The Effects of Strengths Intervention Programs on College
Students’ Eudaimonic well-being, Life Satisfaction
and Depression
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate the effects of strengths
intervention programs on college students’ eudaimonic well-being, life satisfaction and depression. This study used a nonequivalent quasi-experimental design and recruited 144 Taiwan college students based on convenience sample.
The participants were divided randomly into the experimental-A group, the experimental-B group and a control group. Participants in the experimental groups attended two-week strengths intervention programs.
The dependent variables were the scores of “eudaimonic well-being Scale (EWB)”, “Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS)”, and “Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D)”. We used one-way analysis of covariance to analyze the data. The results were as following:
1. The experimental-A group students reported significantly higher scores in the post-test and the follow-up test of the EWB than the control group students
2. The experimental-A group did not significantly different from the control group in the following tests: the post-test and the follow-up test of the SWLS, the post-test and the follow-up test of the CES-D.
3. The experimental-B group students reported significantly higher scores in the post-test and the follow-up test of the EWB than the control group students
the following tests: the post-test and the follow-up test of the SWLS, the post-test and the follow-up test of the CES-D.
5. The combination of the hope camera(hope strength) and the savoring (zest strength) intervention enhanced the eudaimonic well-being in the post-test and the follow-up test.
Based on the results and discussion of this study, suggestions were provided for educational institutions and future study.
... I
... II
... IV
... VI
... VIII
…..48
……… !
2-1-1 ... 7 2-1-2 ... 8 2-4-1 ………...……….29 3-1-1 ... 33 4-1-1 ……….49 4-1-2 ……….50 4-2-1 ……….51 4-2-2 ……….52 4-2-3 ……….53 4-2-4 ……….53 4-2-5 ……….55 4-2-6 ……….55 4-2-7 ……….……….56 4-3-1 ……….57 4-3-2 ……….58 4-3-3 ………….………58 4-3-4 …….………59 4-3-5 ……….………59 4-4-1 ….………61 4-4-2 .. ……..62 4-4-3 ………….62
4-5-1 ……….65
3-1 ………...39 3-2 ……….………...40 3-3 ………..44 4-1 ………..52 4-2 ………..54 4-3 ………..57 4-4 ………..………59 4-5 …………..61 4-6 ….…….64
Seligman
2004 (
2012) (strengths) (well-being)
(optimal functioning) (Gable & Hadit, 2005; Sheldon & King, 2001) Seligman Csikszentmihalyi(2000) 135 (thriving) 18 17% (61%) (44%) (40%) 2013 2014 2012 18.7% 25
2013 14% 2007 2012 Seligman 2009 Aristotle Aristotle 2005 Peterson Seligman(2004)
(Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification)
(Virtues) (Strengths)
(Value in Action Inventory of Strength, VIA-IS, Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
2012; Park, Peterson & Seligman, 2004; Proctor, Maltby & Linely, 2011 Proyer Ruch
Buschor(2013)
Seligman et al 2005; Proctor et al., 2011; Mitchell et al., 2009; Rust, Diessner, & Reade, 2009; Mongrain, & Anselmo-Matthews, 2012; Gander, Proyer, Ruch, & Wyss, 2013）。
(Louis & Lopez, 2014 )
Waterman (personal expressiveness)
(hedonic enjoyment) (Waterman, 1993; Waterman, Schwartz, & Conti, 2008)
Waterman 2010 (eudaimonic well-being) Louis Lopez(2014) 2008 2008 2012 2012 2010 Seligman 2005
(Louis & Lopez, 2014) Seligman 2005
Gander et al., 2013; Proyer, Ruch, & Buschor, 2013; Rust, Diessner, & Reade, 2009; Schuller & Parks, 2012
2010
Peterson Seligman(2004) 24
Jose 2012 Bouwkamp Lopez(2001)
Waterman et al., 2008; Waterman et al., 2010
Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985
Diener 1985 (Satisfaction with
Life Scale; SWLS)
2006 2006
(Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D)
Seligman
2009
Peterson Seligman, 2004
Park & Peterson, 2009; Peterson et al., 2007; 2009 2012 Peterson Seligman
2-1 24
Character strengths and virtues: A classification and
handbook(pp.17-28). by C. Peterson and M. E .P. Seligman, 2004, New York: Oxford University Press; Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Copyright 2004 by Values in Action Institute.
(Wisdom and knowledge) (Courage) (Humanity) (Justice)
(Temperance) (Transcendence)
Peterson
& Seligman, 2004 24 2-2
2-1-2! (Creativity) (Curiosity) (Open-mindedness) (Love of learning) (Perspective) (Bravery) (Perseverance) (Integrity) (Zest) (Love) (Kindness) (Social intelligence)
(Fairness) (Leadership) (Teamwork) (Forgiveness) (Prudence) (Modesty) (Self-regulation)
(Appreciation of beauty and excellence) (Gratitude) (Hope) (Humor) (Spirituality)
”Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach.” by T. Rashid, 2015, Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 1-16.
Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook. by C. Peterson and M. E .P. Seligman, 2004, New York: Oxford University Press; Washington, DC:
Niemiec Niemiec, 2013
(Value in Action
Inventory of Strength, VIA-IS) 240 18
10
24
Cronbach’s α >.70 >.70
10-17
VIA-Youth 198 (α >.70) (Peterson & Seligman,
2004; Park, Peterson, & Seligman, 2006) VIA-IS
(Nemiec, 2013)
(www.authenticahappiness.com) 75
VIA-IS(McGrath, 2014) VIA-IS
(Brdar & Kashdan, 2010; Macdonald, Bore, & Munro, 2008; Peterson et al., 2008; Shryack et al., 2010)
(Macdonale et al., 2008)
(Peterson et al., 2008) (Peterson & Seligman, 2004)
Yu Hsu(2013)
(Cyberspace Engaged Life Scale, CELS) 2012
Yu Hsu(2013) CELS (cyberspace positive
psychological trait scale, C-PPTS)
1
24 Cronbach’s α .90 RMSEA
CFI SRMR RMSEA=.078; CFI=.94; SRMR=.06
2012 Peterson Seligman(2004) VIA-IS
72 3 Cronbach’s α .95 CFI SRMR CFI=.95; SRMR=.066 RMESA PMSEA=.98 Parks 2006 50 54 117,676 Shimai 2006 18-24 2012
2006 75 1,063,921
Littman-Ovadia Lavy(2012) VIA-IS
Azañedo Fernández-Abascal
Barraca(2014) VIA-IS
Biswas-Diener(2006)
2012; Biswas-Diener, 2006; Linley et al., 2007; Shimai et al., 2006; Littman-Ovadia & Lavy, 2012
Dahlsgaard, Peterson, & Seligman, 2005; Shimai et al., 2006
(Life satisfaction)
Diener, 2000 Sin Johnson( Diener et al., 1985)
Dierner 1985 Satisfaction with Life Scale, SWLS
Cronbach’s α .79 .89
.83 .84 .50 .54 Pavot & Diener, 1993
2007 α .87 Pavot
Diener(1993)
Wu Yu 2006
24
Park Peterson Seligman(2004)
5,299 VIA-IS
Park, Peterson, & Seligamn, 2004 Buschor, Proyer, & Ruch, 2013; Peterson et al., 2007; Ruch et al.,2010 Littman-Ovadin & Lavy, 2012 Azañedo Fernández-Abascal Barraca, 2014
Gradisek, 2012
2012
Azañedo
Fernández-Abascal Barraca, 2014; Gradisek, 2012; Buschor, Proyer, & Ruch, 2013; Litman-Ovadin & Lavy, 2012; Park, Peterson, & Seligman, 2004; Peterson et al., 2007; Ruch et al., 2010
2008
r=.46~.42
(Gander et al.,
2012) r=.37 r=.34 r=.34
Park Peterson(2006a)
Park, 2004
Gradisek, 2012 ; Park & Peterson, 2006b
Park, 2004; Park & Peterson, 2008 Park Peterson(2006a) 3-9 7 Peterson Seligman(2003) 911 4,817 911 911 Schueller 2015 Peterson 2008
Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2006
24
Peterson 2007
Proctor Maltby Linley(2011)
Linley 2010
(hedonic)
(subjective well-being) (eudemonia)
Kashdan, Biswas-Diener, & King, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000
Aristotle
Ryan & Deci, 2001; Waerman et al., 2008
Aristotle Aristotle eudaimonism Aristotle arête Aristotle 2005
(doing that which is worth doing) (Ryan & Deci, 2001; Waerman et al., 2008)
Waterman(1990, 1993) (personally expressive)
(Waterman, 1993; Waterman et al., 2010)
Waterman 2010
Waterman 2010 (the questionnaire for
Eudaimnoic Well-being, QEWB) 21 14
7
(self-discovery)
a sense of purpose and meaning in life
(investment of signify effort in pursuit of excellence)
(intense involvement in activities)
Csikszentmihalyi
(flow) — (challenge-skill
balance) —
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990)
Waterman(1993,2003) —
(Waterman, 1990)
Waterman 2010
QEWB
(CFI=.99 NNFI=.98 RMSEA=.065 SRMR=.018)
.63 .87 Cronbach’s α .86
QEWB The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale, DIDS (identity commitment)
.41 .69 (r=.63) (r=.47)
QEWB DIDS (exploration in breadth)
(exploration in depth) .14 .27
QEWB (Mini-International Personality Item Pool-Five factor model , Mini-IPIP) .20 .29
(Arnett Sensation Seeking Scale, Asss) .05 QEWB
r=.64 r=.38
r=-.41 QEWB
QEWB Waterman 2010
Schutte Wissing Khumalo(2013)
3 10 Schutte (2013)
Kiaei(2014)
13 17
Waterman (2010)
Dezutter et al., 2014; Kiaei, 2014; Ritchie et al., 2013; Schwartz et al., 2011a, 2011b; Syed et al., 2013
Kiaei Reio(2014) (goal-pursuit) (goal-aspirations)
(positive psychology intervenetions) Duckworth Steen Seligman(2005)
Sin Lyubomirsky(2009)
(Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009; Bolier et al., 2013)
(Emmons & McCullough, 2003)
2013; Jose, Lim, & Bryant, 2012 (Bouwkamp, & Lopez, 2001) (Seligman et al., 2005)
(Seligman et al., 2005;Quinlan, Swain, & Vella-Brodrick, 2012)
Seligman (2005) 577 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. VIA-IS
6. VIA-IS
Radloff 1977
(Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, CES-D) Steen 2005 (Steen Happiness Index, SHI) 411
Mitchell 2009 (internet-based)
160
;
;
3
(The Satisfaction With Life Scale, SWLS, Diener et al., 1985)
(Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, PANAS, Clark & Tellegen, 1988) (Personal Well-being Index-Adult Scale, PWI-A, IWG, 2006)
PWI-A OTH
Mongrain Anselmo-Mattews(2012) Seligman (2005)
Facebook 1,447
1 3 6 SHI
CES-D 6 347
6
Gander Proyer Ruch Wyss(2013) Seligman (2005)
2,374
(Authentic Happiness Inventory, AHI, Seligman et
Rust Diessner Reade(2009) 131
12
Proyer Ruch Buschor(2012)
178
AHI CESD Schueller(2011) 127 1 2 AHI CESD PANAS 2 Schuller Parks(2012) 1,364 2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 CESD 2 4 6
Duan (2013) 360
SWLS
2-3 2-3
(Gander et al., 2013)
(Rust, Diessner ,& Reade, 2009) (Proyer,
Ruch, & Buschor, 2013) (Schueller, 2011)
(Schueller & Parks, 2012) (Duan et al., 2013)
Gander et al., 2013; Proyer, Ruch, & Buschor, 2013; Rust, Diessner, & Reade, 2009; Schuller & Parks, 2012
Seligman et al. (2005) RCT 1 N=557 SHI CES-D 1. *# 2. *# 3. *# 4. 5. 6. , , 1 3 6 6 29% Mitchell et al. (2009) RCT 3 N=160 SWLS PANAS PWI-A OTH DASS-21 1. * 2. 3. , , 3 69.8% 3 83% Rust, Diessner & Reade (2009) 12 N=131 72% SWLS 1. 2 * 2. 1 1 * 3. 0 Schueller (2010) RCT 2 4 6 N=792 AHI CES-D 2 ,4 ,6 1 1 1. (n=792); 2. (n=562); 3. (n=364); 4. (n=329) *#; 5. (n=142); 6. (n=122) Schueller( 2011) RCT 2 N=127 AHI CES-D PANAS SWLS 1. 2. ( ) 1 2
Mongrain & Anselmo-Mattews (2012) RCT 1 Facebook N=1447 SHI CES-D 1. # 2. # 3. # 4. # , , 1 3 6 76% Gander et al., 2013 RCT 1 2 N=2374 AHI CES-D 1. *# 2. *# 3. *# 4. (2 )# 5. + (2 )*# 6. *# 7. *# 8. *# 9. *# 10. # , , 1 3 6 6 61.1 Proyer, Ruch, & Buschor (2013) RCT N=178 :73 :105 SWLS 1. SWLS , , , , * 2. SLWS , , , , , 3. 30% Schueller & Parks (2012) RCT 2 4 6 N=1364 CES-D 1. 2 # 2. 4 # 3. 6 # 4, # 1 2 3 4 5 6 6 51 Duan et al.,2013 6 N=360 SWLS 1. * 2. * 3. * 4. * 9 0
21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 item version); =
; *= ; =
2010 2008
2009 2011
A B A B A B A B 3-1
A O1 X1X2 O2 O3 B O4 O7 X2X1 O5 O8 O6 O9 0 1~2 3 7 O1 O4 O7 O2 O5 O8 O3 O6 O9 X1 1 X2 1
1. Hawthorne effect John Henry effect
debriefing 2.
1-1 A 1-2 B 2-1 A 2-2 B 3-1 A 3-2 B
4-1 A 4-2 B 5-1 A 5-2 B 6-1 A 6-2 B ! !
263 144 A 48 B 47 49 144 104 75% 36 25% ; 84 58% 31 22% 13 9% 16 11% 121 16.0 95 34.0 Waterman (2010)
30 1 5 SRMR=.076<.10 RMSEA=0.095 12 .30 (modification index, MI) 1 2 25 4 26 3-2 CFI SRMR (CFI=.94>.90,SRMR=.068<.10)
RMSEA=.085, 90%CI[.078, .092] Cronbach
α .92
(r =.52, p< .01)
(Satisfaction With Life Scale, SWLS) Diener (1985) .87 .82 .61 .84 Pavot Diener(1993) SWLS Cronbach’s α .79 .89 .83 .84 .50 .54 1 7 Pavot Diener(1993) 20 21 25 15 19 26 30 5 9
Radloff(1977) Center for
Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, CES-D CES-D
2009 2003
2006 CES-D
CFI=.98, GFI=.92, RMSEA=.055
0 3 0
1 2
3 60
20 22 22
Jose 2012 Bouwkamp Lopez(2001)
A B
(n=41)! (n=7)! (n=42)! (n=5)! (n=38)! (n=11)! (n=34)! (n=14)! (n=31)! (n=16)! (n=30)! (n=19)! week1: ! week2: ! week1: ! week2: !
100 3 A B A B 1. 2. 3 3. 4. Facebook
1. 20 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
SPSS 20.0
Likert
1 5 3 4-1-1
3.79
Pavot Diener(1993) 14 9.72% 48 33.33% 44 30.56% 9 6.25% 20 13.89% 8 5.56 1 0.07% 0 3 4-1-1 16.78 Sokratous (2013) 12 8.34% 37 25.7% 95 66% 4-1-1 M SD 98.51 12.03 3.79 23.90 5.41 5.41 16.78 8.90
144
Kolmogorov-Smirnov
4-1-2 Stevens(1996)
Type I error Type I error
α .055 .06 ANCOVA α .045 4-1-2 K-S p A B .122 (.200) .084 (.200) .126 (.200) .128 (.200) .109 (.200) .116 (.200) .097 (.200) .121 (.200) .090 (.200) .112 (.200) .162 (.036) .120 (.200) .147 (.085) .139 (.134) .104 (.200) .186 (.008) .202 (.002) .081 (.200) .132 (.182) .161 (.039) .119 (.200) .093 (.200) .147 (.088) .133 (.183) .078 (.200) .196 (.004) .163 (.041)
4-2-1 A 96.00 102.83 103.82 B 98.13 104.26 102.58 101.35 100.87 100.47 4-2-1 A 96.00 12.87 102.83 12.57 104.43 103.82 15.18 105.51 B 98.13 9.17 104.26 9.37 104.18 102.58 9.11 103.40 101.35 13.16 100.87 14.84 99.23 100.47 14.01 97.72
4-1 Levene F(2,118)=.526, p=.592>.05 4-2-2 F(2,115)=2.134, p=.123>.05 4-2-2 95 97 99 101 103 105 A! B! SS df MS F p * 164.153 2 82.077 2.134 .123
4-2-3 F(2,112)=8.435 p=.000<.05
A B
4-2-4 Lipsey
Wilson(2001) A Cohen’s d=0.48 B Cohen’s
d=0.46 Cohen(1988) d<.02 d=.05 A B 2-1 A 2-2 B 4-2-3 *p < .05 4-2-4
(I) group (J) group (I-J) 95%
A B .251 1.378 .856 -2.479 2.981 5.196* 1.423 .000 2.377 8.015 B 4.944* 1.405 .001 2.162 7.727 SS df MS F p Partial!η!! 661.552 2 330.776 8.435 .000 .126 4587.980 117 39.214
4-2 Levene F(2,92)=3.042, p=.053>.05 4-2-5 F(2,89)=.452, p=.638>.05 95! 97! 99! 101! 103! 105! 107! A! B!
SS df MS F p * 101.590 2 50.795 .452 .638 10012.421 89 112.499 4-2-6 F(2,91)=4.319, p=.016<.05 A B 4-2-7 Lipsey
Wilson(2001) A Cohen’s d=0.61 B Cohen’s
d=0.45 Cohen(1988) d<.02 d=.05 d>.08 A B 2-1 A 2-2 B 4-2-6 *p < .05 SS df MS F p Partial!η!! 960.158 2 480.079 4.319 .016 .087 10114.011 91 111.143
4-2-7
(I) group (J) group (I-J) 95%
A B 2.112 2.621 .422 -3.094 7.318 7.795* 2.713 .005 2.406 13.183 B A -2.112 2.621 .422 -7.318 3.094 4-3-1 A 23.21 24.90 24.74 B 24.11 24.60 24.68 24.38 24.16 24.00
A 23.21 5.47 24.90 4.96 25.16 24.74 6.22 24.76 B 24.11 5.63 24.60 5.34 24.32 24.68 5.24 24.81 24.37 5.19 24.16 4.91 24.19 24.00 5.30 23.84 4-3 Levene F(2,118)=.728, p=.485>.05 23! 23.25! 23.5! 23.75! 24! 24.25! 24.5! 24.75! 25! A! B!
4-3-2 F(2,115)=.876, p=.419>.05 4-3-2 4-3-3 F(2,117)= .722 p=.488>.045 3-1 A 3-2 B 4-3-3 SS df MS F p Partial!η!! 22.267 2 11.134 .722 .488 .012 1803.110 117 15.411 *p < .05 SS df MS F p * 27.048 2 13.524 .876 .419 1776.062 115 15.444
Levene F(2,92)=1.854, p=.162>.05 4-3-4 F(2,89)=.062, p=.940>.05 4-2-4 SS df MS F p * 2.747 2 1.374 .062 .940 1973.787 89 22.177 4-3-5 F(2,91)=.420 p=.658>.045 4-1 A 4-2 B
4-3-5 *p < .05 4-4 4-4-1 A 16.96 16.22 15.16 B 15.85 15.02 15.68 23! 23.25!23.5! 23.75!24! 24.25!24.5! 24.75!25! 25.25!25.5! A! B! SS df MS F p Partial!η!! 18.233 2 9.117 .420 .658 .009 1976.534 91 21.720
A 16.96 9.35 16.22 8.24 16.33 15.16 7.03 16.01 B 15.85 9.18 15.02 8.60 15.85 15.68 9.62 16.08 17.51 8.29 19.16 11.28 18.13 17.50 9.46 16.21 4-5 Levene F(2,118)=1.981, p=.143>.05 15! 16! 17! 18! 19! 20! A! B!
4-4-2 F(2,115)=1.354, p=.262>.05 4-4-2 4-4-3 F(2,117)=1.357 p=.262>.045 5-1 A 5-2 B 4-4-3 SS df MS F p * 111.521 2 55.761 1.354 .262 4737.376 115 41.195 SS df MS F p Partial!η!! 112.460 2 56.230 1.357 .262 .004 4848.898 117 41.444
Levene F(2,89)=.292, p=.747>.05 4-4-4 F(2,86)=2.653, p=.076<.05 4-4-4 4-3-5 F(2,88)=.014 p=.986>.045 6-1 A SS df MS F p * 119.447 2 59.724 2.653 .076 1935.795 86 22.509
6-2 B 4-4-5 *p < .05 4-6 15! 16! 17! 18! 19! A! B! SS df MS F p Partial!η!! .657 2 .329 .014 .2986 .000 2055.242 88 23.355
4-5-1 A B
Kiaei Reio, 2014 Waterman(2010)
4-5-1 A (n=48) (n=41) * (n=34) * B (n=47) (n=42) * (n=31) *
Waterman(2010) (personally expressive) Sin Lyubomirsky(2009) 49 Gander (2013) Gander (2013) Sheldon Boehm Lyubomirsky (2012)
A B
Schueller(2011)
Proyer Ruch Buschor(2013) Proyer
iri(2013) Seligman(2005) Sin Lyubomirsky(2009) Bolier (2013) 39 Cohen's d=.035 Cohen's d=.043 Rust Diessner Reade(2009) 12
Schueller(2011) Schuller Parks(2013) Schuller Parks(2013) Parks Biswas-Diener(2013) Sin Lyubomirsky(2009) Bolier (2013) Seligman (2005) Schueller(2011) 10.75 12.71 22 37 25.7% 74.3%
Cohen's d=.015 Cohen's d=.068 A B A Cohen’s d 0.48 0.61 B Cohen’s d 0.46 0.45 A B Boiler (2013) Cohen’s d=0.20 Cohen’s d=0.16
144 121 16.0%
95 34.0%
Sin Lyunbomirsky(2009) Bolier (2013)
Facebook line app
app app app
Seligman Peterson(2004)
2009 2010 2009 12(2) 107-134 2008 2009 - M. E. P. Seligman 2002 2012 M. E. P. Seligman 2011 2005 Aristotle 2000 2008 — Q 2012 4(1) 54-68 2003 26(3) 501-525 2006
38 4 417-441 2010 513 62-66 2012 2011 2013 2006 2013 2 2012 http://www.jtf.org.tw/psyche/melancholia/survey.asp?This=81 &Page=1 2012 2008 : T. Ben-Shahar 2007 2012 2008 2013 56 2014 http://world.yam.com/post.php?id=2546
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