Ꮑޣᖄٻհඒஃറᄐګ९೯
֗ࠡሎ܂
݅ఘถ
*ኴʳ ʳ
ءઔߒਢא۩೯ઔߒऱֱऄΔಖᙕԫۯᅮᖄᏆקؑਬഏխԶۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄ ඒஃऱറᄐګ९೯Δࠀ࠰ܗຍࠄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃյ೯֗ച۩ඒᖂ ᎖ᖄழࢬᔡሖംᠲऱᖵ࿓Ζءઔߒ൶ಘڕ۶אඒஃᏁޣ֗ߓอڕ۶ሎ܂ࠐ ૠઔ೯א༼֒ඒஃറᄐګ९ऱګயΔٵழٍᎅࣔᅮᖄڕ۶֧ᖄፖ࠰ܗඒᖂ᎖ ᖄඒஃಖᙕࠡፖኃ۴ඒஃյ೯ऱᖵ࿓ࠀ࿇।೯ګ࣠ऱመ࿓Ζ༉ኙွۖߢΔፖ ء۩೯ઔߒऱԳڶᅮᖄΰ؆ᆤઔஃᇷΔڇڼઔߒृαΕઔቤԳΰඒ೭ ٚαΕԶۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ֗Ԯۯኃ۴ඒஃΖઔߒ࣠᧩قΔᅝઔቤ౨אߓอ ሎ܂ֱڤΔࠉᖕઔፖृऱᏁޣૠࠀࡳ堚ᄑࣔᒔऱઔؾᑑழΔലࠌ ඒஃറᄐګ९ऱګயޓ᧩ထΖᣂڗΚᏁޣᖄٻΕߓอሎ܂Εඒஃറᄐګ९Εඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ
* ᎖ոՕᖂඒߛᏆᖄፖ࿇୶ઔߒࢬ೫ඒଫࢬ९
Ꮑޣᖄٻհඒஃറᄐګ९೯
֗ࠡሎ܂
݅ఘถ
Εছߢ
ಳޣ۞ݺኔΰself-actualizationαਢ Maslow ᏁޣᐋڻխΔԳᣊ່ᐋڻऱ ۞ ݺ Ꮑ ޣ Δ ٍ ਢ ԫ ጟ ଡ Գ ᑨ ౨ ך ։ ࿇ ୶ Ε ۞ ፖ ۞ ݺ Ꮭ ଖ ऱ Ꮑ ޣ ΰ Owens, 1998/2000ΙRobbins, 2001ΙSlavin, 2003/2005αΖඒஃറᄐګ९ਢଡᥛլឰऱᖵ ࿓ΰٚྶΔ1994αΔՈױאᎅਢඒஃಳޣ۞ݺኔऱᖵ࿓Δඒஃਢګᑵۖ۞ऱ റᄐԳΔؘᏁ౨ᗨᄕ೯ၲ୶۞ݺᖄٻऱᖂΔֱ౨ᔞᚨվڍ᧢ऱषᄎᛩቼ ኙඒᖂٚ೭ऱڍցᏁޣΰൎဎΔ1992αΖIrvingΰ1999αٍਐנڇ٤֏֗ઝݾ ऱᓢᚰՀΔԳଚലޣ࿇୶ڍցऱݾΕ౨ԺፖኙଡԳऱඕᔲࢤტवΔڂڼึ ߪᖂऱؘ࢚Ꮑཬ࣍षᄎᛩቼፖଡԳऱփ֨ᇙΖNegroniΰ2005αნᖞڍऱ ઔߒ࣠৵ਐנΔڇᖂீխඒߛՠ܂ृᏺၞඒᖂፖᖂऱ່ࠋֱڤ༉ਢຘመറᄐ ࿇୶ૠΰprofessional development programsαΖ១ߢհΔڂᚨڍ᧢ऱषᄎᛩቼΕ ٤֏֗ઝݾऱᓢᚰΔึߪᖂᏁཬ࣍ޢଡԳऱس֗ՠ܂խΔਢאΔඒߛՠ ܂ृፖඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ऱٺႈ೯Δլႛਢ༼֒ඒፖᖂ່ࠋऱߜΔٍਢየߩଡ Գಳޣ۞ݺᑨ౨ऱ࿇୶Δሒࠩ۞ݺኔऱणኪΖ ء֮א۩೯ઔߒऱֱڤ༴૪ઔߒृڕ۶ᏆקؑԫࢬഏխΰאՀ១ጠ ଡூഏխαඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᅮᖄᖵ࿓Δא֗ڕ۶࠰ܗඒஃڇᅮᖄᖵ࿓խ٥ٵኙᇩ אᇞެኔ೭ംᠲፖ༼֒ඒஃऱറᄐګ९Δࠀຫ૪ઔቤृΕፖઔृΰڇڼ ਐऱਢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃα֗ᅮᖄၴڕ۶ٽ܂յ೯Δᨃඒஃറᄐګ९ऱګயޓף᧩ထΔ ፖڼᅮᖄᖵ࿓ऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᏁޣڕ۶ڇ۩೯መ࿓խᥛᣂࣹΖ၁Ε֮൶ಘ
אՀ֮ऱᖞΔಾኙፖᖞଡᅮᖄᖵ࿓ઌᣂऱᖂࢨᇷಛΔଈ٣տฯ࿇ ୶ࢤඒᖂ᎖ᖄߓอΔ៶طڼߓอࠌඒᖂ᎖ᖄࠫ৫ሎ܂ױሎشᜯݩီᖄߓอऱٺႈ ݾΔՈຫ૪ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃጉᙇፖኃ۴ඒஃऱኙঞΙඒஃറᄐګ९ऱრො֗ ীڤ൷ᥛಘᓵΙܓشᖿᚐᓵࠐᎅࣔඒஃፖറᄐګ९ऱ೯ԺΙ૪Ꮑޣᖄٻ ኙ࣍ඒஃറᄐګ९ऱᣂࢤߡۥΙ່৵࣫ᇞߓอሎ܂ኙ࣍ቤઔ೯ऱრᆠΖԫΕ࿇୶ࢤඒᖂ᎖ᖄߓอ
ᘕᙔᙙΰ1988αნᖞઌᣂ֮৵Δ༼נඒᖂ᎖ᖄਢאاऱֱڤΕऺࣚ೭ ֗࠰ܗऱኪ৫Δಾኙඒஃऱඒᖂ༼ࠎ᎖ᖄΔࠡؾऱਢᏺၞඒᖂऱګயΔࠀআၞඒ ஃऱറᄐګ९ΔۖึᄕؾᑑਢԱᏺၞᖂسऱᖂய࣠Δࠀڇ᎖ᖄፖറᄐګ९ऱ መ࿓խΔࠌඒஃګԫۯႽᑵΕ۞ݺᖄٻ౨۞ݺ᎖ᖄऱറᄐඒߛՠ܂ृΖ࿇୶ ࢤඒᖂ᎖ᖄߓอΔএᅃഏ؆ऱψඒஃ࿇୶ေᦸߓอωΰDevelopmental Teacher Evaluation Kit, DeTEKαᖵᆖڍڻءՒ֏ᖵ࿓ۖ࿇୶ԫᔞٽഏփࠌشऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄ ߓอΰ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΔ2004αΖຍߓอऱࢤΔএ᥆࣍ࠢীऱݮګࢤΕ࿇୶ࢤ ፖ်ឰࢤऱඒᖂေᦸΔՈਢറᄐࢤፖࣚ೭ࢤऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄՠ܂ΖԱլឰআၞඒᖂ റᄐऱ࿇୶Δءߓอຘመڍցֱڤࠐ፦ႃඒஃඒᖂ।Δץܶඒஃऱ۞ݺ։࣫Ε ٵᕦඒஃᨠኘΕᖂسඒᖂ֘ᚨΔڼߓอऱ壄壀ਢቔᚐඒஃࡉٵᕦڇյઌॾٚΕ ٽ܂ऱഗ៕ՀΔࡳറᄐګ९ૠࠀച۩հΰ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΔ2004αΖ ጵߢհΔඒᖂ᎖ᖄൎᓳاΕٽ܂ऱ壄壀Δڇॾٚऱഗ៕ՀΔ࠰ܗࠀࣚ೭ඒ ஃڇඒᖂՂऱ༼֒ፖ壄ၞΔࠀॺԫڻܛګऱ᎖ᖄΔۖਢ៶ط፦ႃٺጟፖඒᖂڶᣂ ऱᇷறΔດޡ৬ዌԫߓ٨࿇୶ᖵ࿓ΔؾऱਢޏၞඒᖂΕ༼֒ᖂسऱᖂፖඒஃऱ റᄐګ९Ζ ࿇୶ࢤඒᖂ᎖ᖄߓอ࣍اഏԶԼԶڣԶִΔڇקؑਙࢌඒߛݝऱ֭Հၲ ࡨᇢᙄΰ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΔ2004αΔࠡؾऱޏၞඒஃඒᖂΔআၞඒஃറᄐګ९Δ ༼ࣙᖂீඒߛᔆΰקؑਙࢌඒߛݝΔ2002αΖקؑم్խאՀᖂீΔ݁ ױٻඒߛݝعᓮᆜඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔۖٺீඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱጉᙇΔؘᏁฤٽයٙ ᆖᖂீऱඒஃေᐉࡡᄎֆၲᐉᤜຏመ৵Δطீ९ංΔ٦ᆖඒߛݝுໂΖ ᖕࡳΰקؑਙࢌඒߛݝΔ2002αףጉᙇऱඒஃᏁࠠໂאՀයٙΚΰ1αԶڣאՂٽඒஃհඒᖂڣᇷΙΰ2αࠠᖂઝࢨᖂᏆඒᖂव౨ΔࠀڶԲڣאՂඒᖂ ᆖ᧭Ιΰ3αڶᖜٚඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃհრᣋΙΰ4α౨قᒤࠀ᎖ᖄࠡהඒஃඒᖂΔ༼ࠎ ઌᣂඒߛᘬᇬࣚ೭Δ࠰ܗඒஃᇞެംᠲΖ ᆖጉᙇຏመऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃؘᏁᆖመཚၜऱᚏಝᓰ࿓Δᚏಝٽ৵ࡨࠠ ࠹ᆤඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᇷΔᆖᆤٚ৵ޢڣ݁Ꮑፖீփࡉקؑඒஃઔխ֨ ᜰᙄऱڇઔګ९೯ٺԼԲ՛ழΖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱࣚ೭ኙွॣٚඒᖂԲڣ փհඒஃΰլܶኔඒஃαࢨᆖᖂீඒஃေᐉࡡᄎᎁࡳඒᖂڶܺᣄऱඒஃΖٍ ܛΔקؑਙࢌඒߛݝऱᇢᙄֱூΔಾኙீփٽऱറٚඒஃΔאٵᕦ᎖ᖄ ऱᑓڤΔ࠰ܗඒஃޏඒᖂᔆፖറᄐګ९Ζࠌ᎖ᖄመ࿓ႉܓ࿇୶Δڇኙ᎖ ᖄඒஃፖࣚ೭ኙွඒஃΔࡵەၦඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃհٚඒઝؾΰᖂᏆαΕڣ్Εඒ ᖂᄷໂழၴΕԳᔆΔᕣၦፖࣚ೭ኙွઌ२ঞΰקؑਙࢌඒߛݝΔ 2002αΖ
ԲΕඒஃറᄐګ९
ඒஃറᄐګ९ਢਐඒஃ༼֒ඒᖂᔆፖݾ؏Δຘመፖٺጟإڤፖॺإڤ ऱ೯Δࠀၞ۩۞ݺ֘ઊ৸ەΰ്ո୮Δ2003αΖຍࠄإڤፖॺإڤ೯ץܶਙࢌ ᖲᣂᆖإڤمऄૡࡳऱڇၞଥΕઔߒᄎࢨףٺጟറᄐิ៣೯Εᔹᦰཚעറ ΕറᓵઔߒΕᨠംΕፖᓰ࿓ૠΕറᠲಘᓵΕٵᕦյ೯ΰܨହΔ2000Ι ֚ࣥٱΔ1997Ιຫᣪ՞Δ1994ΙWenzlaff & Wieseman, 2004αΖٚྶΰ1994αਐ נඒߛറᄐګ९ऱփ୲ො።ඒᖂݾ؏Εኔᔆवᢝፖറᄐኪ৫ٺଡᐋ૿ΖྥۖΔ ඒஃറᄐګ९ਢԫଡլឰ࿇୶ᥛऱᖵ࿓ΔਢਚΔඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ԫଡԳᆖᖵ ছஃᇷഛߛၸΔڇඒஃၸΔࠩᠦၲඒՠ܂Δڇຍඒஃറᄐՠ܂ᖵ࿓ խؘႊᥛچᖂፖઔߒΔլឰ࿇୶ࠡറᄐΔດዬࠌറᄐႽᑵΰ墌ߠፂΔ1996αΖ ᑛભٺഏൎᓳഛߛࠠך։റᄐऱඒஃਢஃᇷഛߛऱรԫ೭Δࢬᘯऱറᄐඒ ஃࠀॺਢݙګڕ۶ඒᖂऱඒஃΔٵழՈਢ౨լឰᖂࠀ۞ݺޏၞऱඒஃΰ֧۞ ५ᙘ࣑Δ1999αΖլឰᖂፖ۞ݺ壄ၞΔਢඒߛՠ܂ृڇᝬٻറᄐլױࢨऱైΔ ۖڼైԾਢඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ऱு֨壄壀Ζ႓ࡗᙘΰ2003αਐנඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ ΰprofessional developmentαਢഗ࣍ඒஃڶऱറᄐഗ៕ՀΔլឰچઔߒፖޏ ၞΔࠀຘመᙟழऱڇၞଥඒߛΰin-service educationαΔඒஃऱറᄐֱ౨ᤉᥛऱ ګ९ፖ࿇୶ΖጵߢհΔྤᓵࠠໂԱ۶ጟറᄐಝᒭહནऱඒஃΔຟޓᚨᇠਢᥛګ ९ऱറᄐᖂृΔኙ۞ݺᡖࣄထޓऱཚΔ೯ڶਁچךኔറᄐवᢝΰጉᖠᥞΔ2003αΖ ᖂீਢᙄඒஃറᄐګ९ऱۯΔீ९ΕٚΕඒஃᚨ٥ٵፖެࡳΔ ࠀຘመᄮຏۖቤנᔞٽᖂீऱറᄐګ९೯Ιඒஃറᄐګ९ႊૹီඒஃऱኔᎾ ᏁޣΔٺጟګ९೯ႊಾኙᖂீ֗ඒஃऱኔᎾᏁޣࠐૠΙٵᕦٽ܂ፖઔߒඒ ஃറᄐګ९ऱૹᑓڤΔګհၴ৸ፂፖᆖ᧭ऱ։ࠆਢඒஃറᄐګ९ऱᣂΔૉ ౨ڇᖂீփ࿇୶ඒஃറᄐګ९ቸ᧯٥ٵઊ৸൶ߒΔኙ࣍ඒஃऱറᄐ༼֒ലڶࢬܗ 墿ΰܦਙᖆΔ2001αΖ ඒஃڇറᄐګ९೯ऱীڤڍΰܦਙᖆΔ2001Ι֚ࣥٱΔ1997Ιຫᣪ՞Δ 1994αΔՕڍױ։റᠲዝᝑΔאᝮᓮറ୮ᝑஆΙඒᖂᨠᐰፖᨠΔ៶طඒஃ ଡԳऱᨠኘΕ৸ەፖܒឰΔຘመᨠᐰࠀᖂהԳඒᖂऱറᄐव౨Ι࠰ٵګ९ቸ᧯Δ ਢאቸ᧯յ೯ऱীڤΔፖऱඒஃಾኙᠲࢨംᠲ٥ٵಘᓵΔૹီቸ᧯յ೯ऱᖵ ࿓Δڼ։ࠆፖ࠰ܗΙ۩೯ઔߒΔಾኙඒߛऱംᠲΔඒஃאኔᎾ۩೯ၞ۩ઔ ߒࠀᇞެംᠲΙԫറூઔߒΔܓشඒߛઔߒऱٺጟֱڤၞ۩ٺጟറᠲऱઔߒΖ ء֮խطඒஃറᄐګ९೯֮൶ߒऱ࣠ᚨش࣍ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔਢڂ ڇ֮ᇷறऱჼ༈መ࿓խᄕ֟ऴ൷ലψඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱറᄐګ९ω٨റڶټ ဲףאಘᓵΔਚႛ౨ၴ൷ᚨشԫኙඒஃറᄐګ९ऱ֮ΖڂڼΔء֮ឈਢԫଡ ᅮᖄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᖵ࿓Δ܀ਢመ࿓խץܶԱڍցऱඒஃറᄐګ९೯Δץਔ՛ ীऱറ୮ᝑஆΔڍᑇழၴਢא࠰ٵګ९ቸ᧯ऱীڤၞ۩Δಾኙඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ ፖኃ۴ඒஃڇ᎖ᖄᖵ࿓խࢬ૿ᜯऱംᠲၞ۩յ೯ڤऱኙᇩፖಘᓵΔՈၞ۩ᦰᄎ ীڤऱ։ࠆፖಘᓵΔٵழޢۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃലፖኃ۴ඒஃऱյ೯ᖵ࿓א۩೯ઔߒ ऱীڤᐷᐊᖵ࿓ܫΖ
ԿΕᖿᚐᓵፖඒஃറᄐګ९
ඒஃറᄐګ९ऱ೯Ժڕ۶ۖࠐΛૉطᖿᚐᓵࠐ։࣫ඒஃڇᖂீิ៣խᛧ ՠ܂የߩტऱڂైΔ៶ط Herzberg ऱԲڂᓵΰTwo-factor theoryα֗ Alderfer ऱ ERG ᓵΰ֧۞ Owens, 1998/2000ΙRobbins, 2001αࠐ൶ಘඒஃڇՠ܂խࠌࠡ ᥛየߩऱڂైΖڇԲڂᓵխΔڶᣂิ៣խऱᜲᇷ壂ܓߓอΕՠ܂ᛩቼऱढ යٙΕፖהԳऱᣂএ֗ՠ܂ऱڜ٤ტႛ᥆࣍ᖂீิ៣խؘໂऱයٙΔլਢᖄી የრፖլየრऱڂైΔຍࠄڂైอጠঅڂΰhygiene factorsαΖటإ ౨ജᖿ࿇ՠ܂የრऱڂైਢิ៣խऱᖿᚐڂైΰmotivatorsαΔץਔ֒ᔢ֗ଡԳګ ९ऱᖲᄎΕ࠹्ࡳΕຂٚፖګ༉ტΖERG ᓵࢬൎᓳऱঞਢԿጟு֨ऱᏁᆢΰthree groups of core needsαΚژڇ ΰexistenceαΕᣂএΰrelatednessα֗ګ९ΰgrowthαΖژڇᏁޣᣊۿ࣍ Maslow ऱ ഗءسፖڜ٤ᏁޣΔᣂএᏁޣঞਢਐԳᣊፂૹԳᎾᣂএऱփڇ೯ԺΔګ९ ᏁޣঞਢଡԳಳޣ࿇୶ऱ೯ԺΖERG ᓵۿፖ Maslow ऱᓵઌۿΔྥ່ۖՕ ऱլٵਢ ERG ᓵൎᓳڍցᏁޣױٵழ࿇ཀᖿᚐऱ೯ԺΔࠀᅝᐋڻᏁޣލ ࠫழΔ܅ᐋڻᏁޣऱᏁࢤঞᏺףΖ ૉطՂ૪ࠟଡ೯ᖲᓵ֗ Maslow ऱᏁޣᐋڻᓵΔ൶ߒᖂீิ៣ᖿᚐխ՛ᖂ ඒஃՠ܂।ፖየრΔೈԱፂิ៣խءؘᏁ༼ࠎऱژڇፖᣂএᏁޣΔڕٵ Herzberg ࢬ༼נऱঅڂፖ Maslow ऱഗءᏁޣ؆ΔؘᏁᨃඒஃڶಳޣګ९Ε ࠹्ࡳፖګ༉ტΔᅝඒஃ౨റࣹ࣍ᐋڻऱ۞ݺᏁޣழΔ܅ᐋڻऱᏁޣ༉᧩լ ਢ߷ᏖऱૹԱΖԾൕؾᑑࡳᓵΰgoal-setting theoryαΰRobbins, 2001αΔࡳ 堚ᄑࣔᒔࠠ᧯ऱؾᑑֺࡳԫࢤᦨอऱؾᑑΔለ౨ขسᜎயऱګ࣠।Ζڂ ڼڇᖿᚐඒஃၞ۩ٺጟറᄐګ९೯ழΔᏁࡳࣔᒔۖࠠ᧯ऱؾᑑΖ ء֮խऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃਢ࠰ܗᇠீᄅၞॣٚඒஃΔܓشψٵᕦ᎖ᖄωऱ ᑓڤΰ്ᐚᔲΔ2003aΔ2003bΙ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΔ2004αΔٍܛطਬԫۯඒஃᨠኘ ԫۯඒஃऱඒᖂΔࠀ༼ࠎኙֱᨠኘ৵ऱڃ墅Δא࠰ܗ࠹ᨠኘऱඒஃ༼֒ࠡඒᖂ ய౨Δٍױᔞش࣍ኔ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኔඒஃऱ᎖ᖄᣂএΔא֗ሎش࣍ڶ౨Ժऱᇷ ඒஃ࠰ܗᇷඒஃޏၞඒᖂֱڤΖឈྥຍࠄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ݁ڶڍڣඒᖂᆖ᧭Δ ᆖመᖂீૡࡳऱᙆᙇ࿓ݧᙇנΔՈፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱഛಝΔຂඒᖂ᎖ᖄٚ ೭ᚨਢڶംᠲΔՈױ౨ڂፖૠۖᛧᣂএፖګ༉ऱየߩΔྥۖΔቃ ٻऱבנፖ࠰ܗᨃඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚດዬڶ౨ԺլߩࢨਯጣტΔڂڼΔڇඒᖂ᎖ ᖄᖵ࿓խΔೈԱࠌຍᆢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ౨የߩ࠰ܗהԳऱګ༉ტ֗ᣂএᏁޣየߩ ტ؆Δޓലຍᆢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱറᄐګ९٨ԫଡؾᑑΔᨃޢۯඒஃڇ ᥛګ९խຟ౨࿇ཀଡԳऱᑨ౨Δཛ۞ݺኔऱሁᝬၞΖૉᖵ࿓խڶمࣔᒔؾ ᑑΔױ౨ࠌګயڶૻΔਚല᎖ᖄፖᅮᖄᖵ࿓ࡳՀؾᑑΔᨃඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃಖᙕה ଚፖኃ۴ඒஃյ೯ऱᖵ࿓Δࠀ࿇।հΖ
ΕᏁޣᖄٻኙඒஃറᄐګ९ऱრᆠ
ඒஃᖂ᥆࣍ګԳᖂऱᒤᡱΔګԳᖂृڶࠡऱᖂࢤΔࠡለᦟ ۞աڜඈࡉᖞٽᖂ೯ΔՈႜٻ࣍೯ፖࡉ༳༽ଡԳऱᖂመ࿓ࡉګ࣠ΰᘕ ഼ޜΔ1993αΔਢኔᎾംᠲ່ࠋऱᇞެृΔ࣍ሎش۞աֲൄسխ᠆༄ऱᆖ᧭ΰᓐഛޘΔ1996αΖKnowlesΰ1980αٍਐנᖂਢԫጟփڇऱመ࿓ΔԱᚥܗᖂृ ऱᖂ࿇୶ፖګ९Δࠀ༼֒ઔ೯ऱګயΔ೯փ୲ऱૠᏁಾኙᖂृऱൣ उࠀٽᔞٽऱඒᖂঞΖ Wenzlaff ࡉ Wiesemanΰ2004αܓش 21 ۯڇඒஃၞଥઔߒࢬᓰ࿓Δၞ۩ࠟ ڣٵԫቸ᧯ΰCohortαऱઔߒΔڼઔߒऱࠡխԫଡؾऱਢუᛵᇞᅝᓰ࿓ૠፖඒ ஃऱᏁޣΕړ֗ᖂመ࿓ৈٽழऱ࣠۶Λઔߒ࣠࿇ᅝԫଡאٵԫቸ᧯ ഗ៕ऱઔߒࢬᓰ࿓ΰa cohort-based graduate programαΔԫ؟ᓰ࿓אଡԳ֏ ૠ࢚ࠀڃᚨඒஃऱᏁޣழΔലขسڶრᆠऱᖂࠀࠌඒஃڶኦᦞ墿౨ტΰa sense of empowermentαΖᅝᓰ࿓ൎᓳᓵፖኔ೭ऱٽழΔඒஃଚᎁהଚᛧ ່ࠋऱᖂګயਢటኔᆖ᧭ፖኔ೭ࢤऱᓰ࿓܂ᄐΖطڼઔߒխΔױवૠඒஃ ऱګ९ࢨၞଥ೯Δ౨ฤٽהଚऱᏁޣΔࠀലᓵፖኔ೭ٽΔᨃהଚ౨ڇట ኔൣቼխᇢ᧭Δኙ࣍ᖂऱګய༼֒ڶޓՕऱܗ墿Ζ ڂڼΔૠઔ೯ழΔૠृᏁፖፖृᄮຏΔᖕፖृऱᏁޣፖᘋᔊ ቤ೯Εᛵᇞፖ։࣫ፖृऱࢤΔေ۷ᖂृऱᏁޣΔࠀመៀᏁޣΔ٦ലᖂ ृऱᏁޣ᠏֏ઔ೯ऱؾᑑΔڕڼኙ༼ᖂګயڶઌᅝՕऱܗ墿ΰ५֚ ܗΔ1999ΙᣪමΔ1999Ιᠿ༡ୠΔ1997Ε1998ΙKnowles, 1980αΖྥۖΔᅝছ ڍऱඒஃઔ೯ΔՕڍྤऄٽඒஃऱటإᏁޣΔڂۖᐙઔ೯ऱګய ΰܦਙሒΔ1997αΖܦਙᖆΰ2001αូᖂृऱઔߒΔٍਐנႃխڤऱઔઌᅝฐ ۩Δڍ᥆೯ᦫᝑΕյ೯ΔףऱඒஃՕڍਢ࠹ਐΔઔګயՕؚމڬΙ ᓰ࿓փ୲ՈྤऄየߩඒஃऱኔᎾᏁޣΔᆖൄਢᓵᖂઝᣄאٽኔᎾඒᖂൣቼΖ ១ߢհΔ౨ڶய༼֒ඒஃፖٺጟඒஃګ९೯ऱᖂګயΔႊေ۷ඒஃኔᎾ ᏁޣΔࠀലᏁޣ᠏֏ᖂؾᑑΔٍૹီګԳᖂᦟലᓵፖኔ೭ᆖ᧭ٽΔ ࠌࠡ౨ኔᎾሎش࣍ඒᖂൣቼΔՂ૪ຟਢቤፖૠඒஃګ९೯ழᏁൎᓳऱΖ
նΕߓอሎ܂ኙቤઔ೯ऱૹࢤ
ඒஃറᄐګ९ऱ೯ᆖൄਢطᖂீऱᙄۯΰܦਙᖆΔ2001αΔڂڼ ᖂீᏁڶຂቤऱۯΔࠌ೯ቤऱۯ౨ജሎ܂ႉܓΔຂۯᏁڶ ࣔᒔऱຂٚ֗ᦞຂΔՈᏁڶᔞ֊ऱᏆᖄΰKnowles, 1980αΔຂቤऱԳࢨ ۯᏁፖፖኙွΕᖂீิ៣փຝۯ֗ઔ೯ऱஃᇷയ֊ٽ܂Δஃᇷऱᙇ شኙઔऱګயᐙᄕՕΔڕ۶ፖஃᇷڇ೯ছಘᓵΔࠃ٣࠷ઌᣂᇷறΔፖ ቤृಘᓵઔֱڤፖփ୲Δאฤٽፖृፖᖂீิ៣ऱᏁޣΔڼၴך։ٽ܂אሒࠩআၞඒஃᖂऱؾᑑΰCocheu, 1989ΙKnowles, 1980αΖ ઔቤۯڇቤઔழΔؘᏁ٣ᛜທิ៣խاऱࣷΔᨃګ౨յॾΕ ၲ࣋ᄮຏΕٽ܂ፖᣋრ൷࠹ٚ೭ऱࣷΰKnowles, 1980αΖKnowlesΰ1980αٵழ ਐנቤۯᏁފዝࣚ೭ᄒᑓऱߡۥΔࠀᖿᚐګլឰچګ९ፖޏၞΖ്ᐚᔲ֗ ޕঊሒΰ1999αམਐנאᖂீխ֨ऱඒஃറᄐګ९ࠠڶאՀᐛΚΰ1α೯ਢ אᖂீᆖᛜ֗ඒஃګ९Ꮑޣૠഗ៕ऱΙΰ2α೯ؾऱଫิ៣ؾᑑऱሒګ֗ ඒஃଡԳᏁޣऱየߩΙΰ3α೯փ୲ೈԱࡉඒஃءᔆઌᣂऱറᄐګ९հ؆ΔՈץ ਔೣٻඒஃଡԳᘋᔊऱ೯Ιΰ4αඒஃڇ೯֗ᓰ࿓ऱૠՂΔފዝޓᗨᄕऱߡ ۥΙΰ5α೯ऱچױאڇீփࢨਢீ؆Ζ ᅝᖂீࢬቤऱઔਢԫߓ٨ຑऱ೯ΔԾطٵԫۯઔஃᇷຂ ழΔቤۯፖᇠஃᇷऱٽ܂ঞޓ᧩ૹΔܑਢڇߓ٨ຑऱઔխΔؘᏁ ലඒஃऱᏁޣፖࠡޢڻࢬᆖᖵऱኔ೭ംᠲಛஒ༼ࠎࢬᆤஃᇷΔٍᏁፖࢬᆤ ஃᇷڶޓڍյ೯ፖٽ܂Ζء֮խലᎅࣔઔቤۯΕઔፖඒஃ֗ࢬᆤऱઔ ஃᇷၴڕ۶ᜤᢀΕյ೯ፖٽ܂Δאሒࠩআၞඒஃറᄐګ९ऱؾᑑΖ
Εઔߒૠፖኔਜ
ءઔߒਢא۩೯ઔߒऱֱڤၞ۩ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᅮᖄᖵ࿓Δઔߒঞԫ ࢬ࣍ԼԲᖂڣ৫عᓮፖקؑඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᇢᙄֱூऱഏխΔઔߒኙွ ຍଡᖂڣ৫࠹ᆤհඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ٥ԶۯΔڣᇷ݁ڇԼڣאՂΔࠡխնۯଫٚᖄஃΔ ࠡ塒ԿۯറٚඒஃΔຍࠄඒஃऱᏆહན։ܑΔഏ֮ઝԿۯΔઝࠟۯΔ ᑇᖂઝԫۯΔ֏ઝԫۯ֗ֆاઝԫۯΔڇء֮խലԶۯඒஃᙟᖲא AДH ऱ ֮ڗئז।Ζ ኙऱ࠹᎖ᖄඒஃΰאՀጠኃ۴ඒஃα٥ૠԮۯΔຍԮۯඒஃࠀॺءઔߒऱ ઔߒኙွΔࠡխքۯኃ۴ඒஃॣٚଡூᖂீऱඒஃΔ؆ԫۯբڇଡூᖂீ ڶԿڣඒᖂᆖ᧭Δ܀۞ᣋףΔྥຍքۯॣٚඒஃխڶԫۯඒஃឈॣٚଡூᖂ ீऱඒஃΔ܀ࠡଡԳڇၞԵଡூᖂீছམڶ᠆༄ऱՠ܂ᆖ᧭Δམڇٞᄐՠ܂መΔ ՈམᖜٚߏمீऱඒஃΔڶԫۯڇଡூᖂீਢรԲڣطඒஃေᐉࡡᄎެᤜ ࠡፖΔᝫڶԫۯਢॣٚรԲڣࠀଫٚ۩ਙՠ܂Δࠡ塒Կۯঞଶኔݙऱॣٚ ٽඒஃΔࠡխԫۯٍଫٚ۩ਙՠ܂Ζ।ԫխᎅࣔඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃऱኙൣݮΚ ।ԫΚଡூᖂீඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃऱહནᇷற ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ ኃ۴ඒஃ ٚඒ ઝؾ ೭ ࢤܑ ڣᇷ ٚඒ ઝؾ ೭ ࢤܑ ڣᇷ ໂု ഏ֮ ᖄஃ Ֆ 15 ᧯ߛ ଫ۩ਙ ߊ 1 ॣٚรԫڣࠀଫ۩ਙ ഏ֮ ᖄஃ Ֆ 12 ᑇᖂ ᖄஃ Ֆ 1 ॣٚรԫڣΔ܀མڶ᠆༄ऱՠ܂ ᆖ᧭Δࠀམٚඒᄐᖂீ ഏ֮ ᖄஃ Ֆ 12 ഏ֮ ᖄஃ Ֆ 1 ॣٚรԫڣΔࠡഏ֮ඒᖂറᄐط ഏ֮ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃຂΔᖄஃঞ طᑇᖂඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ࠰ܗ ᑇᖂ റٚ Ֆ 15 ᑇᖂ ᖄஃ Ֆ 1 ॣٚรԫڣΔᑇᖂറᄐطᑇᖂඒ ᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃຂΔᖄஃঞط ඒஃ࠰ܗΔڂඒஃᇠఄ ᖄஃ റٚ Ֆ 27 ኃ۴ඒஃᖄஃఄऱᖄஃ ᖄஃ Ֆ 18 ᖄஃ Ֆ 3 ॣٚรԲڣࠀطඒေᄎެᤜፖ ֏ ᖄஃ ߊ 13 ֏ ଫ۩ਙ ߊ 2 ॣٚรԲڣଫ۩ਙ ֆا റٚ Ֆ 11 ֆا റٚ Ֆ 3 ۞ᣋፖ ઔߒᇷறऱ፦ႃਢຘመઔߒृᨠኘࠀᙕᐙᅮᖄᖵ࿓֗ሎ܂ൣݮΔڶᣂඒ ஃኙඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃᖂቸၷऱگᡸΕ۩ਙ࠰ܗΕᅮᖄᏆֱڤऱေᏝ֗ଡԳറᄐ ऱګ९ڃ墅Δঞᆏᙕ۞Զۯඒஃ࣍ګ࣠։ࠆઔಘᄎࢬᐷᐊऱ۩೯ᖵ࿓։ࠆܫΔ Աፂኙඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱঅയࢤΔࠀآല֧૪ऱຝ։ऴ൷٨נޢۯඒஃऱࡩ ټΔսא֮זᇆऱֱڤܧΖᅮᖄᖵ࿓ऱॾ৫ፖய৫ΔঞױطԶۯඒஃݙګ۩ ೯ᖵ࿓ܫ֗طඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଡԳᐷᐊऱܫٌյᆏᙕխ᧭ᢞΖ ڶᣂଡூᖂீհቤۯऱቤ࢚ፖՠ܂ֱٻΰߠቹԫαΔᖞଡቤऱு֨ ਢאඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔطԿଡٻ৫ၞ۩ቤΚΰ1αԳፖᛩቼΚਐऱਢඒᖂ᎖ᖄ ඒஃፖᖂீᛩቼऱյ೯Δૹរ࣋ڇඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ։ࠆፖᖂΔၞۖ೯٤ீඒ ஃኙඒᖂ᎖ᖄࠫ৫ڶޓԫᐋऱᎁᢝΙΰ2αԳፖהԳΚൎᓳඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ ඒஃऱ༇ૹፖյॾΔ໌ທඒஃઌյݿګ९ऱᖲࠫΔࠀٞቹᤢທسࡎ٥ٵ᧯ऱյ ೯ᣂএΙΰ3αԳፖ۞աΚᣂࣹඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ֘৸ፖઔߒΔআࠌࠡ۞ݺګ९ࡉ৬ ዌ۞ݺඒߛॾ࢚ΰၼΔ2004αΖ طቹԫխױאנΔڇԳፖ۞աऱٻ৫խΔඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃڂڶറ투ᖄऱף
ԵΔറ투ᖄאޢִԫڻΔޢڻԿ՛ழא࠰ٵቸ᧯ઔऱֱڤΔመ࿓խףԵ՛ী റᠲᝑஆΕյ೯ኙᇩᇞެኔ೭ംᠲΕᦰᄎΕ֘৸ଡԳ᎖ᖄᖵ࿓Δ່࣍৵ᐷᐊ۩ ೯ᖵ࿓ऱܫࠀ࿇।Ζছ૪ᅮᖄᖵ࿓ऱٺႈ܂ΔՈਢ۩೯ઔߒխऱ۩೯ֱூΔ ۩೯ऱؾऱਢআ࿇ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ۞ݺګ९Ζ ቹԫΚଡூᖂீᇢᙃඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠫ৫ኔਜਮዌቹ ᇷறࠐᄭΚ۩೯ᖂਢኔᔌറᄐऱຜஉΚᓫᇢᙄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠫ৫հ۩ਙቤΖၼΔ 2004Δ 6Δᇢᙄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠫ৫ֱூګ࣠։ࠆઔಘᄎΔקؑΖ
ᆥΕߓอሎ܂ፖඒஃറᄐګ९೯հቤ
ڇء֮խࢬਐऱߓอሎ܂ਢඒஃറᄐګ९ቤۯΰڇڼଡூᖂீਢඒ೭ ٚΔאՀऴ൷ጠඒ೭ٚαΕറ투ᖄΰٍܛઔ೯ऱஃᇷα֗ઔፖृΰԶ ۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃαΔط࣍ᖞଡቤਢא༼֒ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱറᄐګ९ؾᑑΔ Ոٵழൎᓳ۩೯መ࿓խऱ֘৸ΕધᙕፖઔߒΔਚԫଡؾᑑਢ֧ᖄࢬڶऱඒஃ౨ ϕ ߞ ൧ ख़ ϩ ٦ Ꮲ ಞӄਠ
უՔ
1. ᇶᏤཥ௲ৣ2.
ᔈҔᆶϸࡘԾ ρ܌Ꮲ ϸࡘ ࣴز௲ᏢᇶᏤ௲ৣ
௲ᏢᇶᏤ௲ৣ
࿎Ꮴ
1. ௲ᏢᇶᏤ௲ৣ Կሦୱϩ٦௲ Ꮲᢀነמೌ2.
ЇᏤӚሦୱ Չ௲Ꮲᢀነ 2/ ௲ᏢᇶᏤ௲ৣπբ֝! Չࣴز! ᠐ਜ! 3/ ࣴᔕҁਠ௲ৣԾρᔠਡࡰ!ᐷᐊଡԳፖኃ۴ඒஃյ೯ᖵ࿓ऱ۩೯ܫΖ ؾᑑࡳ৵Δઔᓰ࿓ᇠڕ۶ቤΔຍኙቤۯፖറ투ᖄਢԫႈᄅऱቫ ᇢՈਢᄅऱਗᖏΔط࣍ࡸྤऄवඒஃऱᏁޣΔઔᓰ࿓լ౨ႛطറ투ᖄᖕ ᓵૠΔ࣍ਢፖඒ೭ٚಘᓵ৵ެࡳאᢰၞ۩ᢰଥإΔڶរᣊۿᖏߨ৬ዌ ীڤऱቤΔຍଡመ࿓ኙᅮᖄऱਗᖏᄕՕΔޢִԫڻऱߠ૿ΔՕપڇߠ૿ছԫၜ वඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ૿ᜯऱܺቼ֗ګ९ᏁޣΔאڼቤᅝڻऱᓰ࿓ΖԱאᏁޣᖄ ٻૠറᄐګ९ᓰ࿓Δ۩ਙΕඒஃፖᅮᖄݮګᥳԿߡऱյ೯ᑓڤΰߠቹԲαΖ ቹԲΚ۩ਙΕඒஃ֗ᅮᖄऱյ೯ᑓڤ طቹԲխඒ೭ٚࡳཚፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ֗ኃ۴ඒஃፋᄎᛵᇞᏁޣࠀ༼ࠎઌᣂ ऱ۩ਙ֭གΖ۩ਙᛜທࡉᘫऱፋᄎࣷࠀڜඈ٥ٵլඈᓰழၴΔࠌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒ ஃፖኃ۴ඒஃᖑڶኙᇩಘᓵΕᜤᓩऱழၴፖ़ၴΔመ࿓խՈڜඈඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃޢ ִፋᄎԫڻΔطඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ՛ิऱิ९ΰၼΔ2004αΖറ투ᖄ᎖ ᖄፖ࠰ܗऱኙွਢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔਚլऴ൷൷ᤛኃ۴ඒஃΔᅮᖄᖕඒ೭ٚࡳ ཚፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፋᄎࢬᛧऱᏁޣፖګ९ᇷಛቤઔ೯ऱփ୲Ζૉᅮᖄፖ ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃኙᇩመ࿓խΔ࿇Ꮑ۩ਙᛀಘࢨٽࠃႈΔঞطᅮᖄ༼ࠎඒ೭ ٚΖ
௲୍ЬҺ
ȐೕჄࣴಞ ൂՏॄೢΓȑ௲ᏢᇶᏤ
௲ৣ
࿎Ꮴ
უՔ௲ৣ
ٔΕᏁޣᖄٻऱඒஃറᄐګ९೯
Աࠌᖞଡറᄐګ९ऱᅮᖄᖵ࿓אඒஃᏁޣᖄٻΔՈཚඨඒஃ౨ګ۞ ݺᖄٻऱᖂृΔࢬᘯ۞ݺᖄٻऱᖂृਢਐ۞ࢤऱ֧࿇ᖂ೯ᖲΔ౨ജ۞۩ ်ឰᖂᏁΔࠀݮګᖂؾᑑ֗۞ݺ༈ޣሒګᖂऱԳԺΕढԺᇷᄭΰKnowles, 1980αΖေ۷ຍᆢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱᖂᏁޣΔഗ࣍ছ૪ऱյ೯ᑓڤΔඒஃ᎖ᖄ՛ ิ٣۩ኙᇩಘᓵΔ٦ፖඒ೭ٚಘᓵࠡܺቼፖᏁޣΔ່৵طᅮᖄᒔᎁᏁޣ༼ࠎറ ᄐګ९ऱ೯փ୲Ζຍଡᖵ࿓ࠀॺᙩַլ೯ΔۖਢᙟထᏁޣऱ᧢೯ۖଥإऱ೯ኪ ᖵ࿓ΔאՀലᖞଡᖵ࿓։ԲΚΰ1α࠰ٵቸ᧯ऱګ९ᖵ࿓֗ΰ2α۩೯ઔߒऱګ ९ᖵ࿓ΖԫΕ࠰ٵቸ᧯ऱګ९ᖵ࿓
ຍଡᖵ࿓ᆖᖵԫଡᖂཚΔطԼִದ٥ᆖᖵଡִΔٍܛڻऱᅮᖄ೯Δ ౨ڶயಖᙕޢڻऱᖵ࿓ΔאᙕᐙֱڤژᢞΔޢԫڻऱሎ܂ীڤΔՕڍ։ࠟଡ ΔรԫଡᆵՕڍਢᖕᏁޣ༼ࠎઌᣂऱઔᇷறΔᎅࣔΕಘᓵࠀ։ࠆΙรԲ ଡᆵঞਢኙᇩፖംᠲᇞެΔאګၴյ೯ऱመ࿓։࣫Εಘᓵፖᇞެඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒ ஃፖኃ۴ඒஃյ೯ழऱംᠲΰڶᣂรԲၸऱಘᓵΔլਢء֮უ൶ಘऱຝ։Δ ڇڼլڍᎅࣔαΔڇรԫଡᖵ࿓༼ࠎԱԿءᨃඒஃଚᔹᦰΔࠀڇመ࿓խಘᓵ ءऱփ୲ΔຍԿء։ܑຫٻࣔΰ2002αࢬထπඒஃڕ۶܂ᔆऱઔߒρΕ႓༡༡ ΰ1995αထπܗԳᖵ࿓ፖݾ؏ρ֗ Hunterΰ1998/2001αထπቜԳΚଥሐೃऱᏆᖄ ඔقρΔছࠟء᥆࣍ՠࠠΔπඒஃڕ۶܂ᔆऱઔߒρਢᨃඒஃଚᛵᇞඒஃၞ ۩ᔆࢤઔߒऱױ౨ࢤፖኙඒᖂऱܗ墿ΔπܗԳᖵ࿓ፖݾ؏ρঞਢ࠰ܗඒஃ࿇୶ڶய ऱ᎖ᖄݾ؏Δא৬مߜړ९ऱ᎖ᖄᣂএΔπቜԳρԫঞڇᅮᖄᖵ࿓խലԵಘ ᓵΖאՀᖕޢԫڻऱၞ۩ֱڤףאኴ૪Κ ΰԫα৬م᎖ᖄᣂএፖ۩೯ઔߒऱഗءᄗ࢚ ط࣍ᖞଡᅮᖄᖵ࿓ऱ່ึؾᑑਢ֧ᖄඒஃ֘৸Εಖᙕࠀᐷᐊԫٝ۩೯ᖵ࿓ऱ ܫΔਚรԫڻೈԱፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚ৬مᣂএ؆ΔՈ༼ࠎڶᣂ۩೯ઔߒऱഗء ᄗ࢚ΰᓐ堚ضΔ2000α֗༼ࠎڶᣂڕ۶ᇞެᣄאጥऱംᠲΰGarmston & Wellman, 1999αΖছृऱઔᇷறຫ૪۩೯ઔߒऱਮዌ֗۩೯༛ᛩऱრᆠΔ৵ृᎅࣔᖂீխംᠲऱᓤᠧࢤΕߓอऱრᆠΕڕ۶࿇୶৵ክࢤ৸ەΰਐቸၷګᏁ ౨༿ଡԳऱ֨ཕᑓڤࠀሂๅ࣍֨ཕᑓڤࠐᛀྒྷፖ֘৸αፖ࿇୶ᄎᓫऱᄷᤜ ᠲΖ ৬مᣂএࡨ࣍ᛵᇞڼΔط࣍ඒஃଚڼᑵ൜܀ኙᅮᖄլᑵ൜Δ࣍ਢᅮᖄ٣ ၞ۩۞ݺտฯΔ༴૪ԱଡԳګ९Εޣᖂ֗ՠ܂ऱᆖᖵΔᎁᢝመ࿓խᨠኘࠩඒஃଚ ኙઔߒृڍԫࠄऱᎁᢝፖړ࡛Δڼၴۿ൷२ԱڍΖ৵תঞ٣א՛ীᝑஆ ऱֱڤΔᎅࣔઔᇷறऱփ୲ࠀᓮඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃᓫᓫၲᖂ۟վፖኃ۴ඒஃऱյ೯ ൣݮΖྥۖڇᎅࣔ۩೯ઔߒऱഗءᄗ࢚ፖ۩೯༛ᛩऱრᆠழΔઔߒृტ࠹ࠩඒஃ ኙ࣍ᐷᐊψઔߒܫωऱྡྷᐞፖᚘԺΔ࣍ਢެࡳᒷՀࠐΔၞ۩ᎅࣔ۩೯ઔߒऱૹ Δ۟࣍ψܫωঞᓮඒஃଚ٣ܑྡྷᐞΔႛᓮඒஃଚᏁലፖኃ۴ඒஃऱյ೯መ࿓ אֱֲڤಖᙕΖ ᅝழေ۷ඒஃऱᏁࠀॺڇᎁᢝ۩೯ઔߒΔޓڶࠄਢݼࢴᐷᐊઔߒܫΔਝ ྥᖞଡᖵ࿓ެࡳψאඒஃᏁޣωΔ࣍ਢઔߒृঁլ৺࣍ޣඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚ൷ ࠹ΔྥۖΔ۩೯ᖵ࿓ऱ່ึؾᑑսྥژڇ࣍ઔߒृऱ֨խΔ࣍ਢΔެࡳطյ೯խ ດޡ৬ዌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ౨ၦΔᨃඒஃଚ౨ৰ۞ྥچಖᙕඒᖂ᎖ᖄऱᖵ࿓Ζ ΰԲα։ࠆऱމፖ᧢መ࿓խԳऱݼࢴ ։ࠆፖᖂਢଡூᖂீऱቤ೯հԫΔਢᨃඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃಾኙ٤ீඒஃܓ شᏆழၴΔ۟ٺᏆ։ࠆඒᖂ᎖ᖄհઌᣂ࢚ፖݾΖྥۖڇመ࿓խඒ೭ٚ ტ࠹ࠩඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃڇ։ࠆመ࿓խࠀآࠩቃཚऱڃᚨΔᨃຍࠄඒஃტࠩމΖ ࣍ਢຍڻऱᠲঞૡڇψಘᓵࠀඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ۟ٺᏆ։ࠆඒᖂ᎖ᖄऱ࢚ ፖݾࢬሖࠩऱމωΔຍڻऱઔᇷறਢطᅮᖄნᖞڶᣂิ៣᧢ழΔᄎᔡሖऱ ܺᣄፖݼࢴΔᎅࣔԫଡᄅࠫ৫ऱං೯Δኙิ៣ۖߢױᎅਢ᧢ऱၲࡨΔՈᎅࣔิ ៣᧢ࠐ۞Գऱݼࢴਢ່ࣔ᧩່୲࣐חԳऊໜፖމΰMorrison, 1998Ι Lunenburg, ֧۞ຫֵ८Δ1999αΙࠀຫ૪ԱԳଚݼࢴ᧢ऱطΔࠏڕᖜ֨؈װ ଡԳࢬᖑڶऱᦞԺΰၞఄᨠኘΔٞቹؚధඒਢඒஃऱ׆ഏऱणαΕᖜ֨౨Ժլ ߩΕԳଚڜ࣍णऱ֨ᔆΖ ඒஃڇ։ࠆழۿڶࡰمྤགტΔ࣍ਢ༼ࠎ Senge Գΰ1999/2001αڇπ᧢ հፘρรີڶᣂࡰمྤགऱਗᖏऱኴᇷறΔ૪Ա᧢መ࿓խ٣ᖄᆢᄎڶ ࡰمྤགऱტ࠹ΔຍழڂᚨਗᖏঞᏁփ؆ຝऱംΕڶᆖ᧭ऱԳՓࢨᖄஃ ΰmentorαऱ֭གΖ֧ش Kotterΰ2002/2002αऱუऄᨃඒஃଚᛵᇞګפิ៣᧢ ऱᣂਢڕ۶܌ࣚᎽᡶ०൷ᄅ᧢Δۖ᧢ऱءਗᖏࠐ۞࣍ڕ۶ޏ᧢Գऱ۩
ΔؘᏁਢՕ༏৫ऱ۩ޏ᧢ΔࠀᎅࣔԳհࢬא۩ޏ᧢Δ່ऱআ࿇ڂైਢ ଡԳءߪऱტᤚፖტ࠹ΔڂڼؘᏁຘመψݺߠ—ݺტ࠹—ݺޏ᧢ωऱመ࿓Ζ៶ڼΔ Ꮖඒஃଚಘᓵψֆၲ։ࠆਢܡਢଡᨃהԳ൷࠹ᄅ᧢ऱړֱऄΛωΔא֗ᚨᇠڕ ۶֧ದီᤚՂऱტ೯ࢨᔼᖔΛ ءڻऱ։ࠆፖಘᓵऱؾऱਢᨃඒஃტ࠹הଚࠀॺࡰمྤགΔՈᨃהଚᛵ ᇞޏ᧢ԫԳክऱՠ܂ፖ۩ᑓڤΔլਢԫٙ୲࣐ऱࠃΔࠀ֧ᖄඒஃଚ৸ ەࠐ۞ᖂீխࠡהګऱዣီፖඈ؞ਢؘྥऱွΔڇᝫڶބࠩᔞٽऱֱڤᐙ הଚࢨᄅࠫ৫ࡸآܧګயழΔ٣ᖄᆢΰඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚαᏁڼ֭ፖ࠰ ܗΔࠌՕ୮ױאᤉᥛཛထ٥ٵऱॾ࢚ፖᣋནۖܘԺΔլ֜ݶ༉ࡌᔡऱԳΕ ࠃΕढࢬᚰඓΖ ΰԿα٦ࡳۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱߡۥፖॣٚඒஃऱᏁޣ طছࠟڻऱᅮᖄመ࿓ऱᨠኘፖඒ೭ٚऱ֘ᚨխ࿇ᤚඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚኙ࣍۞ աߡۥऱࡳΕ᎖ᖄᣂএऱ֗ڂڍڂైࠌኙլജݙભΰࠏڕΔլڇ ٵԫଡᙄֆΔڶٚඒઌٵఄ్Εઝؾࢨڶ٥ٵऱ़ഘழၴΔۿᣄא༳༽ ኃ۴ඒஃऱᏁޣαսڶڍऱጊ༝ፖྡྷᐞΖ ڶᣂኙຝ։ፖඒ೭ٚၞ۩ಘᓵΔط࣍ॣٚඒஃڶૻΔڇٚඒઝؾऱኙ ፖᙄֆऱᆜၸྤऄᇞެΔ़۟࣍ഘऱڜඈല࣍ՀᖂཚऱඈᓰՂᇞެΖ۟ ࣍᎖ᖄᣂএፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃߡۥऱࡳΔڇءڻխಾኙڼຝ։༼ࠎઌᣂᇷறΔଈ ٣֧ش Senge Գΰ1999/2001αኙᖄஃΰmentorαፖኃ۴ᣂএףאᎅࣔΔSenge ԳൎᓳࠟृऱᣂএΔ༉ڕٵψஃسᣂএωΔਢԫጟԫኙԫऱᣂএΔᠨֱຟᏁॺ ൄࣹრڼᣂএऱ࿇୶Δڶထ९ᔘᏆඡᔘऱյ༡ᣂএΔឆܶထψඒᖂઌ९ωऱ რᆠΖྥۖΔຍጟᣂএؘᏁਢᠨֱ۞ᣋऱΔؘᏁڇᘣ२ፖტൣ֏܂شऱഗ៕ՀΔ ᣋრյઌᚥܗΔՈᣋრࠌڼޓړΖ ದࠐᠨֱ۞ᣋڇᖞଡኙመ࿓խࠀྤऄጐڕԳრΔڶ༓ۯኃ۴ඒஃࠀॺ۞ ᣋףΔۖਢڇᖂீ۩ਙፖඒေᄎऱެᤜՀፖΔຍՈࠌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ᎖ᖄ መ࿓ߨऱለᜱ߬ΖೈԱڇޢڻᅮᖄᖵ࿓խ༼ࠎฃ؆ΔڇءڻኙᇩխܑൎᓳΔ ឈྥࡸྤऄሒࠩᠨֱ۞ᣋऱ࿓৫Δսྥലءᖂཚऱ᎖ᖄؾᑑ࣋ڇψᣂএ৬مωՂΔ լ৺࣍ሎشࢬڶऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄݾ؏Δڂڇյॾᣂএࡸآ৬م༉ၞ۩ඒᖂᨠኘৰ୲ ࣐ທګᣂএऱጹ്Δܛࠌࠫ৫ऱمਢא࠰ܗኃ۴ඒஃඒᖂऱ壄ၞΔኃ۴ඒஃս ᄎڶေᏝऱტᤚΔڂڼսݦඨඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃ౨٥ٵေ۷ኃ۴ඒஃऱ ࠰ܗᏁޣΖ
۟࣍ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ༼ࠩΔኃ۴ඒஃۿլᄎܑ༈ޣ᎖ᖄඒஃΰmentor teacherαऱ࠰ܗΔຍጟൣݮᨃඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃტᤚ۞աऱՠ܂ຂٚۿ࠷זΖ࣍ ਢ༼ࠎ Hertzongΰ2002αऱઔߒ࣠Δٞቹᨃඒஃᛵᇞຍጟွਢױ౨נऱΔ լመ࣍ᖜ֨ΖHertzong ऱઔߒਢאᔆࢤઔߒऱֱڤԵᓫԼۯ൷࠹ڜඈ᎖ᖄ ඒஃऱ՛ᖂᄅၞඒஃΔუᛵᇞڇඒᖂխຍࠄᄅၞඒஃଡԳࢬवᤚऱംᠲ֗ᅝ ംᠲ࿇سழהଚ༈ޣ࠰ܗऱኙွΖ࣠᧩قΔຍࠄᄅၞඒஃᏁ࠰ܗऱਢඒጥ Εᓰ࿓ڜඈፖඒᖂփ୲֗ԳᎾംᠲΖᅝംᠲ࿇سழΔਐऱ᎖ᖄඒஃࠀॺਢ ຍࠄᄅၞඒஃ༈ޣ࠰ܗऱรԫኙွΔۖࠡ༈ޣ࠰ܗऱኙွࠉݧԫۯᄅඒஃΕ բ৬مଡԳᣂএऱٵڣ్ඒஃࢨਢڂچհঁऱᔣ२ඒஃΰࠏڕΔሶᕻఄΕٵᙄ ֆαΖۖຍࠄᄅၞඒஃ༈ޣ࠰ܗऱኙွࠀॺᆖ᧭᠆༄ऱඒஃΔ֘ۖਢڍࠡ༓ڣ ᆖ᧭ऱඒஃΔהଚᝫᄎڂڼ࿇୶נ٥ٵٽ܂ᇞެംᠲऱֱڤΖ ڇءڻऱ։ࠆፖಘᓵխΔ༼ᙌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔឈྥᠨֱ۞ᣋΕඒᖂઌ९Εڇ Ꮑழױᔞழ࠰ܗਢ᎖ᖄᣂএխࢬཚඨሒګऱቼΔ܀ਢؾছהଚࢬऱൣቼਢ ਐऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃΔࠡܺᣄࢤ࣍۞ᣋፖΔڂچΕᏆറ९ፖڣᇷ ຟױ౨ૻࠫኃ۴ඒஃऱᘬᇬΔڂڼڇ೯৬مᣂএፖ༼ࠎ࠰ܗՂΔඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ בנޓڍΔՈޓᏁᛵᇞኃ۴ඒஃऱటኔᏁޣΔਢᛩቼᔞᚨΕԳᎾᣂএΕඒ ጥލࢨਢඒᖂംᠲΔڕڼթ౨༼ࠎޓᔞ֊ऱ᎖ᖄΖ ΰαቜԳऱඔقፖ৬ዌᐷᐊ۩೯ᖵ࿓ऱ౨ၦ πቜԳρԫءᇠڇรԲڻᅮᖄழ༉ၞ۩։ࠆΔᆖطေ۷ඒஃᏁޣ৵Δലᦰ ऱ։ࠆඈݧ۟ຍᖂཚऱ່৵ԫڻΔط࣍ছ༓ڻለಾኙඒஃᅝছࢬ૿ᜯऱٺႈം ᠲፖኔᎾᏁޣቤᅮᖄᓰ࿓Δءڻಾኙխփ୲ಘᓵΔਢཚৱඒஃૹᄅઊ৸ Ꮖᖄृא۶ጟֱڤᐙהԳΔਢψᦞωࢨਢψॾωΔڕ۶ലψფωطݮ୲ဲ᠏ ངψ۩೯ωऱ೯ဲΖאՀਢ༓ۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ։ࠆΚ ڇࠩټழΔ֨խᤚৰؿએΔਝਢᏆᖄፖቜԳ۶եΛუࠩΔຍءڇݺߪՂ ದԱլٵՅऱ܂شΔመװط࣍ݺऱ۞ՕΔլᚩᝐࡉΔլ౨ࡉהԳటᇨऱᄮຏΔ ࢬאڇ۩ࠃՂൄڶᆞהԳհΖ……܀ڇຍءխᓫࠩᏆᖄࢬ࿇ཀऱ༉ਢቜԳ ऱ壄壀ΔړऱᏆᖄृאࣚ೭ऱ壄壀װࣚ೭ᏆᖄृΔۖլਢਐཀ֫ՀΔటᇨΕ ᣂᡖΕཙ֫ՀထუΕფהଚΕࣚ೭הଚΖ……ڇࡉኃ۴ऱյ೯መ࿓խΔݺ Ո᧯᧭ࠩΔഄڶאటᇨऱኪ৫ΔᣂᡖΕࣚ೭ऱ֨ࠐኙৱኃ۴Δթ౨৬مڼၴॾٚ ᣂএऱഗ៕ΰD ඒஃऱ։ࠆαΖ
ݺൕቜԳԫխᛧ墿ߜڍΖ……װ৸ەᏆᖄऱءᔆΖ……ݺၲࡨޓ౨װ൷࠹լٵᛩ ቼհՀࢬขسऱլٵუऄΖݺԱᇞࠩࢬڶऱᏆᖄࠡኔਢᄭ࣍ფऱΖإڕխऱ Κψݺױא൳ࠫ۞աኙܑԳࢬנऱ۩߷༉ਢԫጟფΖωψسࡎऱࠥፖܡ࠷ެ ࣍ݺଚኙৱܑԳऱኪ৫Ζωݺ൷࠹խऱ৸ەᑓڤ৵Δڇݺৰ֟ڇรԫழၴޣ ᖂسᅃݺუऄװΖۖਢ٣ംംᖂسऱუऄΔലඒߛऱ᧯ڃូࠩᖂسߪՂംംה ଚ۶ڕڼუΔؘழթ༼נ۞աऱუऄהଚەΖۖല່৵ެࡳऱᦞܓٌ ᖂسΰE ඒஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ቜԳຍءΔڇऱழଢ۞աᤚՈڶቝ܂ृ߷ᑌऱऄΔ။။ቝࠩ۞աإԫ ޡԫޡߨٻ᙭ۖլ۞वΔࠡխᨃݺٱွ່ऱਢᏆᖄᑓڤቹΔՈ༉ਢᎅᏆᖄࡨ࣍ ެ֨ΔຍਢԳᣊ່ᗑऱ౨ԺΔຑԱრቹࡉ۩೯Δၞۖං೯Աݺଚऱ۩Ζ ݺଚᖑڶެ֨Δ༉ױאװᣂფܑԳΔຍଡფਢ೯ဲऱფΔფ౨ᨃݺଚބנࠀየߩ ݺଚࢬᏆऱԳऱഗءᏁޣΔየߩהଚࢬᏁΔۖॺࢬΔԱየߩהଚऱᏁޣΔ۞ ྥ༉ᥔ੪࡚Δԫ؟౨ܑԳᥔ੪࡚Δ༉౨৬مॾΔࢨृᎅਢᐙԺΔऴࠩ ৬مॾΔݺଚթጩਢຄటᏝኔऱᏆᖄԳΖሐឈྥ᧩࣐ᚩΔ܀ದࠐױਢլ֜ ୲࣐Δཚ۞ա౨ཛຍଡֱٻܘԺΰA ඒஃऱ։ࠆαΖ طՂ૪༓ۯඒஃऱ։ࠆΔױאࠩᦰᄎ࿇ཀԱᨃඒஃઊ৸ଡԳፖᖂس֗ኃ ۴ඒஃऱյ೯ᖵ࿓ΔՈڇຍᖂཚऱյ೯խດዬᨠኘඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃऱյ ॾᣂএբດޡ৬مΔެࡳ֧ᖄඒஃઊ৸ءᖂཚऱ۩೯መ࿓ࠀ৬ዌՀᖂཚऱ۩೯ؾ ᑑΔ࣍ਢፖඒ೭ٚಘᓵᨃඒஃଚ٣ထ֫ᐊՂᖂཚऱઊ৸ᖵ࿓ΔאՀਢඒஃଚ ࡳऱᐷᐊֱٻΚ 1. ڇඒஃխ֨ऱၞଥፖᖂऱسΔኙ۞աඒᖂᨠ࢚ऱᐙΛ 2. ࠹ಝڃࠩᖂீழऱ֨ൣ۶Λኙඒᖂ᎖ᖄՠ܂ऱუऄ֗۞ݺཚ۶Λ 3. ፖኃ۴ඒஃऱյ೯መ࿓ΔኙݺଡԳऱრᆠਢչᏖΛݺԱࠄչᏖࠃআၞຍଡ᎖ᖄ ᣂএΛݺሖࠩԱչᏖܺቼΛڕ۶܌ࣚΛڇመ࿓խڶ߷ࠄࠃᨃݺტࠩৰஙࢨڶګ ༉ტΛչᏖΛ 4. ޢִፖࠡהඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፋڇԫದழΔݺऱ֨ൣፖტ࠹۶Λ 5. ԫᖂཚመԱΔཚॣ۞աऱཚڶڶሒࠩΔૉڶΔਢڕ۶ሒࠩऱΛૉਢڶΔਢ չᏖڂທګऱΛ
6. ڕ࣠ᨃ᎖ᖄመ࿓ױאૹࠐΔݺᄎڕ۶Λࢨਢ۩ਙױאຍଡᣂএࠄչᏖΛ 7. ࠡהݺუᎅऱᇩ……ΰױא۞ط࿇ཀα ඒஃଚܓش༃ཚၴઊ৸Ղᖂཚऱᖵ࿓ࠀᐷᐊسࡎ᧯᧭ਚࠃΔ࣍ၲᖂழޢۯ ඒஃፖઔߒृ։ࠆࠡ֘৸ܫΔܫխܧඒஃଚڇՂᖂཚڕ۶ᆖᛜፖኃ۴ඒஃ ऱᣂএΔڶࠄਢஙႉܓΕڶࠄਢᓄထΕڶࠄঞਢމΔઔߒृઌᅝტࠕࢬڶඒ ᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱދԵࡉუࠌኃ۴֗۞աګ९ऱ֨ൣΖطඒஃࢬᐷᐊऱ֘৸ܫխբ ലՂᖂཚऱઊ৸։ܑא۞աऱ۩೯ᖵ࿓ֱڤಖᙕՀࠐΔڂڼΔઔߒृေ۷࿇।ᄎ բດዬګݮΔᏁ٦ףԵᄅᖂཚऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄᖵ࿓ܛױΔ࣍ਢՀᖂཚঁא࠰ܗޢ ۯඒஃݙګ۩೯ᖵ࿓ܫऱᅮᖄؾᑑΖ
ԲΕ۩೯ઔߒऱګ९ᖵ࿓
ᖕඒஃՂᖂཚऱ۩೯ᖵ࿓֘৸ΔޢଡԳᐷᐊऱ९৫լԫΔ܀ਢຟբڶ۩೯ ᖵ࿓ܫऱᠩݮΔ࣍ਢᓮඒஃڇՀᖂཚรԫڻᅮᖄছ༼ࠎءᖂཚፖኃ۴ඒஃಘᓵ ৵ެࡳऱءᖂཚऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄؾᑑΖ ΰԫαᄅᖂཚؾᑑऱૡࡳ ।ԲܧԶۯඒஃऱᄅᖂཚ᎖ᖄؾᑑΔڇࡳᄅᖂཚؾᑑΔᓮඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ ೭ؘፖኃ۴ඒஃ٥ٵಘᓵΔᄅᖂཚኙֱࢬཚৱऱ᎖ᖄֱٻࢨඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃཚඨଡ Գޏऱ᎖ᖄᣂএΖ ।ԲΚඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ᎖ᖄؾᑑ᎖ᖄඒஃ
᎖ᖄؾᑑ
A ΰ1αᑢ堚ࠀޏࠟԳऱᣂএΙ ΰ2αޏඒᖂխऱംᠲΔࠏڕΔኙ୲࣐։֨ᖂسऱΕᓳᖞඒᖂऱփ୲ ፖݾ؏Ε৬مఄՂಘᓵऱଅΖ B ΰ1αᤉᥛ࠰ܗኃ۴ඒஃڇᛩቼፖسᔞᚨΙ ΰ2αףൎፖኃ۴ඒஃၴൣტऱഛ塄ΔݦඨڇඒᖂՂڼڶለᗨᄕऱ࠰ܗΖ C ΰ1αࠌኃ۴ඒஃՂᓰ֨ᚨ֫Ι ΰ2αᖂسᦟՂᓰΕ୮९ॾٚඒஃΙ ΰ3α᎖ᖄඒஃᛧ۞ݺګ९Ζ D ڂኃ۴ඒஃࡸڇ༈۞աऱᏁޣྤऄࣔૡ᎖ᖄඒஃ
᎖ᖄؾᑑ
E ඒጥऱޏΕݾ౨ऱףൎ F ΰ1αఄ్ᆖᛜ ΰ2αᖂسऱ ΰ3αᘣஃᄮຏ G ΰ1αፖኃ۴ඒஃڶޓയ֊ऱٌੌΙ ΰ2α༼֒ኃ۴ඒஃऱඒᖂய౨Ζ H ΰ1αᛵᇞڼڇඒᖂګ९ՂऱᏁΙ ΰ2α࿇ᠨֱڇඒᖂՂऱᚌរΙ ΰ3α٥ٵૠՀᖂڣ৫Ԯڣ్ऱറᠲᓰ࿓ՕጼΖ طՂ।խΔೈ D ஃऱኃ۴ඒஃࡸآᒔࡳଡԳऱ᎖ᖄᏁޣ؆Δࠡ塒Ԯۯඒஃ݁ ࡳؾᑑΔೈԱՕႈؾᑑ؆ΔޢۯඒஃՈࡳาຝՠ܂ႈؾֱ֗ऄΔࠏڕΔࡳཚ ፋᄎΕሎشၞఄᨠኘऱݾΕಘᓵᨠኘ࣠Ε٦৫ၞఄᛵᇞᓳᖞ৵ऱඒᖂய౨Ζ D ஃڇ᎖ᖄመ࿓խࢬᆖᖵऱਗᖏ່ՕΔط࣍ኃ۴ඒஃኙ࣍ࠫ৫ऱݼࢴսྥΔ ኙ࣍᎖ᖄᣂএऱլॾٚፖլڜ٤ტսڶΔ࣍ਢᓮ D ஃᝫਢᏁאኃ۴ඒஃऱტ࠹ Δլ৺࣍۩೯Δ࣍ਢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃսᥛᣂ֨ࠡኃ۴ऱᏁޣΔམಘᓵఄ్ᆖ ᛜΕ٥ٵ໌ᄅૠᓰ࿓֗ᘣஃᄮຏᤜᠲΖ ΰԲαറᄐኙᇩ৬ዌ۩೯ᖵ࿓ܫ ط࣍ءᖂཚࡳնִԲԼԫֲၞ۩ඒᖂ᎖ᖄࠫ৫ګ࣠։ࠆઔಘᄎΔڇڶૻऱ ᅮᖄழၴΰႛڶԿڻऱፋᄎαհՀΔࠌءᖂཚऱᅮᖄ೯᠏אψՠ܂ᖄٻω Δ܀սྥፂ᎖ᖄመ࿓ംᠲᇞެፖಘᓵ֗ᦰᄎΖԿִऱፋᄎאಘᓵ᎖ᖄؾ ᑑࡳऱױ۩ࢤ։࣫ࠀ٦ڻᎅࣔ۩೯ઔߒऱრොΔִঞᓮඒஃထ֫ᐷᐊᖞڣ৫ ऱᖵ࿓Δൎᓳאඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଡԳڇᖞଡᖵ࿓ࢬފዝऱߡۥΕᆖᖵΕګ९֗ઊ৸ ΔլԫࡳਢଡݙભऱݝΔڂᖵ࿓սᥛၞ۩Δࠀڇᅮᖄመ࿓խΔޢִ ඒஃ։ࠆ۞աࢬᐷᐊऱܫΔ٥ٵ༼ࠎრߠΖ նִઔಘᄎছऱᅮᖄஆᓫΔঞಾኙޢۯඒஃऱ۩೯ᖵ࿓ܫၞ۩່৵ࡳᒚΔ Ոٵழಘᓵຍᖂཚᙇࡳᔹᦰط Kubler-Rossΰ1997/1998αࢬထऱπ֚ࠌߨመԳၴΚ سፖڽऱڃᖋᙕρԫΔᙇڼऱؾᑑਢཚඨඒஃ᧯ᄎኙسࡎፖଡԳ࢚ഒ ऱૹΔຍԫڣઔߒृຩ۴ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃߨՀࠐΔᤚഒፖኙუሒګةլ࣋ඵऱެ֨ਢګ༉᎖ᖄࠫ৫ऱᣂΔᖕ A ஃऱ։ࠆױवඒஃՈբ౨᧯ᄎΚ ψ֚ࠌߨመԳၴݺऱඔقਢΚԫैةլٻࡎሎ܅ᙰऱটΔݺॺൄࠕࣚ܂ृլ ܺᣄऱެ֨ΔߪچᜯึఐԳထუऱსფ֨ωΖ ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ։ࠆ۞աऱ۩೯ᖵ࿓ழΔڶڍ壄ऱኙᇩנΔܑਢ F ஃ ։ࠆᅝ٣ࢬऱᖄஃఄΔ᠏ኃ۴ඒஃழΔመ࿓խנ F ஃፖᇠఄऱᖂسڂլ ٵᖄஃऱఄ్ᆖᛜፖཚৱऱᆵΔࠡխڶڍஃسᓢડΕ୮९ᎄᄎ֗ඒᖂܺឫऱ ࠃٙנΔᅝ F ஃୢୢሐࠐழΔณխऑထෝ٠Δࢬڶऱඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃՈᙟထ F ஃ ऱൣፃದٗΔء F ஃᤚຍᖵ࿓ڇᅮᖄஆᓫழ։ࠆܛױΔ܀ਢᅮᖄᤚຍ ᖵ࿓ઌᅝੴ၆ΔڶމΕڶኙ۞աඒᖂᖵ࿓ऱਗᖏΔڶፖኃ۴ඒஃऱ٥ٵٽ܂ ୮९֗ᖂسऱംᠲΔڕ࣠౨ಖᙕՀࠐኙ࣍ඒᖂ֗ඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଡԳຟਢ ઌᅝଖऱΔ࣍ਢ F ஃެࡳޏᐊࠡ۩೯ᖵ࿓ܫΔࠀലᄅܫऱᑑᠲૡψ լਢݺऱԱΜω
ຬΕᏁޣᖄٻΕߓอሎ܂ፖᅮᖄऱ٥ٵٽ
ࠌറᄐګ९ய࣠ޓՕ
ψტຍԫڣΔڶ൞ऱຩ۴ΔڇྤᑇऱಘᓵխΔߨመԱΔߨࠩԱګ९ω ຍਢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃଚڇګ࣠࿇।ऱઔಘᄎ৵ΔᅮᖄტׂऱรԫᇩΖຍԫ ڣՀࠐΔޢۯኃ۴ΰץܶᅮᖄΕඒ೭ٚ֗Զۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃα݁ݙګԫٝଡԳ ۩೯ऱᖵ࿓ܫΖ౨ڶڕڼ᠆ጚऱګ࣠Δઔߒृូפ࣍ߓอሎ܂֗ඒஃᏁޣᖄٻ ऱᠨૹᣂࣹΔޢଡԳڇመ࿓խٺࠡΔೈԱފዝړٺ۞ऱߡۥ؆Δޓך։࠰ᓳ ࠌੌ࿓אႉܓሎ۩Ζ ૉڶޢִԫڻऱ۩ਙፖඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱኙᇩΔᅮᖄႛ౨༉ࠡଡԳऱუऄࢨ ছԫڻऱᅮᖄᆖ᧭ڜඈሶִऱಘᓵΔ܀ਢΔڕڼԫࠐঞױ౨࢙ฃԫଡִփࢬ࿇س ऱംᠲ֗ඒஃऱኔᎾᏁޣΖૉࢬᆤऱ؆ீஃᇷΰء֮խᅮᖄαྤऄٽࢨڂᚨ ඒஃᏁޣᓳᖞᓰ࿓ቤፖಘᓵΔࢨΔലࠌඒஃऱگᡸॺൄڶૻΖ٦ृΔፖ ऱඒஃૉլᣋඕᔲᨠኘࠀઊ৸᎖ᖄᖵ࿓ࢨլᣋދԵඒᖂ᎖ᖄऱՠ܂Δ߷ᏖΔڇޢ ڻᅮᖄᖵ࿓խലլᄎܧ壄ऱኙᇩΔ֠ࠡڇ່৵ᐷᐊܫऱመ࿓խΔ۩ਙቤ ۯؘႊழழ༼ᙌඒஃऱၞ৫Δნᖞඒஃऱܫ᠏ٌᅮᖄΔᅮᖄՈؘႊܓشॺ ᅮᖄழၴᔹᦰࠀ༼ࠎრߠΔറᄐኙᇩխૉڶႜᦫΕ൷ፖڼऱॾٚΔඒஃଚࢨႛᣋრ༼ࠎભړऱԫ૿Δۖൽ堸Աᖵ࿓խऱމፖ߬ᎨΖ אՀᆏᙕඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃኙ࣍ᖞଡߓอሎ܂ऱေᏝΔF ஃط࣍Ղᖂཚᓰ࿓ऱڜ ඈႛ౨ףԫ՛ຝ։ऱᅮᖄΔՈڂፖኃ۴ඒஃ٥ٵऱழၴլߩΔ࣍ਢ۩ਙ࠰ܗ ᓳᖞࠡᓰ࿓ᒳඈΔڂڼΔF ஃ։ࠆΚ ݺଚඒᖂቸၷᆖመՂᖂཚऱሎ܂৵Δ…Աءᖂཚᄅऱᓳᖞ֗ᒔࡳܘԺऱֱٻΔ… ۩ਙՈԱࠄٽΖඒ೭ආشԱݺଚऱ৬ᤜΔނ᎖ᖄኃ۴ڇᜤᓰ೯ऱࠟᆏழၴ ़ՀࠐΔݦඨ྇ࠟᆏඒᖂऱᚘԺࠀᏺףඒᖂቸၷऱյ೯Ζ……ຍᖂཚڂထழၴऱᤩ ࣋Δݺለ౨ᇿՂ᎖ᖄቸၷऱሎ܂ΔᦰᄎՈ౨ࠆ࠹ࠩՕ୮ऱ։ࠆΔՈޓڶழၴ౨ࡉ ኃ۴۔ஃԵऱ൶ಘଡூऱणउΖ C ஃՈ։ࠆΔ۩ਙ࠰ᓳፖඒஃᓰ࿓ऱૹᄅڜඈࠌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃ ౨ڶޓڍኙᇩऱழၴΔࠌ᎖ᖄ೯ױאႉܓၞ۩Κ Հᖂཚၲࡨඒ೭ٚԱᏺף᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃኙᇩழၴΔඈೈᆄᣄലਣཚնՀ ֑ᓳ़ػழၴΔא܍ᓰ೭ᐙۖխឰᄎᓫΖ……ۖٚױאᎅਢᖂீփ᎖ᖄࠫ৫ ං֫Δലᖞଡࠫ৫ൕၸխዬዬሀޡٻছΔࠀ࠰ܗല᎖ᖄመ࿓ሖࠩܺᣄԫ ԫඈೈΔڕٵ๊֫ԫ༳ֱٻΖ ઔቤۯΰඒ೭ٚαऱኙ࣍ඒᖂ᎖ᖄࡳཚՠ܂ၞ৫ಳ᠋ΕᏁޣಘᓵΕ ᇷᄭ༼ࠎፖൣፃ֭ਢߓอሎ܂ႉዃऱᣂΔאՀᆏᙕԿۯඒஃऱ։ࠆΚ ඒ೭ٚਢৰړऱઔߒቸၷऱᙰΔהৰᄵࡉΔլᄎ܃ৰՕऱᚘԺΔ……ຏൄ ٚऱਣཚնፋᄎૹរਢᛀီޢଡԳऱၞ৫ΔڶչᏖᏁ࠰ܗऱچֱΖޢଡ Գຟᄎৰࡖࢭچᎅנ۞աऱܺቼΔᝫڶڇٺᏆၞ۩տฯழᅸࠩऱٺጟणउΖ…… ٚৰጐԺڇޢԫڻᄎᓫխԱᇞՕ୮ऱᏁΔՈᙟழᛀுՕ୮ऱၞ৫ΔᨃԳլړრ ৸լڍԫࠄΰB ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ٚຍᑌऱڜඈΔڇலᢰլឰऱףईؚΔ༼ࠎԫ֊ᇷᄭΖ……ᆖመຍԫڣ ऱଥᒭΔݺუݺڇآࠐऱֲ㠪ؘ౨ߨޓޓᔏኔΰA ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ԫࡳ༼נኙඒ೭ٚ֗۩ਙٵոଚऱტΔڂהଚڇຍଡૠቤՂՕԺ֭ፖᅮ
আΔ༼ࠎٺᑌऱᏁΔࠌݺଚڇሎ܂ՂყࠐყႉዃΔਢኙ᎖ᖄඒஃ֗ኃ۴ඒஃ ڶᚥܗऱ৬ᤜ֗ᏁΔඒ೭ٚ݁٤ԺࠎᚨΰH ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ԫֱ૿Δඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃᤚቸၷሎ܂ऱಘᓵፖኙᇩࠌଡԳڇറᄐՂޓڍऱ ګ९ፖگᡸΔאՀᆏᙕ༓ۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱ։ࠆΚ ݦඨޢִፖݺଚऱቸၷઌፋழຟ౨ᚴנཕᐝऱ־क़……ݺଚඒᖂቸၷಘᓵ່ࠩړऱ णउਢאኃ۴۔ஃऱᏁޣΔݺଚඒᖂ᎖ᖄ۔ஃ٦ࠐٽΔຍᑌױא֏೯ڜඈ ೯༈ޣᚥܗΖݺՈݦඨຍᏖړऱࠫ৫౨ڇޢଡᏆᆵኔΰF ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ݺՈڂڇ᎖ᖄඒஃኃ۴ଚऱቸ᧯ኙᓫխΔᦫࠩԱܑԳऱࠃኪ৫ࡉֱऄΔൕխ᠖ 堚Աޓڍଖੴ൦ऱᏝଖᨠΔՈᨃݺޓףࣔػΔৱԳإ֨ᇨრΔ……ຘመᦰᄎ ऱᤄᔹᦰޓᨃݺኙ۞աऱ۞Օࡉଶ༫ڶԱࠥऱઊ৸Ζ……ຍԫ֊ऱޏ᧢Δݺլ ႛൕኃ۴ඒஃ߷ࠝߠԱΔݺՈൕݺऱᖂسࡉ۞ահၴߠԱΰD ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ߨຍૠΔݺტᤚگᡸ່ՕऱچֱΔᝫਢڇࠆ࠹ፖԫᆢඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠀॊ܂ᖏऱ መ࿓Ζᆖመຍழၴऱٽ܂Δ࿇Օ୮ຟৰش֨ΔԫದࠃऱტᤚৰړΔݺუܛࠌ ݺଚլߠڇᖂீ㠪࿇ཀ৻ᑌլԱऱᐙԺΔ۟֟ڇݺଚ༓ۯՠ܂ኃ۴ऱ֨խբ ᆖݮګԫጟቸၷٽ܂ऱᖲࠫΔյઌᖂڼऱᚌរΔނࠃൣጐጐભΖ……ຍ ਢଡৰړऱᖲᄎΔᨃݺܘԺګ९Δױאޓؚధ۞ߪऱૻࠫΔބࠩլٵऱᖂګ९ᑓ ڤΔߨנ۞ݺऱ՛എഎΰB ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ᎖ᖄඒஃհၴऱᓫᇩΔᨃݺ࿇ࠐՕ୮ऱംᠲຟլٵΔ૿ኙംᠲऱኪ৫ՈլԫᑌΔ ڶऱԳܐᙩΕڶऱԳೖዩլছΕڶऱԳլ৺լஊΕڶऱԳޣৰΕڶऱԳݾ ؏լᙑ……ຍຟፖݺଚޢଡԳऱࢤڶᣂΔ܀լጥڕ۶Օ୮ຟৰދԵຍٝՠ܂ΰA ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ଡԳ֘ଙᤚ۞աگᡸ່ՕΔਢޢִፖϤϤ۔ஃ֗ࠡהඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࡐࡳፋ ᄎΔಘᓵڼڇ᎖ᖄመ࿓խࢬሖࠩऱംᠲΔ։ࠆՠ܂ᆖ᧭֗ᦰ֨Δࠌ۞ݺګ९Ζ լቝאᗑ۞ش۞աऱ৸ەᑓڤװᇞެࢬ૿ኙऱംᠲΖፋᄎխױᦫᦫࠡה۔ஃᆖ ᧭Εᣪ၆რߠΕႃ৸ᐖ墿Δ࿇۞աࠀॺࡰمྤགۖਢڶԫᆢᑷൣऱኃ۴ፖݺٵ
۩Ζ……ᐜࢉऱਢڶࠡהԮۯ᎖ᖄኃ۴Δᙟழ౨༼ࠎլٵრߠΔ։ࠆஙΔլᄎᤚ ۞աਢࡰᗑੌृΔۖਢڶԫᆢݳٵሐٽኃ۴٥ٵ᥋֫ছၞຏመᇢᅂΰC ஃऱ։ ࠆαΖ ڼ؆Δඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃኙ࣍ᅮᖄऱᏆፖ֧ᖄΔࠌהଚڇറᄐՂڶࢬگᡸፖ ګ९ΔՈڶٺ۞լٵऱტ࠹ፖ։ࠆΚ ტϤϤඒ౨ᤉᥛਐᖄݺଚ܂ᖂՂऱਐإΔຍటਢړऱྤֺΔݺ။࿇ტ ԱΰF ஃऱ։უαΖ ڇϤϤඒऱਐᖄՀΔݺኙ᎖ᖄڶԱޓၞޡऱᎁᢝΔवሐႜᦫࡉ൷ਢ່ړऱ᎖ᖄ ݾ؏ΰD ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ࡉϤϤඒऱઌΔՈਢຍࠫ৫խৰૹऱԫຝ։ΖϤϤඒటऱৰཧΔᨃݺڇ Կ՛ழऱᓫᇩխශՈլᤚழၴৰ९Δ֘ۖৰუ࢚ຍᑌऱፋଈΖ……܃ᄎტᤚຍ լਢඒΔۖਢԫٵՠ܂ऱኃ۴Δڔނৰڍݺଚآवࢨբवۖլ堚ᄑऱࣟ۫Δৰࠠ ᧯چ᠖堚נࠐΔᏆݺଚװ൶Εᖂڍݺଚء༉ڶ౨ԺװΔױਢൕࠐլव ሐऱઔߒΔᨃݺኙآࠐڶޓ堚ᄑऱᄗ࢚ΔՕᄗवሐ۞աࠄչᏖԱΖ……ڔ᜔ਢ ᨃԳৰ࣋֨چނᔡሖࠩऱംᠲࡉᒌڮנΖ……ޢଡԳຟ૰լ֗ৱچᓫ۞աࡉኃ۴ ۔ஃઌऱൣݮΔ ඒԫଡଡኙՀᢐΔݺଚԫࠄլᙑऱ৬ᤜΖ……ڔ᜔ ਢ౨ৰݶچᚥݺଚڇև९ऱඖ૪խތࠩംᠲऱૹរΔऴਐு֨ΰB ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ტϤϤඒऱറࣹႜᦫፖᄕࠠཕᐝऱਐᖄΰਢݺᄕՕᄕՕऱᚥܗαΔࠌݺ౨ሂנ۞ ա٣ऱૻፖΔլ٦ຨ۞աΔش֨ፖኃ۴ઌΔ৬مٵᕦհၴऱ֖ᓩΰH ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ޢଡִԫڻፖϤϤ۔ஃऱኙᇩΔኙݺࠐᝑၲඔԱԫ࿗Δ……ᅝՕ୮ፋڇԫದ։ ࠆ۞աऱᆖᖵΔല۞աऱጊ༝֗ܺᣄᓫנࠐΔటࠕࣚ۔ஃऱפԺԿࠟՀ༉ނބ נࠐΔࠀಾኙംᠲףאᑢ堚ਐ֧ݺଚֱٻΔࠡխऱររዠዠךየԱტ೯Δ᧫࡛ፖઊ ৸Ζ……ኙݺ۞աۖߢΔگᡸᏅڍΔᨃ۞աڇඒᖂፖৱԳࠃֱ૿ຟڶԫᐋऱᛵ ᇞ֗ޓՕऱګ९ΰA ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ
ٚԫၲࡨ༉ᓮϤϤ۔ஃ᎖ᖄඒஃଚᘬΕᦰᄎΔኙ۞ա᎖ᖄՠ܂ࢬሖ ࠩܺᣄ༼ࠎᔞழრߠΔਢଡԳറᄐګ९Ղ່Օ೯ԺΖ२ԫڣࠐΔ۞ալᒔࡳኙኃ۴ ۔ஃڶڍ֟ᚥܗΔ܀ਢΔݺवሐ۞աբᛧګ९ΰC ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ګ९ऱৈᖲڇߓอሎ܂խᝫڶԫۯৰૹߡۥΔ߷༉ਢኃ۴ඒஃΔڂ᎖ᖄ ᖵ࿓Δࠌඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃፖኃ۴ඒஃ౨ڶյ೯ΕಘᓵኙᇩࠀᨠኘڼඒᖂऱᖲᄎΔ ڇඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃ։ࠆګ९ऱᖵ࿓խຟ༼֗ტኃ۴ඒஃΔࠌהଚڶᖲᄎઊ৸۞ աࠀڇյ೯መ࿓խᖂፖګ९Ζᐷᐊܫऱᖵ࿓Ոਢګ९ऱࠐᄭΔࠟۯඒஃ։ࠆΚ ່৵ऱ ending ༉ਢ֚ՂൾՀࠐऱՕ៖ढ—Օપԫᆄڗऱԫٝܫ……ൕᐊመຍᏖ ڍڗऱݺ…..࣠ݺՈࠩԱΔຶྥױאᐊຍᏖڍڗΔױߠԳऱᑨԺਢྤᒡऱΔլ ࢙ฃ۞աऱ౨ԺΔլԫၲࡨ༉ܡࡳ۞աΔ٣Ա٦ᎅΔڶ֨Δઌॾຟᄎڶگ ᡸऱΜڇᐊऱመ࿓խݺტᤚ࣍ނᖞଡᖵ࿓٦ڃԫሙΔᅝ܃૿ኙᖂسழڶࠄݾ؏ ༉۞ྥऱ௬ᆰ௧ΔࠃൣࠐֺለܐᙩΔྤݮխפԺ᧢ԱΔՈޓᏺ༓։۞ॾ ΰA ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ ᝫಖᅝݺ֗ࠡהٵࠃଚवཚխᢆٌψᆄߢܫωհ৵Δݺ֨խየਢᐡ᥈Κψױ ౨ႯΛωΔڕվթ࿇Κటإऱګ९ፖךኔΔࠀॺਢࠐ۞ؓႉऱسΔԯਢࠐ۞ਬ ࠄᓢડፖਗᖏΜ……ڇຍᒧ۩೯᧯᧭ࡳᒚհছΔ ඒᏆ᎖ᖄඒஃᆢᖞᒚٙΔ ࠀᨃݺଚ։ࠆڼऱ“ਚࠃ”Ζהኙݺଚ༼נԫଡৰڶრᆠऱംᠲΚψૉՕ୮ڶᐊຍ ٝܫΔ࣠ᄎڶչᏖլٵΛωΔຍటਢଡړംᠲΜݺऱூਢΚψૉլᏁᐊຍٝ ܫΔݺլױ౨ڶᖲᄎޓటኔچᛵᇞ۞աΔࠀΔԫࡳսא۞բऱუऄװᇞᦰݺऱ ኃ۴֗ݺଚऱᣂএΔ࣠ਢݺଚऱՠ܂ྤऄᤉᥛၞ۩ՀװΰH ஃऱ։ࠆαΖ
ੀΕઔߒ࿇ፖᓵ
ࠃٙګפऱહ৵Δ᜔ਢᏁڍԳऱދԵፖבנΔଡԳऱറᄐګ९ՈਢᏁ ۞աΕᛩቼፖהԳऱ٥ٵܘԺΔطຍଡ۩೯ઔߒᖵ࿓խױאࠩޢԫଡޡᨏຟᏁ ႃ᧯ऱ৸ፂፖבנΔאՀലૹᄅᛀီ۩೯ઔߒऱؾᑑऱሒګ৫Δ៶אေ۷ء۩೯ઔߒऱګயΖ
ԫΕඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃऱറᄐګ९
ޢۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃڇᖞଡඒᖂ᎖ᖄᅮᖄऱᖵ࿓խΔઃ֘ᚨଡԳڇറᄐኙᇩΕ ᦰᄎΕፖኃ۴ऱյ೯Εᅮᖄመ࿓֗ᐷᐊ۩೯ᖵ࿓ऱ֘৸ܫխΔڶࢬگᡸΖԲΕ࿇।۩೯ᖵ࿓ऱܫ
ءઔߒऱԫଡؾᑑਢܓشԫᖂڣऱழၴΔ৬ዌඒஃᐷᐊ۩೯ᖵ࿓ܫऱ౨ ԺΔࠌඒஃଚڇڦᅻऱඒᖂΕ᎖ᖄፖ۩ਙՠ܂խΔᐷᐊԫٝ۩೯ઔߒऱܫΔ ਢႈᜱሰऱٚ೭Δڇຍᖵ࿓խΔױאנඒஃطྡྷᐞΕ୭ࢢΕᔆጊ۞աݙګ ܫऱ౨ԺΔດዬᇍ᧢່ࠩ৵౨ജݙګܫࠀֆၲ࿇।ΖٱᢞԱދԵ࣍ՠ܂༉ ڶਚࠃױᐷᐊΔ࣍ԼԿڣնִԲԼԫֲऱ࿇।ᄎխڶԶۯඒஃΕඒ೭ٚፖᅮ ᖄ᜔ૠԼᒧऱᖵ࿓։ࠆܫΔڇՕ୮٥ٵܘԺՀݙګຍଡאψլױ౨ऱٚ ೭ωΔՈᎅࣔԱؾᑑࡳऱૹΖ ೈԱՂ૪ࠟଡ۩೯ؾᑑऱሒګ؆Δڇᖞଡᖵ࿓խࡸڶࠡהଖࣹრऱ࿇ΚԫΕૹီඒஃറᄐګ९ऱᏁޣ
ڇᖞଡᖵ࿓խΔඒஃՕڍڃᚨଡԳऱگᡸլ֗ګ९ৰڍΔऱᣂڇ࣍ ޢڻऱፋᄎ٣ലᖂፖኔ೭ܺቼຑΔᖕඒஃऱᏁޣ༼ࠎࢬᏁऱറᄐᇷಛΔࠀ ࠉᖕޢଡԳऱംᠲ༼ࠎڃᚨΔٵழၞ۩ඒஃറᄐኙᇩፖಘᓵΔאڍցֱڤૠઔ ೯ΔࠏڕΔ՛ীᝑஆΕᦰᄎΕ࠰ٵቸ᧯ऱኙᇩፖಘᓵΖޢڻऱᏁޣေ۷ೈ Աᖕছڻᅮᖄᖵ࿓խࢬܧऱംᠲ؆ΔቤઔۯࡳཚፖඒஃፋᄎᛵᇞᏁ ޣΔ٦֘ᚨᅮᖄΔࠌᅮᖄ౨ޓڶய༳༽ඒஃᏁޣૠઔ೯ऱەΖڼ ᖵ࿓ᎅࣔԱΔאඒஃऱᏁޣૠઔኙ࣍ඒஃറᄐګ९ڶޓࠋऱګயΖԲΕߓอሎ܂ኙᖂீءۯඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ऱᣂߡۥ
ᖂீቤઔ೯ழΔቤۯΕࢬᆤஃᇷ֗ፖઔृऱയ֊ٽ܂౨ࠌ ඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ऱګயޓ᧩ထΔଖࣹრऱਢΔૉቤطٵԫஃᇷᏆඒஃറᄐ ګ९೯ழΔޓᏁڼऱٽ܂ፖٽΖڇՂ૪ᖵ࿓խΔױאנቤۯຂ Գڇᖵ࿓խࢬފዝऱᣂࢤߡۥΔࠏڕΔေ۷ඒஃऱᏁޣΕ࠰ᓳᜤᢀஃᇷΔᒔࡳ ᓰ࿓ฤٽඒஃऱᏁޣΕࡳཚಳ᠋ՠ܂ၞ৫Ε༼ࠎඒஃؘऱ۩ਙᇷᄭፖൣፃ֭Ζ
ԿΕፖઔृऱދԵ
ګ९ऱگᡸլਢႛڇፖઔܛױΔፖृᣋრ೯ᗨᄕٽઔ೯ऱၞ ۩ΕᔹᦰઌᣂᇷறΕඕᔲऱᨠኘΕ֘৸ፖދԵಘᓵΔຟਢଡԳگᡸऱࠐᄭΖΕઔஃᇷऱבנፖრᣋ
ط࣍ຍਢԫଡᙟထඒஃᏁޣቤઔ೯Δኙ࣍ઔᏆृऱਗᖏᄕՕΔڂ ઔᇷறऱᄷໂؘᏁࡅᚨඒஃറᄐᏁޣΔڇழၴᄷໂՂઌᅝऱΔԾط࣍۩೯ ࢬࡳऱؾᑑޢۯඒஃᏁᐷᐊԫٝઔߒܫΔࢬאᣋრ࠰ܗᔹᦰፖଥإܫՈ ਢᅮᖄऱՠ܂հԫΔڂڼࢬᆤஃᇷऱრᣋፖழၴ֨ԺऱבנՈਢؾᑑሒګऱૹ ᣂΖமΕ৬ᤜፖઔߒૻࠫ
ૠඒஃറᄐګ९ઔ೯ழΔߓอխޢଡᛩᆏຟᏁጹጹઌڬፖٽ܂Δ ܑਢૠߓ٨ຑઔ೯ழΔኙඒஃറᄐᏁޣऱᥛᣂࣹΕஃᇷᔆऱ༳༽Ε ፖઔृऱދԵፖבנΕ۩ਙᇷᄭऱ༼ࠎΕ࠰ᓳᜤᢀፖ֭ΔຟਢᏁࣹრऱ ᓰᠲΖ٦ृΔઔؾᑑऱࡳΔޓਢլ୲࢙ီΖ ء۩೯ઔߒਢઔߒृᏆקؑمਬഏխԶۯඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃၞ۩റᄐګ९ ೯ፖᐷᐊ᎖ᖄᖵ࿓ܫऱመ࿓Δઌٵऱᖵ࿓ፖګய౨ܡᓤ፹࣍ࠡהൣቼΔঞڶ ৱԫଡ۩೯ࠐ᧭ᢞΖྥۖڇᖵ࿓խڶࠄኙᇩ௫֗റᄐঅയΔྤऄ࣍ܫխܧΔ ࠌܫऱܧറࣹ࣍ઔ೯ऱቤፖၞ۩ΔຍՈਢء۩೯ઔߒऱԫૻࠫΖە֮
խ֮ຝ։ קؑਙࢌඒߛݝΰ2002αΖፕקؑم్խאՀᖂீඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃᆜᇢᙄֱூΖ 91.3.20 ඒߛݝรԫԫԫڻݝ೭ᄎᤜಘᓵຏመΖ ܦਙሒΰ1997αΖඒஃڇၞଥᏁޣေ۷ፖᜎயေᦸΔઔᇷಛΔ14ΰ3αΔ64-71ܦਙᖆΰ2001αΖඒஃڇၞଥऱᄅႨ—ᖂீءۯऱඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ΖઔᇷಛΔ18ΰ1αΔ 29-43Ζ ܨହΰ2000αΖഏا՛ᖂඒஃറᄐګ९ऱਐᑑ֗ࠡቤᑓڤհઔߒΖഏمႂஃᒤՕᖂ ඒߛᖂߓ໑Փᓵ֮ΔآנठΔႂΖ ֚ࣥٱΰ1997αΖᖂீءۯ࢚ኙඒஃറᄐ࿇୶೯հᐙΖխඒߛΔ48ΰ5αΔ31-38Ζ ५֚ܗΰ1990αΖषᄎඒߛ೯ֱூૠΖקΚ֨Ζ ५ᙘ࣑ΰ1999αΖኔඒஃඒߛኔࠫ৫հ൶ಘΖᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂࡱעΔ2ΰ2αΔ71-84Ζ ൎဎΰ1922αΖᑗڇᖂΔᑗڇՠ܂Κᓫඒஃऱึߪᖂፖറᄐ࿇୶Ζඒஃ֚چΔ57Δ 33-36Ζ ്ո୮ΰ2003αΖං୶ᦰᄎ༼֒ඒஃറᄐګ९౨ԺΖஃᎅΔ176Δ8-12Ζ ്ᐚᔲΰ2003aαΖኔ᎖ᖄऱԿଡܓᕴΖሉ࣍ᄅ৬ᒳΔኔ᎖ᖄΚഛߛֲࣔऱߜஃΔ 2-18ΖקΚഏمஃᒤՕᖂΖ ്ᐚᔲΰ2003bαΖՠࠡࠃ—༼֒խ՛ᖂኔ᎖ᖄய౨֭ԿႈܓᕴΖխඒߛΔ54ΰ1αΔ 110-123Ζ ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΰ1999αΖאᖂீխ֨ऱඒஃറᄐګ९ΖઔᇷಛΔ16ΰ6αΔ25-32Ζ ്ᐚᔲΕޕঊሒΰ2004αΖ࿇୶ࢤඒᖂ᎖ᖄߓอऱኔਜፖ୶ඨΖඒߛᇷறፖઔߒΔ58Δ79-84Ζ ຫֵ८ΰ1999αΖᖂீิ៣᧢ᚘԺፖݼԺኙᖂீ۩ਙऱඔقΖᖂீ۩ਙΔ2Δ14-27Ζ ຫٻࣔΰ2002αΖඒஃڕ۶܂ᔆऱઔߒΖקΚੋᆺΖ ຫᣪ՞ΰ1994αΖඒஃၞଥ೯ऱࠠ᧯ऄΖඒஃ֚چΔ68Δ35-40Ζ ႓ࡗᙘΰ2003αΖඒஃڇၞଥፖඒஃറᄐ࿇୶ΖඒߛᇷறႃעΔ28Δ241-258Ζ ႓༡༡ΰ1995αΖܗԳᖵ࿓ፖݾ؏ΰᏺૡठαΖקΚ്۔ஃΖ ጉᖠᥞΰ2003αΖխ՛ᖂඒஃറᄐګ९ΖඒߛԳറᄐ࿇୶ᖂઔಘᄎΖקΚഏم ஃᒤՕᖂΖ ᓐഛޘᒳΰ1996αΖګԳඒᖂፖඒޗઔߒΖႂΚᣝ֮Ζ ᓐ堚ضΰ2000αΔ۩೯ઔߒ֗ࠡڇඒߛઔߒՂऱᚨشΖሉ࣍խإՕᖂඒߛઔߒࢬᒳΔᔆ ऱઔߒֱऄΰ307-333 αΖႂΚᣝ֮נठषΖ ᘕ഼ޜΰ1993αΖګԳᖂऱࢤፖΔሉ࣍ޕ֮ᅗᒳထΔګפऱංᐖᝑஃΔรնີΖ קΚഏمՕᖂልᄐංᐖᖂߓΖ ᘕᙔᙙΰ1988αΖભഏඒᖂ᎖ᖄᓵፖኔ೭ऱ൶ಘΖඒߛᖂೃᖂΔ13Δ177-198Ζ ၼΰ2004αΖ۩೯ᖂਢኔᔌറᄐऱຜஉΚᓫᇢᙄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠫ৫հ۩ਙቤΖᇢ ᙄඒᖂ᎖ᖄඒஃࠫ৫ֱூګ࣠։ࠆઔಘᄎ֫םΰ3-15 αΔקؑمԿاഏխΖ
ᣪමΰ1999αΖඒஃၞଥᏁޣհေ۷Ζഏඒ᎖ᖄΔ38ΰ5αΔ34-39Ζ ٚྶΰ1994αΖඒஃറᄐհ൶ಘΖඒஃհ֖Δ35ΰ3αΔ29-35Ζ ᠿ༡ୠΰ1997αΖګԳඒߛֱூ࿇୶ऱߓอ։࣫ΖګԳඒߛᖂעΔ1Δ253-287Ζ ᠿ༡ୠΰ1998αΖګԳඒߛֱூ࿇୶ऱᓵΕኔᎾፖ֘৸ΖګԳඒߛᖂעΔ2Δ185-217Ζ 墌ߠፂΰ1996αΖඒஃറᄐ࿇୶–ᓵፖኔ೭ΖקΚնতΖ Hunter, J. C.ΰ2001αΖቜԳΚଥሐೃऱᏆᖄඔقΰ്ު֮αΖקΚࡌΰထנठڣΚ 1998αΖ Kotter, J. P.ΰ2002αΖ֧ᡨ᧢հ֨ΰᑰࣟໃαΖקΚ֚ՀΰထנठڣΚ2001αΖ Kubler-Ross, E. (1998). ֚ࠌߨመԳၴΚسፖڽऱڃᖋᙕΰޕةؓαΖקΚ֚Հΰထ נठڣΚ1997α Owens, R. G.ΰ2000αΖඒߛิ៣۩ΰࣥࣔچΕᄘࣙΕۂ॑ฐΔፕॣठαΖקΚཆ ཕΰထנठڣΚ1998ΔքठαΖ
Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross., Roth, G., & Smith, B.ΰ2001αΖ᧢հፘΰኣִୠΕ ຫ≮ੳαΖקΚ֚ՀΰထנठڣΚ1999αΖ
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Need Orientation of Teacher Professional
Growth Activities and Its Operation
Mei-Chin Lin
*ABSTRACT
The study was using the method of action research. It recorded a supervisor guiding 8 mentor teachers involving in professional growth activities in a junior high school at Taipei City. In the process of supervising, it also recorded how the supervisor helped these mentor teachers dealing with the problems encountered with their mentees. The main purpose of the present study was to examine how to use the professional development needs of the mentor teachers and how the system operating to design professional development activities with respect to the effects of teacher professional growth. It also recorded how the supervisor helped these mentor teachers recording their interaction processes with the mentees and reporting the results of the processes. There were 17 subjects involved in the study. These subjects were a supervisor (the researcher), a designer of the professional development program (the director of the academic affairs in the school), 8 mentor teachers and 7 mentees. The results of the study showed when the design of the professional development program was based on the operation of the system and the needs of the participants as well as setting the clear goals of the professional development activities, the effects of the professional growth of the participants were significant.
