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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

固態觸媒在特用化學品反應之應用

Applications of Solid Catalysts in the Reactions

of Fine Chemicals

計畫編號:NSC 87-2113-M-002-004

執行期限:86 年 8 月 1 日至 87 年 7 月 31 日

主持人:鄭淑芬 國立台灣大學化學系

Email: chem1031@ccms.ntu.edu.tw

一、中文摘要 今年是此三年長期研究計畫執行的最 後一年,由於前兩年的成果已於各年度結 束時提出報告,此成果報告主要集中在此 年度完成的兩個部份:其一為銅取代之磷 酸鋁分子篩在苯一步氧化成苯酚的催化活 性探討,其二為利用不同沸石催化 2-甲氧 基 奈 (2-methoxynaphthalene) 的 Friedel-Crafts acylation 反應活性之比較與研究。 關鍵詞:特用化學品、分子篩、催化、苯 一步氧化、苯酚、Friedel-Crafts 醯化反應 Abstr act

This is the last year period of the three-year long term research project. Since the results of previous two years have been reported before, this report contains two parts of the work which was carried out in the past one year. One is one step-oxidation of benzene to phenol catalyzed by

copper-substituted aluminophosphate molecular

sieves. The other is Friedel-Crafts acylation of 2-methoxy-naphthalene over various zeolites.

Keywor ds: fine chemicals, molecular sieves,

catalysis, one-step oxidation of benzene, phenol, Friedel-Crafts acylation

二、緣由與目的 在此三年長期計畫中,本研究室的研究 重點在開發固態無機觸媒在一些特用化學 品相關反應的應用。在過去兩年裡,我們 已成功的合成數種不同孔洞大小的磷酸鋁 分子篩,並導入第一列過渡金屬原子於磷 酸鋁的架構之中以取代磷或是鋁原子的位 置,以形成具有氧化還原性質或是酸性的 活性位置。在嘗試數種氧化反應時,意外 發現含銅於骨架結構的 AlPO4-5 對苯一步 氧化成苯酚之反應有極佳的催化效果。由 於苯酚在工業界或醫藥界是極重要的化合 物,其需要量十分龐大。目前生產苯酚的 製程都是間接式,即苯或甲苯先經由烷化 或氧化,再進一步轉化成苯酚。除了製程 步驟十分繁瑣,會有大量副產物生成,導 致產物分離上的困難。近幾年來,有很多 直接將苯氧化成苯酚的反應被探討,但都 有相當大的缺點,因此開發容易製備的觸 媒,在溫和反應條件下,將苯一步氧化成 苯酚就成了一個符合經濟與環保觀念的主 題。第二部份,我們探討不同酸性沸石催 化 2-甲氧基奈的醯化反應之效應,尤其比 較 acetyl acetate 與 acetyl chloride 兩 種醯化劑對產物分佈的影響。 三、結果與討論 (1) 苯一步氧化成苯酚 利用水熱法,我們合成數種含過渡金 屬的分子篩,包括含微孔洞的 ZSM-5 矽鋁 沸石、AlPO4-5 與 VPI-5 磷酸鋁分子篩、以 及含中孔道的 MCM-41 矽鋁分子篩。發現含 銅的分子篩對苯一步氧化成苯酚反應皆有 催化活性,但其中以含銅的 AlPO4-5 磷酸鋁

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2 分子篩效果最佳。因此,下面結果將以含 銅的 AlPO4-5 磷酸鋁分子篩為主。 1.含銅離子 AlPO4-5 分子篩的製備 在 100mL 的三角瓶中,置入 5.5g 的 pseudo boehmite 和 15g 的水,另取一小燒 瓶,將 9.2g 的磷酸和 10g 的水混合均勻。 將此小燒瓶內的混合液緩慢的滴入含鋁原 料的三角瓶內,攪拌半小時後, 將所需之 過渡金屬鹽類取適當克數溶於極少量的水 中,再慢慢地加入三角瓶內。此溶液攪拌 三小時之後,加入 4.2g 的三乙基胺,持續 攪拌三小時,最後將其倒入 Teflon 瓶子 內,並置於 316 不鏽鋼金屬罐(auto-clave) 中,在 200o C 的 oven 中進行 48 小時的水熱 反應。取出後靜置五分鐘後倒掉上層,與 200 mL 的水在燒杯中攪拌一個鐘頭,過濾 取其固體,並反覆以水清洗多次。將產物 置於 110o C 的烘箱中乾燥 12 個小時,並置 於鍛燒爐中以 550o C 鍛燒 12 個小時。 2、 含銅分子篩的性質鑑定 從 XRD 圖譜,除了確定所合成不同銅含量 (0.5%, 1%, 2%)的樣品均為結晶度良好的 AlPO4-5 結構外,亦計算樣品的晶格常數與 晶格體積變化(Table 1)。由於 AlPO4-5 是六方晶系,所以 a,b 軸等長。 在圖譜掃 描時,採取 step scan 的方式,以強度最 強的 12 根繞射峰為基礎計算晶格常數,並 輸入 (h,k,l) 值,以求得 a,b,c 等晶格常 數。從 Cu 離子添加量和晶格常數大小的關 係中,可看出當銅二價含量增加時,晶格 體積也隨著增加,可見銅離子應是嵌入於 磷酸鋁的骨架結構中,而不是在骨架外的 孔洞中。 為了確定合成時所放入的元素比例 和合成後的樣品接近, 我們將不同銅含量 的 AlPO4-5 樣品做了 ICP-AES 和 X 光的能量 分佈分析(EDX)。後者主要分析樣品表面 的成分分佈,每個樣品均取點三次求平均 值以提高其準確度.

Table 1. Lattice parameter of different Cu-loading AlPO4-5

Sample a, b (A) c(A) Unit cell

volume (A3) AlPO4-5 13.614 8.484 1362 0.5%CuAPO-5 13.637 8.491 1367 1%CuAPO-5 13.681 8.445 1369 2%CuAPO-5 13.654 8.486 1370 發 現 合 成 時 所 放 入 的 元 素 比 例 和 ICP-AES 所得到的數據相差不遠,普遍而 言,合成後的樣品其銅含量比合成時放入 的量來的小一些。在 ICP-AES 的數據中, 磷的量比鋁來的多一點,約 6∼7%,由此推 論,Cu 離子應該是取代了鋁的位置。此外, 在 EDX 的數據中,銅的莫耳百分比明顯較 ICP-AES 中所測得的數值來的大,顯示銅離 子有集中在觸媒表面的傾向。 3、催化反應之結果 在苯直接氧化成苯酚的實驗中,我們 嚐試了多種不同金屬取代的 AlPO4-5 分子

篩,包括含 Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,

Zn, Rh, Ru 等離子,但只有含銅的 AlPO4 -5 具活性。在本篇研究中,我們可藉由選擇 適當的反應條件得到苯酚為主要產物 (選 擇率>99.5%)。只有極微量的二級氧化產 物 , 如 catechol, hydroquinone 及 p-benzoquinone 被偵測到,但其產率極低。 Table 2 顯示水熱合成之 Cu-AlPO4-5 分子 篩與以含浸法製備的 CuO/AlPO4-5 分子篩 及 CuO, Cu2O 之催化活性比較。發現後三 個觸媒所得產物主要為高分子量的聚合 物,苯酚的產量並不高。因此我們可以確 定,含銅分子篩中的活性位置勢必不是骨 架外 (extra-framework) 的氧化銅。

Table 2. Benzene oxidation catalyzed by different Cu-containing catalysts.

Catalyst Conv. (%)a Phenol yield (%) 1%Cu-APO-5 28 28 1%Cu-APO-5 (imp) 54 9 CuOc 78 8 Cu2Od 66 4 為了檢測活性中心是否為反應溶液 中可能存在之游離狀態的銅二價離子,我

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3 們取了含不同量的硝酸銅之水溶液來當催 化劑,從 Table 3 可以看出硝酸銅之水溶 液的催化活性遠低於以 Cu-APO-5 當催化 劑時的活性,可見即使溶液中有離子態的 銅二價,並不是主要的活性中心。

Table 3. Benzene oxidation with different amount of Cu(NO3)2.3H2O in water as catalyst.

Catalyst weight (g) Conv. (%)a Phenol yield (%)

8X10-3 13 6 4X10-3 6 4 2X10-3 2 2 1X10-3 1 1 Table 4 為以不同銅含量的磷酸鋁分 子篩來當催化劑的實驗結果。完全不含銅 的 AlPO4-5 是沒有活性的,1%Cu-APO-5 的 催化活性明顯的比 0.5%Cu-APO-5 來得佳, 因為銅含量的增加意味著活性位置的增 加。而 1%Cu-APO-5 和 2%Cu-APO-5 為觸媒 時的苯酚產率不相上下,且以 2%CuAPO-5 為觸媒時,反應溶液中生成少量的高分子 產物。此現象和以 CuO 為催化劑時的情況 相似,顯示在 2%Cu-APO-5 的樣品中, 部份 沒有進入骨架中的銅離子, 極有可能以金 屬氧化物形式存在於骨架外。而含銅量較 少的 0.5%Cu-APO-5 及 1%Cu-APO-5 樣品 中,銅離子應該存在於分子篩的骨架中。

Table 4. Benzene oxidation with different Cu-loading AlPO4-5

Catalyst Conv. (%) Phenol yield(%)

APO-5 0 0 0.5%CuAPO-5 12 12 1%CuAPO-5 28 28 2%CuAPO-5 45 29 為探討不同溶劑所造成的效應,Table 5 為測試了多種溶劑的結果,發現只有 acetonitrile 具 活 性 。 因 此 我 們 猜 測 acetonitrile 對穩定此反應的活性或過渡 產物扮演了十分重要的角色。

Table 5. Solvent effect on Benzene oxidation Solvent Conv. (%) Phenol/Cu TON

DMSO 0 0 DMF 0 0 acetone 0 0 acetonitrile 28 98 Acetic acid 0 0 (2) 2-甲氧基奈(2-methoxynaphthalene)的 Friedel-Crafts acylation

Acylation reaction was carried out under batch conditions with reflux setup in the

temperature range of 100-150oC. Both acetyl

chloride and acetic anhydride was used as the acylating agent to study the effect of the nature of the acylating agent. Sulfolane was used as the solvent. A typical reaction was as follows : 3.2 mmol of 2-methoxynaphthalene and 3.2 mmol acetyl chloride were well mixed in 10 ml solvent along with 1 ml nitrobenzene (internal standard). To this mixture 150 mg of freshly activated (400oC, 2 h) catalyst was added quickly while still hot.

Samples were taken periodically and

analysed by gas chromatography to monitor the progress of the reaction.

The results of the acylation of 2-methoxynapthalene with acetyl chloride catalysed by different zeolites are presented in Table 6. All the three catalysts investigated showed about 30-40% conversion of

2-methoxynaphthalene in the reaction

temperature range of 100-150oC. It can be

seen that at 100oC, HY showed higher

activity than other two catalysts. However, as the reaction temperature was raised to 150oC, conversion dropped sharply with the progress of reaction, indicating rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Zeolite H-beta also showed some deactivation at higher temperatures but the drop in conversion was not as sharp as HY.

Table 6 also shows the selectivity towards different acylated isomers of 2-methoxynaphthalene for different catalysts studied. A high selectivity towards 6-acylated isomer was noticed. It is well known that presence of an electron-donating group like

Table 6. Acylation of 2-methoxynaphthalene by acetyl chloride in sulfolane solvent catalysed by different zeolites

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4 Catalyst Rxn Temp (oC) Conv (%) Selectivity to acyl- isomers (%)† after 1 h after 3 h 6- 1- 8-H-beta 100 33.6 34.7 65.0 29.8 5.2 150 42.0 39.6 76.8 12.9 10.3 H-Y 100 36.9 41.3 35.8 59.9 4.3 150 46.2 34.5 81.8 -- 18.2 100 30.3 30.7 38.2 58.6 3.2 H-mordenite 150 36.5 40.2 68.8 23.2 8.0 Substrate : acylating agent = 1:2

methoxy activates the 1-, 6- and 8- positions of the naphthalene ring. The 1-position is most active than the other two positions, and acylation of 2-methoxynaphthlene generally occurs at this kinetically controlled 1-position. However, migration of the acyl

group from 1- to 6-position and

protiodeacylation of the acyl group at the 1-position results in the formation of the thermodynamically most stable 6-acylated isomer. Steric hindrance to acylation is in the order 1- > 8- > 6-position. Hence the isomerisation of the sterically hindered ketones like 1-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene to sterically less hindered isomers like 6- and 8-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene will thus be favored.

To investigate the effect of the nature of the acylating agent we have conducted some experiments using both acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride as the acylating agent (Substrate : acylating agent = 1:1 molar ratio). It was found that at 100oC, acetyl chloride showed higher conversion than that obtained with acetic anhydride. It was proposed that the acid chloride or HCl liberated during the reaction interact with the extra-framework aluminum species in the catalyst to form catalytically active aluminum complex. However, as the reaction temperature was raised conversion increased rapidly and reached the maximum value much faster and at higher temperatures both acylating agents yielded almost similar conversion. It can also be seen that with acetyl chloride deactivation sets in faster pace at higher temperatures as indicated by a drop in conversion after 3 h at 150oC.

With acetic anhydride as acylation agent,

1-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene was obtained as the major product because the 1-position in the naphthalene ring is highly activated by the presence of the nearby methoxy group. As the reaction proceeds minor quantities of

the other isomer,

6-acyl-2-methoxy-naphthalene was also formed. No 8-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene was detected with acetic anhydride as the acylating agent. However, with acetyl chloride the product pattern obtained was quite different. Initially, 1-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene was formed as the predominant product, but as the reaction proceeds major fraction of it rearranged to the thermodynamically more stable 6-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene. A small quantity of

8-acyl-2-methoxynaphthalene was also

detected. 四、計畫成果自評 本三年長期計畫的目的在開發固態觸 媒在特用化學品反應之應用。除了研究沸 石的酸性與孔洞選擇性可催化醯化等反 應,取代高污染的無機酸外;我們尤其有 興趣被發現已逾十五年,但實際應用尚少 之磷酸鋁分子篩。第一年執行期間已合成 出含過渡金屬之數種不同晶型磷酸鋁分子 篩,並對其催化烯類氧化反應作探討。發 現磷酸鋁分子篩表面之親水性使其適合催 化具極性之反應物。第二年執行期間則運 用 此 理 論 , 進 行苯 酚 氫 氧 化 反 應 及 Pinacol 重排反應的研究。本年度更突 破性的開發出苯一步氧化成苯酚的製程, 由於效率相當高,工業界極有興趣,有進 一步研發大量生產的必要,將申請專利以 保護此發現。 五、參考文獻 [1] 周慧英,碩士論文,國立台灣大學化學研究 所,1998。

[2] D. Das and S. Cheng, 第十六屆台灣區觸媒及 反應工程研討會, 嘉義, 1998, pp. 341-346.

數據

Table  1.  Lattice  parameter  of  different  Cu-loading AlPO 4 -5
Table 5. Solvent effect on Benzene oxidation Solvent Conv. (%) Phenol/Cu TON

參考文獻

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