The Sino-American Diplomacy over the Building of the Canton-Hankow Railway, 1897-1905

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theFarEastas

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twUrelatedprindples:equalcUm㏑eidalUppUrtun北yandmUst-favUied-n蓋_tbn

treatment.ApUl北

yof“

Ⅱtch-hⅡdng”imp.i㏑l抽

m as termed by ProfessUi

AlexanderDeCond●

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khle●dership inCⅡ

naandacccptingthe

results ofallEⅢopean impeIal二st pr∥elegesan●r地

htscurbedfrUmCⅡ

n屯Amer｝

can intcrests inC㏑

naweregenerallvccntercdUn北

_{ScUmmerdalestablishments}

andmks㏑

narventerpHses㏑thetrcatypUrtsandelsewhere.1TⅡs茁tuat站n,how＿

ever,chaηgedd﹏嚕tiCallY.ftertheSinU＿JapaneseWarofl894一1895.CⅡij’s

defeat…

thatwarw北

hJapanwasfUllUwedbyan㏑

tensecU㏑pe位

bnamUngthe

greatEurUpeanpUwersfUr lnancial,j㏑dustri巨l,railwayandⅡliningcUnce$bns,

leasedsea.pUrtsand“s●here。finΠuencσ

’

,etc.A“B#tle。fCUnccssbn『

’amUng

theη㏑ C∥

naWasbegun,andtheU.S:●

lsUjoined∥feⅣentlv.Fora●釘

bdbefUre

19U。_{,theinternat㏑}nalcUmpet土

_●η…

pl1rsui㎎therailwaycUncessbns resu北_cdto -392一

.2.

tllefactthatGermaiyw6ntheb㎡

坤㏒ …

ghtUftheTsinan-Tsihg﹏Ura●

lwavand

Uther pr句●_“edlincs inShantung;Russ㏑Ubt缸nedthetrahstManchur㏑nr㎡lways

tUgetherw北hls“bran.h:’nUrth-SUㄐ_●hⅡn各tδPUrtsArthurandD●len;Francewas assignedto∞平t”ctthe中kng-Han坤wrailwavahrUughthenUm。alcUverUf

theBa酊

ans),thcT°ngking-YunnanfurailwayandUther lines inKw●ngsi;a●d一犯 Biit忘hac㏑evedthelargest shar°UftheWhUle“melU㎡

’

,㏑●ludingatrunkⅡnefro平

Tientsin to Chnkiang, a 上nefrUIntheShanS｝H°nanbUrdcr to P’uk’Un°

nthe

nUrthernbankUftheYangtzeR∥

ernearNanking,alinefrUmP’uK’

UutUS㏑

yang

δn the Peking-HanKUw﹉r●ilwi9;theCantUntKUwlUUnrailway,theS●angha。

Nankingr㎡1wayandtheSUUchUw-HangchUWtNl名pUr㎡1way.TheU.S.Was●ls。 nUtlagg㏑色farbohindthedce,ebyUb由泣n㏑哆 ther㎏htδfbuild如gtheCantoi

HankUwrailWay.Thus,inageneralevaluatbnUfthe㏑ternat㏑nal一battIefUr ralwayc°ncessiUns一frUml895tU191l,Br土ainwUnatUtalδf2,SUUmi坤s。f

ra山吧yr地hts inCh㏑ese,Russia,1,53U平iles,Germany72Umiled,irance(Bolgium) 65UmilesandtheU.S:6UUmiles.2

CUmparatively, .the Alnerican Canton-HankUW railway concession was the

least pδl北沁ally＿oUm●licatedUfall thUseWh沁hWeieobta㏑°dbythegΥeatpUwers

aidtheinatbnals inChinain l895一

19U4,豆

ncetheUn北

°dStat●scha甲_Pl。n●d

UnlyapUlicywhchemohas比

edhorcU㏑

mercial interests in theregbn.The“

Upen

dUUr”pU1沁y,fUrmallVprUpUSed●y。UhnHayin l899,wasactuallYse甲ingas‘

一 a

meansUfacquiingtheeoUnUm北fru丘sUf(Chihede)empiew比hUutextensⅣe pUltical-nIltaryre,pUnsibilitiesandburdens(。nthcp.rtUfth●U.S.).”3 Alth。ugh

thescUpeUfthe‘‘UpendoUr”p°1cywaSbrUadenedin l899tUincludeprincip1●s

Uf Chiha’s territUrial and adIninistrative integiity, but thid champbn madeby

JUhnHayandhi忘

SuccessUiswaslargclyamUral°

new北

hUutanysubstanⅡa!

ο

ommitment tUuseAmericanpUwer㏑

China.Thecharacter工sticsUfpa志出耐y, nUn-invUlVementandΠe如bilityinAmerica’sC㏑napUⅢty南erestillVeryeⅥdent㏑

19U4-U5 Uver the CantUn-HankUw rallway cUncesSiUn queStbn, Un the Uther

hahd,theCⅡn。segentrygrUupSinHunaηwhUin比㏑

tedthereclamatbnmUvement

fUrthatrailWaycUnceS。°

ndⅡ

nUtdtectthcicha1lengeto theUnledStat°sas●

nat心n,but﹉wereoxpresSingaserlU●

ssu…

dUnUftheRussU-French-β

el白

um

ΠnandalcUh竹

UlUftheAmericanrailwayenteiprise.ByfcUveringtⅡ

srailway cUnceSsiUn, the Chinese 。Uped that a RusSU-French-Beigium cUnsptao9

-.3.

Ininatjng工nIandChinathr。ughthegreat trunk linelin㏑

ngPetngtUC●

ntUn,could bepartjallychecked.4

人

TheAm白

山扭n〔紅 血

D封e!UpmentCUmpanYandtheChangingChara●

tefUf 山eCUn.e腮虹

on

TheCanton-HankUwmⅡ

waycUncesSbnwasthemUst im●

°rtant ih﹀_ost印°ht

theA㏑

erican interestgroupsUbt︻ned●om l895tlrUughl899‘TherUute,abUut 6UUmileslUng,was tocrU§safertⅡ

eregbnofinlandCⅡ

●acoverihgthdprU〢hces

UfKwangtung;Hunan,andHupeh:ItwastUHnkCan●

nw北

hHankUw,themost

prosperUus river-pUrt in theInid一YangtzeRiverValloy.ThecUncessiUnwUuIdhave

prUvmedaast㏑

ct potent伍lfUrthead﹀

ancemehtUfAmeHcan㏑

tcrcsts inCⅡna

if北scUhstrutt㏑

nhadbeenc°

mpletedds or地inal!yplanη

ed.

﹉

TheAmer沁日nCh㏑aDevelUpmentCompan9wasestablishe●… Decembcr

1895,●ndertheonergeticprUmUtbhUfCalvinS.Bri。

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。

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and poll北

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ra●df。

rmerlyV沁

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cdStates

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fKuhn,

LUebandCU:;EdwardH.HarIman,chatmanUftheexecutiVecUlnⅡ

litteeUfthe

UnbnPadioR㎡

lwayiJamesStillman,presmentUftheN.tbnalC一

yBank

re-preSent㏑g the Rδckefeller inteiests;FredericP. UlcUtt, preSideηt UftheCentral

TrustCUmpany.fNewY。

工k;andE.R.ˊHogeman,pre血d。

ntUfthaMe●

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LifeInsuranceCUmpany.Inadd北bn,ropresentat扣

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canSugarReΠneries

CU:,CarnegieSteelCU.,andseveralAⅡ【IicanraⅢwayoUrpUratbns suohasthUse ownedbytheVanderbi!ts,G。uld,andHi1lalso part。ipatedin theUrgani乞波bnS°f

theenterprke.6 U㏒㏑ally,therewereIfty-f∥esharesU「£1,U°

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hareducedvaIueUiUS$lUU.Itscap上

al increase。tUVS$l;UU。

pUU㏑

1899,butthepUteht㏑lca●

acityUftheCUmphnywasgenerally°

onsideredmuch

greaterthan itsavaiIablecapitalreprd§ented.6

-39U-.4.

一

_{UndertheguidingspIlofBⅡ}

_{ce,theAmeficanChⅡ}nDevel。

pmentCUmpany

dev°tedattentbntUexplU北士名r㎡

1Wayandmi血

ngenterpHs°s㏑Ch㏑

aaswellas

﹉_{cxpandingAmerican pol北ical inΠuencethere.ItInadograndplansfUrdevelUping}

CⅡh↙sr.ilway system and mUvedactiV°lytUpreSsthcAInericangUvernment tU adoptamore●ctⅣepU上cy㏑CⅡna.Itscheme●北seffUrts iⅡst tUprUmUtl名

子

ve〃

amb北

bujrailwayprogramrunnlngthIUughthehUartUfChina,froφ

Cantonv㏑

HankUw,Pek㏑

g,」

ndsUmem葡

°rc丘怕s inManchtlr㏑tUjU㏑ thcRussianTranS-Siberiahrailwayihthenorth.TⅡSattemptfaⅡedbecause北wasquitein。

。mpatiblo

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hthecurrtnt㎡

tuatbn inCⅡnawhero tiebattlesfUr ooncesS㏑nsW●

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ercelyfU㏒

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Ur powcrs.Russ㏑

Upposedsuchanmeaw㏑

chran oon.

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arytoherdeslgns inManch班

㏑

andNorthCh㏑

a.9 B㎡cetherefofetⅢnedIjs

attentbntUsectlringthefrght tocUnstructthePe㏑

ng.HankUWr…

lway,buthe

failedag㎡ndueto theBelg㏑n-FrenchοUmpet北

bn.Underthed”

lUmat㏑ausp沁es

UfCharlesDenby,th。

AmeHφ

nInin“tertUC㏑na,theAmeHc●ncUmpany’sagent,

AlbertW.Bash,cUncurrentlyadi。ctorUfthePⅡlsbl1ry-WashbuΠ

lFlUurCompany,

was compe1led in 1898 to

。Uncen竹ate his effUrts。nthe pIUcureIne●

t °

fthe

Canto●-H●_{nkUwraiIWay。Uncessbn.B}

Dur㏑

g竹

_乎pe一odl8’7一98,●° ㏑ternatbnal山

aiyinCⅡ

nabecameex-treInelyi.tense.TheC㏑nesegove=nment responded北byestablid田㏑名theImperla!

CⅡnesoRailwayAdministratbn,in。ct°berl896,tUwhichall negot㏑t㏑nSover

r㎡lwaVmattersweretransfeIedto.ShengHsu.n-hu茁,aprot屯芭ofLiH●ng.chang

andapromin°

nt oIic㏑l-en竹epreneurwhUwas instrumontaIinestabli血

ngmany

mUderntenterpr二

sessuchaStheMerchantStea㏑

sⅡp.Nav㎏at㏑

nCo…

pany,the

Imp由曲

lTelegaphAdmin怎

tr井

bn,theChineseCo㏑

merdalBankandtheHanyang

IronwUrkd,w廚sa●po㏑tedt。

beinchafge。

fthatAd㏑

inistratbn:-UnderSheng

Hsuah.huai’

smahagement,theAdm㏑

istratbnde㎡dedthatafUre旭

nlUanshUuld

bemadefUrthebuildl名

°

fthePekl名

-HankUwr㎡

lway.TheAmeHca.CⅡ

na

DeVelopmehtCδ

mpany,theB〢

g㏑n」btㄉ紹 戶栩羽ε比ㄉ ε′ 加d㏒jrr泛JJetθJgθθ刀

a加

θaaterreδrg色Ⅱ 石°

daStaJUc尨

比 ˊ切aKt尨厖

tt砌

t“d釕C乃θ〞 j外tθFerεπ

C加ηθ)and▼a㎡

busBⅡ

t心hoorpUratbns

ropresentedbyP:Morgan,joinedthecUm-petlbn.Butfrbmtheverybeg㏑

ning,theBelg㏑

ncUmpan9Wasmu。

hfavUredby

Shengbet●usethe●U㏑比al㏑lp●cat㏑nsδfawardi㎎that oonc●s虫)n toBolgianS wereless prUnounced.TⅢ

sWasespedallVsUs㏑

tethelUahtel1︳︳s proposedbythe

-389-.t9.

AmqHcan group. included cUmplete ooη竹

。l Ufthe railway’s cUnsiuctbn and‘

managementbythefUre㎏

n in▼eStUrs,andanequald虫以sbnofthehet-prUfitfrUm

t●era小〞av’smaηagoment●otweenCⅢnes.authUr北妃s.ndfUre㎏n。Uncess㏑naies.

TheSe were cUn豇dcredtoounfaVUrablet°theinterests ofCⅡna.Furthennore,

dl1H㎎this t㏑蹲

theBelgiahoUnnectbnw竹

htheRusso一Frenchinterests㏑

C㎞

a

was not knowne北

heftoSheng°

rChangCⅢ

h-tung,goveinUr.gen°ralofHuKuang, whU .ctuaⅢ

ydiectedSh●

n『sneg°t㏑

tbnSwlth6hefUre旭

_{η investors.L㎡}er,

althUughtheBelg㏑

nrelatbn血

pw比

htheooit㏑

entalgrUupsbecame由el1.knoψn, theystⅡlbe上evedthattheseoonnectbnSooul°heeffecti嗨ly-ch㏄㎏

dbySh由

gs

railway.dΠink竹atbη

. Theresultwasthat,to the dkmayofth●

BHttha山

已 Ame●can interestgroups,apr。V〝

bnarr茁

Iway oontr.ctwaSs迍

ned●otweeh

ShengandtheBelg伍

nfepresentat如°

s onMay27,1897inwhich日

lUanamouht㏒

to£

4,5UUpUU止

erInεapprUxi㏑

atelyUS$22,5UU,UUU)w丘

h4percentannual

ihteoestandan巨ctualparvalueof。

UpercentwastUbepr°

vided。

Thkagreement r●prescntedatr㏑

mphofSho田

_CSrailw●

_9dΦ

1.macVbecaus● 土preseⅣ

edfUrⅡ

sAdm㏑

iStratbnan“exclus∥eauthUr北_{′ ㏑} oon甘°Ⅲ㎎ aⅢ

fUre㎏npersonielin therailway’sseⅣices,a比hUughthefUre地ni加ef-engineerwaS 巨ss塘

nodther旭

httUbuildandop.ratetheⅢ

neandtheBelg㏑

丘cUmpany′was

authorizedtobuyrailway㏑ater㏑1s白ndroⅢ㏑

gstockata5percent pr●

miuIiof

thetUtalValue.ThrUughJisBelg㏑ncUntract,Sheng白lsUde上beratelyendeavUred

to intrUdㄐ

ceatⅡ

rdpUwer’

s㏑

vestment into theYangtzeR” erValley,thcpro-ndunced“●●hereUfinterest.’_{“ BItaih.FUras山}miliarpurpUse,healsU㏑tend●

dto

asslgntheShanJmi-NanHngraⅡ

wayoUncessbntUtheAm”

icangroupsandthe

T㏑ntsin£Ⅲ

nkangⅢ

no to theBr北心hc°rpUfatbns.i。UnfUrtunatel,,allhkdes地Ⅱs

failedsincetheBelg山m§

were㏑

tentbnallyshrewdto pro﹀me,in thei pre山m二nary

ooniact,mUrefaVUrabIeteiⅢs toCh㏑五

sUthatthevcUuIdd.feattheI山

_{㎎ lU.}

American oompet北

ors.AstheCⅡ

_,ese㏑ternaIs上

uatbnbeca㏑

ewoiso㏑

thefate 。ffUIe地n oncrUach㏑●htafterNo▼

emberl897,theBelg㏑

ns,w丘

hthedΦ

lUmati● support of Rus㎡㏑ and France, bcgan to repudl比e theL fUr】mei proΠuses ahd

t屯htentheldemandsfUrm。refavUrab1●teⅡ︳︳s.CⅢnaWasthusfUr●edtUchUose

betweenacceptanc°

oftheBelg㏑

nexactbnsUrbreakw北

hthem.Shengwas

οompelledtUs㎏nan日dd北_°nalfUrmalUUntract﹉withtheBelg㏑ns onJun●26,

1898.wⅡchchangedsubstant㏑llytheor㎏㏑altermS°fthepreliminaⅣagreement.

-388-.(9.

TheyiwercηUwass圯nedthecδmpleterlghttUconstructtherailway●hd。rgan扢●

a㎡admin●strat∥e㎡a.agcmentfUr丘.Theparvalue。fthclU●

nwas就

ⅢtUb。p㎡●

at9°p.rce.t,but lsanh叩l intercstwaS㏑

creasedtU5percent,and2Upercent

Ufther…lWa′s not-prUΠtwas tobcgrant。dto thefUre地ncred丘Urs‘ii

Sheng:scUncluS°

nUfthePe●

ng-HankUwr㎡

lWayagreement infuriatedthe

Br北

kh,whUv怡

wcdthe●

●alasan工n●

usbn㏑

t。thet‘‘establishea’sphere.i.At

thoS蓋血

e●

m。,thes●ugglefUrtheCant°n-H.hk。

wr㎡

lwayconcessb一be。

ame

㏑ten茁Π

ed.Asthe㎡

tuatbn impendedi poss山

lebreakupofCⅡ

na,thePekng

色°vernmentdecmedtδ 。

Unfeithat r血lwayr㎏httUth●American㏑WStUrs sUthat

a●Us血bletakeover°

fit bytheBritkhUrFren°

hcouldb●aVUmed.InUrdor to piep●r.fUr thewUrst, Shengsuggested that 色ll there㏑ainingpr句ectodr●ilways

inch…

abep啦

underthemaη

agement﹉

δ

fa葑

。

upUffUre屯n”

sw㏑

chwouldbe

。

rga㎡ze●封lUngthe一nesUftheCh㏑eseMarⅢmeCustUmsAdminⅢratbn nnd

cUInpUsedUfnatbnalsUfmanydifferentcouhtr始s.iB TUstiengthentheCⅡnese

handsUvertheCantUn-HankUwr㎡

lWayroutefurther,aC∥neserai㏑

-yoompaη

y

Washl1rriedlyUrganized by.member§

UftheHunangentryhoadedbyT’

angP’

en-cⅡ

n,afUrmcr proⅥ

ndal treaS叮

erUfShantung,andHs㏑

ngH蕊

-ling;ajunbr

memberattheHanl㏑

Academy.Its m㎡

nU切

ectⅣ

ewastUkee●

thelineu.der

ChinesecUntrUlsUthattheC㏑hesegUvernmeη

tm㎏

htiefusean9●rbitrafydemand

byafUrc地

npUwer.Th、

Ch㏑esocUm●

anywasquicklyapprovedbythe。

ekl吧 oUurt,andthoeffUrts tUarrangeahAmdricanlUahfUrther㎡lwaywerealsUSWiftlY

prUceeded.!4WuT:ing-fang,theChineseministeratWashingtUn,waSnUtifiedby Sllengto sig┴

apIeliminarycontractwiththeAmericanCⅡ

n● DevelUpment

CUmpany.Itwassecretlyarrangedandd㎏

nedihWashingtUn,。

.C.UnApr。

14,

1898,afUrmhlagreementWasfurtheroUnclu●ed,w∥

hWuandBashrepresen山

_哆

theChineseandAm”

lcansⅡes,respectⅣ

elv.TheAmer比

ancUmpanyagreedtU

prδ﹀idea lUanUf£4,UUU,UUU (apprU文Ⅱmately US$2U,UUU,U°

U)ata parvalueUf

9Upe〔centatahanpUal interestUf5percent;andthepriVile胖UfadInhisteiing

theflUatingoftherailway bonds,withacoInIniSSionUf5percentUfthelfaco

v.lue,wasass㎏

nedtUthecUmpahy.FurthermUre,therailway,aftercU㏑

pletbn,

wastUbemanagedbytheAmeⅡ

ca●

0UmpanyfUraper㏑

d。ffUrtyyears,fUllUwing

theadninistrativep.tternUftheMarit上

neCustUms,andanannua12UpercentUf

therailway’snet一pηΠ

tswastUbeaWardedt。

theAmericancUh●e§sbnaires.The

.7.

railwayand比Spertinent propert㏑SWeretUb●mortga爸edfUrthelUan.TheAmer｝

cancUmp.nyWUuldalsUpUsSess r屯httUext°ndther㎡lwaytUaseapUrtand cUnstructUtherbranchlineS.FurthermUre,比was stipulatedthat㏑casetheBeIg㏑n

Petng.HankUwr︴

lwaycUnc●

SSbnWasnuⅢ

Π

ed,theAmericanCh…

aDevelUpment

Compaη

ywould●

avethepr㏑r丘yto prU㎡d°thenecessarylUanUf£5,UUU,UUUfUr

lscUnStruct㏑nfUllUwingtheSametermsasthoseUft…eCanton-Ha●kUwra二lWay

lUa㎡

.Inanycase,theImper㏑

lCh㏑eseRaⅡ

wayAdmih〝

tratiUnret茁

nedthopUWer

to repl1rchaseth●●ntierailwayafte工tenyearS°

fls oompletbnwkh●

hextra-payment。f5percent t°gether〝注ththeexpenSesUfthecUnstructbn.15

After sign㏑gt㏑s。Unt甲

ct,thcAmeHcancUInpanysentengineerStUCⅡ

natU

suⅣe9thesch●du1.drUut..iFItalsUbegantUtakeste●dfUr。

。

nstruct㏑

mwork.It

sUUnfUundth直ttheftstcUn廿aCtneededtobemUreclearlydeΠncdand.xpanded,

㎡ astUprU㎡detheCd”panywlhmUrefaVUrabl°pr∥ilegos.T紅sattemptwas 。●

pUsedbytheFrehch-Belg㏑n interestsWhichhadoontrolledtheP由山 名-HankUw

railway血ncel898andw可elUUkngfUrwardtUextendthetexisti㎎r地hts

sUuth-ward tU CantUn. The Fiench °Unsu1.general in Shanghaiwained Shengthat he wUuldbeheldres●Un“blefUrany°xtenSbnofAmerican priVile色

esanddemanded

that he ShUuld guarantee 丘s unchanged °haracter in the future. The Russian

ijnister appl二ed Slnilar preSSl1re Un the Manchu cUurt.i, Sheng resi,ted these

㏑teⅣentbns,andtheiepresentativeoftheAmericanenterpriseinCⅡna,Clarence

Carry,NewY°rk lawyerandUne-timelegaladvisertUtheAmcricanChinaDevelop-mentC°mpany;㏑anagodtoU﹀°rcUInetheseUppUs北bnS.CⅡnawas ingreatnced

UfA㏑er兌andiplUmat㏑help㏑thepond㏒negUt㏑tbnsfUrthosett坤mentUfthe

B。xer incident. The Peking authoIities alsU feared thattherailwaycUncession

如

UuIdpUssibIybetakenUverbytheBritiShUrFrenchinterestsfthereshUuldbe

any iUublew北

htheAmericans.〦

8 HUWever,theChinesewereoUn蕊

stent㏑rc.

fusingtheA㏑

eHtandemandsfUranextensⅣ

em㏑

ingrlghtalUngtheIneandfUra

d曲ⅡteoUmm丘ment tUcUnferr地htUfextendi㎎theraⅡwayt°KUwlUUn,wⅡch

wUuldclashwiththeBHtkhihterests.UnderthestrUη

gsuppUrtUfWuTlng-fan,

Sheng●

ndChangCⅡ

h-tung,asupplementaryagreementwass旭

nedinWasⅡ

ngtUn

bnJulyl3,19UU.1’

.

ThenewcUntract,wh比

hoonfimedtheor一glnalUnew北hUutcUntradict㏑g丘§

Uwn stΦulatbns,!ncre巨

scdthcfUrmcr£

4,UUUpUUtU£

4U,UUUpUU,andrecUn-一3B●一

.8.

flmedtheO°

n廿Uloftherailwa′sm巨nagement㏑Amer沁anhands.Ther茁lwa′s

administrat㏑n wasas茁

gned tU ablIeau cUInprkedoftWδ

Chine忘

e.ndthrGb

Am田

梵

an&Thed㏑

ctγ名

eneralUftheImpe曲

lCh㏑

e㏄Ra●坤 好

Admi…

stra㏑

h

wouldre●㏑ an°η㏑alsupeⅣ

isUrypUwer,bu6anydeds㏑

nofⅡ

shadtob●

made

扣 …tIywiththerepresentatⅣ

esUftheAmer沁

anoUmpany(Ⅲ

icle6).M。reUver,

theAmeHcanCh㏑

aDevclUpmentCU㏑

panywasperInltedtUestabli§

hapoⅡ

●e

fUrceto protect北s propertiesaswe1la§to setuptelegrap㏑cand°thor inechanical

workshops pertinent tU the maintUnance oftho railway. But, ㏑ _pursuanceof

CⅡna’s plan tU cUunterbalance the pUⅡtical amb北bns Ufother poWeis in the

reg㏑n,t㏑ss㏄ondagreement stΦulatedspedΠcallvthat“

theAmer沁

anscannot

transferthe」_暗hts°

ftheseagreements tUUther natbn or peUple of other

nat㏑nal北y.”∞

Inany case; thc cUnoluslUnUfth°sup●le唧ehta〃cUn竹

actdidnotcurbthe

determinatbn。ftheFrancU-Belg㏑

ngrUuptUusuIpt∥

sr缸lwayoonc°ss㏑

n,and

theoUnt㏑entalgrUupmer.lychangedt●ol tacticswhⅢepl1rsuingt。sameU切°

c-t∥

aThoAmericancUmpanywasfa由

㎎ serlUu●血砒 ulty㏑Π

nandng北

s

oon-structiUnworkdue,in largepart,tUthcdeath;二n﹉Decomber1898,of﹉

BHce,who

hadbeehve〃

act∥ein prUmUtingtheAmericah●cUnom㏑㏑terests㏑CⅡnaan●

hadthe●

_{“扯ytUmusterf㏑}

ancialsuppUrtfUrthemilwayenterprise.2nT…slUSs

Ch日ngedtheenterprisefroⅡlapUl北icaⅢ

y-UHentedonetUanccUnoInicone,MUre-over,thcex甘emeanti-fUre塘n§●n∥

ment㏑

C㏑

naasexpressedin

theBoXerup-riS㏑_{野 in l899fr㎏}htenedth.AmericanStockhUldersandmadethemreluctant to

invest mord money to the CUmpaηy.92 The CUmpany was oompelled to seek ΠnancialsuppUrtUut茁

detheUn北

odStates.UnFebruarV !,1899,北

enteredan

agrecInent wIhthe Briti§

h andCh㏑

eseCoIporatiUn, acUncernestabⅢshedos. pecially by the HUng KUng and Shanghai Bank㏑gCUrporatbh, the SaasUnand

Rot。scⅡIdihterests,andothers tU inveSt ㏑

CⅡ

na’s railway οUnstructbn.

Acφ

rdingt。 th白tagreement, eachsido prUmisedto offertheother onohalfof

the shaies ih any raiIway●u蕊ness subsequentlyUbt●ined.2j LaterdeVelUpm°nt

prUvedthattheabil比yUfthesoBItis●_ρ 。

rpUratjbhstUmeetthelob㎏

atbn to

theAmer沁

anunde…atngwasquitelimited.舛

TheAmer沁

anCⅡ

naDevelUpment

CUmpany had)nU dhUice but tU send representatiVes tU ●ontinentalEⅢUpe tU

r日kethenecessaryfunds.‘Th“gavetheFranoU-B●lg㏑n intercStSan oppUrtunly

-385-.9.

tUchangothe士frUntal,po上ticalUbstructbnUftheAmer二canraⅡwaycdh●essbh㏑

ShanghaiandPekingtUaΠ

ankng;Πnancialusurpa.bn°f北_…

EuropeaidNew

YUrk.%

Underthep●r忘UnaldiectbnUftheBelg二an king,Lo。pUldⅡ,andthesu●pUrt

oftheRussU<】

jneseBankw㏑

chSeⅣedadavehi●leoftheFrahcU.Russ㏑n廚1上●nc●

㏑ C㏑

na,M.deVUlder,aBelg㏑

nsenatU‘

_{,andColUnelAlb.此}

ThaV一

afU6mer

Belg㏑n ministerofΠnance,weresent tUNewYoik tobuyacontroIlingmter°st㏑

theAmer沁

anC㏑

naDevelUpmentCompanYin theopen stockmarket.Ⅲ

dgUal﹉

wasathievedbytheend°

fl899fUrvar㏑

uSreasUns liketheimprUbabili●bfF

忘田㏑

uS㏑

teⅣent°

nbytheU㎡

tedStatesandBr北ishgUvernments,tHUooh山”e●

prcdom㏑an°e°

fRussia…

Peking,●

ndthe…

abⅡit9or thecⅡn爸s●g。vern㏑●nt

andUf㏑

㏑ls to resktfUre圯n pressl1r●.Howev°i,theBelg㏑nswereskilrultb.㏑t

p1UyanAmericandtLen,Gen叮

a1●har”§

wⅡ

tt㏑r,tUhelp them in implement白㎎

this prUgra㎡.F。llUwingthes地血

ngofthcsupplementaryagfeement㏑

Julyl9UU

andbefUretheendofthatye●

r,theBelg㏑ns,support●

dbyFren°

hc.p北aⅢst一

aLeady Uontrolled 4pUUUfthe o乎㏑

aI aUUU sharesoftheComp●

ny, andt●°

Compahy、bUardUfdiectU了S由asthusre°rgan比edtUadml moreBelg㏑

nre-presenta…沌iNeverthelbss,theboardstillelectedanAmeHtanas北●pr●蕊deht.%

Therailwayconstructbnwork startedinCahton ihi9U2W北

hall th●fUr●_屯n

emplU9ees山C㏑… Americans sUthattheCUmpanyοUuldn°m㏑allvoomplvw北h

thest”ulatbnofArt㏑lel7ofthesupplementaiyagreeInent.”

TheBelg㏑ns,hUweVer,wero not oontentW北

ht㏑

ss北

uatbiInearlvl9U4

theystartedacam°a地n to●urchasetherem㎡㎡

ng2pUUshaiesthrUughGeheral

WⅡ

ttier,and北

wasreportedthatthesharesactuallyheld by theAmeri●

●hd

amountedtUUnly6UUUwnedbyJ.P.MUrgan&CU.TheBelg㏑

ns presSedagain

fUr●

reshufneoftheCUmpamˊ

s°rga血Zatbηand,㏑

thespringUFl9U4,WⅡ

tticf

waselectedthepre“dent;while‘h°

realpUworwas㏑

thehan●s°ftheBelg㏑ns.

AcUn斑

derable.lunberUfβelghnsweiesent tUC㏑naasrespon茁bleoficers oftho

Companyin placeUftheor地

㏑alAmeiicahs.,B Abbuts放

t9AmeHcanjumor

eng㏑

eersandfUremenahdth°

c㏑ef.ong㏑

eer;WillisG.Giay,wered〝

misscd.”

ItwasrepUrtedthattheBelgians㏑tendedtδd∥idetherailway㏑to tWosectbi古:

thcnUrthern sec1UndlectlYunderBelg伍noUntrUlandthes°uthefnsec∥

bnunder

anominalAmer二

●●

ncontrolTheYeven proceodedtoamalgamatethePek㏑

皆

.-.π

_U.

HankUwrailw日

yand世

坤neW!y.。

。ntrUlledC●nt°

!HahkUw rai…

ay infUUne

●yst°_{”.Atth。Same伍}㏑eftherewasrepUrt inPek㏑已RuS車awassecretlypresslng

CⅡnafUrarailwayr屯htl㏑

HngtheCⅡ

nesecapitaltUherTrans-Siberianrailway

Via K色

lg.nandUrgasU thatagr.●

dI茁

Iwaysystemc。

ntr。

lledbVtheRussU-日mnoU一Belgian intpre●tw。uldbebuⅡt.s° 一

Thechangedch●racte工

UftheAme㎡

canC㏑

naDevelδ

pmentCompanymadoa

sti in American bㄐ㎡ness c一cleS, andthere由ererepeatedrepUrts in the╯V日〃

Υ U′方JU9羽aJUr仍〞 〃 θKθ力刀ta羽羽 竹5沌JB”J拋〞加 andtheJU好羽 JUr⊿羽 θ” εaK ⊿6加t把⊿6mσ如 〞ㄌKb°fUrel9U4cUncerningtheBelg㏑nschemos●UnDecomb”

24,19Uβ,th°LUηdUn乃〃 釕 repUrtedthattheβelg㏑ns s。ughtSUle。°niol ofth● railw.y. InJanuary l9“_、theηewspaperrepeatedlyrep。rtedthattheBelg㏑

n

shareholders oftheAlnq巨

cahCⅡ

naDevelUpmentCUmpanylnBrusselswouldnot

beqUnteηtwithexolusivecontrUlofthelinc’s northernSectiUn,butdeterIninedto

i…

cludethewhUlespanUfther茁

lWayintUthetCh㏑

ainlandr㎡lwaysystem.s2

Goner●1Whitt始

rwrUteto theJU9〃

η

JUrCU羽

〞aεθa刀σCU〞〞θ′t加JB“JJet加

。n

March25,19U4,stat㏑

gthatthorehadbeen nochangein thoCU”

p日ny’s status.s

anA甲

°rican oorpUratbn,buth.franklyadm血edthattheB°lgians0UntrUlledth.

m句

UItyUftheshaies.BaronMbu●

hel1r,Belg㏑n minktertU′theUn北edStat爸s,also

oonfIme°thatmaη

ynUminallvAmer比

anshareswereactuallYBelg㏑n‘

sBW北

紅.

t●eC°mp.ηy,th●

cla.hbetweenAm.HcanandBelg㏑

n㏑

‘erestsbec巨mo intense;

andWill㏑

mB.Parsons,thefUrmerdlector-genefaloftheCompanywhUperΓ

sUna1ly suⅣeyed the railway rUute in l898一99, charged thatthe Belghn king

sh。_{uld be he!d respon斑}●lo fUr t一e p°_●“bl。tdkaster tU the Compa.y.?4 These

report,alertedtheChinosetUtheBelgiandes地_η.

B.She.gHsuan.hua二

’

sAtt血

de

′

Belgi.η_φntfUl可thec…_”iHankUwrailWaVoonces軸narUusedgreit、fear

inC㏑na.The●日rWaS。spedallyintenseastheWhblereg㏑nUfManchu‘iawas

thenUccup二edbytheRuss㏑n troUpsfUllUwingtheBUxeruprisi唱Sln l899,andiη

the ensu山珽: three orfUㄐryear.rurn°ursClculatedrepoatodlyUfapUssiblepart｝

tbnofCh㏑

abyth●

grcatpUwer‵

s6 TheRussU-Japanese war brUko Uut

㏑

.1π

_.

F°brua●19U4,Ru§㎡a,thenpursu出名 a呼軸 rbuspU上cyofter㎡°iialanne妨

tbn㏑

Manchtlr㏑,was二nVUIVedin thewar.Thk prUⅥ

dedanb●

pUrtun北

yfUrCh㏑

在td

imprUveherde年ns∥.pos比

bnandchㄍ

馬theRud忘ianaggre“

bn㏑

Manchuria.AS theRussian竹U。psdufferedmaJordefet§二

ntheWar,Russ㏑

’sp°Ⅲ虫珀lSuppUrt t°

theF.noo-Belg㏑n interests ihCⅡ_叩 we㏕_φned.﹉

TakngtⅡ

sUppUΠ

u山

y,C田

na

began to㏑akeeffUrts toblUckfurtherexpansbn°ftheFrancU-Belg㏑ni㎡lw●

₉

interest.s° !

TheBe㎏

_●nsu●㏄㎡

p㏑

n●

theAm加

can●血

nabeve㏑

_●㏑

&ico㏑

pa打‵

Sh缸

eShadbeen knowntU﹉

Ⅵ㏑ Ttng-fangan●出

kengH血

㏑n.㎡ai㏑

Januarvl茹

-﹉

.Thel7thArt㏑

_le㏑

_{thesupplementhrYagr°°}

_ment,wⅡ

_{chstbulate.thatth°}

enterpriseβhUuld●ent二_{ㄅ 北}

sefasanAmeⅡ

canbusinessandfUrbadethetransfei

of‘ther㎏hts。ftheseagroeηehts t°

。thernatbnsUrpeoploUf°thernatbhally”

wasreallyintend●d tU prevent suchachang。.ClarenceCarry,inhis negot㏑∥σns

w此

hSheng,hadprUmisedthattheCUmpanywUuldalwaysbeanAm。

iican.

regkteredcoiporatbnalthUughthe,ubsdⅡ

ptbnUf北

s°

日

●

ial如

ouldnotbeoon.

Πn●

dtoAmer二

cancitiZe㎡.”Asrep。

rtsfrUmNewY。

衣 ㏑dica山吧

theBelg協

purchas●

oftheAm㏄

㏑

anChihaDeve!UpmentCUmphnyshaiesweiesubstant㏑

tod,

ShengbecdmemUre。

°

ncemed.UnJanua●

5,1°Ul,heteI吨ia●

hedWuTi吨

tfang;

askingⅡ

mtUta卜

estΦstUpr.v●ntBelg㏑ntakeo▼erδ

ftheCUm●

hnv.E㎏●td㎡9d

later, he rcpeated.his request,andstatedthatanyindlect Fi°ndhinvUlvement ㏑ thera出_uⅣ

。。ncessiUn§㏑

ukbe●

vUⅡ

edinUU㏑

p上iance㏕

th〝

b吨

inal prUi

pUsalto thePekingcUui.ButWufelt thatBelg㏑

ncUntrol oftwU-thld忘Uftho CUm●any’ssharesdidnot nccessarⅡy°ntailBolgi日

nm勾

。r北yrulein thee。㏑p●hy’s

bUardbfdiectors,andhedidh。

t oonsider土asaVk斑

atbnofthe§

upp!e血°htarv

色greement.FurtherInUr°

_{,Wufelt thatanyabrUgatbnoftheAmerkan ooncesobh}

wouldmake土

tafall㏑

tUthehands。

fathldpUwer南

iich-●

uldbeevei㎡

°r〥 detrimentaItUCⅡn↙s interest.BBChangChih-tungagr°

edw北

hWu’s中㏑

W.But

Changma㏑

tain●dthatallChineser芭1缸tbnswiththatrailw廚Vshou1°b°thφugh

theA㏑

ericansandth五

tCⅢ

nashUuldadmlUnlyAmericanS㏑

thatr㎡l由a9’s management.Th°seV㏑

wsWeiecUncurredbySheng.Th●

deargumentSWe工efurth●i

str°ngtheηedbyateIegraphsent inJunel9。

2by日

_●winH.CUnger,t五

eAmerican

㏑in二stertUCⅡna,oon血ming.thattheAmericanCi㏑aDevelδ_●㎡●ntc。㎡品ni↓廚‘.

各名enuinoA㏑eric五noUncern:a9 : ! _一

.﹁

_2.:

ActuΞ

llv,from theve,begin山

㎎ Ufthedispute,Sh°ngrefusedtU.∞●cuΓ!

tUB嗨

一

n,UniUl可

_…。中叩e中

一

n.TⅢ

。iswhYhe,tUg●theiW比

hCha屯

andL…

K㏑n︴_,.g叫em。㎎ °n。ralUf。_●ng㎞㏒ ,…e㏑UrⅡ也edthePeki㏒cUurtfUr㏑Ⅲ

apprUvalofthesupplemontarVagreement inJunel9U2,althUughtheagreement

ha●beeis地n.dalm‘st two,earsearl㏑r...Shengrepeatedlvsp.﹏

_。

ut onthe

pr。bl°

m.f”

uansharesa一

●

urgedChangtUtakeapprUpI二atemeasⅢessUthat

AmericanoWner山

Φ

_。

f●

進

railWayconcet忘

㏑

i oouldbesafeguarded.In th●

′

autumnbfl9U2,the.cUnStmct㏑

nworkbeganfrUmC●

_…。

nand,b●fUreNoγember

ofthesameyoar,abIahchⅢ

nebetweehCantonandSanshuiwas opened.All the

η甜°rpersUn一el。

fthe甲

ilwaywer●

AmeHcan,W北

hWi!l於

E:GrayaStheCUnr.

pany:s‘_日gentandch●ef.eng㏑eer就atbn叩in shanghai.午

(

_●

_”㎎

sU甲ha●

_●

。

ubles﹏

_‘

hGray,asthel飩

terrefusedtU。

。

nsu竹

㎡

th㎞

regardingrailwaymatters ooncernedWithCh㏑eser圯hts.CollSequentlV,Sheng

refusedto ksuethebondsw㏑

chwer.tobenUatedin thestUckmarketaccUrd㏒

to theco●tra●tsandreq!,ste●therecall。fGraY.φAftertheBelg益

n6oonsUi

datedthelcUntrol°ftheC。

mpany,GraywasdkmiSSedandaBelg㏑

wassent to CⅡn●

astheCompa口

′●representat∥

e.BefUrohkdeparturofrUmCh㏑

a,G平

y

r中Ka㏑_●the就

。

ryUf…

● 。

e地_{㏑,uslIrpat㏑}

nUftheCUmpanVtUTsenChun.hsuan一

thong°vor丘or-g°ne工

alofL㏑

mg.kwang,andpromkedtodUhkbeStt。

recU▼er

Americanown可

shΦ

。

fm..BThechangd●

ch●

racteioftheA甲

cr㏑

anC●

ntoi.

踟

nkU”ral﹏

●

y。

。

nce●s㏑n竹

呻

nbecam。knUwntUthepubl二c.

忘heng“_…小“ tUrece…

。

anvBe㎏

㏑

n㎡

representat∥

eUftheAmerican

oom-p●

!y.UhM.中

h5,1’U4,hetelegr●

phedⅡ

田名Ch℃ng,t坤Ch…es。甲二nkt可tUth°

U血托dStates,as㏑nghim tUW●” th●Amer1φ_uο

。mpanytUrefra●

nfrUmv㏑

lat㏒

一

好 ㎡ n竹aC“

.ShengⅢ

sUcabled”‵

Ting.fangwhUWasthenaVice-minⅢ

“Ufthe F°“睡” Affa。s﹉Minis●

yaswell廚

sa▼

沁e-ministcroftheeo㎡merceM二nistry㏑

●●妳ng,tUd●scuss thematt●iwithConger...Sh°ng砍”

ldnUta伊

eet°ad加

kbn

6fth.Canton.HankUWf㎡

lwayinto tWosect㏑

nsandthenorthern onebeoUn.

troⅡ

●

dbytheBelg珀

ns.Butheoor●SentedtUareorga㎡zatbh。

ftheAmerican

cUrpUrat㏑n●yanUthergrUu●

。

f︿Ⅱ 蹲riCa平,sUth井the,ewAmericanconcern

cUuldsubst北

utefUrtheA㏑

ericanchinaDevelo●

mentCUmpany:Inanother

tele#a㏑_●eurg●

dWutUsolVoth.prUbl°

masfastas poss山le.H色also reminded C°ngor of Ⅲs fUrmer wr北ten assⅢ

ance abUuttheAme●

cannat㏑

naltyUfthe

.I3.

CUInpanyandask山”呂theAmericanⅡinistertUabidebytheprovis㏑

nSofthetwo

cUntracts.4β

Thecriskbecameserbusa§

theBelg㏑nrepresentat∥

eoftheAmerican

oom-panywUuldarr∥

etUShangha二shortly. ShengtUnsultedhkBr北

khlegaladvker

whU advised ㏑m tU regain the cUhcessbnthrUughredemptbnUf1.46 Inoarly

19U4.hesentJohnC. FergusUn,hkAmerica㎡

personalsecretaryineducatjbnal andlegalaffals,tUAmerkafUranmVest地atbnofthecase.FergusUnwas●lsU

inStructedtUnegot㏑tew丘hthedlector-generaloftheAmeric●

nC扯

naDevelop-mentCompanytodeΠ

netheBelg㏑nr地htsan●stop theBelg伍nsfrUm intervening

㏑ therailway’safIs.ButFerguson’s priηcipaldutywast°seethatwhetherthe

AmeHcan gUvcrnment would provide a guaranteefUrtheComp日ny’

sAm”

比an

nationality.4,InApril19U4,Ⅱ

angCrengwasalso nUtfiedbyShengt°

req..st

theUnledStatesgov°rnment tUdeclare北s standUnthechangl略characterofthe

enterprke.48TheAmericangovemme●

t oonfimedthattheCUmpahywas“

to

beihgδ

Udfa北

hanAm併

iCan。

Umpanyas北

〝,at present organ妮

edandcUn.

ducted,’’

andtheUn。

edStatesgovernmen臼alohehad.“r㎏htt°dealw北

hthe

dㄉlUm巨t沁quostbnaffec由_㎎ the㏑terests oftheoompany.中H°︺●vei,theac由_吧 Un丘°dStatesSecreta〃UfState,F.B.LUomk,indkηtedthatrthe。rgan●前

bnof

theCompanyshUuldchange●

oas to●

e㏑

。

UmpatblewlhAmerican pr㏑

c珀les,

theAmer㏑

angovernmentwouldⅡ

社hdraw丘s㎝.p°rtfrUmm.”Inth°fUllUwihg

month,ShengcabledLiangto requestclariΠ

catbnfrUmtheAmericangov苗

nlnont

。

nthefUllUwingthreequeStbn臥(l)W。uldAmoricanlawapplytUthUsewho Werec北LensUfUthernatbnsbutheldbUndsoftheAmeΠcancUmpan9w㏑le

lⅣinginafUr由gncUun.〃(2)Whatw一ethelim北at㏑isUnthepr”Ⅱeges●_可

。

ycd

bythefUreignShareholders●fanAmericanenterprisewhichInadejhvestment㏑ CⅡ

na?Whatwouldb°

therelat㏑nshipbetweenthesefUre旭n sharehUldeis ofthe

Amer㏑

anoUmpanyahdtheCⅡ

neSegovernment?(3)Incaset●

ereshUuldbeany

disputebetweenthesefUre站nshareholders°

ftheAmer沁

anCompanyandthe

C㏑

nesegovernmcnt,whatwUuldbethestandoftheAmeHcaigo▼

erIInent?Tho Amer●ang。

vernment refusedto makeanycUmm北

ments on thesequestbns.

JUhnW.Foster,thefUimerAmericanSecrotaryUfStateandthenalegalad︶iseitU

L㏑

ngC∵

eng,advisedthatther地hts°fanyfUre地

nnatbnalw北

hinahAmerican

enterprisewUuldbededdedsUlclVbyAmer沁

an jlIrkdictbn,buttheAmer沁an.

-38U-.14.

°

nterpI“

●hadar迫

htt°change丘

snatbna㏑

yt。

beoomeanUn.Amer比

ancUr-pUrat●h.●

i&ncetheAmer●

cang。

”rnmenthadneveroUmm北

t°

dlseftUsafe-.guai㎡

_{ngtheuhohangedcharacteroftheAmeHcanC㏑}

naDevelopmentC°

mpany,

Shong’s plan to inv。1●

●比

ii●

●

妳

班

Umat沁

色

uaranteefailed:

′

_{ActualV,Sheng、}real㏑

tentbnwa,tUreplacetheAmericanCh㏑

aDeVelUp, ㏑ °

ntcUmpanVψ

… an。

theIAmei出

血

oompanV,sUth茁

thewhU㏑

c。nces山

h

wouldstⅢ

iema㏑

inAm●

r沁_卸

handSaidtheor地

㏑” 杺ntractswUuldbeleft

unhⅢ

t:Hewasthe血

stU竹idalt°talk。

fnuiIfv㏒

thewhUlc。

。ncessbn,buthe was°nlVus㏑g丘在saverba1●hreat to press theCompan9t°keep。s.Am●H●an

natbnal19.AftertⅡSfailed,S外沮

gurgedWuT㏒

-faigtUstart negot㏑t㏑

nsWmh

Alb°

rtW.B田

h,theUr屯㏑als屯●erofthatrailwa′s 竹st㎎reementwh°

wastheh

sent tUCh㏑● ag㎡η

bythefUimerdlect‘

r名eneialoftheC。mpany,ParsUnS;fUr neg。t㏑t㏑

nofan.wagr°

.mentfUrtheCanton.HankUwr缸

lWayoonce田°n.” C●ll二

ng斑

snewo。

ipUratbn︴

heC㏑

haIhdustiialandC。nstmct㏑

nC°

m●any。f

America,Bashmadeaneη

erget㏑effUrt tUreplacetheAmerimnC㏑h●Dev°op.

mentCUmpanywithh伈

UWn.HeWasSu●

pUrtedbytheUv●rseasCⅡ㏑es● industoia-㏑

t,ChangChun-hsun,s3叩

meg°htry㏑HuⅢ㎡

aswellasWuT’

二ng-fangh●mser.

iutBashhadnUrealΠ

nanc㏑

lsuppUrtfUrsucha!argemvestme,t.Inadd。

bn,

hisdemands′wereeXoib北

ant:henot。

nlydemandedsevenadd北

bnalrai!way

品noos“δhs includ㏑gth。defrolnCant。

ntUAm。

y,S●n§

huitUWu°

h。

w,H盂

ang-yen toChenchUW,Hengch°

wtUKwd上

n,PinghshngtUHangchUW,andKuangh茁

一

tU●

ㄐk㏑ng,buthealsU●SkedfUr min㏒pr打ilegesalUngtheseⅢn叩.ThencgUt扯

tjohSfailedtΘachieVeanyiesult●●

C.Ⅲ

eno啪

nc㏑

lGen”

GrUups㏑theAbr●田t㏑

nCampa地

n

AfteItIe●ewsofBolg㏑

nusurpatbnUftheCanton-HankUwr缸

lWayconc.s: siUnhad becnW二delyciculated,adeepanXietydevelUpedam°ngthe白entryand

U“㏑㏑lsUftheprUv㏑cesthr。

ughwh沁

hther㎡lwaywouldpass:Thegentrygroups

㏑

HunanWercpartLularlY。

Uncernedab。uttheuncerta㏑fateUfthdfUre圯n in: vest㏑●

nt.Theywerethe竹

st tUlaunchacampa尪htUainendthes北﹏

#bn.

Actually,theHunangentryhadpδ

werful inΠuenceover●rUVincial po●t㏑s

.I5.

IUngbefUrethefUrmatjbnUfthis railwaydispute.ThrUughtheir

persUnalcUnnec-tionswithVarbuSprUniinehtHunanoⅢ

dals in thecentralandUther provincial

go︶_emments,th°

yplayedani㏑

pUrtaht,…fUrmalrUlein thedec芯bn.lnak㏑g

prUCe忘SUftheiUwn province.Ihdced,thisⅡlnuence。UuldbetracUdto theeVents

。fthe 185U’s and l86U’s when theHunaη

gentryemerged asthem苟

_UrfUrce

Πght…gth°T缸p…gs.F°llUwingthedUwnfall o●therebell㏑n,oⅡ沁㏑lsandserv沁

e-men UfHunan prUvinceoccupidd natbn-wido impUrtant pUs北bns in theo∥Ⅱian

andmilit研yseⅣ沁es,an●t●cypla,●dimpUrtant rUlesin natbnalandlUcalpU㏑北s.

Res㎏

ningfrUmact∥

eseⅣ

icestheyreturnedhUmetUbeo。

megentrymembers.

TheHunan o何

㏑i巨lSWere alsU n°ted fUithei closo relat㏑

nshipwitheachUther

bas●ngUnaoom㏑UnbackgrUun¢TheyfUrmedani丘fUrmal“Hunancl適ue”

headed…th●earlytwentieth-centurvb9LiuK㏑n︴_{,thepUwerfulandprest迫}

bus

gUvernUr-gencial Uf Liangkiang.ss Aftcr Liu’s deathin l9U乳 proininent Hunan Ufficials includedgrandcUuncillUrandⅡinisterUffUrelgnaffals,Ch’uHung-chi;

IninisterUfRevenueandInini§terUfEducatbn,ChangPU:hsi;dief-censUrMarquis TsengKuang-luan;thogUvernUr-g●neraIUfLiangkiaη

gW㎡

Kuang-t’

aU;gUVcrnor-generalofMinch°

(FukienandCheHang)LiH“

ung-lui;govern。

rofChekangNieh

CⅡ永u由,t●

efUrmergUvernorUfKwang豇

WangCⅡ

.chun;andGovernUrofthe

MeiopUItanPekingYuanShu-hsun.UnthelocallevelWithin theIIuhan prUv二nce,

the gentry members such as T’an Chung「lin, fUrmergU︶

ernor-generalUfLiang-kiang; Lung Chan-lin, fUrlnei Vice-minister UfPunkhment;Wang H缸en一ch’二en, fUrmereducationalcUminiss㏑nerUfKiangsuandfUrmer presⅡent°ftheImperial

Academy,wereall part沁uIarIyinflu°ntia1.β6 ThesegentryInembersass虫

tedtho

prUvincialauthUritiestU臼kaSlIrtaxon sa比in l9UUtUprUⅥ

dethe…

nualquUta

δf7UU,UUUtaelβfUrHunan℉shareUftheBUx°r indemnity.β7TheyalsUtook part

inadⅡinistermglocaleduca石°

nalandf㏑

ancialaffals. In 19U4,ChaoErh-hsun,

th色gUvcrnUrUfHunan,es6abⅡsheda§pccialoUⅡⅡniss°

nUfh地

h.ranki吧UI沁ials

andgentrytUoUord㏑

atethedⅡferentUp㏑㏑nsamU山gthem.It is sU㏑etⅡnglike

apo上ticaIc°nsultativebodythroughwh二

chthevUiceUftheIUcalgentrycUuldbe

heardandimplemented.s8

Belgian cUntrolUftheAmericanChimDevelopmentCompanyaroused

seriUusc°ncern in thdsegen打

ymembers. Theywere alsU wUrried about the

reportedRussiandeman°inPekingtUoonstructth●只比火ta-Urga-KalgahⅢ

heand

.I6.

而●

ut伍

eBelg㏑nr●quest tU。

。

nstructthePek㎎

-Kalganr㎡_{lway色SWellas白}

●

ranchlinefrUmChangtehtUChunchUwin nUrthernHunan.”

T。

suchdemands

︳h●Hunanesegcn竹yr缸s°dstrongUppUs北bn.Theysawthat,t°getherw北hthe

Belg㏑nuslIrpatbnoftheCanton-HankUwrailWay,theSesche”esrepresUntcd

bosS山lVηgra,ddeS地noftheRussU-FrancU.B●lg㏑ngrUup tU cUntrUl CⅡna

〡● 。

ugh。

。

nstrua㏑gagr甲tnUrth-SUuthraiIwaY竹Um&ber㏑tUsUuthCⅡna.Tw.

p扣㏄ ●l珃井 ㏄Sin t●eag北atbhWereWangH由en㏄∵ ㏑nandLungChan.上n.Wang,

anotedcUnservatⅣesch°lar,was工nstrumental㏑

Hunan㏑

UppU斑

ngtherefUrm

mo↓emcnt in l897一

1898.m Ll1ngwasatalentedadmiistratorandmoreopen.

mind●dtha●Wang..i B°threc°gni牢

dthenecesS北

ytUnulⅢ

盱

theAmerimn

i●iIwa9concesslUn,soas tocrushapUss山leplUtw虹

chwouldbecruc㏑

ltoCⅡ

na’S

㎏curly.Uther由entrym●

mbers invUlvedincludedMarqukTsengKuang.luan,a

口…

dsUnUfTsengKuo.fan;Marqu〝

TsUN怡

n-chung,agrandsUnofTsUTsu聘

t●ng;C●angTsu.tung,anexpectant taUt㎡ahddbrother°ftheinnuential 血iniSter

°

fcducatbnChangPeHun;●

hdTa●Yen.k出

,a批

era〃laurelandsUn。

fafUrmer

go▼_.rnor-g°neral。

fLiangkuang.TⅡ

schamp㏑

n由

a忘alsUj。㏑

edbysUmelUW-rahⅡ

ngbut●

心gro曲如e.m㏑

dedmerchants suchasYuCh血

-m。u.φBasing●_”●

.rguments ma㏑lv。

ntheAmer㏑

ahdelayinStart㏑B。

。ns‘

mctbnW。

Ik‘W北㏑

nthe

stΦulatet｜we”e.m°nth一m∥afterthes迍η出唱Ufth.supplemehtarvagr°emcnt in 19UU,a忘

WellastheAmer㏑

aη

Vblatbnofthesamea肛

eementbytransfer●

ngthe

milwayi屯hts∵

tUtheB●

lg㏑

ns,theypetlbnedtheproⅥ

ndalg。Vernoradwcllas the色ovemUr名ener㏕

UfHuk叩

ngChangCⅡ

h.tung,tUabrUgatetheAm●rican ooi

ce$bn●s InM在yl9U4,theyalso telegraphedShengHsllan-huai,asking.土nm°dl比_●

annuIment ofthefUro地n r把

ht.Att●

es●

met㏑

…

e,LungandWangusedthel

persUnal ㏑Πuenco tU l。bby v狂buS powerful officials at both th●c°htraland

prUv㏑_o㏑llevels.ThcYalso startedalocallV║nancedraⅡ

WaycUmpanythatwUuld

undertake raⅡWay c°nstructbn as sUon as the cohcesslUn wascancelIed.They threatenedtU●

。

y。

。ttfUr●㎏●railwa9。。nstructbn㏑thcproγ㏑

certheidemands

wereiot㏑

et.F°

rthep1.rposeoftak㏒

effect∥

emeaSuies㏑

rcclaimingthe血il

wayooncession,thegentrymembersd山

patchedthelfepresentat∥es toShanghai

fUrfuⅢerd〝cuSsions、u比hSheng.‘4

A斑

inilar standwastakenbythegentry-merchantsUfKwangtung.Headedby

thefUrmerg°

vernor ofKweichUw,TengHua-●

si,andChamgChun如

sun;they .︸_3了7一

.I7.

demandedthattheproblembosettledbyabrogatbn。

ftheconcesdbn.Theywere.

theftstgroup toexpress thepUssibⅡityofredeeIningtheooncessbnfrUmAmeri. canhahds.66

SuchachallengetUtheAmericanCⅡ

naDeVelUpmentC°

㏑p日ny°sr屯

htswas

strUnglYsupportedbyChangCⅢh.tung.H心att北uderenectedth.clashofinterests

betw°enthe BItishand theRussU.Frenchgroups, .nd h各:i㏑心elfwasde●ply

inΠ

uencedbythehi。

hoonΨ

l-general二

nHankUw,EVarardH一

_Fra之er.“

Hew.s

。

k。Untent㏕thSheng、apprUacha●dwasrep●朮–●lVattempt㏑

gtUusetheque9

∥

bn togamre▼

engeonShcngfUrapcrsonalgrieVance.69 HetherefUreseizedthe

iⅡt㏑t∥

efrUmtheHuhangentrybyaSsu㏕

ngtheleadersllip㏑thea●_不准atb●

:caη_pa旭

_n.Hea●

_{kedShengto refutetheBe㎏}

_{血n inteⅣ}

_{ehtbnflst, andth●}

_n

demandacompletecancellatbnofth●

。

Unc.ssbn.HefLstchargedthatthe

AmericancUmp.nyhadnUtbegunthelbuiⅢ

ingofth●lincw#hihthest”ulated

perlUdas proⅥ

dedbyth●

agreement.Later,afterΠ

nd㏒

thatamorepersua●”e

argumentcouldbefUundin thoBel色

hn pl1rch●seUfthe﹉

Am“

ican。

°

m●ahy.s

昹比

dswⅢ

chhadappare.tly●blat°

dthestipulatbnofa●

iael7ofther茁

lwa′

_●

supplementarYoon竹aCt,hechangedⅢs to叩.Ac。Ur由_㎎

tUC…

_{吨 ∵}ch㏑

awUuldbe

muchbl1rdencdiftheunfavUurableterms st●ulatedin thetWoSino-American ooitractsfUrtherailw●

yooncesslUnwere”

a㏑t白㏑ed;theanhu色l…t田eStSahdthe

”rvalueofth●

lUanw.retUU抽

曲 andtherelatedpr”ⅡegestUth●American

oonces函田m山●

sweretUoextens”

°.Thu、_{北 ”}

uld”

_m°斗unfUn●nate,rhang

argued,ifCⅡ

nashUuldlUso〢

isgUldoi oppo…un北

_{9tUannualthkcUncossbn}

on●candfUral1..sChang’sV跆WsweresuppUrt.dbyChaoE工h.hsun,出 。

﹀ernorUf

Hun.n,aswellasbyTuan.fang,aManchu°

_Ⅱ●

ial中

_●

。

ServedasthegoVernor of

Hupeh.TsenChun-hsuan,thegUvernU㎎

eneralUfL㏑_呼

kwangw●

_●

hads山

pU∴ed

theCantoncsegenW-merch巨

hts inboyoott㏑_名theAmericangoo●_●afe由

mbnths

ear上er,alsoagreedtUChang’s prbposa1.69

T㏒

c。.Urd㏑atedpreSslreUftheofflcials

色

ndg°ntry-mcrchants ofth°three

ooncornedprUⅥ

nces placodShUnginadⅢ

k池lt pU盅t°

…

.Hehadη

everreally

intendedto nulⅢfvthecUncess㏑ha北h°

ughhealw巨

Vsthreatehedt6dUsU.He

fai一

edtUaⅡ

angethesubst北

utbn°

fthe︿

Ⅱ

(r㏑

anCⅢ

naDevelUpmentC°

mpa…

y

byanotherAmeIcan oorporatbn.HetoiedunsuccessfullytogotanoⅡ

㏑㏑

Iguar-antecbytheAm.“

cangU▼°

_{-ont oftheAmeHmi natbna上}

tyoftheComp蓋

hy.

.π

_8.

Hepretendedtobesa你

臼

edw。

htheStateDepartment’

snUtetoL㏑

ngC∵

eng,。n

May1l,19U4,。

Un竹mingthat“

theAmer㏑

ano。

mp.nywas㏑

go°

dfalha“

比》

Amer沁

anco㏑

panyas比

presentlVorga…

zedandoonducted,theU:S.gUvernment

alUnehasther㎏

httUdealw北

hthediplUmat㏑que就

bnaffeaj吨

the㏑tγ

…s可

theoompany.”

ButheintentbnaⅢ

yneglectedth●st﹏

ement

●

y the acti呼

Secrethry ofSt日t●

, FranckB.

工ooΠ

js,that fthe A㏑

ericancUInpany should

chang●北s present orga㎡zatbn●

nawayinc°

mpat山lewithcerta…

p…

dplesofthe AmericangUverhm°nt,thelatterW°u●W北hhUldprUtectbn°f丘.9UInre●pUnsetU

thepreSS㎡eUfHunangehtryand∥_{fpUwerful interventbnUfChangCⅡ}h.tung, hestatedthataiyCⅡneS●arb一rarVab拓gatbnofthe。UnceSsbnwUuld㏑clIr日●

血med㏑

terepaVment°

_{fUS$3,UUUpUU,asu㏑}

w㏑ch工e●iese●

tedthenUa﹏

灶

bonds°ftheCompahyin thestockmarket.ThUSelUcalpeUple由erealsUre血in●°d

thattherailwa′sc。nstructbnrequiedalargeinvestmentw●ichW。

uldbeb.VUnd

theflnahdalcapabⅡ北

yofCⅡ

nes.gUvern㏑ehtandoommerdalsUlIrces:9iSheng

waSreportedlVreadyto‘

o-Uperatew二ththeBelg㏑n int田

eStSrtheyagreedtU

restra二nth●lact∥二t㏑

sandreta㏑

AmeHcansastheC。

mpany’srepresentatⅣes㏑

C㏑na.η

﹉

Shong’s att丘ude caus●d dkm●y amδng the gentry grUups. The Hunenese

weoeannoyedbyⅡ

SvariUusd●1●yingtact沁s.Theydeci●edto sendthe●

oW,

站piesentat如

esheadedbythefUr平

.igUvernUrUfKWang蕊

,WangCh血

-ch㏑n,tU

meetShcngihShanghaifUrnegU︳

htbns.Wang,aveterjndΦ

lUmatwhUhadservod

㏑ ︶

arbusd二plUmat比pos上

bnsasw°

1las in↓

arbus㏑

gh-rankngUI㏑

es㏑the prUVinces;wasdeterminedtUeXpelBelg㏑㎡inΠuencefrU㏑hkhUmeprUV㏑ce.He

wΞs㎡

dedbytw°

廚bleex-ta。ta必

,HuangTse-VuanandH茁

Huifeng.”

TheKWang-tunggentrygroup,headedbyTengHua-h茁

,Ch廚

ngChun-hsun,ChengKuan-Yung

(●nUtedcUm●r.dore＿Uf沁

hlwhoh日

dbeenaclUsesubord㏑

●

teofShengHsuan-huaiin managingvarbuS。ffic●als-supeⅣiSed-merchant-manag●denterpriseSSuch●s

theCⅡ

naMerchantSteam山

扣 Nav地

atbhCU.,the:Imp&ialTelegraph︵

dmini＿ dtr巨

tbnandtheCb㏑

mercmlBank9,jUinedthecUnferoncesw北

hShong㏑

Shang.

、_h㎡

_.,4Theyqu沁

_{klVieal比edth°driqⅡt拓s involVedinabrogat㏒}theooncesSbn,

andadedsbnWasmadetU●

r…

eUuttheB°

lg㏑nihΠ

uehcefrUmtheAmeⅡ

can

oompanyb9pⅢ

chasingmUst°fth●_9el出●nshar°

s㏑

theopenSt°

ck㏑

ark申.

TleLpurposeWas to i〢

●

ctCⅡ

neseinnuent.intbtheAmericancUmpany,sU

.I69.

thattheoUmpanyc°

uIdcventuallybetl1rnedintoaSinU-Amerioanenterpriseand theBelg㏑n二nΠuenccwUuldbecurtailed.TheHunandelegatesagreedto repurchase 2,UUU。ftherepUrted4,U。UBelg㏑nshareSUfthecUmpanyatan ostimatedvalueof

6UU,UUUtaels,andtheHupehgentryprUⅡiiSedtUbuyanotherl;2UUshaf°

samUng

theremainingBelg㏑

nbUndsata。

。st ofmUret●

an3UUpUUtaels.WangCh血

-°_∵u●

andothergen竹ymembers ofthethr●o provinccseVen二ntendedtUs●

ndanAmei｝

canlawyer to theUn∥edSt色teSt。negot㏑

teanewcUntractW北

htheAmerican

oUmpany, dnd agreed tU pr°vme capital for thcrailwayconstiuctbnfroΠ】ihe publicandpr∥atesUurcesUfthethreeproVinces.96﹉

Suchasettlement metw北

hstrongoppUsltbnfrom thegen竹

y伊

°

uPswhU

re㏑

ainedihHuhan. ThclcUitenJbnwaSthat th●

pr。pUscd sUlutbncouldnot WUrkwellbecausetheBelg㏑nsWUuldsuieIysetallSUrts ofobstiuct㏑n in t●eway

oflsfullllment.WlhtheBelghn‘ontrUlUf.”句Ur北yUfthenUatedb°ndsof

thcAmericanCh㏑

aDcvelopmentC。

mpany,the9weI。

nUtl水_中yt。agr品to

aband。nthelestab上shedpr∥ilegej㏑thecnterprisewithUutanexUr●北●nt pr沁e.

Further工nUre,thereWeretangbleproblemSinvUlVedin“坤 U地●Ⅱ-︴bnUf●n°w

S㏑

o-AmeHca,●

nterpⅡ

sebecausetheC…

nesewUuldbeburd°

nedw㏑

hthem苟

Ur

respo杺iu上

tyUfprUⅥ

㎡

ngtheφ

●italfUrtheoUnstruct㏑

nwδ

ikwmletheAmerl

cansWUuldStⅢe珀

。ythepr∥ileges.Inadd北㏑n,nelh°rthereorga血

zatbhofsuch

ajointSin°-Amer沁anenterpr〝

enUrtheinsertbnofmoreAmer沁

ahandCⅡ

nese

伍plalwouldoUmpletelysafeguard‘

theCUmpan′

s㏑

m●nityfro㏑㏑1竹

ratbnby

EurUpeancap比alistsunderth°AmaHcanlegalsystem.9.

ChangCh血

-tungstronglyd〝_●pprovedUfsudhasch●medes地nedinShahgha●

aslwUuldprobablYcreateneWprUblems ratherthansUlVetheoldones.He

cabledWangCh血

-ch’

unwarnl略

him。fthe●Us㎡ble,seiUuscohdequ●

ncesahd

urgingaΠatabrUgat㏑nUf伍eAmeHca●oUncessbn㏑thet●eeprU…nc”.Chang

hekl thatShengshouldbetheonlypcrson responsiblefUrsuchnegUt㏑●㏑ns、位th

Amer二cans sU that the abrogatbn ofthe concessiUh cUuld beachioved.99 w北

h

Chang’s§uppUrtandundertheleadership ofLungChan-l㏑

andWangH益

.｜ch’工eh,

the Hunange●trystartedtUUrganLearailwayoUmpanytUenlist lUcalfundsfUr theprUgram.A●rUpU皮ⅡtUnUatthebUndsUfthiscUmpanyin thethreecUncerned

prUVincesswaSdiscussed.S。

meofthegentrymembersagreedtUaproposalmade

㏒ TsenCh’un.hsua●thatafUre㎏

nlUanfrUmathidpUwershUuldbemade㏑

394. 2U

-°rder.to m°ettheurgent needsofrai一wayoUnstruct㏑n.98 InNovemberl9U4,the

gentryδ

fHunan,Hupeh,andKwangtungjo㏑

tly●et二ti。

nedtheM㏑

istriesof

F。rc地

hAffalsandComm●

rce,rcquest㏑gthem to memor㏑lLetheimpefialcUurt

fUfthelcause.,9

Thestronginnuence°

ftheHunangen竹

yWaSfelt inPekngaswel1日Sin t…e

nr°v㏑

clalgovcrnmentsalUngthelUwerYangt乞

eR∥

eivalley.WeiKuang.t’aU, 色°﹀emUr-generalofL㏑ng“㏑

ngwh°

was onoUftheh屯

h-rank㏑

gof“

㏑lSt°be

responsl斑efUrsu●eⅣ你㏑nofall of沁㏑l-merchant jdntent°rpriseSc°ntrolle●

by

Sheng,waspersuadedto sendastern telegramtUShen色

,asHngfUrq血

ckact㏑n

toψ

ardcancellatbnoftheAmer比

an oontracts.sUV缸㏑

uSgeniyme㏑

berβwrbte

dL芭ctlyto theltwopUWerfulfelloW-pr。㎡ndaldinPetng,Ch’

uHung㏄

Ⅱ,agrahd

oUundllUr-h°w●

salsUthemi㎡

sterofFore㎏

nA“

㎡rs;and Chang PU.h茁, a min二sterofRcvenuc,可equesti唱th●

mtUsavcthe蕊

tuat°

n.siInNove㏑

●er19U4,

aHun色nCenSUr,】HuangCh’ang-nien;】memori在_Ⅲπ

edthethrone,pfopU“

ngah山

m＿

med㏑

6cannulment ofthotwoAmericanrailwayagre.㏑

cnts.Hecon●

mer.dthe

Pr。p。sedarran色emehts ofthe二ssueb9Shong●idWuis inadcquate,andsuggested

thatthewhUle山

sputcbesUlvedbyth●

negUtiat站h、

fanew.。

ntiact-iththe﹉

AmeHcancorpUratbn,sUth“

CⅡn〞ssUver.地

nand.d㏑

i血strat∥_.I旭hts。 。〢d

berecUveredwⅡ

leth●Amer二cancUn°°ssbnaleswouldstilIkeeptherailwayr地∥s

㏑

therogbh.8.Thecourt,oUnsequently,UrderedChangCⅡ

h-tun色 _t°berespon缸 -blefUiasettle㏑entUfthecase.SinceChang’§v●°

WofthedkputewasWel1knUWn;

theimper北ⅡintentbnwasapparentlYsympathet沁

tUasUIutbhofabrUgati㎎

t。

AmeHcanagree田e…tS.

TheP●kingcUurt’sdeckiUnwa§unmistakcnlyi°Πectedtheopinbns°fthe

cUncernedprUⅥnceS:TⅡsWas probablymadethrUughCruHung-chi,whoth。n

enJ°yedgreatcUnΠ

denceoftheEmpressDUwager:Th●

stoongStandtakonbythe

Ufficials andgentryofthe thrce province§Was在lS。 _Supp°rtedbynewspaperβin Shangh㎡

:Inspledbytheh增

h-tideUfJapanesenaJ。nalisticsentim°ntdu【ingthe

RussU-Japanes●wa.,theyWereehthu“ast比suppUrters ofanUutr㎏htabrUgaIUn●f.

theAmeHcan ooncessiUn.TheC九t.g.waj北_{紅四 σ}h°CⅡη

。

se＿fUre地

nD㎡

lVN°ws9

declaredthattheBelgian intru蕊on intUtheconces血

Unhad。

。

mpelledChinato

take a radical ste● to pr°tect herSelf against the Ser二ouS oonsequ°nces °ft㏑s

une本pecteds北uatjon:Thepaperdkcred∥edth●diplomaticguafanteeprovmedby -—3了3一

. 21 .

theAmericangUvernment s㏑

ceitwas inpompleteanddmnδ

tmfeguardthe

statusUftheoompanyasanAmer托

anbus㏑

ess in thefuturo.ssThe砌_珽〢幼智

TJ..c乃_雨

(theEasternM沁

cellany),oneofthemUstwmelyciculatedmUnthly

j。l1rna1;undcrscUredthepol士_{ical implicatbn§}

Uftheconcess㏑

nfUllUw㏑

gthe

Belghn usurpatbn Uf1. Itbelievcd●

hattheBelg㏑

ns,equipped南

_北●

extra-te」HtUr㏑土

tyandother pokt沁

al pr∥ilegesb曲芭

dUntheimUst-faVUred＿

nat㏑

n

status,wUuld surelyturn therailwayregbn士比〥apol丘icalandⅡiⅢta呼baSeaS theRussiansdⅡinManchur㏑

.The”

l1rnaIopposedSheng、

progamofrepla㎡

_㎎

theAmericanChinaDe▼

elU●m°ntC°㏑

panyw北

hanewAm田

曲ahoorporatbn,

b●causeitwasfearedth日

tanVSt●

uIat㏑

nofaneWcUntractw°

uldagainbevb一 lated bythe Americansw北hout a diplomaticgu巨ranteefr。in theUnited States gUVernment.“

_The∫

_{乃北ㄗω σ}

heTimes)UfShangh茁

_,anewspa●er inst北

utedby

theoUnst北ut㏑naⅢst母

,fUundthatthestrategyusedbythe●

elgians㏑usuf∥ng

theAmericanconces㎡

bnrepresentedahewfUrinUfimper㏑

Ⅲst schemeinChina.

Thepaperwarnedag㎡

nstarenewedpoI丘

ical19-UrientedcUncos茁

on.hunlnglke

that happenedbefUre l9UU:L㏑ngCh’_{Ich:aU,thenUtedcU出}就二tut㏑nalistandthe mUst eiUquent champiUnUfChinesepat“Ut〝mwhUWasthenexiledhLmselfin

Japan, even published all cUnfmen“㏕ cUⅡespondences exchanged between the prUVindalgentrygrUupsand Sheng in theS九9乃PUa, sU that the abrogatbn

aglatbnoUuldbepushedfurther to thecUInmUnfUlks in｛hestreet.Th● sedocu-mentSW召relater printedintoabookfUrciculation.89 LiangCh’_｝ch’iU’s月㏑阞珝j刀

乃 切η叫四

UWhichwasedledandprintedinTokyUbuthad北

sgieatnumbcrof

readers inChina,siUnglvattackedSheng’s planaS‘_〡re.cherouF’鈕

du地

田thc

peUpletUuse“

tUnandblUUd’

’ in reclaim打 釋

thelrailwav叩

n一溶

S呻

一 一 二 中啤 ﹉

proposeda咒

heUry”thattherailwavIgh●shUuldbelUngtUthepeopl說and﹉the﹉

lUcal pooplewhUl∥edalUngthefailwayrUuteshouldhavethesUleE球_ttUdct.r.

m㏑ewhetherUr not therailwhyconstructbnshUuIdbecUnoededto&fUre地

_h

enterpriso.AnyUfficial由hU蕊_虫6dan‘_逆

「eemen‘cUncerningtherailwaycUncession

〝位thouttheappro▼alofthe‘‘peopIe”_{,LiangannUunced,shouk︳}

_{beoUndemncdas}

a“tra北oΓ’

.B. Hehadnot地

nUiedtheurgent neces盅

tyofco在

struct士_名Ch㏑eSe

railWaysw丘hfUre屯nlUans,butheassertedt●atthera二lwaybonds oouldbenU叫比好

dtectlybytheCⅡ

nosegovernm.ht.In●dditjbh;va」

ousrailwaysshouIdbec.n.

structedbytheCⅡ

nes←

anancedoUm●

a血

eSWⅢ

㏑utanYgovernment interferehce

. 22 .

㏑

theimanage㏑

e.●.Healso stfeSSedthepδ斑沁al imp生cat㏑

hsoftheBelg㏑

㏕

usl1rpaⅡ°n。ftheoUnce㏕on.89

&milarⅥewsWerceXpr°

ssedbyCⅡ

ieSestudents㏑

JapanandtheUn。

ed

States.CU血i唱frUmtheIcher or middle-classfamilies,theywercthemUst sens｝

t∥egroupsunder.thestr。ng二nΠuenceUfmodern natbnaⅢSm.StⅡ

nulatedbythe

stiongpa●bticenVlUnme●

tUfthethostcUuntIeS●

nd山

mbuedw北

hadeepb●

Ⅲ°f

㏑ nat㏑nalismasanefficientwoapUn to revlaliz芭

theCⅡ

㏑esenat㏑nfr。

m北

s

preSentweakpU血

bn,thestudents inJap日nWereeSpedallVact∥

e…

isuppUrt㏒

thegentiy’sdemand出Aft●rtheabrUgat°

n movemcntdeveloped㏑

theprUⅥnceS.

theyorgai●

edaR㎡

lwayAssUσa●

bnUfHupeh,Hunan,andKwangtunginT。

kyo

t。 CU.UrdinateeffUrts towardsther°

。°

Veryoftheoonces㎡

°

n.Theye▼

ens°●t

delegatesbacktUShangh缸

to prU㎡_°

eadⅥ

。°

stUtheprU▼

㏑cialrepresentatⅣ

es

theras8 TheCⅢ

neserevUlutbna呼

groups inJapanundertheleaderJip ofSun

Yat-senwere act∥

einSupportmgtheeffUrtsUfthethreepro▼

ince『

people.Hu

Han.min,Un。UfSun’sclo田StfUllUwerS,pub竹由ed an ar北沁

le in theπ

加 PU●

(PeUplePs Tr二bun°) charg工ng the Manchu auth。r北始『 raⅡway building thrUugh fUre㎏n investmentWas“s°llingout’PCⅡn°sesUVere㎏nt9an●natbnal㏑托 reStS.B9

TheC血

nesestudents in theUnledStatespet北iUnedtheMinistry。f﹉F。re旭

n

A“缸邱inPek㏑

gadwellasChangC㎞

-tunginHupehandTsenChun-hs甲

n in

CantUn,a血

㏑

g七

rcaicellatbhof…

cδr㎏

㏑

altw°AmericahoUntracts.Thc’ex＿

prcsdedthattheUnitedStatesgovernmentShUuldnUt intervenein thecasebecausc 北wasbas沁allVadomest㏑matterfUrCⅡ

na.AstheAmer沁

anο

ompanywasthe

竹st tUvkⅡateits°b域帥tbnS,theyreasUned,丘s miS。°η

ducthad叩

tu●llvexclud°d

北 from thedΦlUmat㏑

prUtectbnUftheUn北

edStates.9。

RepreSentedb9Wang

Ch’un針hutWhUlater playedan impoftant rδlein thesuccess∥eRepub上canre.

giInes,th●studentSu珞

ed theCⅡ

nesegUvernmcnt tU 五

nnUuncepublclythatthe

oon●ess㏑

nwasv。

Ⅱandthen prUcee°tUneg°tiatew●

ththeAmer沁

anC竹

na

DevelopmentC°

mpanyfUrlegala的

ustments.Theysuggestedthat:i●°rdcr to 位

hanceJis reclaimedrailwaypmject,theCⅡ

nosegUVernm●nt shUuldorgan比e

.amilwaycUrpUratbhandnUat lsbUndsdiectlvihthesto。

_k㏑

_{arkets inNeW}

YUrk, LUhd。n and Shanghal; this WUuld preVent the“eXactbn?’UfexUrb。a●t prUΠ

tsbythcAmerican trust㏒

。。

mp.nyandtheAmeΠ

canC㏑

naDevelUpmcnt

cUm●an〦Thec。n就ru〢bhwUrkUftherailwaVw°uldbea“圯ncdtUφN曲 ㏑

. 23 .

American eng㏑eerⅡ_圯

ftInSonacontractualbasis,but theywUuldnUtbe●

er..

mltedtU㏑

terferewiththcrailWa′scUntrUl 色

ndmanagoment.9l ACⅡ

nese student inCalifUrn㏑

,T.Y.Chang,wr北

i略in theDrJgUK∫〞仍da弦

,apub出

catb.

by the ChneSe Student AⅢance UfAmerica, declared that the precedents iaid

dUwnbytheRussianfailwaySinMahchuriaandtheGermanraⅡ

Ways in:Shantung had taught the CⅡnes● t。 believethat ‘‘should theCantUn-Hankow iailway be

cUntrUlled by、a great fUrelgn pUwer, the whole Uf SUuth C㏑na inlght be

threatened.”9●

D.Amㄇ

山泛

nRmponses

It is㏑terest㏒to n。

tethestandstheUn比

edStatesgo▼ernment t°okatth●

VaⅡous stag●s二

nthe develUpment oftheisSue.AlthUughtheAmericanCh㏑

a

DevelUpm●

ntCompanywasd珀

lUmat沁alIV§

usportedbytheAmer㏑

anm二血sters

in China at eveoy stage ofthe negotiatbns, Secretaiy Uf一StateWi1lian】 R. Day, hadne●

eroUmm北

tedthcAmer比

angUvernmeht,㏑

1898,tUguaranteethe,︷

㎡legesandr地hts。

btainedbytheCUmpanyag㎡

nstanyoutsⅡ

einterferenc°.9.

Ine巨rly l9U4,CongertelegraphedJUhnHayinfUrIninghⅡ

noftheCⅡ

neS°dk.

content o﹀

erthe廿

anSfeΠ

ingofthecUntro1Ufthe﹉

CUmpanytUBel茁

anhands.

General WⅡttier, prosident of thc AmcricanChina DevelUpm●ntC°mpaiy, ex-pla二n°dto theS°creta.◤thattheComp巨nyhadUnlyInadecertainchang●

samong

it●

U#icers.9.Haytheh㏑

structedtheA㏑erican ministeratBrusso︳s to proVme

add丘bnal infUIⅢ

atbnUnthe㏑

attei9.ItsUonbecamedearthatBelg㏑n intruslUn

intU the enterpHse was ㏑de°d a rea上ty and that th° United Stat°sgUvernment

㏑地

htbecalledupon to prUtect a nominallVAmeΠ

cahbut actuallYBelg㏑

n-cUntroⅢ

edoUmpany㏑

atumultuousCⅡ

na.

The Amcrican goverh㏑●nt was under pressur● tU take aσtj°n. Wi1㏑m﹉B.

ParsUns,eX-presidentUfth°AInericanC㏑naDev°lUpmentCUmpanywhUhadbeen

expelledfromhkpU就

bytheB°

lg㏑n-dUminatedbUardUfdlectUrs in●arlYl9U4,

chargedopenlyt●at●heBelg㏑

_●

interests,thoughappUmtmgAmer沁

ans●sthclr agentS, had changed the enterprise int° an un-Americ巨n Une.% John FUrd, se-cretaryoftheAmericah入茁atitAssodatbn,wrotetUWil上

amW.RUc㎞

ll,fUrmer

-39U-. 24 -39U-.

λ ㎡ericahoo㎡missionertUCHnawhowasthenaclUseadvicertUJUhnHayon

rarEasternaffa士s,deplo︳

㏒

thesaleUfam苟

。

r北

yoftheAmer㏑

anr㎡lway

●°

mpanY敗

°cks tUthpFre㏄●andBe地●ncap北a上就SWh。

WerepU$blVactingfUr

theRuSSU£

h㏑eseBank.’’ Anart二clewr止

ten㏑

mid-19U4byCharlesDenby,﹉

fUrmerAmeImnIn㏑

曲ter toC㏑na,oonftmedthat﹉theCant。n一

HankUwr缸

lway

oonces蕊

onw盆

S㏑

tent㏑nallyass屯

nedtoUh北

edStateS;斑

Leisbyth●

CⅢnoso

gb▼

er㏕

ont,andtheBelg㏑

ns,sincetheooncess㏑

nSVerYb屯

㏕

ng,hadmade

effUΠs●° obstructtheAmoHcan po#Fss㏑nUfi:外t%θⅣ 帥 yb比J●tΠ〃′ ●r

C●〞 〞 研Cea竹〞 ‘●〞9竹eΓ由 :B例防 田比 alSU°a.㏑dSeVefalfepUrtSofthec㏑ng㏒

characterbftheoonc●恥

bnandlamentcdt●

ats叩_{山 ●}

change would

出

leth.

CⅡnesegUverIlmentapretextfUrabrUga恤theoontracts.卯The”_{Ⅲ …}l〢thzed

Whitt●“’sdefenceofth●unchang°dst在tuS°ftheC°

mpanyasanAmUHcanenteI-prisehfterBelgian oon廿

。

l°fthem葡U【曲 Uftheb°ndsas“absurd”S㏑cehUW“a

fUre…st°ckholdinginterest in ra山oadshadaprecidelyoUmpaiab”StatustUa

㎡mⅢi研 ㏑ anAmeriCanρ_or●Urato●chartefedtocUnstructar㎡㏑ 汨d㏑afUre屯n

cUun竹y,andd茁m㏒ .‥ theinteWe…㏑n°fthes●ongarmUftheU.S.fUrthc prUtect㏑

nUf北

sagentsag●

…

st mU●vblencein that oountrV.’

’

ThejoⅢ

nalalsU

discUntented

Ⅱ

紅

th the st●nd of the American govcrnInent.㏑

φ

。

。

gnizing cUm一

t㏑

uouslytheAm田

北

annatbnal北

yoftheComp●

nys㏑cetⅢswascUntrarytUthe

fac∵

竹

hatf㏑aic㏑llvubhu北ous monarch,themngUfthe!Bc地hns,ktheaccepted

headoftherfst(Ff●noc).:’i°

°

indeed,aft●fpr外entatbnofavagueguarantoeto theCⅡneseministerat

W祁ⅢngtUn onMay!l,19U究th.A…ericangUvernm●ntdmnUtm.k.effUrtStU

oUnfrUnt th。C㏑而 由 岫 名n如_無atUrs.CUmgerwasi外truCtedtUlUdgeaprUtest

盹 血 就 an9●i由j6一由主i去

一

站n一iak.nbithee血nesego呵nmentandtδdeInand

CⅢnese cU.operatjbn ih sett上ng the dkp.te “by usual oontractualreγ汀tS, in,

clud㏑

g,rn.cessary,§

ub㏑

issbntU土

npart㏑lreferUnces.’’i°

l Suchanegat∥

e

standbytheU山

.dS伍

teSfendoredShen『seffUrtsfutile.Undertheoo-Urd㏑ated

pressⅢ

ooftheBen●

v.m.i.hantgroups

ofthethrebproVinceS,ShengwascUm-.pelled丘_{溶ttUSt°pthenUat山}

名°fther狂lw五

ybondSon theNewY。

rk stock●arket

㏑ Jun.19U4,1●2aηdt●.●t。

prUposetUthePek㏒

ool1rt thatthewholemn● es-蕊on●cctnc●lled6hthe出r°ihdth由tthe●xktenceofBelg㏑n。°ntro!ling㏑terUstS

蜘 Amof㏑

anCⅡ

naDevelUpmentCUmpany

南

as oontrary to theor地

㏑al