәɂ·ġЃʄĎƩʔічзΊŸƌӛ΀ҳɄыȒìϑ̦΀ΊˏɁѻРǅЁе ̂ә͚ɔĞʔŤ˳Ƣφәʞ͛ˌΊЙС̅͂ϐvʹǅŉМ͵ә҇Ģ»ƁĿČˌ ǜˬã͗Ϲ͵ХͳәѴ̝ÔɦŉϜ˹ƀЊɊәɄыȰҳ̂ʂәǵ̯XгɮɹәХ ҁĎƩҰгЃɖΊΡΥӍӇ%˫ĳ»ѵѿˌΊϢ΀чзΊʦχЅХҁә˨˧Əѡ гϲȣӎƹг (sublime)ΊɮɹәHȒːͳ¡Ίʔі̦΀·Țě˦Ϋ˽ΊĀàЅɶ Ϭәŭщ˜͗ĳ»ł̊c5%. $Ηά΍Ί. ˫эˉΗάѵѿЯбЙСΊΗάәόŲƼƩЃ͚zͤΊўӕЅÔνΡĎ҇ ΊўбәΙʱɔͺ͹ΊˌɶіѻРʔіɁΊʦχә·Țġˡ̸Č$ˡȻ̪ΊЙС ĳ»ŭϼɦәHȪ˧ϒͼ˫ʔі̦΀ĳ»Ηά әҁʂ£:ƠÔ΍ΊӚ ӗ0Ә $ѵѿ*͹̔+ӍӇәʦи͹ſЅ͹̰ΊЙСўбә·ȚÔΊĳ»͵ɤ % ӗӘ $ʦи*̛+Ίɶіә»͗ЃʄǽбЅΠ˥г͛Ίǜәѭŉ͗ʔіɇɁ% ӗ5Ә $˴ʸ͵эʦиәĳ»ġ*ɞі+»ƁәЈł͹ſϜәɇʂÔʔіӀ˵% ӗƠӘ$Ʈː̐ĳ»ξĦ»Ɓcΐɥ әϦϧʦи˩¿ĳ»cˏŵ% ̸̸Ӎ˥īĳ»Ѷ˹Ѥ˜͇җΊˑΨ әàɖɻɻѠωωƁžә˩¿˦Ем ƾΊӈƒƩηɑʄØř·ʡ%Ƣ̐әѠƩѶɀ0Gπәʀ˦ȟːѶ0Ô˝˨ΊЙ СǿѦәѶ0Ô˝¡ΊɇɁчзәȟːѶÔGπΊϢ΀ĳ»әѶÔ΂¡ΊϢ΀Й С˿ɤәǥàɖʄØ0ѡř·ͳ$Ηάƀʦи%. 3.

(139) µ ¹ ®°Åî. ˫эˉΗάΊˤϊ΍̅Ʃ»͗ЙСĳ»ΊǿѦәȪ˧ѵѿ͵эΊΗάƀǿҤ ĳ»ΏˆŲә˜ˀˉͭΊʽҧˆ͵әќˊΊ̓σĢ˯ә΋£ʝŵЯбЙСĳ» ͗Ã̓ә͗sҁʂΗά΍ΊͫЄĳ»ʂ˰ә˫ĳ»ΗάʤŤ͵эĢ˯̩$͵эϓ Ų̩$Ɓўɥϱ̩η5ΩΗάˏ̩ әЏĢĒÔ̑ӋѻРʦиәǑ:Ӛ. 0$Ηάˏ̩. ӗ0Ә$ ͵эĢ˯̩Ӛ 4. ̐ˏ̩Ňʛ˿ɤĢ˯$ό̂Ģ˯$ɥɳΨȵĢ˯ЅˆӍͥўĢ˯η %ЙС Ίĳ»Z˜Ďǹ$ɇɁЅǜˬΊˆӍϋʂcХͳ%˫ΗάҒȒXҼ*̛#ɞі# Јł͹ſϜ+ѵѿό̂Ģ˯ƩǠ͵ƮΝʦи˱̂ġӚε0ι*̛ΊɇɁЅĎ̶+ә Z˜ĳ»ҼˬЅĎǹΊʦи $ει*ɞіΊϢ΀ϪǠ+әZ˜ĳ»͵ɤЅɇɁ Ίʦи%ε5ι*Јł͹ſϜΊʔіХͳ+әZ˜ĳ»ǜˬЅʐ̩Ίʦи %. ӗӘ$͵эϓŲ̩Ӛ Ȗ*ϓŲ͵ɤ+ɶϬϳзәВȗΤˋӗPheni x, see Lanko rd ә1992Әх͗ *ϓŲ+ŗ͗ˌˆӍΊȿ̂әʅϑŲЪφʂ͗˦ɶϬ@0ћΊό̂ %КĊ΢ɝ ӗLankford ӘʝġӚϓŲŇʛȓġҝ϶$ҿΟҝÈ$Ѕ͵эc˱̂ŉә£Æȿβ 5. 0ě̶ЗɦΊǮϬ$͵э$ЅѾ»ΊŘį %ÔƩĳ»OȉOЩϪǠ͵эŠ ΂¡ЙСэҼ»гɤƀ˿ɤΊϓŲәȿ̂ÔΊĳ»͵ɤЅǿѦәH@ѵѿɞ͵ ĸѕ́ә(ȲċЙСХͳ̆Ɂc͵эȿ̂ЅĘ˄ϺϬ̶cΗά )әŮŊӚˉ˞ә

(140)

(141) әҷ % 5 ų7̬әҷ 22%. 4.

(142) Ǡ$ƅǠ$ϪǠ$δОǠ$ͳіǠ$Π˥Ǡ ….ηдȷ͗сҎ»ƁcƮΝ ә·Ț ġϓŲɦĳѹХͳʐ̩%ŇŶЯбЙСδОcҦƘЅіɚә΂¡̦΀ЙСΊгɤ Ѕʐ̩ә̦΀Ϣ΀чзѭƬcˌΊЙСδОЅ̂ʂˏɁ %. ӗ5Ә$Ɓўɥϱ̩Ӛ ЙСĳ»ѿΨΊң̕ә˦џːƁўΊɥϱ%˴ʸЋĊӗ EckerӘΊ͵эƁў ɥϱ̩ŭĢʂĕÔΨȵӚ1$0ÔźͳΊҝÈӚ͗ˤĨʅҥɦΊțҳȒϋʂЪφ ʅȒˆӍƁўҝÈĿ£ȿ̂$ʤͻ$҄ʵ$Ѕŋĩ%2$ǿўΊыеӚȒːѶ ҝÈΊ҄ͻ̠ǮĘɔΊƁўә˩¿Ί҄ʵŭϼŇʛȒİ0҄ʵΊΘƵәźͳƁў ΊΏγ͡%3$ *ďҳɦXʨ+cΚǮӚˡ̼˻Ίźͳ0ÔďҳɦXʨΊˆӍƁ ўҝÈә̐ˆӍʊҿΟΊͪͥɦŭϼɶžЕƮːìϑӀ˵ŭϼ˜ˌΊɇɁʅӀ ˵Ίͺ͹%4$ƁўΊЮκӚ˜˴ʸƁўΏҝɦѻРƁўыι̰ł әȒː˩¿Ɓ ўΊɶƨ˜Ʈː΂İȿβΊƁў %5$ǿӇΊʦиӚѵѿǜΊʷ»ǿӇәϱɽ ЅǨʠˆӍƁўΊҝÈ%6$όэӚу»ƁȧҁʂˆӍɦΊXʨә²̐͗ˠ˝ɦә 6. ˩¿ΊнĀŭϼͺ͹ҮĿ£Ï̏ %ÔƩ̦΀ĳ»ɥϱΊͥўЅˏɁ әɄыͤ ЅʄΊɥϱƀłәȉƁўΊкɿЅÔΊ͹̰ϒӇĿ£ˆŲ%£ΧɮƀҾ̚Ί ϶ɳәȉěӍƀʔіΏΊѭʮәʦиXҼΊɮɹƀɶі%΂͚ÔƩĳ»Oә XЪÃʸƁўɥϱ̆Ɂ¿ĳ» ә=ʠҡĘ ұƁўɥϱ̆Ɂ %. $Ηά̑Ӌ. ӗ0Ә$͹̰ӍӇӚ ИͼˑР̣͋ɮɹɥϔәɗǅЃ͚ГͤѓŉOΜϞѹƬЊɊΊ˂ɹȷәгǽ. 6 ĸѕ́әİɂˢәҷ 18-19% 5.

(143) zͤΩΩХͳΊɶіɇɁ әĪͻӍӇ͹̰әƩĳ»O=ˍȑʏЃʄ͹ſΊʦ χ%ɗ0̌̌ˑРәгǽǅЃ͚ΊҳΏәгǽĘΉѓΊѹɇŠǞϺГͤ͹͹=ɪ ΊĽҐәϒѿгǽ$϶ɳ$ɳ÷īĳѹәɂ·ȒǦǭ$Ѓ͚ГͤƀҾ*͹ſĽ+ ΊІѢŠΐɥәHжł̡Ϋȧ_Ίĳ»ĽҐ әҚǓ»΀%. ӗӘ$ĳ»ɥϱӚ ҒȒÔΊĳ»ˏŵƀХͳɇɁ»̸ČΊɥϱәŇŶĳ»ΊĎǹɇɁ$Яб Ζб$ό̂Хͳ$ϪɹϒӇ$δОǠ$ɞ͵Ǡ$ƅǠ$ͳіǠ$Π˥ǠҾ….ηә ɇʂĳ»ΊˏŵЅĳ»XҼәωгǽǅЃ͚ΊĎ̶Ѕ̂ʂәПČƅǠɥɳHĿ 7аѨΊ͹̰ӍӇЅ͹ſϒӇәɗгǽӍӇOәϒѿ̸țҰɥϳҚǓѻČʦжī ˦ҝ͹ſΊɞіўбәȉĎɞΊ͹ſӀ˞әƝпHɂȓĳ»ġ¿әĞЅ͵эƀĳ »ǿѦΏόŲ%. ӗ5Ә$ĳ»пӇӚ Ãʸ͹̰ϒӇƀ͹ſӍӇәɇʂĳ»͵ɤΊˤŘǓ¿́әȉÔΊɥϱƀɳ ̩ѻРǿҤ̦΀ĳ»әHΜϞġˌΊХͳˏɁƀʐ̩әƩĳ»ΊѿΨO=ˍΊƝ пˌΊʐ̩ήΘәѾͻːĳ»ǿѦOәHЅĳ»͵эΏŖѐәĞɥϱƈҼόŲ ĳ»͵ɤәȉĎɞʔіɶіѭŉ͗ěӍΊХͳɇɁ %. ӗƠӘ$ќˊΊЖҧЅˆ͵Ӛ ˫Ηά̩XЪ»͗ĳ»ΗάΊǠСÃʸ ә0ˏҳ͗sʹȚɥϱΊ̸ȷƀȻ ȷәɗΗάİ;:Ί˟ɼƀĳ»OƉ·ˌɥϔәȕĘɗʦиЃ͚Ίͤ͵ƀνΡ Ď̶әĞѵѿī·˄ΣǫΊƅǠгЅOЩϢ΀ϪǠ$δОǠŠȒˮЩˏʔі΀Ί ЙСůƀͳ¡ЙнǷэѳOә·ʡŰɁŰ̇˦ҝ*͹ſ+ΊXҼʦиәȒЃʄĳ »͵ɤƀгɤΊƉѱɒǅәɂ·́́=ˍΊĳ»ɥϔәHã͗Ѓʄĳ»ΊӃĢЅ ăφΊʦи%ϳƩˉͭќˊΊʽҧЅĢ˯ǅςĢ£:ȳÔҾƬ Ӛ 6.

(144) $ɞ͵Ǡ$ƅǠŠϪǠ$δОǠ$ͳіǠ$Π˥ǠҾ $ΏҝɦЙСůҾŠͳ¡ʔіЙСʎнҾ $лƈ΂¡ĳ»ϲәь˄Ęĳ»ΊɞѤ̒Ψ $śгϪСӄƀ΀ȹәnϰҜ̒ů΀ĝ $ѵѿƨˢӄŠϕҤϕѤәЖҧΏҝΊĳ»ќˊ $ƩˑРOѾͻˇ³Ώ̊ʘʻΏҝΊĳ»Ӎˬ. ӗӘ$»ƁΊн˯ЅÏ̏Ӛ ȉĳ»ΊӃĢЅăφĎŉәѵѿϜ˹ζж$ЊɊɓł$Ϲ͵ўɹ$Ȥěˬˊ$ ΀ȩηǜˬәěӍРłɇʂĳ»%ȉǪʂΊ»ƁãĲ˯әфωещ»ƁĎǹәҟ ѳĘ̸țɶϬәьʝȓ˄ʟƀųǠėųиэƀн˯әHƩƣβŮO˄ϺǅǠЙС OɞЇѮ϶ȚƀÔȚәϸŤˡƾЙСɷǐϲΊɶЭƀΑ̩әĞˡѻ0̑ΊɥϱŠ Ï̏ĳ»ˏŵ%. ӗĕӘ$ĳ»͵ɤΊɇʂЅǿѦӚ ̒ϒsǿҤΊĳ»ŠĞ̋иŖѐәȉÔΊ»ƁĿ£ˆ͵Ģ˯ƀ̚Ѫә˱̂ ġѪǪˆΊĳ»͵ɤәHʜϧΊĳ»£·ȚġˡƾăΊҳŵәПŲƼƩͳǿ͹̰ ƀĎƩνΡGͽәХͳЃʄѴ̝ΊɞƲHкғ͹ſΊʂҗә£ǪʂδŲÔĎɞ ͹ſӀ˞Ίʔі̦΀ĳ»»Ɓ %. ӗ2Ә$ĳ»ΊĞΐɥЅ͵эΊĞȿ̂ Ӛ Ʃĳ»Ѕ͵эO=ˍΊΐɥƀǿҤϒ͞ĳ»әҒȒXҼĞˡ̸ČΊʦάәɇ ʂˌгɤ$ˌѹɇƀˌХͳә˦˝Иͼǆ˃Ί»ƁЃΐÏ̏Ğϒ͞әHь˄ȫҗ £ʏīˡδŲĎɞGͽΊɞіХͳ әҥ˝ŹʽˌΖˆŲÏ̏HπғːэˉO %. ӗĒӘ$ĳ»ΗάэˉcʳȃӚ 7.

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(156) {E@§¿. ҠЯԓՍ‫ڂ‬ǩϯ‫ڂ֩۾ݔ‬Ն‫ܻܡࡩࠡ݊חޢ‬ɍòˆӫ‫ח‬ƿ‫ڵݔ‬ϯ‫ݔ‬ ‫ޠ‬ʧ‫࡭֩۾‬ǆ‫ީޛ‬ɍѸ‫ܺޗܻח‬ӫ‫ּח‬ɭ‫ڀ‬λٛ࠿ࡩѨǶĥࠡҌ‫ڵ‬Ʋ̕k‫ח‬Ў‫ܡ‬T. bS. ӫ‫ޠח‬ʧ‫֩۾‬. ‫ڀ‬ʙۘɚ۩‫ۺ‬ɔ́̔‫پ‬Đ P‫پ‬Ү͑߭ (Robert Rosenblum ࡩ1927-2006) ʠW‫ے‬ 10. ֗ձǩ‫پ‬эҞXbѸࡩϙЕ‫࡜ܗח‬Yϯ‫ݔ‬۹ּ‫ڰ‬ԓՍԑࠪѬ‫ؿח‬؅Z ࡩࠨ‫؁‬ǒȥ ӌƆ٘‫׈ٵח‬S‫́ڀ‬ɮшȤӕɔ‫ٶړח‬Tʗӑࡩ࠶Δ߆ֱP࠶˓(Fundacion Juan March)ʮߊѽ‫¾ގڷ‬bʳYϯ‫ࠪݔ‬Ѭ / ΍ȥѐԓՍ‫ڂ‬ǩϯ‫ ڂ֩۾ݔ‬Zˎ̷ࡩ ΍ȫ£‫ل‬ѼǛԓՍ‫ؿڂ‬؅ߛ‫ࠪחؤ‬Ѭͽͳ ࡩ‫ע‬ǩÉȫ‫ڀل‬ʙ֩þϯ‫֩۾ݔ‬ ‫חڂ‬ĥɰࡩƼѿ 124 ̷͛ǒࡩӑ֪ܻϓ¾̷ʳ‫ʹ̫ח‬T ȥ‫ڀ‬ϯ‫͢܎חڂ֩۾ݔ‬Ŗࠊࡈì֖ ----‫پ‬эҞSۙ֗‫͑۔‬S‫ى‬ѹS͓ԋƮ āɆƵĘ‫׊‬þӌԎ‫̔׈‬Ǟ͒֗ɮʮĠ ࡩʠʠܷѢ¾ƽԓՍࠪѬǯ‫חށ‬Ѣ‫׺‬ΣɆƽ ֝֗ΣTԆ‫חو‬Wղࠃ̗ĕX‫پڵ‬эҞ‫ח‬W!B: /2? Xࡩܑ]ʝ ^]ʝ

(157) ^ࡩ‫׈‬. ]ʝ2-2^Ԇ‫ࡩو‬Wղࠃ̗ĕX ࡩ ͝. ]ʝ

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(159)

(160) ҄ࡧ2008 ͝ 2 Ѿࡨࡩࠖ 262-265T 15.

(161) ࠏkٛ‫׀‬ӫSˏSʡͽϓ؅‫ח؍‬iĘbࡃࡩϨ̥հb‫ښ‬ѰԒӰӰǇǒӫ͜ՄԔ‫ח‬ ƭ͙ࡩɐ‫ڡ‬ā‫م߶ܔע‬ʡЃЁǩхࡃ‫ڰ‬շ‫ח‬Ƴ‫ؑ޷ࡩݖ‬ї՞̗Ʌյӏʹ‫ࡩؘח‬ϥ ‫͙ڌܗ‬ǩ֪Σˆ‫ڍͽڱע‬k‫ח‬εƏ‫ ߜؘ‬T Ԇ‫ڵو‬ûəѩþ‫ͨח‬эʶĐ ࡤJohn Constable ࡥ‫ܳ܀‬հ‫ۇ‬ʙԓՍ‫ڂ‬ѩ҄‫ח‬ ‫ࡩ͗ˎ׈ٵ‬ɾӎ΍ˎ‫ڰ‬շּֽ‫ח‬ȖìΖࡉ‫ח‬оҕӲɊࠊλࡩȢϻѳࠪࠀSҳ‫ؤ‬ βȌϖ‫ˏח˨ڀ‬Өࡩ̰ƽѨƭ‫ח‬оҕࡩāԓՍԑ‫ח‬Ϛԁɦ֩‫ڰ‬շ‫ח׃‬ɖؑȇ߉ ࡩ ܑ]ʝ ^ Tɏˆࡩ‫׊‬þϯ‫֩۾ۺ۩ݔ‬kࡩ‫ڀ‬ʙ‫<ࡧ֐˘ؼ࡫ֳ̆ח‬.;" 6A05299ࡩ. ͝ࡨƽϯ‫֩ݔ‬þʝƏ‫̘ݓެ۾ח‬пλ ࡩѨ԰շbࡃ‫ࡩ ֩۾ۺ۩ܔܓח‬ ‫˨ࠊࠏ׈‬ɊӴѨ̪‫ڰ‬շ‫ח‬ѿλ‫ࡩהڍ‬qѨ‫׈܎ק‬ǒʟʡSԖSˏϖࠃࠈࡩ‫ڍ‬Ѩ 11. ƭS‫;ڿ‬ɮ̃ś‫߈ֿڿˇڵ‬Îώ T ûϥ‫׈ٵ‬Σ‫ܓ‬հbǗkࡩܑ]ʝ ^T. ͈࡬ ]ʝ2-4^Ԇ‫ࡩو‬ ѳࠪࠁ‫ח‬ӵ‫ ࡩ͝ ࡩ ڼ‬E a ɕ࡬]ʝ ^ֳ̆࡫‫ࡩ֐˘ؼ‬W̭ͤ͜‫ڽ‬Xࡩ ͝ࡩ E a. ޳Ʈ࡫ࠄЅ¦ܷ࡬YŰˎ‫קࡩۺ۩ח‬Ӑ‫ܵࡩۺ۩ח‬շѿλ‫۩ࡩۺ۩חהڍ‬ 12. ‫ڰ֝̔ۺ‬ΡُǒĮ‫ࡩח‬qܻѨʠğؑƼəɘĥ‫֘ח‬ν TZ ɒܑࡩʠԓՍ‫ڂ‬ ɮϯ‫ࡩ ߜڂ֩۾ݔ‬յܻѨʠğؑӕɔ‫ڞ‬Ѭn ࡩ޻ѨʠƆެbؑ֝‫ڰ‬Ζ؅ࠝ ѽSԌΪÃ֖ϙΌTānѨߌ̪‫ڰ‬շ‫׃‬ӫ‫ח‬ƿ‫ݔ‬ɮϯ‫ݔ‬Ƕĥ‫֩۾‬ЕǒܷѢ ࡬. 2.;!B0 5.9B: 2.B ۘࡩߩ‫ۇ‬Δ ͸ͺͺ݉ࡩW‫܍‬ѐ‫׊‬þ۩‫ۺ‬ɔϠ‫ܩ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬۩‫ࡩ ࡩ̔ۺ‬ ࠖ T. " 605.29 B=6;4 ٥ࡩࡘࡔ˱݉ࡩWϯ‫ڂ֩۾ݔ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬ޯԒࡩ ࡩࠖ

(162) T 16.

(163) ࡧbࡨSӫƿ‫֩۾ݔ‬. ʠњ҄ʙ‫׈ٵ‬ɔkࡩ̻ӫѨхࡃ‫֩۾ח‬ ҆֝‫ؠ‬ǒĮгˎ‫ࡩ̷ה‬āŪִհİࡩ‫܀‬ǚհ ƩþΈ҄‫ח‬YƩʕ̔ZbࡩɅ‫׊܀‬þ‫ܩ‬հ Yʙɍþȫˎ‫̔׈‬Zb‫ח‬ŪִࡩāՑ‫ۘד‬ ɚёࡩʠû‫¦׈ח‬ɒā‫צ‬ǩ‫ޝ‬Ŗ ͽͳ--̻ ӫ‫׈‬ĕ̳ʀ‫־͚ࡩي‬YbӼƵ̽Z‫ח‬ҹʝࡩ. 13. ‫ࠏ׈‬ɦ֩̆ࠌ‫ח‬λ‫֩۾ࡩܔ‬ǒbؑԠۤ‫ݥ֗ח‬ ࡩҹʝհiӛͳ͜ޯѬ‫ۮޒࡩڿ‬Ѩ؋Ҕ‫ࡩܾۍ‬ ʥkÐSƺҗ҅‫׎‬Җࡩʥˆb֒ӫࠏࡩqĥӫ ‫߯ࡩه‬ӫޯ̻ࡩ‫¾֩۾‬ԲӫѬ‫ࡩڿ‬ѿbؑ‫ڵ‬. ]ʝ ^ŪִࡩW̕‫࡟ک‬ʝXࡩ.

(164) ͝ࡩ E

(165) a. ٖ߯ࡩ‫]ܑࡩ׃ʹחُۣ̙ۍ‬ʝ 2-6^T ʠ֩þ‫֩۾ۺ۩ټ܇‬kࡩ‫ڀ‬ʙ۩‫̔ۺ‬ԺҡPιЕ‫(ڛ‬OVGAITKEN) ‫ח‬WӫXࡩ ܑ]ʝ 2-7^ ࡩܷѢӫiν‫ތ‬Зͽͳ‫֩۾‬ƿѿࡄͦ‫׀ڰ‬Σࡩ‫ݍ‬Ȥ‫ە‬Ȭ‫ݥ֗ח‬Tܑ͚ ‫ח‬ѿӫ‫ח‬iνհʘࡃ(ǋ)SԚࡃ(ӫ)SӨࡃ(ӫۜӨ)iؑ‫ݍ‬Ȥࡩ‫ޝ‬iؑ‫ݍ‬Ȥࡩ̱ؒ հYiν‫ݍ‬ȤZT‫׀ۦ‬Ժͦ‫ݍח‬ȤࡩȊւīǋ‫ݍ‬ϓӫࡩā̪Ԓ‫ח‬ѐͳĮƆւࡩΌ āɣйւͽϓӫۜӨࡩ‫ּה‬ӵȤ֩‫ࡩݔ‬ӫۜӨ ‫ޥ‬ǩǎּֽǏٕͽϓӫTûǞ‫ࠨ־‬ΐж΀‫ח‬ѐ ͳࡩ‫׀̛ܗ‬ӫǩǋ‫ݍח‬Ȥީؐ ࡩӫ‫ח‬K‫ݥ‬L‫ה‬ ּ‫ݍ‬Ȥѩࡩʠ‫ߜؘחܔܓ‬ϙּֽҳ͹‫ࠇח‬Ч ȇࡩ‫ީޛ‬цѾ‫ח‬ϵжީؐƳ‫ߐل‬nĮ ࡩٛީ٥ ‫ࡩފ‬ʠ 15 ǖߕƲлѥǒĮࡩ‫ࠏ׈‬kּֽ‫ח‬оҕ ˧ə̻͂ʡ‫܃‬λì‫ࡩڥڝ‬Ά߿‫ף‬Őΐ‫ܗ‬ǋ‫ח‬. ]ʝ2-7^ԺҡPιЕ‫ࡩڛ‬ WӫXࡩ. ͝ࡩ‫ۺ۩ټ܇‬ 13 ‫ݲ‬ΰ֦ࡩW‫ݣߖۺڀ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬iӤࡩ2002ࡩࠖ 71T 17.

(166) ǖ‫ݔ֩܃‬ѽѿ˧ӑ‫ۼܔܓח‬Ыȇ ࡩ‫߉ڡؑޝ‬ĮԶ̱ѨϥИӫǩǋ‫ࡩ ݍݥח‬Yӫ‫ח‬ ǖ‫܃‬Z֩‫ݔ‬T‫ޝ‬Ŗ֗Ә‫࡜ܓ‬к‫¾ݍ‬ϕś͚‫ח̛ܗܒ‬Ǘư࡜ࡩ‫ڍ‬īϕś‫צ‬ǩ¾bŖ 14. ю‫׃ח‬T ɒ‫ީޛࡩװ‬ΐ‫͙ࡩݍݥח׃ܗ‬Į˧ӑ̉‫ࠇؑޝࡩݔ֩ܔܓחܗ‬Ч Σ‫ۼܔܓחˎ͊ڵ‬ЫȇࡩqÖёˎԖ‫ࡀח‬ա࠺ԓϖѨࠁ͂‫ ߉ڡܔܓח‬T. ࡧÉࡨSӫϯ‫֩۾ݔ‬. ӫѨּɭԶࡩѨٔϓ‫ە‬Ã‫ࡩَ܎ח֖ە‬ӫ̪ёּɭƿѿϯ‫ݔ‬Σ‫ࡩٕޡח‬ѿ ۘ֗Әθ‫ڂ‬Tӫ‫ڵ‬ƽû֖‫ړߟݥ‬Σࡩɒ΍ӫ˻‫ڜ‬ϙѿ‫֖ەח‬ϙ̷֩ǒࡄͦ‫ח‬Ȣ̕ ΣܑTǆ΍‫ٲٔחࡃށ‬Į‫ࡃࡩצ‬Ʋѿ 75%޻ѨӫSìࡃ‫ח‬ҽJ‫ חڦ‬90%¦ ѨӫSɌ‫ؿ‬Ȼ‫ ח‬90%S‫מڟ‬۷Ԛ‫ ח‬80%S‫ٿ‬ӫ‫ ח‬100% ޻Ѩӫࡩ̱‫ڟ‬Ưʠӫ ϓߗ‫ޝ‬b࡜‫צ‬Įࡩq߿Ѣ‫ו‬ӫɮìࠥѿࠍ͚̗Ǘ‫ߟח‬ļTȺīʠ‫ޢ‬ư،́ϓ̱‫ח‬ ѩþࡩ‫ޝ‬ŖюՖԒYּɭ‫ڵ‬ӫZøѿ‫ע‬ЏS߇܎‫ߟח‬ļࡩӫ‫ڀח‬λѨӬΥ‫ח‬Ҷ ΞࡩյܻѨ̪ёì‫ܔܓח‬ϖѨ‫ܔܓީޞ‬kȭǩ‫ؿ‬؅ࡩ͙ٗì‫ח‬Փʠּɭȇ߉Ѩ͹ ձ‫ח‬Tּɭ‫̗؍ח‬ӫ‫ࡩޫװ‬ƽƲʠ۫ۨۘϙܿ‫ּח‬ɭȇS‫ܔע‬SɆࠊλ‫ࡩ˨˞ח‬ ԣư̪ӫ‫ܜ¾ח‬ѿȎёϕś̪֖‫ݥ‬S‫ؿ‬؅āɆּɭ‫ࡃח‬Ϋࡩān΍،̜́࠿‫ܛח‬ ͦĮ‫צ‬ӫɮּɭ‫ߟח‬ļT ј҈‫ח‬Ӯ҈Șƫּ̦ӫٕѮ̜࠿ܷѢ࡬ӫѨѿλ‫ܝࡩחװ‬Ɇǩ¾ì‫ؿח‬؅̪ 15. ֖‫ީޞ ࡩࠔ΀חݥ‬،̜́࠿ĮЎُ¾‫ޝ‬Ŗϯ‫ߟחݔ‬ļT‫ޝ‬Ŗ̜࠿‫ח‬ջ֒Ѩ̜֖ 200 ‫ ڱ‬500 ř‫ח‬лˎࡩ̷‫ީޛ؁‬ΐ‫צࡩࠏ̹חܗ‬ǩϯ‫ݔ‬Ʋʠ‫ּח‬ɭࠪѬࡩbŖƳ ю‫ˏ̌̄ח‬ʡࡩ‫֩۾‬ǒΖࠊ‫ח‬ȇ߉ࡩѨ‫ݱݰˊڡ‬ѩߜɮ‫߾ݸחߜؘ‬T‫ޝ‬Ŗю‫ܗ‬Ξ k¦Ѩ،́‫̮ߜ׈ٵڵ׃‬ѿ‫ח‬ɬώࡩānЕǒi࡜ߌ̪ӫ‫ּڵ‬ɭ‫ח‬ϯ‫̪ݔ‬ջΣ ֗‫ܷݥ‬ѢT 14 ȀћƭࡩǯʹѸࡩࠖ 34T 15 Ӯ҈Șĥࡩߗ̆ࠌ‫ࡩ݉ڀ‬Wּɭ‫حח‬Ҥࡩӫ‫ޫװ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬˧ğࡩ2002ࡩࠖ 27-76T. 18.

(167) 1S̜࠿̪ӫܷ“ι‫ڵ‬λ՝ ”‫ח‬ѩţࡩӫٕѮϓՄæ‫ח‬ʝҤ࡭̪ӫβ‫ܞ‬ βܴѩࡩӫٕѮԥ²յ‫آ‬TީɁܳհì‫ח‬Ρεɮ‫ؿ‬؅Ѩͽ‫ڍ‬k‫ח‬Ґ‫̺ݥ֖ڵࡩ܍‬ ё̈Ƴqə‫ࡩ׌شח‬շ‫ޝڍ‬Ŗ،̜́࠿‫ࠨީޛ‬ΐߔࡩܑ]ʝ 2-8^ ࡩȽɉѥ¾֖‫ݥ‬ ‫ڵ‬ì‫ؿח‬؅ߜԣǬ‫ٶړח‬yյԁǖǵࡩ̱˦ƏѨ۩‫ۺ‬ĥɰ‫ڵ‬Ƕĥ‫חڌ‬Ʋԛ ߜࡩ˾ʠۘÎȖ‫ܮ̪ח‬T. ]ʝ2-8^ЏɌ ìYι‫ܠח‬ΨZǯSΈ‫ח‬ӫٕѮ. 2S̜࠿‫ݎ‬ӫǖǝ‫“ ݌‬ː߬”‫ח‬ʝ֒ɮ‫“݌‬ː߬”‫ח‬ш˼ࡩٕѮ‫ޠ‬ʧѨ̈ Ƴ‫ף‬Ē‫ח‬TܷѢ¾ͽ‫¦ݔ‬Ѩ͙ۘbؑθ݇ࡩbؑ‫ܠ‬Ψࡩɮш˼‫׈ٵڵ‬bҿࡩþ‫۾‬ ¾bؑΡεࡩɐѨ‫־‬qə‫ח‬ѐͳ‫ެ۾‬ɦ֩ǒĮT‫׀‬ӑɒ‫ࡩװ‬Ӡbؑ‫޻ͽޠ‬þ‫ۘ۾‬ Қؑ‫ؿ‬؅ࡩqəࠪҡ‫ח‬ĥɰѨ‫ڡ‬Ɔޮǒqə‫ח‬Ƕĥ‫ڌ‬ƲΖ‫ח‬ήλɮΡεT 3S̜࠿‫ֿ“ ۂˇݘީږ‬ʛ”ÝࠔѶ‫ח‬ӫࡩˆ‫ͽ۾‬νԩѭӎҺ࡭‫أީږ‬ ݄‫ח‬ӫǭʀ‫ي‬ԩæT‫ޝ‬Ñٕҕ΍qə‫ͦܛח‬ɉѥ¾ࠒ‫ࡩޞףחͽڵ‬ʠǶĥ‫֩۾‬k ɒܷѨ֗ǝԄ߇·Ȗ‫ח‬٣ҩ‫ࡩ֩۾‬Ċʝ̷֩‫ח‬ѨbؑƿѿࠒҺΣ‫ࡩ ۺ۩ܔܓחݥ‬ ‫׈ܗީޛ‬ɒӉ‫ݣ‬ǩϯ‫ޠחݔ‬ʧܴ‫ ܞ‬T ٜɘ‫ࡩܞ‬ӫiν‫ࡩߜ֖ەڵ‬յܻѨƿ‫֩۾ݔ‬ϖ‫ڌ‬Ѩϯ‫ࡩ֩۾ݔ‬ʠͽͳ‫ތ‬ Зkࡩ޻‫֩۾‬ǒࡄͦ‫׀ڰח‬ΣSȢ̕ΣSϯ‫ݔ‬Σ࡭շ‫ڍ‬ӫɮּɭߜѷѨƿѿ֗ Ә‫̪ח‬ջΣTӫ‫ڀח‬λѨӬΥ‫ח‬ҶΞࡩյܻѨ̪ёì‫ܔܓח‬ϖѨ‫ܔܓީޞ‬kȭǩ ‫ؿ‬؅ࡩ‫͙ٗט‬ìś͹ձ‫ח‬Փʠּɭȇ߉ T. 19.

(168) ÉSӫ‫ڀח‬λٛ࠿. ͜ࠌɮ͜ǑѨĀìȖ̕‫ࡩח‬ӫ͜Ǒյ˓ࡩӡqkյޯ͵̵‫ࡩڦࠅח‬ĔÃ̜kࡩ ΍͜Ǒܑƽq͜Ǒࡩӫ‫ה‬ìԣ‫פ‬T‫ޝ‬ĆλȖʹ̫ϕɁ‫̛ܗ‬ӫ‫ٕͽޠח‬ҹɮּɭ ‫ߟח‬ļࡩҝߝɍѸϙ‫ߟބܣ‬ёӫ‫ࡩݥ֗ח‬Ў‫ܡ‬YӫZ‫ח‬θ‫ࡩݔ‬ĥհ‫ڰ‬ϕ̛‫ܔ‬ ‫؂ڵ‬ѽ‫ܗ‬ջ‫˶ח‬öࡩ‫ތ‬Ȥհϯ‫ࡩͳͽ׈ٵݔ‬х֪˧n࡬. ŋŌ ġŀ»Ĝ ĘXėĺļŎĮææ_ıąģĂō ĲĒ>!ÆÃōÎÏŀ§ō¿òōĪAōĸLōåèō 0ĨōhÓ~ĂōÎā¤. 16. ůĆѿޫΔ‫ח‬ì̱Əӫࡩӫ‫֖ەݹˊڡ‬۵ɘȽqѽ‫ף֖ەݹ‬։ ࡩ޴‫ڡ‬ ‫ۮ‬ʠˎ̔޻‫ܡ‬ɀ‫ח‬ěnʡѐ ࡩʗհ‫ޝ‬Ñ֗Σϙāɒāܷӫ‫ޫݹ‬ΆЏ‫ ¾ޒ‬T ѿޫΔ‫ח‬ìƏӫ‫ۮ‬ʠěn‫ח‬ʡѐbҿ‫ࡩ ۯ݁ח‬Ζ̱Əӫbҿ‫ח‬ԤȲӷࠌࡩ üǒ̱ƏӫԼ࠰‫֖ە‬bҿ‫ח‬qӭʖʲ ࡩ‫ܞ‬۸̱Əӫջ‫ח֖ە‬ԩѭbҿ‫ח‬ѿ ܵŐࡩհм̱Əӫ‫ߧڡ‬ʨbҿ‫ח‬ѿмٰ ࡩŴÃ̱Əӫ‫ڡ‬ѐ‫ڡ‬ʜbҿ‫ח‬ѿѼ ˦‫ח‬ȉ‫ࡩ־‬۸Ȗ̱Əӫ‫ݍ֖ˆ࠘ߴڡ‬Ȥbҿ‫࠘ח‬ώ ѩțTѿޫΔ‫ח‬ì̱Ə ӫ‫ח‬q։ࡩʗհq‫ރܟ‬ϙā̱ӹѿΤ̰ T. 17. ŋ6Ō ġŀ»Ĝ ĘpXėĺļŎÞ²ōİ%ÏæōģÉ ´Ģİ!ĨkōCZāCÐ!ÎÞkcō²k´ōİēō İĨĴ. 18. ԩ ͚̇Ѥ‫ࡩܜܨ‬WޫΔ݂ٛ‫ڂ‬X ࡩɓȥ࡬Ґˎࡩ ࡩࠖ T. ݉ш࡬‫ࡩޫܷ˹ڊ‬5AA=/.?52EB;0<: 1 -

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(170) - 5A: 9ࡩ T. ͚̇ѤࡩǯʹѸࡩࠖ

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(174) ÖŎ öêóóōīÕōďĔģ·Ľō Ì%íØÚĢÑōÑ!văĬĀāÚōX×!ńŇŅō÷ûč ďŏZð,ōyĖģ¶,ÎĥĤĿÂōzÀ!

(175). 20. ůĆƙΉ˹ܷ࡬Y˺˹ˇӈؒ‫ݏ‬ӫࡩܷޫ[ӫɸࡩӫɸࡦ\̪ёӫࡩ ˺˹Ɋ̃ɱb࡜ɨ࡯Z˿˹ܷ࡬YԶࠞ‫ח܄‬ԀӫՁՁԴǒࡩјˉqŸࡩԄ Ղ‫؜‬ʤΈ‫ٸٷ‬ǯ‫ࡩޢ‬ѼΈԒưˎԖTѿ҈Զ‫ח‬Ã֖޻Ѩ‫ޝ‬ҿࡩ˺˹̱Ɋ̃ ‫ޝ‬b࡜‫¾ٽ‬T˧ҕӹѿ҈ԶࡩƏfƶѾߜ‫ࠀח‬ӫ޷ҿࡩnΌΆߺࡩˎ̭ ԸԪ޻ؔՂ¾ӫࡩĔ̃ś‫«ח‬ԜȽɐ܎Ά‫חױ‬ѩߜ Tϙāࡩ‫ڔ‬҂‫̜¾ީݰ‬ ߳ήӿࡩɜ˹ܳհѨɒΦ‫ח‬TZ. . ŋŌ Ětp æĘp) ĺļŎæñ²Cõōģÿ>! ÃōA,ŏĶ!ŉģČōě,ŏŃ!yIàōĩùģäōå,ŏ~ā ëōĩ«ģäōĞ,ŏ>čĻňōªĆĻōq,q,Ģōŀ!¡ōĈ Ģ!,ōģæCĀŁ§. 22. ]݉ш^࡬ӫҜ‫ڍނ‬ԩՙ‫ڡ‬ԊɁì‫ށ‬k‫ח‬ӯؕ ࡩ‫ޝ‬Ѩӫ̷֩ǒ‫ח‬ñΔ࡭ӫ ‫ݮצ‬ĮѨ࡚‫חڿ‬ƽ̜Ѩ‫ޝࡩ חڿו‬Ѩӫ‫߉ܟ࡭ܵؿח‬ӫqΗ‫־‬ҶࡧǨ͜щ ы‫ח‬ʉƿࡨԒǩՂ̱Ÿӏ¾ࡩ‫ޝ‬ѨӫƹӐ‫࡭ۮ‬ӫӹѿbŖʡѐqԒȖ܎ ǩ͜ϛѽŸӏԒȖࡩ‫ޝ‬Ѩӫ‫ח‬ƹ‫࡭ڂ‬b‫ڻ‬ì޻ε΄ࡄ‫ࡩݬۮ‬ӫ‫͍ࠣڰ‬θ΄. ݉ш࡬‫ޫ˹ڊ‬Δٛ‫ة‬fȫƶ‫ࡩآ‬5AA=D

(176) 2@A: A0A=21BAD 1.<125A: 9ࡩ T ӓőш٥ۘࡩW˿˹ k ߾˲n‫آ ة‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬‫

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(181) ࠖࡩ ࡩھڲ‬T. ݉ш࡬˿˹ࡩ5AA=AD 8;<D 92142F.5<<0<: >B2@A6<;>B2@A6<;>61

(182) ࡩ T Եʿ‫ي‬Ԅ݉ࡩWю݉‫ ҈݌˹ر‬nXࡩɓȥ࡬iӤࡩ ࡩࠖ . T. 21.

(183) nԒࡩ‫ޝ‬Ѩӫ‫݁ח‬ȯT݁ȯࡩӐѨ̕‫ۮח֪ޫو‬ϙࡩѨɜ֤‫ח‬ʉ߉ࡩ‫ڍ‬ӫ̱‫ߺڒ‬ ʠ޷‫܈‬T‫ޝ‬bӛѨ̦ӫ‫ח‬bÑ֗ΣбìΈ ࡩȊā‫ڀݏ‬ƽΔΣT. . ٜɘk‫ޗ‬ɍѸϙ‫ބܣ‬ӫ‫ٕࡩݥ֗ח‬ɘŖìּԐλɌɮּɭࡃ࠿ࡩ̦ј ּ͚Ԑ‫ח‬ήλŴ‫ࡩެ۾חܵק‬ā‫חܔݥ‬ѐͳ‫ٕޡ‬Yӫ‫ݥ֗ח‬ZɮY‫ڰ‬ϕθ‫ݔ‬Zࡩ ּֽ¾ānƺࠗ‫ڀ‬λٛ࠿‫ܷࡩͳͽח‬Ѣ˧n࡬ 1SՉՋ‫נ‬Տ࡬ӫԂ‫נךך‬ՏࡩԂԂ‫΄ࡩޡף‬ΎФ‫ࡩ׍‬ӹѿя‫ٸ‬T‫צ‬ǩ ՉՋ̹̹Ȣ‫ࡩ܊‬ΐΐΉΉгуާȖۘࡩ˧əּɭߴۘѩߜ¦ʠqяʡʠϓߗSՆ ȤSqѺя࡭Ζࡩ¦ѨյӏΨʡϓߗS͠ȤSк‫ݍ‬Tӫ‫ח‬ԂȖ‫ּ¾֩۾‬ɭ‫ח‬ʜ ՂࡩāɮܽĮȤ‫ޠ܋ࡩؚۼܜ‬ǒƿѿ‫ڀ‬λ·ȖSּּqΨ‫׃ʹח‬T 2S‫̈́ז࡬ࠌ͜ࠏ۾‬n‫ˎח‬Ԗ݁ȯʡ̕‫و‬bǗиԒ ࡩƏѨ؅‫ڊח؍‬ì ԣqɒԬࡩ̦ϙѿ‫ڵެޞח‬ԻҦɮ޷Ñ‫ࡔڀ‬խֈ‫ީח‬Ɂ ࡩӸ՜ީΈ‫ڰࠌ֩͜۾‬ ʠࡩȤĥbϮԦԦ‫ח‬ΐ‫ئ‬TYñ‫ڌ‬Һ̻ࡩѯ‫ڌ‬ҺӫTZѯ‫חڌ‬ΐ‫ئ‬Ӹ࡛ࡩ̱Ē ƏѨӫʠࠌӏѩ‫ࠏ۾‬Ѩ͜‫࡭ח‬Ⱥīʠąğ‫̕ח‬ʉ‫¦ࠏ۾ࡩ܈‬ӬޯѨ͜‫ח‬T 3Sѿ̕ˎ࡬Ԥ‫ڌ‬ԣqɒԬࡩ‫ڍ֖ە̈́זو‬q‫׏‬TӫЕĵּɭ‫ࡩ˾ּח‬ ¦͹Ȥ¾ּɭy۵ưּɭTȢ̕ɖؑqə‫ּח‬ɭͽͳ‫ࡩ̷ה‬յѿ˦SβS‫ڀ‬S ߃ࡩ̃ѿЏɌ‫ח֖ە‬ŰˎΖ‫ڠ‬T Yӫࡩ࠾Ȗ¾‫ڰ‬շZ ࡩެш‫܍‬ѺλΞʡ˧ӑܷޫ T ʗûԣ‫װ‬ӫ‫ޝ‬Ŗˎ‫ڰ‬շ‫ח‬Χ‫ࡩݢ‬ʠɌǩԺͦSʽȇSʡͽ‫ݍ‬ȤSʡΖʹȇϙ࠾Ȗ ‫ח‬əѩࡩώƨ¾ּɭ‫˾ח̘ݓ‬ʠT 4S࠘Ԓ‫࡬ݍڍ‬ӫƿѿqѣ‫܀‬Yʽ٫Z ࡩāɆɒā‫܀‬Y‫ͽݍ‬Z‫ݥ֗ח‬Tӫ ࠘ʡΖʹȇ΄ě‫ۮ‬ԒࡩΆ̕ѣߴۘˆĮʡͽк‫ݍ׀ڰࡩݍ‬З‫ڍ‬qϸԃёʘ̍‫ͽח‬ ֘Tq‫ر‬ʠąğ‫ח‬ʽȇߢ‫߿׾؀‬nࡩӫࡩ΍qѺяٖࡩ̃ɒā‫ࡩޫٴ‬ɒāՀ‫ࡩؙ‬ ¦ɒāʠِؔΈࡩՂԹǒ‫ח͍ڰ‬bҩ‫ݼ‬T‫צ‬ӫʠ޷ԙԙ‫ّח‬Ԓnࡩ߶ۨۘY‫؝‬ǭ ‫ݍ‬S‫ݍ‬ǭ‫ޞ‬Z‫ڎח‬ΖɮӝȇT. 23 ݉ш࡬‫ࡩ˹ر‬http://tw.knowledge.yahoo.com/question/question?qid=1406011813444 ࡩ2008/1/7T 22.

(184) 5SǱҜ՟࡬ӫˇ‫ڍݍ‬q̍ࡩɼǞё‫࡭֖ە‬ʗ‫ּڵ‬ɭ۵հbࡃࡩϙā ǱҜ՟q։qĎTӫࡩѩɒҜSѩɒǱTͷ̭˧ӫՀࡩĔՀӫɒ‫ߥߵޥ࡭ײؙ‬ ̼̹ǭǱࡩ‫ˎ࠘͜ޥ‬ʡǭҜTϕιӫ‫ח‬Ҝήࡩ¦ιӫ‫ח‬Ǳ͹T̃޷‫ڡ¦̶ڡ‬đ‫ח‬ ֗Σࡩ‫ݎ‬ϕ́ѽ¾˳‫́¦ࡩم‬ѽ¾ʰӝT 6Sյϙqʠ࡬ӫϯ‫ࡩݍڡݔ‬ʠёiνߜ‫ݍ‬Ȥ‫ࡩ˧ڰ‬iν͚˾ёˏ ʡߜ‫ތ׀ڰ‬Зࡩ‫ڍ‬ӫۜӨѷѨյϙqʠࡩ‫צ‬qܑSУqۘࡩĔ‫̜׺‬ʠ޷Ưࡩٖ ̪q‫ڡ‬Շ‫˾ח̃ܓ‬ʠṰ̭‫ח‬bըӫࡩbљۜ‫ءࡩה‬ɒāĕՂхŖ‫ߜ̌̄ࡩߜؘ‬ ‫ˎח‬Өާ۸ࡩ٦٦БȖѷѨƿƅ͊ˎ‫׼ڵ߉ڡח‬ʳ ࡩΠqɑìфħT W‫́ݔ֩׈ٵ‬XbѸЕǒ࡬YּԐࡪ‫ࡃށ‬ZѨ‫׀‬ɩʚ‫ߟחߜؘ‬ļٔϓ‫ ח‬T 24. ʗӑ¾‫ܜ‬bŖìѨĶ‫ݦ‬ё‫ࡃށ‬Ʋ޺ƫёθ݇‫ח‬bؑ‫ڡ‬ȇ T ΍ӫ‫ڀח‬λٛ࠿ࡃ ࠿ǩJYӫࡩѨϕࡩѨǶĥࡩ¦ѨìּTZqܻѨࠌӏϖԒȖSȢ̕‫ݍˇڵ‬Sʜ ۵‫ۯ݁ڵ‬S˳‫م‬ϖʰӝ …ࡩ‫ݥ֗ؑؑޝ‬΍Ʋ޺ߛ˭к‫¾ݍ‬ϕ‫΅צ‬Ã֖‫¦ࡩ ͦܛח‬ ̪‫ּ׈ٵ‬ɭ‫ח‬ɺ‫¾ּֽה‬յӡ‫ݍތח‬Tѩӄϓտ‫ח‬ҶΞѨԣƿȇ߉‫ࡩח‬Ϝߛ¾‫ڠ‬ ϏSЗ¾Ζʹࡩ̪‫׀ڰ‬ϯ‫חݔ‬ҶΞѿ¾ѷˎ‫ࡃח‬ΫTǆ‫צ‬ӫ‫ؿח‬؅ѨϽāΥ S ȏȇqύɛǯ۸ࡩʠ͇ĥּԐāɆǶĥ‫ٯࡩؐީח‬ѿ‫ޥ‬ǩֹࠟ‫ח‬ѩţࡩq‫ކ‬ѣ ʡлҭŸࠛࡩԒȖࡩϽ‫ٸ‬ȏȇʡ΄ǯ‫ݬ‬T ‫ּ׊ࡩٯ‬ԐλɌ‫ࡃށڵ‬Ʋ޺qǆϸԃёƿࡃͽ‫مחݔ‬Ҏѩ ࡩǶĥࡩĺѿ¾ ‫ީޛࡩڧڄ‬ӫ‫׀ڰח‬ϯ‫ࡩݥ֗ݔ‬ʠĒ‫ڵ‬qĒߜࡩ̩ϡ‫ڰחࠏ׈‬շ‫ڀ‬λࡩīΌ‫׈‬ ࠏϯ‫ܞܴ֩۾ݔ‬ӽշ‫ࡩּڍ‬Ͻ‫ٸ‬ʡǶĥּֽѷˎ‫׈ٵח‬ȇ߉T‫ޝ‬ҿ‫ࡩݍތח‬΍ ּԐߛ˭ࡩ‫ޝ΅צ‬bǗ҈ѨּɭƼəࡃ‫ˎח‬Ȭ‫ࡩ׃‬νͦ¦‫ڰ‬շʜ۵ˇ¾ࡩ‫ࡃށ‬ ϙЭА‫ࡩت׈ח‬Ē ¦ӡā΄ѷ‫׀ڰ‬Sѷ‫ݍ‬Ȥ‫ە‬Ȭࡩʠ‫ࡩߜ׬ޝ‬ϕ΁΃Ѣ‫¾ו‬Ñ ïࡗT.

(185) ŝƘţÊÇ ŀĈż ůƘŔńŁŸºƘĥƙĠŤtĽŎƘƈ 23.

(186) Q»¤4. ҈‫س‬Ў‫ܡ‬ʠǶĥ֪ܻ‫ͳͽڵ‬k YΖ‫ݔ‬Z‫ࡩ́ڀ׈ٵח‬ǖհ࡬ bS‫́ڀ‬ή λΡٞ ÉSɳ́θʹѠ‫ࡩۑ‬ǯ‫חڌ‬Ʋ̕ѿ؏ήĥ‫־‬S‫ܔע‬SՓθ݇ࡩΈ‫ڌ‬ѿ ˎ‫ݔ‬յͽθ‫ݔ‬Sࠌ‫ڰܗ‬Όθʹࡩٜɘ‫́ڀ‬ɮɳ́ࡩЎ‫ּܗܡ‬ɭ‫ח‬ήλΡٞ ɮθʹ̹ӈ‫ח‬ЕȭࡩĥհŖìϯ‫ࡩؗ׵ܻ֪ח׈ٵݔ‬qǆbɪҾĉǝìϖǆ֩ ‫ڍࡩ׃‬Ѩؔҳࠏ̪‫͍ڰ‬yɛƲΖԣ‫ۮ‬ЎُT. bS‫́ڀ‬ήλΡٞ. ‫ءؗ‬ïࡗѨ‫ڀ࡯ڀ‬Ѩbؑɒīìߪ߁ʠƽ‫ח‬ȇ߉T̃ѨӠŖìΖѼ‫ܵק‬ ‫ח‬bؑ‫ח̃ࡩ֩۾‬ǒ֩‫ݷ‬āĀìհλȖS‫ݏ‬ʄ࡭̃ƏѨɳ́b‫ࡩڻ‬Ѩƿࡃ‫¦ח‬ Ѩϯ‫ࡩחݔ‬Ѩ‫ˌ˧¦ח̜ק‬b‫ڻ‬T̃ɒʠ‫ߜ׬‬īìࠝΫ‫ࡩܼק‬ɅĒЁУq̍࡭̃ ˧ޭޯ‫ࠃחڻ‬պࡩȽɅ‫ٴٳ‬ʠ‫ࡩ޵ށ‬ѨϕśΖࠊɮήλ‫ח‬ʖ‫ڔ‬TΔʙ‫ؠ̔́ڀ‬ѫ эࡧ(52<1<?!6==@ࡩ ࡨ΍Ζ֪́ĮЎ‫؏ڀ̟ܡ‬ή֩‫ࡩݔ‬͸Y؏ήܷZࡩ ܳհ̟‫ڀ‬Νλ‫֗ח‬Αʠё̪‫ݔ‬йǩࡃ‫ח‬YּɭզԄZ ࡩ‫חּֽڍ‬Y‫ڰ‬ϕ‫ח‬Ӊ‫ݣ‬Z T 25. ܳհ‫ڀ‬λ‫ח‬ҠԶqʠ̪‫ڍࡩݔ‬ʠ‫ܗ‬ήλT ŖìǶĥ΍؏ήĥ‫־‬S‫ڵܔע‬Փθ݇‫ث‬Ζ֪‫ͦܛח‬тߛSɣйࡩЎ‫ܡ‬ϯ‫۩ݔ‬ ‫ۺ‬ϙȢɟ‫ּח‬ԐλɌࡩ؏ή‫חʹޠ‬Ʋʠ‫ؿ‬؅‫ࡩ֩۾‬ΖࠊѨƪՂѯςࡩ‫ߴݹ‬Ζࠊ‫ڔ‬ ࠒࡩɒā‫֩ה‬ѷˇƿࡃÃ֖āˆ‫ח‬ήλΡٞࡩqɌˆ‫م۾‬Ҏ‫ה׀ڰח‬Кࡩâհʮ ҈ٛ࠿‫ࡩ֩۾ܔעח‬ɒհ۩‫̔ۺ‬Փθ݇ήλ‫׃ʹࡄڱח‬Tān΍‫ޝ‬iࠗĮٜɘܷ ѢŖìY‫ּܗ‬ɭZ‫ח‬Ζ‫֩۾ݔ‬T. ҉ƭՓ٥݉ࡩW‫܍‬ѐ‫ڀڵڀܻ̔́ڀ‬λXࡩɓȥ࡬ࠋࡩ

(187) ࡩࠖ

(188) T. 24.

(189) ࡧbࡨS؏ήĥ‫( ־‬empathy). Yࠃ࠭Ԁ‫ހ‬Zࡩࠃğʆ‫࡯࠭ڡ‬Ԁğʆ‫࡯ހڡ‬Y̻ࡑ‫ݒ‬ώZࡩ̻ğʆ‫࡯ࡑڡ‬ ‫ݒ‬ğʆ‫ڡ‬ώ࡯ϕś‫ܳܗ‬հ̃ś¦ѿΣҡࡩ¦ѿήλࡩ¦‫ڡ‬ԐȖࡩ޻ѨҠЯ‫͍ڰ‬ ‫ח‬ٛ࠿Į¾‫҉ࡩ֖ˆܜ‬ƭՓ ؒհY؏ήĥ‫־‬ZT߼շ؏ήĥ‫־‬qb ̱̍Ѩ‫ڀ‬λٛ࠿ࡩ‫ڀڍ‬λٛ࠿Ƚ͚ɟѿ؏ήĥ‫ࡩ־‬Ѩʠ̩͚Ãܑ֖ǒq̩͚ ‫ח‬θ‫ڂ‬T΍b‫ی‬bܑ҅ǒּӨɮì ήࡩā‫ڱ‬ёּֽҳ˞˨‫ח‬λɌࡩâؒհ 26. Ȳ̌‫ח‬ìήȤZT ϥ‫ח͍ڰ‬ήλ‫؏ތ‬ǩˆ֖‫ށ‬kɁ ࡩ΁΃‫ܔ‬Όˆ֖¦ѿəҿ ‫ח‬ήλT‫ؠ‬ѫэࡧ(52<1<?!6==@ࡨ¦ܷ࡬ Yλ‫ܔ‬ǩ‫͍ڰ‬ʠϙܑǩ‫܈ࡃͽח‬ԐȖࡩϕ 27. ɮ̃̈Ƴəb‫ݮ‬Į¾ࡩϕλ‫ܔ‬ǩ‫͍ڰ‬ʠ̃‫ڰࠏ܈‬ʠS‫ࡅކ‬ɮ‫ݕڰ‬TZ ‫ڀ‬Ѩ‫ܗ‬ λɌS¦Ѩ̐‫˾ܗ‬ʠ‫ח‬S‫ڀ‬Ѩ̐ÎȖ‫ڍ‬۵ɘ‫ח‬TּԐ‫ח‬ٛ࠿ࡩ‫͍ڰ‬ʠӎɾѩࡩ ˎʡ̻Ӽ޻ʠЖ‫͍ڰ࡭ئ͙ץ‬ʠέƈѩࡩࠪࠃ‫޻ࡐۃ‬ʠʄӨǏζT‫ײ‬աࠏ̪‫ڰ‬շ ‫ؿח‬؅Ϩưࡩ̻̈́‫ڟڣ‬ёÀ¦ࡩÀ‫ڟڣ‬ё̻̈́¦ࡩɒܑ¦ѿۘԣǬ‫؏ח‬ήĥ‫ ־‬T 28. ǆ΍҉ƭՓϙܷ࡬Yϕ‫ח‬ή‫ݳ‬ɮ֖‫ח‬ή‫΄ݳ‬Ύ‫ޘ‬ԒZ ‫̜߳ח‬İ˹ࡩĮ‫צ‬Ŗì‫ח‬ Ƕĥ‫࡬֩۾‬ 1 S֖‫ݔͽח‬Ѩì‫ח‬ή‫ޓחݳ‬ջ ࡬ ֖‫ח‬θ۫ԣԦɮì‫ח‬Ρ٢̗Ǘ‫ߟף‬TbҊɟࠉ‫ࡩۃח‬ʠ‫ޝ‬Ŗì‫צ‬ĮɐѨ bҊ͚͜‫ࡩۃח‬ʠ޷Ŗì‫צ‬ϖāհ̃ɟԟǏζࡩʠɏbŖì‫צ‬ϖāհ̃‫ݔڡ‬Αì ּɮ̄̌‫ࡩܼ˨ח‬ʠӉ‫޻ؐީݣ‬ɟѿ͢ǖǶ‫ޠ‬ΣTbҊ‫˧ۃ‬ӑࡩbǗÃ֖¦Ѩ ˧ӑTʗӑࡩǶĥѩ̦‫ח͍ڰ‬θ۫ɮή‫ࡩݳ‬ʠ‫ڰ‬ϕđ͸‫ח‬ήʹn؏ήёӫࡩӫɦ ֩¾ϕϙܑǩ‫ח‬ή‫ݔͽݳ‬T. ҉ƭՓࡩWܺ‫ڀ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬юՖ‫ ࠖࡩ ࡩ؂‬35-39T ҉ƭՓ٥݉ࡩǯʹѸࡩࠖ

(190) T ҉ƭՓࡩǯʹѸࡩࠖ T 25.

(191) 2SìqĔ؏ήё֖ࡩ޴܎ɣй֖‫ח‬ˮνё‫ڰ‬ϕ ࡬ q‫װ‬q‫ܔ‬ʡҾĉ֖‫ڀࡩݔͽח‬λٛ࠿‫עח‬Џ‫߼חס‬qʠߪǍΣήࡩ‫ڍ‬Ƚѿߪ ǍΣή‫ח‬ȉоTΖ‫܈‬ȶۘ‫חڀ‬θ‫͚ࡩݔ‬Ɍ‫חڀ‬θ‫ݔ‬ԗՔࡩʠǶĥk‫ڰ‬շ¦ɒāԣ Ǭ‫֩۾ތ؏ח‬T΍Ζ֪́Į‫ࡩצ‬ԄθȇߺʠҚŖθ‫ݔ‬kࠏࡩҳ̕ѣʹ‫ݮ‬Ҿĉ‫ח‬ ǶĥާȖTŖìǶĥkࡩ¦‫׀ۦ‬ӫ‫ڀח‬λٛ࠿ࡩǑÃ‫ܗ‬Ξ޻ѿ̜֩ёާȖS‫֩۾‬ ёĥɰk‫ח‬ƋɛT ٜ‫؏ࡩܞڍ‬ήĥ‫־‬ѨΖࠊ‫ח‬ԐȖࡩѨbؑյϸҎ‫׀ڰח‬ǶĥࡩìɵѿʠΖ ࠊɮΡε‫ק‬Ӑ‫ࡩ׀ڰח‬ϛ‫̦ڡ‬ήλ‫ק‬Ǘ‫֩۾ח‬ǒĮ ࡩĥɰ¦ϛ‫ݮʹڡ‬ûì‫ח‬Ƽ ࡑTּԐŖì‫ޱ‬ЪāYӫZĥհ؏ή̪‫ࡩݔ‬qƍϥϕ‫ח‬Σҡɮήλ؏Ԅёӫ ࡩ əѩ¦ϥӫ‫ח‬ˮνɮ֗‫ݥ‬ɣйёϕΖࡩѨbؑʠ‫ؿڒ‬ѽ؅ࡩ̦ϕ‫ח‬ή‫ݳ‬ɮ֖ ‫ח‬ή‫ݳ‬Y΄Ύ‫ޘ‬ԒZ‫קח‬С‫ࡩ֩۾‬΍‫ٕחށڰ‬ҹࡩʠ֖‫ڵ‬ϕ‫ܗח‬ջ֞Ό˨Ϋ ‫ח‬Ƕ‫֩۾ޠ‬T. ࡢÉࡣS‫( ܔע‬instinct). ϙܿY‫ܔע‬ZࡩࠦɚΡ‫ڂ‬ĺѨ‫֗׀‬Ә‫ח‬Ã֖ϙ‫ע‬Џʹ‫¦࡭ ܔװחݮ‬ȺѨìࠥ ‫ח‬ΖࠊࡩqŮΡ‫עࡩޏ‬ЏϥИŖǝÃ֖֗Σɮ‫ڡחףק‬ȇࡩ¦ɒāܷƏѨĠ̔ ϙܿq‫ݮ‬bǗǖǝεTɵΖ‫ˎߺחڂ‬ϓ‫ˎڂࡩڌ‬Ǟ‫̔́ڀ‬Ʈ‫ࡧ࡞پ‬Benedelto Croceࡩ1866-1952ࡨܳհ࡬ Y۩‫֩۾ڵּהחݔͽۺ‬Į‫ڰ‬ё‫̺ࡩܔע‬ёì‫ח‬ԐȖࡩ 29. ̺ёΖࠊ‫ח‬ȇ߉TZ Ͼ‫ח‬ѨѼʮ̹‫װܳח‬ԐȖࡩ̃q͙ҶΞࡩƽȉ‫ڡ‬Y̦߽ˇ ‫ח‬ȶ‫ݔ‬۵հbŖѿӄ‫ח‬хࡃ Zϥԥ²‫ח‬λ‫ܔ‬Ȋāٜɘ٘bࡩͽϓ‫ח̍ؖރ‬θ‫ݔ‬T ‫חܔע‬ĮԶѨΖࠊԐȖ҈‫ࡩ ށ‬YήλZʠ҆ٛ‫ܔע‬ѩ޴Ѩյͽͳ‫ࡩ ח‬bљٛީ‫ע‬ ‫̃ࡩܔ‬ϛհΖࠊԐȖϙЉИࡩϛΌǩͽͳࡩâȺ‫ތ‬Ȥհθ‫ޝڍࡩݔ‬θ‫̱¦ݔ‬Ѩb. ҉ƭՓ٥݉ࡩǯʹѸࡩࠖ

(192)

(193) T. 26.

(194) ‫ڻ‬ìϙ¾‫ח׃ܗ̐חܜ‬Ã֖Tϙā‫ؑޝܔע‬YΖࠊٜɘĥ‫־‬ZqĔ‫¾֩۾‬ήλࡩ ‫ڍ‬yəѩ޴Ƕ‫֩۾¾ޠ‬ήλ‫ח‬θ‫ࡩ ݔ‬Ⱥ̐‫ח׃ܗ‬Ã֖T 30. Ʈ‫̱¦ࡩ֩۾࡮ܔע࡮ۺ۩࡬ܷ޴࡞پ‬ѨܷY۩‫ۺ‬ȺѨ‫ܔע‬Z ࡩ‫ࡧܔע‬Ʋ ̕ࡨ ࡩ̱Ѩ‫ࡨͳͽࡧ֩۾‬ ࡩ‫ܔע‬ǩҚͽ‫ݔ‬əѩ͎ͽϓӑͽ‫ ͳͽ֩۾חݔ‬T‫ݥחܔע‬ ъ߼ѨΌё‫ڰ‬շࡩ̃‫ͳͽח‬ȽּёƲΖT‫ܔע‬ѨΖࠊ‫ࡩֽ֖ח‬Ѩ‫ڀחؾي‬λϖ ۩‫׃ʹחۺ‬TƮ‫࡞پ‬ϙԄ߇‫ח‬Y۩‫ۺ‬Ѩܾˇȶ‫ڍࡩ֩۾חݔ‬qѨ‫֩۾ח֩۾‬ZT ϕś̪ёͽ‫חݔ‬ΡٞࡩѼ‫ظ‬ʀѼȿ˭‫ח‬Yܑͽ‫ڍݔ‬qܑθ‫װחڂ‬ZѨ‫࡭ܔע‬ƽӈ ѨY‫װڍݔͽ׀‬θ‫װחڂ‬ZѨ‫࡭ܔװ‬ѼΈY‫װڍݔͽݰ‬θ‫װחڂ‬ZǭͽϓҶΞT ‫חܔע‬ʮ҈‫ؠ‬ʳqˆ ѨƲΖ‫ࡩ֩۾חˆ̪׃‬ϙā‫ܔע‬qѨb֪ؑΣSqѨb ؑҶΞĥ‫ڍࡩ־‬Ѩì‫ח‬λ̋ȉ‫עڡ‬Џĥ‫־‬ʠˆʠÃ֖ϙ֞Ό‫ٕח‬ҕѐͳ ࡩqߤÐ ̋ȢɟΖࠊ‫ח‬λ‫ܔ‬ȉ‫ڡ‬T ‫ظ‬ʀ‫̱݂ח‬ѨΖࠊ‫ח‬Ƕ‫ޠ‬ȇࡩϙā‫̱ܔע‬ѨΖࠊǶ‫ޠ‬ƿࡃͽ‫ݔ‬Ρٞ‫ח‬ԐȖ ࡩ Ѩbؑ‫ڰ‬ϕ‫̜֩ח‬Tʓ݅‫ח‬ǖғࡩɐѿʀ‫ࡩܔעחي‬ӹѿθΙɮΡ‫ڋ‬T۩‫חۺ‬Ƕ ‫ޠ‬ώĮ‫ڰ‬ёǶĥ‫חڌ‬Ȗ‫ޚ‬ӭࡩ‫ח̘ݓ‬ήλ‫ּڵ‬Ԑٛ࠿ѿȎёͽ‫ܔעחݔ‬T۩‫ۺ‬ ‫ח‬Ƕĥkࡩ֖‫ݔ‬ѨΡٞ‫ࡩݔ̪ח‬Ƕĥࡃʠ‫֩۾‬kΗ࠙‫ڡ‬θѽƽ˨ࡩࡃܳ‫ڰ‬ ͍‫ח‬ήλࡩā‫װק‬լܑθѽ‫ק‬Ӑ‫ࡩݥ҈ח‬ϳߧ֖‫חݔ‬Ҏ٩ࡩ‫ʹۯ‬ƽϏЊߧŊ‫ח‬ ֖υࡩ‫ޢ‬ưbؑ‫ߜݰ‬S‫ݰ‬ȉǞ‫ܔעח‬ΖνT. ࡢiࡣSՓθ݇ (unconscious). ‫ا‬ȴƯܷ࡬YϕΡࡩнϕʠTZշ‫ڍ‬ā֩‫́ݔ‬ĮܷࡩΡ‫ࡨࠞࡧڋ‬ɮ˾ʠࡧ‫ށ‬ 31. ࡃࡨѨq‫ڡ‬əѩ˾‫ࡩח‬ɒܷѨ࡬ YϕΡнϕqʠ࡭ϕʠϕqΡ‫ۮ‬TZ ¦ɒܷࡩ. 30 ȀѡƩࡩW‫܍‬ѐ‫ܻ̫́ڀ‬XTɓȥ࡬‫ړ‬ٛࡩ ࡩࠖ

(195) T

(196) ʹ‫݃ڰ‬Ґ̻сЇ ɓс‫ؗ׵́ˎڜ‬ϙЇܸƲш T. 27.

(197) ìʠqѽθ݇ǩ‫˾͍ڰ‬ʠѩࡩϛѨ‫˾ח̜ק‬ʠTʗӑࡩĠԋĶΔ‫ח‬Փθ݇¦ɒ‫ڈ‬ ݉ϓյθ݇ (unconscious) TյɚࡩϛɒāǶĥTЗŖ‫ࡩͦܛ‬q‫ܷ־‬ϕʠ‫֩۾‬ï ࡗࡩ̱Ѩʠ‫֩۾‬ïࡗ¾Tʹ‫ ܻ̔ܩ־‬.B129.6?2ϙ‫࡬ޗ‬Yјּ͚ԐࡩѨѼʮ҈‫ח‬S 32. ¦ѨѼ‫߼ࡩ׌شח̘ݓ‬շ̃‫צ‬ĒտΪࡩĔ‫ٯ‬ѨƪՂࡀɾɮюࡏλ TZ ϙāࡩѼ ‫חڀ‬ǶĥࡩѨ˾ʠёյθ݇‫֘ח‬νnTՓθ݇Ѩì‫¦ࡩڡ҈ּ֖ח‬Ѩυ҂‫ח߉ڡ‬ ĮԶT˾ʠёӠŖìΖ֪Ѽԣ̹ࡩāՂ‫ށڰݷ‬υ҂SΝҺհǒ‫޷ࡩ࡜ה‬Ѩb‫ښ‬յ ԁʽϦ‫ۼח‬ȖθΞ࡭ĔѨìѨ‫؂‬ѽΣ‫ח‬Ȗ֖ࡩӠˏɌǩ‫؂‬ѽ‫شܒ‬ɆшȤƆ٘‫مח‬ 33. ҎࡩϙāВ࠯ƽΖࠊѼԣ‫חۮ‬Ȗ֖Σ҈‫ڡ‬TĠԋĶΔЕǒì‫ח‬Ζ֪ѿiŖ‫࡬ ٘ـ‬ 1Sθ݇ (consciousness) ࡬Ѩì‫͍ڰ݇ܳڡ‬ɮֲܳ݇ʹ‫ח‬Ζ֪޺Ć ࡩʠì‫ח‬ Ԅθߺ࡜k‫ח‬Ζ֪ީؐ޻Ѩθ݇‫ࡩח‬ɒѨθ݇ɐѨхŖΖ֪‫ח٘ـ‬bؑԔࠏ ӫ͜ࡩ̃‫܎ח‬ȉ‫ڡ‬Ѩ΍ì‫ח‬Ζ֪‫߉ڡ‬ԐȖϥ޷Ñƫˏ‫ח‬S֠Σ‫ڡ҈ח‬ϖȿּ υ҂ЊߧЈT 2Snθ݇ (subconscious) ࡬ϖؒǯθ݇‫ࡩ٘ـ‬Ѩθ݇‫٘ـ‬ɮյθ݇‫٘ـ‬ ߜ‫ח‬bŖ޵٤޺ĆT̃ϙѿ‫࡜֗ח‬Ѩʠƽ¦˾ۘյθ݇‫ۼח‬Ȗ ࡩυ҂ɮλή ‫ࡩث‬Ĕ̃śɒāΆ̕ѣ‫؏ތ‬ǩθ݇‫ ٘ـ‬T 3SՓθ݇ (unconscious) ࡬ɒؒյθ݇ࡩѨΖ֪‫ח٘ـ‬ԣ̹޺ĆTѨì ‫ࡩڡ҈ּ֖ח‬υ҂‫ח‬ƟۨͧT‫ޝ‬Ñ҈‫ڡ‬υ҂ѿ͹ձ‫ח‬Ζ֪‫࡭߉ڡ‬Ĕ‫׀‬ёʠ‫؂‬ѽ ΌqǩՂ‫܀̱ࡩݷ‬ʽϦʠյθ݇TĔѨ̃śɅ‫ٯ‬Ѩհ‫̩͍ڰ‬ϡǒ‫̃ࡩݼ‬śɐ Ѩq‫҈܀‬ìθ݇ǩࡩĔӹѿԘߧࡩ‫ڍ‬Ѩʠյθ݇ؔҳԐȖ ࡩ‫ޚ‬ӭՂ‫ݷ‬T ֮ʿ‫ח‬Ζ֪́̔̕ҡ (C.G. Jung) ¦‫ީࡩ֩ה‬ɁӹѿԘ˒ࡩϕśε޲Κީ ɁࡩĔީɁāɏbؑѐԁ‫ۘܣ‬ϕś ࡩɐѨ‫ݍ‬З¾ͽ‫ࡩݔ‬ā߶ʃ(metaphor) ‫ח‬ѐͳ ɦ֩ࡩϕśqѨԐʠʀ‫חي‬θ݇ࡩӠbɎ‫ٕۘٮ޻ࡩܮ‬Ȭٙ‫חٮە‬ɟθ࡭Ӡ.

(198) " 605.29?621ࡩ233+ .99+ 6AA42;@A26;.;1A52C2?F1.F ?6A60.9;>B6?F'=?6;4 ==

(199)

(200) ͸ʙԩࡩWΈĠԋĶΔ‫ڂ‬Xࡩɓȥ࡬Жѯ ࡩࠖ GT 28.

(201) bŖ۸հࡩ¦߶ۨۘյцՓۨ‫ח‬ȖӄTΖࠊࡩ̃‫ާח‬ĥq‫׀‬ì‫ח‬θΙЭАࡩΆˇ ì޻ѿ‫ޝ‬ҿ‫ח‬ٛ࠿ࡩɒ‫ڡ‬ɐѨbĄ̭ÃࡩĔ̃ʠ‫ח͍ڰ‬ƲΖȽԏԴ՚Ա࡭ɒāɐ ѨbɎ‫ࡩܮ‬ȽĀϕśхˉq‫ޝࡩרڡ‬Ѩʗհ‫ש‬ǯ‫ח‬Ã֖‫ڵ‬ƲΖʪۨ¾‫ܣח‬ϋּֽ ‫׹‬ХTΖࡩȖ¾࡭Փθ݇ࡩȖ¾TՓθ݇Ӡˏ޻ʠȏȇхɘٛ࠿ࡩ‫ּݎ‬ԐÃĄ‫ݍ‬ 34. ϓ¾Ⱦ߇‫ࡈࠊ࡭ࡈࠊח‬Ѩʠɽ߂ϕśࡩ˦˦ջּࠦɭ (care of the soul) T Ʋʠࠊ ࡈѨƪՂѯςࡩ‫ߴݹ‬Ζࠊ‫̈ࠒڔ‬ϓ̃‫̈׊ܯ‬ϓ‫ח‬ąȗࡩ̃Ͼǒߧ¾ϕś‫ּחށڗ‬ ɭࡩ¦ѿɏbŖּɭࡩ‫ּޝ‬ɭ‫ࡩߜؘݱݰ‬ɒāߗ࠸ʠީɁҚѩҚʡҚǬ࡭ϕśχ ‫ܔעۘۦ‬ɆՓθ݇Sˌʹ‫ח‬Ʋ̕ࡩ‫̃ܓ؞‬ԣ̹‫߶ڵ׻̗ח‬ʃ‫̕ࠏח‬T ࠊࡈїշѨհbؑ߶ʃࡩ۩‫ۺ‬ɰğʆqѨTĥ‫ࡩ׈‬qѨɐѿŴǒ۩‫ۺ‬ɰ‫ࠏ۾‬ ‫ͳͽח‬Ʋ̕ࡩ‫ڍ‬ώāθ‫( ݔ‬images)‫ٕޡ‬λȖ̩ϡּɭࠊࡈ‫ף̜ח‬TϙāࡩʠǶĥ kࡩʀʀ‫֩۾‬٣ҩSʱ‫;ڿ׍‬SّܰД‫ٵ‬Sߩ‫ޗ‬Ã̜q‫ࡩˊݷ‬Η࠙‫ה‬Ћ‫ח‬Ѩ‫ק‬ ̜‫ח‬ƲʠࡩѨѽܷ‫ࡈࠊחܮ‬T‫׊‬Ƕĥ‫־ڌ‬ΖɁܷSɁ‫ࡩ֩۾‬ήλʠqٛθߜԒࠉࡩ ࠊࡈ¦ѽ߶‫م‬Ԕ֩ࡩϕśĺ‫ˊڡ‬΍ĥɰ‫ח‬Ʋ̕‫ޢ‬۸Ζࠊ‫ח‬Ýѽࡩ̱‫ݎ‬Ƕĥ҈ ‫ࡩށ‬ʖӖǩּɭ҈‫ݥ‬kĮЎ‫ܡ‬T̕ҡܷ࡬‫ݎ‬YּɭZߟϏࡩǆӈ‫܉ݩ‬ɦ֩ࡩցո ǒ‫ڊ‬٧‫( ࡈࠊח‬oldsoul) ࡩìּ‫ޚ‬ӭ‫ࡩח‬qѨӹɹࠡɳ́ (problem-free)ࡩ‫ڍ‬Ѩѿb 35. Ŗƿѿԣͦ‫ּח‬ɭࡦ q‫־‬ǖߛީɁS֩ʠɮ̦ĮࡩީɁɮ֩ʠʠӑѩӑǬ‫ף‬ ‫ּݎ̱ࡩޥ‬ɭ‫ࡈࠊח‬ɶӋɞࡦ ΍ш۩Ύ‫ח˭ߛڶ‬ɘ֪‫ڂ‬ǩȫ£‫ل‬ѩެǩbŖࡄ̿ࡩìś̪ёbؑ̈‫ڀ‬ ‫ח‬шȤ̖āյߤ‫҄ח‬҂TĔ‫ڰ‬΍͵ԋĶΔ‫ח‬Wˌ‫ܜח‬ғXǒ֓Έࡩɘ֪‫ڂ‬ĺ̑ ɧ‫ࡩ¾ֽ׶‬ёѨɉƽޫࡩìśߛ˭‫ڡ҈ܾܧ‬S‫ۼ‬ȖSѵѧɮ؅‫؍‬ΣT‫ة‬bӈˎϗ ѩࡩΔʙ‫( ڂ֩۾ח‬Expressionism) ɉϪ̠̜‫ࡩڂ‬͹ܹ‫חܗ‬ήλ‫ڵ‬؅‫ח؍‬ȇ ߉ࡩāì‫ؿח‬؅ϖࠊࡈհն࡜ࡩ‫ޚ‬ӭƲʠ҈‫ݥ‬q‫ࡩ֪קחݍ‬þ‫ڌ۾‬ѿ࡬˿ƮS˅.

(202) ̕ҡΖ֪́ࡩ 5AA=D D D C60A<?9B80<: 587B;46.;5A: ࡩ T

(203) ək‫ܨ‬T 29.