Helicobacter pylori-derived heat shock protein 60 increases the induction of regulatory T cells

(1)

of April 30, 2014.

This information is current as

In This Issue

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/190/1/1

doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1290078

2013; 190:1-2; ;

J Immunol

Material

Supplementary

http://www.jimmunol.org/content/suppl/2012/12/21/190.1.1.DC1.html

Subscriptions

http://jimmunol.org/subscriptions

is online at:

The Journal of Immunology

Information about subscribing to

Permissions

http://www.aai.org/ji/copyright.html

Submit copyright permission requests at:

Email Alerts

http://jimmunol.org/cgi/alerts/etoc

Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at:

is published twice each month by

The Journal of Immunology

at National Chiao Tung University on April 30, 2014

http://www.jimmunol.org/

Downloaded from

(2)

Arthritis Assault Ag

S

pecific HLA alleles may contribute to autoimmune disease susceptibility through presentation of self Ags or other, as yet elusive, mechanisms. The 5-aa shared epitope (SE) motif in HLA-DRB1 increases both the risk of rheumatoid arthritis development and the severity of disease. The SE

has been found to act as a signal transduction ligand that activates pro-oxidative signaling and Th17 polarization. In this issue, to better understand the SE’s role in arthritis de-velopment, Holoshitz et al. (p. 48) addressed its ability to affect osteoclastogenesis. A peptide containing the SE directly stimulated NO and reactive oxygen species signaling and osteoclast differentiation in an osteoclast precursor cell line and promoted osteoclastogenesis in murine bone marrow and human PBMCs. Transgenic HLA-DRB1 expression also augmented osteoclast differentiation from bone marrow precursors and subsequent bone-degrading activity. Com-pared with control peptide, a peptide containing the SE upregulated production of IL-6 and TNF-a, which were important for the SE’s osteoclastogenic activity. The SE could also induce upregulation of receptor activator for NF-kB (RANK) on osteoclast precursors and, together with IL-17, synergistically promote osteoclastogenesis. Treatment of collagen-induced arthritis with the SE-containing peptide resulted in the selective expansion of collagen II-specific Th17 cells, increased numbers of osteoclasts, and significantly in-creased disease, relative to control treatments. Taken together, these data reveal a pathogenic mechanism that may be re-sponsible for the strong association of the SE with rheumatoid arthritis and may advance understanding of HLA linkage to autoimmune disease in general.

Links in Lung Inflammation

T

he dimorphic fungus Stachybotrys chartarum causes conditions such as “black mold disease” and has been suggested to promote hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). TLR9 was previously found to be required for disease development in anS. chartarum–induced mouse model of HP. Because IL-17 was implicated in another model of experi-mental HP, Bhan et al. (p. 349) investigated whether TLR9 and IL-17 had related functions in S. chartarum–induced granulomatous inflammation. Sensitization and challenge with S. chartarum stimulated IL-17 production in the lungs of wild-type mice, which was significantly reduced in TLR92/2mice. Ab-mediated neutralization of IL-17 suppressed lung inflam-mation and the activation and accumulation of lung CD41

T cells. CD41T cells and gd T cells were found to be cellular sources of IL-17 production in this model. S. chartarum stimulation also induced the production of IL-23 from den-dritic cells (DCs), which was impaired in TLR9-deficient DCs.S. chartarum–induced IL-17 production by T cells re-quired DC-derived IL-23, and intratracheal administration of IL-23 restored granulomatous inflammation and T cell in-filtration and activation to wild-type levels in the lungs of TLR92/2mice. This study presents, in a model of HP, a link between TLR9, DC-mediated IL-23 production, and Th17-mediated lung inflammation that may have implications for the treatment of granulomatous lung disease.

A Novel Role for Mac-1

M

acrophage-1 Ag (Mac-1) is a surface receptor integrin with several aliases, including CD11b/ CD18, complement receptor 3 (CR3), and aMb2.

As suggested by its many names, this pattern recognition re-ceptor recognizes a number of ligands, including LPS from gram negative bacteria, aggregated b-amyloid, and high mo-bility group box 1 (HMGB1). Wide expression of Mac-1 on cells of the innate immune system indicate its varied par-ticipation in adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and cellular activation. Zhou et al. (p. 115) have added to this extensive roster of roles by demonstrating that Mac-1 acts as a receptor for dsRNA, which is an important signaling molecule in viral infection. Importantly, this interaction is independent of TLR3, a known receptor of dsRNA. Mac-1 (predominantly the CD11b subunit) was shown to bind dsRNA on the surface of macrophages and internalize it. This was mediated through Mac-1 activation of PI3K signaling. In addition, Mac-1 dsRNA interactions synergized with macrophage TLR3-dependent activation of interferon regulatory factor 3. The dsRNA:Mac-1 interaction was also necessary for intra-cellular reactive oxygen species production by the NADPH oxidase (NOX2) and downstream activation of MAPK and NF-kB. Taken together, these data present an exciting new role for Mac-1 as a surface receptor of the extracellular dsRNA found during viral infection and in activating the innate im-mune response.

Small Intestinal Survival

S

ignaling induced by the TLR3 ligand dsRNA during viral infection can result in damage to the small intestinal mucosa. To identify the signaling pathways responsible for this dam-age, McAllister et al. (p. 418) ana-lyzed the effects of in vivo admin-istration of the viral nucleic acid mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic

acid (pIC) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In the

CopyrightÓ 2012 by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc. 0022-1767/12/$16.00

www.jimmunol.org/cgi/doi/10.4049/jimmunol.1290078

(3)

proximal small intestine, pIC administration rapidly caused IEC apoptosis followed by villus shortening, which was accompanied by luminal fluid accumulation and diarrhea. TLR3 and its downstream adaptor TRIF were required for these effects. However, mice lacking other RNA sensors were not protected against dsRNA-induced IEC apoptosis. pIC induced much higher levels of IEC apoptosis than other TLR ligands, and this apoptosis did not require TNF, IL-6, or IL-1b, although these cytokines were upregulated by pIC treatment. In addition, pIC-induced IEC apopto-sis occurred independently of IL-15, NK1.11 cells, type I IFN signaling, and IRF3. IEC apoptosis was also un-changed from that in wild-type mice in mice lacking RAG1 or dendritic cells, or in bone marrow chimeras with TLR32/2 hematopoietic cells. NF-kB signaling, particu-larly that involving IKKb, protected IECs in the small intestinal crypts from apoptosis but did not affect IEC apoptosis in the villi. Caspase 8 in IECs was required for pIC-induced apoptosis but was also necessary to prevent villus destruction, small intestinal epithelial loss, and death. Thus, dsRNA-mediated signaling through a TLR3–TRIF– caspase 8 pathway may both cause IEC apoptosis and represent an antiviral host protective mechanism in the intestinal mucosa.

Immunotherapeutic a-CD20s

B

chronic lymphocytic leu-kemia (B-CLL) can be dif-ficult to treat, especially in cases of chemotherapy resistance. The addition of an immunothera-peutic to the treatment regimen can enhance patient outcomes. In the case of fludarabine refractory B-CLL, the immunotherapeutic human anti-CD20 mAbs ofatu-mumab and rituximab can be

used. Considering the importance of these biologic therapies, Bologna et al. (p. 231) compared their efficacy against B-CLL targets under laboratory conditions that mimicked physio-logical conditions as closely as possible. They compared the relative lysing of B-CLL targets in whole blood taken from patients with B-CLL. In 24 h, ofatumumab was found to have a mean lysis of B-CLL targets of 56% versus 16% with rit-uximab. The lysis mediated by ofatumumab was shown to be completely complement dependent, as there was an almost complete inhibition of lysis with the administration of anti-C5

(eculizumab). In addition, blocking the complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59 increased ofatumumab-mediated lysis. Like rituximab, the efficacy of ofatumumab-mediated lysis was dependent on CD20 expression levels. The authors also tested the lytic ability of ofatumumab in the presence of the che-motherapeutic agents mafosfamide and fludarabine and found a synergistic effect. Once again, ofatumumab was more ef-fective at lysing B-CLL targets under these conditions than rituximab. Thus, the authors conclude that under physiologic conditions, ofatumumab is responsible for effective comple-ment-mediated lysis, giving further support for its addition to the anti–B-CLL armamentarium.

FeTIMaternal Tolerance

A

host of immune effects are necessary to maintain the tolerance that leads to a successful pregnancy: in-duced regulatory T cells, a Th2 cytokine profile, innate immune cells, and decidual dendritic cells (DCs). However, the role of T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3), a pattern recognition receptor constitutively expressed on some macrophages and DCs, has yet to be examined at the feto-maternal interface. Chabtini et al. (p. 88) found that TIM-3 expression on innate immune cells was vital for main-tenance of a normal allogeneic murine pregnancy. The au-thors found that TIM-3 expression was increased on uterine and draining lymph node DCs in the mid-gestation phase of pregnancy, and varied profiles of TIM-3 expression were found on uterine macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The use of an anti–TIM-3 blocking Ab caused the accumulation of both macrophages and granulocytes expressing inflammatory markers at the uteroplacental bar-rier, as well as a reduction in uterine macrophage phagocy-tosis of apoptotic bodies. Blocking the effects of TIM-3 also increased the expression of IFN-g and TNF-a. A reduction in litter size and resorption of fetal mice was increased with the use of the anti–TIM-3 treatment when compared with syngeneic pregnancies or untreated pregnant controls. In re-sponse to the increased inflammatory environment, Ly-6ChiGneg monocytic MDSCs expressed inducible NO synthase and arginase but these were unable to block the inflammatory response. Increased levels of IFN-g and TNF-a found after TIM-3 blockade at the maternal-fetal interface led to a “break-ing” of tolerance to the allogeneic pregnancy and ultimately to the rejection of the fetus. Taken together, the data demonstrate a vital role for TIM-3 in promoting the tolerance necessary at the maternal–fetal interface for a pregnancy to successfully come to term.

2 IN THIS ISSUE