* 1990 1 24 (actor -network theory) ( ) ( ) ( ) * (e-mail:tschiu@ms43.hinet.net) 6 21-68 2008 4 2007 11 28 2008 2008 3 26
1990 1 24 5 6 10 2 6
22
Where "Handicaped Facilities" Come From
: A
Network Analysis of the Construction Process
of Barrier
-Free Environment
T
asing Chiu
Article 23 of the January 24, 1990 amendment to T
aiwan's Disabled Person W
elfare
Law specifies that newly-constructed public facilities, structures, community centers and transportation tools shall install devices and facilities convenient for the movement and usage of the disabled, and that, in the case of non-compliance, construction permits shall not be issued. In the 10 years following this amendment, billions of NT dollars have been spent in installing these devices and facilities for the disabled. Unfortunately
, this public
investment appears lar
gely to have been in vain. Most of the new facilities and
construction work have not helped the disabled to move about freely; rather
, the result has
been, for instance, new barriers on sidewalks. How did the implementation of "barrier
-free"
policy go so wrong? T
o
answer this question, this paper applies actor network theory
(ANT) to analyze the process of constructing barrier
-free environments. Data used in this
study include documents (news, autobiographies and biographies of the disabled, and design manuals and codes), interviews (orientation and mobility teachers, disability group leaders, barrier
-free environment designers), and participant-observation (participating in
barrier
-free training courses and meetings, and observing barrier
-free environments and
facilities). Through this network analysis, we can gain insight into the rich, dynamic interaction between the barrier
-free facilities and their social context.
Keywords
: no-barrier environment, disability
, controversy
, social worlds, actor network
theory
T
asing Chiu
: Department of Medical Sociology and Social W
ork, Kaohsiung Medical
University
(email: tschiu@ms43.hinet.net)
T
aiwanese Journal for Studies of Science, T
echnology and Medicine
, Number 6 (April 2008), 43-70. Received: 28 November 2007; Revised: 28 Feburary 2008 Accepted: 26 March 2008 1 (1990) 11 30 2 (1995) 3 17
( ) ( ) (enacted) (perform) ( 2007 Latour , 1983/2004 Callon, 1999)
(radical indeterminacy) (translation)
(script) 6 24 (1995 ) 2000 3 1990 2000 (Actor -Network Theory ANT) ( 3 (2002) ' ' 2 28
(configuration) (mental map) 6 2004 6 26 2001:33-37) 4 5 0.3 ( ) 20 0.03 0.3 20 0.03 ( 2005) (transform) 4 ERG EOG VEP 5 0.01 ( ) (1) 0.1 ( ) (2) 24 40 DB ( ) (3) ( ) 0.2 ( ) (1) 0.1 ( ) 0.2 ( ) (2) 20 (3) 24 25 DB ( ) (4) ( ) 0.2 ( ) 0.4 ( ) 6 ( )
11 12 [ ] 13 (re-configured)
Richard Edwin Hoover
1944
Hoover
6
28
(Freund, McGuire and
Podhurst, 2003 Oliver , 1990 W endell, 1996 Swain, 2003) White Cane Safety Day (White Cane W eek) 7 1953 8 1958 9 1963 7 8 (1953) 8 28 9 1959 ( 2007 10 19 ) 10 (1963) 3 5 11 (2003) T urk 133-134 12 (2003) 7 13 (1998) 145
( 2000) 26 ( 2005) 17 2001) (Sismondo, 2004/2007:1 17) 1985 6 30 250 ( 1 2 ) 14 (van Oost, 2005) ( ) ( ) 15 ( ) ( ) 1949 ( ) 16 1966 (UNICFE United
Nations Children's Fund)
(AFOB
American
Foundation for Overseas Blind) 14
http://www .sunable.net/blog/rss.php?blogId=1 1&profile=rss20 15 (2007) 8 28 16 ( 2007 10 19 ) 17 (1993 5 )
22 23 (configured) (van Oost, 2005) 6 32 ( 1995) 1990 18 19 24 20 ( ) 21 18 (1) ( ) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) (4) ( ) (5) ( ) (6) ( ) (7) ( ) (8) ( ) (9) ( ) 19 (1990) 7 26 20 2006-10-31 http://www .ncc.gov .tw/chinese/files/07052/60_1776_070524_1.doc 21 (2007) 3 24 22 (2005) 11 3 23 (2005) 11 4
24 25 26 27 28 ( ) 204,158 226,642 263,557 312,671 6 34 (actor -world) Callon (1986) (problematisation) (interessement) (enrolment) (mobilisation)
(obligatory passage point
OPP) (social world) (Callon 1986) 24 3 4 2007 10 19 25 2008 2 22 26 (2006) 11 2 27 2007 5 15% 7 65% 60 28 (2002) 173
33 ( ) 34 35 ( ) 36 ( ) 37 ( ) 6 36 371,444 29 ( ) (94) 4.2% 5.73% ( 3.90%) 30 ( ) 1986 31 32 ( ) 29 (1997) ( ) 86/06 54-60 30 (2006) 66 2 31 (1986) 32 (1996) 91:33-36 33 (1995) 7(1):98-103 34 (1997) ( ) 86/06 54-60 35 2008 2 22 36 (2001) 41:19-30 37 (1993) 3 28
42 ( ) ) 1988 12 12 43 6 38 38 ( ) ( 2004) ( ) 39 40 41 ( ) 38 (1993) ( ) 5 8 39 2008 2 29 40 (1996) 74:32-35 41 (1991) 10 28 42 (1995) 3 18 43 (1996) 74:32-35
30 30 60 44 30 45 (core-set) (closure) (Sismondo, 2004/ 2007:183) (1986) 2001 6 40 world) (arena) (Strauss, 1978) (simplification) (Callon, 1993:95) 44 403 http://free.abri.gov .tw/law id=165 45 2008 2 22 46 (2008) http://www .oceantaiwan.com/society/200801 1 1.htm
50 (displacement) 51 52 1995 1 23 6 42 2008 7 1 ( ) ( ) 47 244 152.5 400 350 600 350 150 48 5 3 5 49 5 5 7 5 3 47 2007 10 27 48 804 http://free.abri.gov .tw/law .php?id=146 49 207 http://free.abri.gov .tw/law .php?id=128 50 2007 12 25 51 (1995) ' ' 1 24 52 Oliver (1996) Oliver (walker) (walkism) (non-walker)
( 1996) 55 56 6 44 1 3 1 16 53 54 53 (1995) 5 ,.... 15/16 1 23 54 (1995) 1 23 55 (1992) 10 28 56 9 2006 11 6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 58 6 46 ( ) 57 ( ) (V incenti, 1990) 57 (2008) http://free.abri.gov .tw/paper .php?id=44 58 (1998) : 7 29 59 Y ahoo!
6 48 1988 60 ( ) 61 60 (1996) 74:30-31 61 ( 2006)
) 65 66 67 ( ) 68 6 50 62 63 64 ( 62 (1995) 1 18 63 (2005) 101 4 23 64 (2006) 6 26 65 2 66 (1995) 1 18 67 (1996) 63 68 ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 6 52 69 3 69 (1993) 12 4 4
( 70 ( ) 71 ( ) 6 54 ( 2002) 70 2005 http://blog.yam.com/twacc/category/786477 71 (1995) : . 1 17
57 75 ( ) 76 6 56 72 73 ( ) 74 ( ) 72 Q&A http://discover .taipei.gov .tw/ 73 (2007) 8 25 (2007) 8 25 (2007) 7 17 74 (2003) 6 29 (2004) 4 24 (2005) 8 13 75 3 5 2008 2 22 76 8 5 7
DM DM 80 ( ) 100 1 5 10 81 90% 83 84 6 58 Aggie 1996 77 1999 Ohara ( 2000) 2002 4 78 2003 2004 79 77 (2002) 171 78 http://www .guidedog.or g.tw/1_about/about_1.asp 79 (2004) 8 22 (2004) 11 14 (2004) High 11 19 (2004) 11 21 (2004) 12 13 (2004) 4 9 (2005) 4 4 3 80 (2004) 11 14 81 (2004) 11 2 82 (2004) 93 4 83 (2002) 178 84 (2008) 1
( ) 6 60 85 86 2003 11 0 87 51 88 89 5 6 10 12 200 30-40 90 ( ) 85 (2003) 2003/6/9 86 (2000) 45:2-8 87 (2004) 9 14 88 (2003) ( ) 10 30 89 http://www .guidedog.or g.tw/1_about/about_1.asp 90 2004 11
(2004) http://rene.tccg.gov .tw/upload/doc/ file04.doc ( 2008 1 23 ) (1995) 7(1):98-103 (2007) 2007 6 (2004) 4 (1997) ( ) 86/06:54-60 (2005) 21 http://www .ntcu.edu.tw/spc/ebook/pdf/9401/02.pdf (2003) T urk (1986) (2007) 4:65-108 (1995) 72:82-88 (2001) 41:19-30 6 62 2007 11 25
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