c
World Scientific Publishing Co. & Operational Research Society of Singapore
BIBLIOMETRIC OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH/ MANAGEMENT SCIENCE RESEARCH IN ASIA
PAO-LONG CHANG School of Management Development Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan
plchang@fcu.edu.tw PAO-NUAN HSIEH
Department of Library and Information Science National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
pnhsieh@ntu.edu.tw Received 25 October 2007
Accepted 6 January 2008
This paper evaluates the distribution of papers published by Asian authors in Oper-ations Research and Management Science (OR/MS) journals from 1968 to 2006. The impact of OR/MS research in Asia is compared with that of the United States and the World, and research trends are highlighted through an analysis of keywords. From 1968 to 2006, 89,293 papers were published in 60 OR/MS journals. Of these, 41.4% came from USA and 16.6% came from seven Asian countries/regions. The contribution of different countries/regions is as follows: Japan 3.7%, Taiwan 3.2%, India 2.3%, Hong Kong 2.2%, South Korea 2.1%, People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1.9%, and Singapore 1.2%. Among all the articles analyzed, 20% have a single author, and 9% have more than three authors; additionally, 22 papers have been cited more than 100 times and 29% have never been cited. Most articles originating in Japan, Taiwan, India, South Korea, PRC, and Sin-gapore are produced in collaboration with local scholars, followed by authors from the United States. Hong Kong is a notable exception, 73% of articles from Hong Kong are produced in cooperation with the PRC, followed by local scholars. The five most produc-tive institutions are as follows: The Indian Institute of Technology, the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, the National University of Singapore, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and the National Chiao-Tung University (Taiwan). Keywords: Operations research; management science; bibliometric analysis.
1. Introduction
Research in the fields of Operations Research and Management Science (OR/MS) has profoundly influenced the development of industry and the national economy. The survey conducted by Chen and Wei (2002) shows that OR/MS has been acknowledged by Taiwanese companies as an efficient managerial tool for economic
development, with future usage likely to increase exponentially. Ranyard (1995) described the unique developmental path of OR in the UK, which originated with scientists assisting war-time operations, only to later transfer to industry in the immediate postwar years, where they have successfully solved the problems associ-ated with most business functions.
Japan formed a unique refined industry based on learning about quality man-agement after World War II, eventually prompting American researchers to con-sider why they could not match such achievements. Throughout the 1960s, and indeed up until the 1990s, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan reached miraculous economic milestones by not only leading Asia in industrialization and technology, but also cultivating several unparalleled industries. Therefore, they are acclaimed as the Four Asian Tigers. These five economies share several common features. First, they are deeply nurtured by Chinese culture, where individuals are diligent and thrifty, with a concomitant emphasis on education that is conducive to economic development. Second, the complementary characteristic has to do with the widespread traumatic experience of war among the population, a phenomenon that has nurtured personal qualities of resilience and aggression, which have sub-sequently become harnessed to industrialization. Third, a factor is the political condition of relative stability, and in this context one might consider the formative influence of authoritarian politics in the initial phase of economic development. This legacy remains relevant in the sense that government policies are consistent and sus-tainable, with the attendant stability drawing foreign capital and technology as a stimulus to economic development. Fourth, the factor acknowledges how exogenous value systems can play a constructive role by connecting with the West technologi-cally and institutionally. Fifth, a factor recognizes that these countries do not have vast lands and population, and are therefore export-oriented economies, in more endogenous terms. Contextualizing each of these constitutive elements makes an appreciable difference in situating present and future trends. This leads in turn to discussion of why the focus of attention at the turn of the 21st century is “Chindia”, (i.e. China and India), both of which are assured of a promising future in terms of economic development. Given their abundant labor supply, they appear set to become the main manufacturing and service providers in the world. Indeed, these combined advantages will most likely transform “Chindia” into world economic superpowers in the near future.
Therefore, this study applies bibliometric analysis to analyze the international academic publications of OR/MS scholars in seven countries/regions in Asia, namely Hong Kong, India, Japan, People’s Republic of China (PRC), Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Many OR/MS researchers from Asian countries/regions return to their home countries to teach or provide service after receiving doctoral education in the West. International publication has become an important indicator of aca-demic performance, and so the researchers from these Asian countries/regions tend to share their research results with scholars in the same field through international publications.
The value of publications is commonly rated by the rank of the journals in the Journal Citation Report (JCR) (Lenhard et al., 2006), which is published annually in two editions, science and social science, by The Thomson Corporation. JCR Science Edition includes data from over 5,900 journals in science and technology and ranks the journals by the impact factor (IF). The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the “average article” in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The annual JCR impact factor is a ratio of citations to recent citable items published. Thus, the impact factor of a journal is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years (Garfield, 1994). Since this factor is an easily available means to quantify the value of scientific work, it is fast becoming widely adopted in the academic world.
The ISI Web of Science (WOS) includes information not only on the frequency of citations expressed by the IF, but also on the authors’ origin, document type and the keywords of the individual articles. The present study uses this database further to explore these bibliometric indicators in order to measure the distribution of papers published by authors from these seven promising Asian countries/regions in OR/MS journals from 1968 to 2006.
2. Method
JCR Science Edition has Operations Research & Management Science as a subject category. The 2006 edition has 60 journals (Appendix, listed alphabetically). This study searched the WOS database based on these 60 journals, and found that the WOS documents can be traced back to 1956. The 60 journals in the OR/MS discipline published 89,293 papers from 1968 to 2006. Of these, American authors published 36,929 papers. In Asia, Japan is the country with both the earliest and the highest number of publications, with two appearing in 1968 (Miyasawa, 1968; Senju and Toyoda, 1968) and totaling 3,342. India also had a paper published in the same year (Erlenkotter and Manne, 1968). The first papers in Taiwan and Hong Kong both appeared in 1975. Taiwan has a total of 2,896 papers, second only to Japan in Asia, including three in 1975 (Chen and Hsiao, 1975; Shih and Chu, 1975; Wu and Shih, 1975). Hong Kong had two papers published in the same year (Chan, 1975a, 1975b). A Singaporean scholar published a book review in Interfaces in 1976 (Langham, 1976); South Korea had its first article published in 1978 (Lee, 1978), and the first article from a PRC scholar appeared in 1981 (Zheng, 1981). Therefore, the data collection criteria for publications stand as follows: at least one author had to be affiliated with one of the seven Asian countries/regions and the paper had to be published between 1968 and 2006.
Many publications had multiple authors. We adopted an inclusive approach to counting, which was better able to evaluate author productivity. Each institution that appears in the author list receives one credit for an article. When articles are authored by collaborating institutions from multiple countries, each country receives
one count for its participation, irrespective of the number of its collaborating insti-tutions. For example, Taiwan and Singapore would each receive one credit for an article coauthored by one Taiwanese institution and two Singaporean institutions. Thus, the number of credits for an article is subject to variation, depending on the number of institutional authors and the number of countries represented among the collaborating institutions. When institutions collaborate, a single article is counted more than once.
The resident population (expressed in millions of inhabitants) was retrieved for each country from the CIA World Factbook.
3. Results
The 2006 edition of JCR OR/MS category includes 60 journals, of which 13 have an impact factor above 1 (2.516-1.036); Production and Operations Management and Journal of Operations Management have an impact factor above 2. If analyzed by region of publication, 35 (58%) of the 60 OR/MS journals are from Europe; 22 (37%) are from the United States and Canada. The seven Asian countries/regions have three journals (two from Singapore and one from Japan), thereby confirming that this discipline originated from Europe (Kirby, 2003). If simply analyzed by country, publication centers on America, the UK and the Netherlands. America has 21 journals, which is the largest number, followed by the UK with 17, the Netherland with 14, and Germany with three. Singapore publishes two titles, while Canada, France, Japan and Switzerland are responsible for one journal each.
Analysis conducted by subject category reveals that 16 of the 60 OR/MS jour-nals, such as Management Science, Journal of Operations Management, and Oper-ations Research, belong to the single discipline of OR/MS. Twenty-two journals belong simultaneously to two disciplines, and 21 journals belong to three disciplines. International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making belongs to four subject categories. The discipline with most overlap is Industrial Engineering: 11 journals belong to OR/MS and Industrial Engineering at the same time; the one with the second most overlap is the discipline of Applied Mathematics, with ten journals crossing over into this discipline, and nine journals overlap with Manufac-turing Engineering.
3.1. Number of papers
The number of academic papers published is an important indicator in scientific research. From 1968 to 2006, 14,816 papers were published by the seven Asian OR/MS researchers (Table 1). The leading countries were Japan (22.6% of papers), Taiwan (19.5%) and India (13.6%). These figures can be usefully compared with the 36,929 papers published in the same period in the United States. Seven Asian countries/regions account for 16.6% of all OR/MS literature during the same period, in contrast to the 41.4% produced by the United States. In the first decade (1968– 1976), the United States published 2,572 OR/MS papers which are 14 times as many
T a bl e 1 . S ci en ti fic pr o ducti on of the sev en A si a n c oun tr ies /r egi o ns , the U S A , and the W o rl d (1968–2006). C o un tr y/ N u m b er of pap e rs P e rcen t A si a P er cen t W or ld re gi on T o ta l I II III IV T o ta l I II III IV T o ta l I II III IV H o ng K o ng 1, 921 3 4 1 252 1, 625 13. 0% 0. 0% 0. 3% 1. 7% 11. 0% 2. 2% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 3% 1. 8% Indi a 2 ,019 71 370 690 888 13. 6% 0. 5% 2. 5% 4. 7% 6. 0% 2. 3% 0. 1% 0. 4% 0. 8% 1. 0% Japan 3 ,342 105 638 1083 1, 516 22. 6% 0. 7% 4. 3% 7. 3% 10. 2% 3. 7% 0. 1% 0. 7% 1. 2% 1. 7% P e opl e ’s R C hi na 1, 730 0 6 0 390 1, 280 11. 7% 0. 0% 0. 4% 2. 6% 8. 6% 1. 9% 0. 0% 0. 1% 0. 4% 1. 4% Si ngap or e 1 ,068 1 3 4 269 764 7. 2% 0. 0% 0. 2% 1. 8% 5. 2% 1. 2% 0. 0% 0. 0% 0. 3% 0. 9% South K or ea 1, 839 0 6 5 450 1, 324 12. 4% 0. 0% 0. 4% 3. 0% 8. 9% 2. 1% 0. 0% 0. 1% 0. 5% 1. 5% T a iw an 2, 896 3 8 2 731 2, 080 19. 5% 0. 0% 0. 6% 4. 9% 14. 0% 3. 2% 0. 0% 0. 1% 0. 8% 2. 3% T o tal (A si a 7) 14, 816 183 1, 290 3, 865 9, 477 100. 0% 1. 2% 8. 7% 26. 1% 64. 0% 16. 6% 0. 2% 1. 4% 4. 3% 10. 6% U S A 36, 929 2, 572 7, 532 12, 612 14, 213 41. 4% 2. 9% 8. 4% 14. 1% 15. 9% W o rl d 89, 293 4, 147 16, 830 27, 670 40, 646 100. 0% 4. 6% 18. 8% 31. 0% 45. 5% I: 1968–1976, II : 1977–1986, II I: 1987–1996, IV : 1997–2006.
as that of the seven Asian countries/regions. However, this difference progressively reduced during the following decade to 1.5 times in the fourth decade (1997–2006). The number of OR/MS papers published in the different Asian countries/regions as compared to the total number of papers published in Asia changed slightly in the four decades examined, increasing in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Japan. Taiwan published 14% more papers in the fourth decade than in the first decade. Hong Kong’s output increased by 11% during the same period, while Japan’s increased by 10%. The OR/MS output of all seven Asian countries/regions increased during the period examined.
Since the first OR/MS article appeared in Japan in 1968, its output has always been much higher than that from the other six Asian countries/regions (with the exception of 1975, when it was exceeded by India). The greatest number of papers from Japan was 199 in 1999, thereafter recording a sharp decline. For example, only 132 papers were published from Japan in 2006. The situation in India is similar to Japan. After the first OR/MS article appeared in 1968, its number of articles fol-lowed Japan closely, and has fluctuated since 1993. The number of articles exceeded 100 only in 1997, 2005 (103 papers) and 2006 (137 papers). Taiwan experienced the fastest growth in literature among the seven Asian countries/regions, having published three articles in 1975, and being second only to Japan in 1993. Taiwan eventually exceeded Japan in the year 2000, and then took the lead along the way. Taiwan produced 323 articles in 2005, making it the only Asian country with over 300 articles in a year. Another fast growing country is PRC. Since the first OR/MS article from PRC appeared in 1981, output has increased steadily over the years. It had over 100 articles in 1999, increasing to 250 in 2006. Exponential growth in Hong Kong became discernible from 1998.
The number of papers published in the international OR/MS journals by the scholars from the seven Asian countries/regions, show steady growth rates overall. Figure 1 indicates the largest number of papers came from Japan, with Taiwan and India following closely. The number of papers from Taiwan surpassed that from India, and followed that of Japan in 2000. The difference between the numbers of papers from Taiwan and Japan had become smaller in 2006. The number of papers, and the growth trend, in Hong Kong and South Korea are both very similar. PRC was late in starting to produce papers, but grew very fast, while Singapore has the smallest number of papers and the slowest growth pace.
The ratio of number of papers to country population in millions of inhabitants was 13.5 globally, 122.6 in the US, and 5.6 in the seven Asian countries/regions. In Asia, Hong Kong ranked first (275.2), followed by Singapore (234.7), Taiwan (126.7), South Korea (37.5), Japan (26.2), India (1.8), and PRC (1.3).
3.2. Quality of papers
International Journal of Systems Science published the most papers by researchers from the seven Asian countries/regions, ranked 53 by JCR 2006 OR/MS category
JP 3343 TW 2896 IN 2019 HK 1921 SK 1839 PRC 1730 SG 1068 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
Fig. 1. Cumulated distribution of OR/MS papers in seven Asian countries/regions.
(1,779 papers, 12.41%), followed by International Journal of Production Research, ranked 22 (1,179, 8.22%), and European Journal of Operational Research, ranked 16 (1,158, 9.55%). These three journals published over 1,000 papers by Asian scholars. Only one journal in OR/MS category, Military Operations Research, did not publish papers by scholars from the seven Asian countries/regions. Table 2 shows the ten most active journals, that is, those with the most papers published by researchers from the seven Asian countries/regions. This table presents the number of papers, percentage of total documents, the position of the journal in JCR OR/MS category, 2006 impact factor and the JCR category of journals. Only one journal listed in Table 2 has an IF value greater than 1, namely International Journal of Production Economics.
It is clear from Table 3 that Japan (2.1%) ranks first, followed by Hong Kong (1.67%) and Taiwan (1.43%), in terms of the number of papers published in the top ten IF-ranked OR/MS journals. Among the seven Asian countries/regions, Singapore had the highest percentage of paper published in top ten journals, ranked
Table 2. Ten most active journals containing most papers by the scholars from the seven Asian countries/regions (1968–2006).
Rank Journal Papers Percentage 2006 2006 Country Subject
Rank IF category 1 International Journal of Systems Science 1779 12.41 53 0.343 GB OR/MS +2 2 International Journal of Production Research 1179 8.22 22 0.799 GB OR/MS +2 3 European Journal of Operational Research 1158 8.08 16 0.918 NL OR/MS
4 Journal of the Operations
Research Society of Japan
833 5.81 55 0.292 JP OR/MS
5 Journal of Optimization
Theory and Applications
709 4.95 31 0.633 USA OR/MS +1
6 Expert Systems with
Applications
547 3.82 14 0.957 USA OR/MS +2
7 Computers & Operations
Research
529 3.69 17 0.893 GB OR/MS +2
8 Reliability Engineering &
System Safety
507 3.54 15 0.92 GB OR/MS +1
9 Journal of the Operational
Research Society 488 3.40 33 0.597 GB OR/MS 10 International Journal of Production Economics 484 3.38 10 1.183 NL OR/MS +2 Total 8213 57.29 60
by JCR 2006 OR/MS category by IF, accounting for the total number of papers of that country, which was about 18%. Singapore was followed by Hong Kong with 15.7%, Japan with 11.4%, PRC and South Korea were about 10%, India with 9.2%, and finally Taiwan with 8.9%. (Table 3).
The top-tier journals known by OR/MS scholars are Management Science, Operations Research, INFORMS Journal on Computing, Production and Opera-tions Management, and Journal of OperaOpera-tions Management. To investigate fur-ther the publication patterns of researchers from seven Asian countries/regions in the top-tier OR/MS journals, Singapore also had with the highest percentage of paper publication accounting for the total number of papers of that coun-try, which was 6.5% (69 papers), Hong Kong followed with 5%, South Korea with 3.4%, India with 2.7%, Japan with 2.1%, PRC with 1.4%, and Taiwan with 1.1%.
The percentage of papers published by scholars from the seven Asian coun-tries/regions in the bottom ranked ten journals (JCR position 51-60) was the lowest in PRC at only 5.5% of the overall total of papers produced in OR/MS literature. It was followed by Taiwan with 6.3%, Hong Kong with 6.5%, Singapore and South Korea with 8.6%, India with 11%, and Japan with 27.7% (926 papers). The high percentage from Japan was because of the papers published in the 55th-ranked Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan.
T a bl e 3 . P ap er pr es en tati ons in O R / M S top ten jo ur nal s b y sc hol a rs fr om the sev en A si a n c oun tr ies /r egi o ns (1968–2006). Rank Jour nal s Y e ar W o rl d A si a 7 H K IN JP PR C S G S K T W 1 Pr o d uc ti on an d O p e ra ti on s M an ag e m e n t 1999 267 21 a 92 2 1 5 1 1 7. 87 b 3. 37 0. 75 0. 75 0. 37 1. 87 0. 37 0. 37 2 Jour n a l o f O p e ra ti on s M an ag e m e n t 1999 281 12 6 0 0 1 1 2 2 4. 27 2. 14 0. 36 0. 36 0. 71 0. 71 3 T ran sp or ta ti on R e se ar c h Par t B-M e th o dolo g ic al 1979 1078 166 69 2 3 7 1 1 7 13 27 15. 40 6. 40 0. 19 3. 43 1. 02% 0. 65 1. 21 2. 50 4 Ma na gem ent S cienc e 1968 4207 187 46 17 30 6 3 4 3 8 1 6 4. 44 1. 09 0. 40 0. 71 0. 14 0. 81 0. 90 0. 38 5 Sy st ems & Co nt ro l L et te rs 1981 2756 456 42 37 135 109 59 13 61 16. 55 1. 52 1. 34 4. 90 3. 96 2. 14 0. 47 2. 21 6 Journal o f Q uali ty T ec h nolo g y 1977 1130 98 10 14 5 8 20 19 22 8. 67 0. 88 1. 24 0. 44 0. 71 1. 77 1. 68 1. 95 7 T ran sp or ta ti on S c ie n ce 1980 892 44 12 3 9 3 1 5 1 1 4. 93 1. 35 0. 34 1. 01 0. 34 0. 11 0. 56 1. 23 8 O p e rat io n s R e se ar c h 1968 4902 170 35 33 36 10 27 18 11 3. 47 0. 71 0. 67 0. 73 0. 20 0. 55 0. 37 0. 22 9 OR S p ec tr u m 2002 147 28 3 0 2 3 6 1 3 1 19. 05 2. 04 1. 36 2. 04 4. 08 8. 84 0. 68 10 In te r n at io n a l J our n al of Pr o d uc ti on Ec on omi c s 1991 2420 500 70 78 124 23 33 65 107 20. 66 2. 89 3. 22 5. 12 0. 95 1. 36 2. 69 4. 42 T o tal o f O R / M S top ten jo ur nal s 18080 1682 302 186 380 175 193 187 259 9. 30 1. 67 1. 03 2. 10 0. 97 1. 07 1. 03 1. 43 T o tal o f O R / M S 60 Jour nal s 89293 14337 1921 2019 3342 1730 1068 1839 2896 15. 72 9. 21 11. 37 10. 12 18. 07 10. 17 8. 94 No te : aN u m b er of do cum e n ts , bp e rcen tage.
3.3. Type of document
The document types identified by the WOS database were analyzed. The most common was Journal Article, contributing about 96% of the total in Asia and 85% globally (Table 4). The second most common document type is Note, followed by Editorial material, Review, Book Review and Letter. Japan has the most types of document (12) in the seven Asian countries/regions, followed by Hong Kong and India, while PRC and Taiwan have the fewest. The document type with the largest number of documents is Note, with 59 and 42 published by Indian and Japanese scholars respectively. Hong Kong is the region with the most Review literature (18), followed by India (16) and Taiwan (12). Hong Kong also has the greatest number of Editorial materials, followed by Japan.
3.4. Most productive institution
The seven Asian countries/regions have 32 institutions, which published over 100 papers. The papers from India, Singapore, and South Korea tend to come from one single research institution. For instance, the institution with the most papers in Singapore is National University of Singapore (NUS) which produced 671 papers. Its closest competitor, Nanyang Technological University, was only able to match half this productive output (308), while Singapore Management University settled into third place with only 29 papers. Distinctive as these results may be, it is also instructive to consider the situation in India, not least because it is even more centralized than Singapore. The institution with the most papers is Indian Insti-tute of Technology which has 704 papers, the largest number in Asia. The second place is Indian Institute of Management which has only 151 papers. The Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) are a group of seven autonomous engineering and technology-oriented institutes of higher education established by the Government of India, but the statistical ramifications of this fact tend to be somewhat distorted by the methodology adopted by the Web of Science. The problems stem from how “INDIAN INST TECHNOL” is referenced as an institutional umbrella term to index the sum total of publications produced by the IITs. The most dispersed institutional distribution of papers can be found in PRC, where many institutions contend with one another. The institution with the highest tally is the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences which has 264 papers. Second place is occupied by Tsinghua University (161 papers). Shanghai Jiao Tong University comes in behind, with 82 papers. Table 5 presents the top twenty institutions.
Hong Kong and Taiwan each have five of the top 20 institutions with over 150 papers published. Japan has four, while India and Singapore have two respectively. PRC and South Korea each have one such institution. The distribution of research institutions in Hong Kong and Taiwan is more even. Hong Kong papers are mainly from five institutions: The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (472 papers), the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (374 papers), the City University of Hong Kong (369 papers), the Chinese University of Hong Kong (357 papers)
T a bl e 4 . D is tr ibuti o n o f p ap er s b y d o c um en t typ e (1968–2006). D o cum e n t T y p e N u m b er of P a p e rs P e rcen tage W o rl d A si a H K IN J P P R C SG SK TW W o rl d A si a H K IN J P P R C SG SK TW A rti cl e 75942 13808 1826 1880 3229 1667 1034 1793 2844 85. 0 96. 3 95. 1 93. 1 96. 6 96. 4 96. 8 97. 5 98. 2 Bo ok re vi ew 4068 37 6 2 0 7 3 1 4. 6 0 .3 0. 3 1 .0 0. 2 0 .3 0. 1 0 .0 Edi tor ia l m ater ia l 2548 144 46 11 33 20 10 16 15 2. 9 1 .0 2. 4 0 .5 1. 0 1 .2 0. 9 0 .9 0. 5 Letter 766 36 4 1 3 7 3 1 5 3 0. 9 0 .3 0. 2 0 .6 0. 2 0 .2 0. 1 0 .3 0. 1 M eeti n g a bs tr act 1930 14 1 7 6 2 .2 0. 1 0 .1 0. 3 0 .2 0. 0 N o te 2169 172 10 59 42 28 7 1 2 1 6 2 .4 1. 2 0 .5 2. 9 1 .3 1. 6 0 .7 0. 7 0 .6 R e vi ew 852 67 18 16 8 3 9 3 12 1. 0 0 .5 0. 9 0 .8 0. 2 0 .2 0. 8 0 .2 0. 4 O ther s 1018 59 10 13 11 9 4 9 6 1. 1 0 .4 0. 5 0 .6 0. 3 0 .5 0. 4 0 .5 0. 2 T o tal 89293 14337 1921 2019 3343 1730 1068 1839 2896
Table 5. Most productive institutions (1968–2006).
Rank Institutions Papers Country
1 Indian Inst Technol 704 IN
2 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol 700 SK
3 Natl Univ Singapore 671 SG
4 The Hong Kong Polytech Univ 483 HK
5 Natl Chiao Tung Univ 407 TW
6 City Univ Hong Kong 382 HK
7 Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol 378 HK
8 Kyoto Univ 364 HK
9 Chinese Univ Hong Kong 361 JP
10 Natl Cheng Kung Univ 325 TW
11 Tokyo Inst Technol 317 JP
12 Univ Hong Kong 311 HK
13 Nanyang Technol Univ 308 SG
14 Natl Tsing Hua Univ 279 TW
15 Chinese Acad Sci 264 PRC
16 Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol 247 TW
17 Univ Tsukuba 236 JP
18 Osaka Univ 213 JP
19 Natl Taiwan Univ 172 TW
20 Tsinghua Univ 161 PRC
and the University of Hong Kong (307 papers). The institutions with the greatest amount of literature in Taiwan are National Chiao-Tung University (ranking num-ber 5), National Cheng Kung University, National Tsing-Hua University, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, and National Taiwan University.
3.5. Most productive authors
Singapore is the country with the most authors of one paper only, accounting for 67% of the total, followed by Hong Kong and India (63%), while Taiwan has the fewest (58%). Taiwan has the greatest percentage of authors with over ten papers published (4%), followed by 3.8% from Hong Kong and South Korea (Table 6).
The author with the most papers published in OR/MS journals in the seven Asian countries/regions is TCE Cheng from the Logistics Department of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, having published a total of 133 papers. The author ranked second is Masao Fukushima from Kyoto University Graduate School Infor-matics (84 papers), XQ Yang from the Department of Applied MatheInfor-matics of The Hong Kong Polytechnic University attained third position (67 papers). Hirsch (2005) proposed theh-index, a new metric for characterizing the scientific output of a piece of research, which is defined as follows: “A scientist has indexh if h of his or her Np papers have at leasth citations each and the other (Np −h) papers have ≤ h citations each”, where Np = total number of papers. Table 7 ranks the active Asian academics by the total items published and the total citations (times cited). Since some of the authors moved or returned to Asia after spending the earlier part of
T a bl e 6 . B re akdo wn of sc ie n ti fi c p ro ducti on b y n u m b er of pap e rs (1968–2006). N o . o f H ong K ong Indi a J apan PR C S in gap or e S outh K o re a T ai w a n Pa p e rs Au th o rs % Au th o rs % Au th o rs % Au th o rs % Au th o rs % Au th o rs % Au th o rs % 1 1176 62. 62 1248 62. 97 1629 61. 49 1629 61. 49 811 67. 08 1036 60. 30 1399 58. 00 2 293 15. 60 316 15. 94 421 15. 89 421 15. 89 173 14. 31 264 15. 37 414 17. 16 3 124 6. 60 147 7. 42 147 5. 55 147 5. 55 81 6. 70 156 9. 08 166 6. 88 4 6 4 3 .4 1 8 5 4 .2 9 112 4. 23 112 4. 23 40 3. 31 70 4. 07 129 5. 35 5 4 5 2 .4 0 4 9 2 .4 7 7 3 2 .7 6 7 3 2 .7 6 2 7 2 .2 3 5 1 2 .9 7 7 3 3 .0 3 6 3 3 1 .7 6 3 0 1 .5 1 6 1 2 .3 0 6 1 2 .3 0 1 1 0 .9 1 2 1 1 .2 2 3 6 1 .4 9 7 2 5 1 .3 3 1 6 0 .8 1 3 4 1 .2 8 3 4 1 .2 8 1 6 1 .3 2 1 6 0 .9 3 3 1 1 .2 9 8 1 3 0 .6 9 1 8 0 .9 1 2 6 0 .9 8 2 6 0 .9 8 8 0. 66 18 1. 05 27 1. 12 9 1 8 0 .9 6 1 1 0 .5 5 2 4 0 .9 1 2 4 0 .9 1 3 0. 25 10 0. 58 15 0. 62 10 15 0. 80 8 0 .4 0 2 4 0 .9 1 2 4 0 .9 1 4 0. 33 10 0. 58 24 1. 00 10 ↑ 72 3. 83 54 2. 72 98 3. 70 98 3. 70 35 2. 89 66 3. 84 98 4. 06 N o . A uthor s 1878 1982 2649 2649 1209 1718 2412 N o . P ap er s 1921 2019 3342 1730 1068 1839 2896
T a bl e 7 . M os t p ro ducti v e author s in O R / M S (1968–2006). S o rt b y P a p e rs S o rt b y T o ta l C it a tio n s R a nk P a p e rs A u thor Coun tr y C it ati o ns A u thor Coun tr y P ap er s C it ati o ns h -I n d e x O v e ra ll Ov e ra ll C it a tio n s Ov e ra ll pe r P a p e r P a pe rs C it a ti o n s p e r P a pe r h -I ndex 1 133 Cheng, TCE H K 1066 K o ji m a , M JP 54 19 .04 18 58 1070 18 .45 18 2 8 4 F ukus hi m a , M JP 890 F u kus h im a, M J P 8 4 1 0. 6 1 5 9 5 898 9. 45 15 3 6 7 Y ang, X Q H K 786 M izuno, S JP 35 22 .46 13 36 791 21 .97 13 4 6 4 T eo, K L H K 749 Cheng, TCE H K 133 5. 76 13 199 1477 7. 42 19 5 6 1 Ibar a ki , T JP 662 R a je ndr an, C IN 49 13 .24 16 50 665 13 .30 16 6 5 6 K im , Y D S K 653 Y a ng, H H K 51 11 .07 15 52 604 11 .62 15 7 5 5 O h ta, H J P 635 Ibar aki , T J P 6 1 1 0. 08 14 72 648 9 1 4 8 5 5 X ie , M SG 614 K im , Y D SK 56 10 .77 15 63 620 9. 84 15 9 5 4 K o ji m a, M J P 552 Lee, CY H K 44 12 .55 13 86 1461 16 .99 18 10 54 K im , SH SK 545 K o nno, H JP 46 11 .6 1 3 5 5 590 10 .73 14 11 54 K im , S S K 484 W a ng, S Y P R C 50 10 .52 14 63 176 2. 79 7 12 51 Y a ng, H H K 400 Y ao, JC TW 37 10 .26 12 50 403 8. 06 12 13 50 W a ng, S Y P R C 364 F u ji sh ig e, S J P 4 1 8. 27 11 45 364 8. 09 11 14 49 R a je ndr an, C IN 360 K im , SH SK 54 6. 55 11 56 368 6. 57 11 15 49 H w ang, H S K 348 H w ang, H S K 4 9 6. 96 11 51 349 6. 84 11 16 48 Sung, C S S K 341 N a k aga w a , T JP 29 12 .18 11 42 419 9. 98 12 17 47 Is hi i, H J P 317 Chaudh ur i, K S IN 27 11 .74 12 29 317 10 .93 12 18 47 Y a m a m o to, Y JP 311 P e ar n, WL TW 45 6. 91 8 5 7 369 6. 47 10 19 46 K o nno, H JP 307 P a rk , K S S K 3 4 8. 77 12 37 311 8. 41 12 20 45 P e ar n, WL TW 282 Chen, G Y P R C 26 10 .85 9 2 6 283 10 .88 9 45 M a k, K L H K 236 Suey o sh i, T J P 2 9 8. 74 10 50 519 10 .38 12 45 Lai , K K PR C 198 Li , D H K 36 5. 21 10 58 270 4. 66 10 197 N ee, A Y C S G 2 8 6. 79 10 32 198 6. 19 10
their academic and research careers in countries outside Asia, to give a fuller pic-ture on the most active and influential OR/MS researchers from Asia, their overall number of publications, overall number of citations, and overallh-indices, regard-less of their institutional affiliations, are presented as supplementary information in Table 7.
3.6. Co-author analysis
Papers from Hong Kong have the greatest number of co-authors, with 4,936 authors for the 1,921 papers. That is, Hong Kong has 2.57 authors per paper on average. The next largest number of co-authors is from Singapore, with 2,644 authors for 1,068 papers (i.e. 2.48 authors per paper on average). The smallest number of co-authors is in Japan, with 3,343 papers contributed by 7,112 co-authors, amounting to 2.13 authors per paper on average. The 2,896 papers published in Taiwan are the contributions of 6,376 authors, which equates to 2.2 authors per paper on aver-age. Overall, the most common collaboration is between two authors publishing OR/MS papers in the seven Asian countries/regions. India accounts for 52%, fol-lowed by Taiwan and South Korea 47%. The second common cooperation is among three authors, of which Singapore accounts for about 35%, followed by Hong Kong with 34%.
The country with the most single-author papers is Japan, approximately 31% of papers. PRC is the next with about 21%. South Korea has the fewest single authors, with slightly less than 11%, while Hong Kong only accounts for about 12%.
The largest number of co-authors for a paper is 16, originated from PRC. It was co-written by five American authors and 11 PRC authors (Kuby et al., 1995). One paper in Japan has ten authors, and four papers with nine authors. Of the latter group, two are from Japan, and one each is from Singapore and Taiwan. The greatest number of authors for a single paper in Taiwan is nine, which included seven American authors, in addition to another two from Japan and Taiwan (Adams et al., 1996).
On the whole, it is clear that most papers published in the OR/MS journals gen-erally involve only one to three authors. Of such papers, India accounts for nearly 95%; Taiwan (93%); Japan (92%); PRC and South Korea (each 89%); Singapore 87%; Hong Kong (slightly less than 85%). Table 8 provides a more complete analysis.
The number of authors collaborating with researchers from different countries serves as a significant indicator of the globalization of that discipline. Table 9 indicates that the scholars from India, Japan, PRC, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan, prefer to work with domestic scholars, and the percentage can reach 100%. Other than domestic scholars, the six countries exhibit a marked preference for scholars from the United States. South Korea has the highest percentage in terms of co-authorship, where 21% of papers were produced in cooperation with American scholars, followed by Hong Kong, PRC, Singapore and Taiwan. The country with
Table 8. Breakdown of scientific production by number of authors (1968–2006). No. of Authors HK IN JP PRC SG SK TW 1 223 364 1,040 370 191 199 602 11.61% 18.03% 31.11% 21.39% 17.88% 10.82% 20.79% 2 746 1045 1,217 678 366 869 1,366 38.83% 51.76% 36.40% 39.19% 34.27% 47.25% 47.17% 3 658 503 821 478 370 572 726 34.25% 24.91% 24.56% 27.63% 34.64% 31.10% 25.07% 4 239 87 199 161 108 148 162 12.44% 4.31% 5.95% 9.31% 10.11% 8.05% 5.59% 5 43 16 41 34 25 39 30 2.24% 0.79% 1.23% 1.97% 2.33% 2.12% 1.04% 6 or more 12 4 25 9 8 12 10 0.63% 0.20% 0.75% 0.52% 0.75% 0.65% 0.35% Total 4936 4416 7112 4041 2644 4514 6376 No. Papers 1921 2,019 3,343 1730 1,068 1,839 2,896 Average 2.57 2.19 2.13 2.34 2.48 2.45 2.20
the second largest degree of cooperation varies by country: India, PRC and South Korea scholars are content to work with Canadian scholars
More than 70% of Hong Kong scholars work with PRC scholars to publish their papers, with fellow Hong Kong scholars serving as a secondary reserve of intellectual capital. Additionally, Hong Kong scholars network with scholars from Canada, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Australia and Taiwan. Overall, international cooper-ation is the most active in Hong Kong and then Singapore.
Which scholars typically publish papers together is another important issue. Of the seven Asian countries/regions studied, PRC has the highest percentage of single papers authored by different pairs of collaboration (87%), followed by South Korea and Taiwan (each approximately 80%). Hong Kong has the lowest percentage, 70%. The greatest number of collaborating pairs of authors producing over ten papers is seven from Japan, followed by five from Hong Kong, two from Singapore, and one each from India and Taiwan.
Table 10 indicates that OR/MS research in PRC is diversified and contentious, inasmuch as a clear research network currently remains at an emergent developmen-tal stage. India has the greatest number of co-author papers among the seven Asian countries/regions. The collaboration network between India and PRC can accord-ingly undergo further comparison through network analysis. Figure 2 demonstrates that Indian authors who co-publish over three papers have very strong networks, and are likewise inclined to write and publish more papers together (the thickness of lines represents the number of papers, thus highlighting the network ties). In contrast, the collaborative networks among PRC authors are more dispersed in the absence of a clear research network, leading to fewer jointly authored papers being published.
T a bl e 9 . L is t o f the coun tr ie s o f c o-author (1968–2006). H o ng K o ng Indi a J apan P e opl e ’s R C hi na Si ngap or e S outh K o re a T ai w a n PR C 73. 09% IN 100% JP 99. 97% PR C 100% SG 99. 91% SK 100% TW 100% H K 30. 14% U S A 8 .47% U S A 6 .97% U S A 15. 95% U S A 17. 04% U S A 20. 66% U S A 14. 09% U S A 19. 16% CA 5. 20% PR C 2 .72% CA 5. 84% PR C 9 .93% GB 1. 52% PR C 1 .80% CA 6. 61% PR C 1 .14% CA 1. 56% GB 4. 34% A U 4. 68% CA 1. 36% A U 0. 83% GB 4. 79% D E 1. 09% D E 0. 93% JP 4. 22% CA 3. 93% JP 1. 31% CA 0. 73% T o tal 1921 2019 3342 1730 1068 1839 2896
Table 10. Number of papers published by collaboration pairs in seven Asian coun-tries/regions (1968–2006).
No. of HK IN No. of Pairs
Papers JP PRC SG SK TW 1 532 372 468 491 426 666 482 69.63% 78.81% 77.74% 87.06% 75.94% 80.73% 79.02% 2 123 62 77 53 94 112 76 16.10% 13.14% 12.79% 9.40% 16.76% 13.58% 12.46% 3 51 14 23 6 22 27 33 6.68% 2.97% 3.82% 1.06% 3.92% 3.27% 5.41% 4 16 10 10 10 8 12 10 2.09% 2.12% 1.66$ 1.77% 1.43% 1.45% 1.64% 5 15 6 5 1 6 7 3 1.96% 1.27% 0.83% 0.18% 1.07% 0.85% 0.49 6↑ 27 8 19 3 5 1 6 3.53% 1.69% 3.16% 0.53% 0.89% 0.12% 0.98% Unique Pairs 764 472 602 564 561 825 610
3.7. Most cited authors
Nineteen papers published by authors from the seven Asian countries/regions are cited over 100 times. These comprise seven from Japan, which is the largest number, four from India, three from Taiwan, two from PRC and Singapore respectively, and one from Hong Kong. The most cited paper from South Korea has only been cited 89 times.
The most cited paper is the collaboration between E Pardoux from Shandong University and SG Peng from Fudan University, which has been cited 226 times. The second most cited paper is co-written by KY Tam from the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology and MY Kiang from Arizona State University (cited 189 times). The paper co-produced by SS Keerthi from the Indian Institute of Science, and EG Gilbert from Aerospace Engineering Department of Michigan University in America, has been cited 175 times, earning it a respectable third place in the collaborative citation ranking (Table 11).
3.8. Research topics analysis
This paper analyzes the keywords listed by the author to analyze differences among the research interests of OR/MS scholars in the seven Asian countries/regions. Each author might choose different types of words when listing key words. Most scholars use plural forms such as “fuzzy sets” and “fuzzy sets theory”, while few settle for singular forms, such as “fuzzy set”, “fuzzy set theory”. Some employ full names, such as “data envelopment analysis”, while others resort to its acronym “DEA”, with both acronym and full name, as “DEA (data envelopment analysis)” or “data envelopment analysis (DEA)”, making recurrent appearances in the literature as well. Naturally differences also occur in spelling, i.e. “data envelop analysis” is also
Table 11. The most cited papers (1968–2006). Rank Time Cited Self-Cited Country
1 226 28 PRC (Pardoux and Peng, 1990)
2 189 3 HK (Tam and Kiang, 1992)
3 175 2 IN (Keerthi and Gilbert, 1988)
4 171 12 JP (Fukushima, 1992)
5 162 33 JP (Pearn, Kotz, and Johnson, 1992)
6 160 57 TW (Kojima, Mizuno, and Yoshise, 1989)
7 157 0 IN (Sugimori, Kusunoki, Cho, and Uchikawa, 1977)
8 155 0 JP (Chandrasekharan and Rajagopalan, 1987)
9 154 2 JP (Chen, Drezner, Ryan and Simchi-Levi, 2000)
10 148 12 IN (Furuta, 1990)
Table 12. Top 20 keywords (1968–2006).
Rank Keywords Frequency
1 inventory 329 2 scheduling 290 3 genetic algorithm 242 4 heuristics 233 5 optimization 220 6 dynamic programming 158 7 simulation 145 8 neural networks 138
9 data envelopment analysis 137
10 linear programming 126
11 supply chain management 125
12 reliability 120
13 global optimization 118
14 branch and bound 99
15 global convergence 99
16 integer programming 97
17 data mining 93
18 analytic hierarchy process 87
19 fuzzy sets 83
20 simulated annealing 82
used. Hence it is prudent to make allowance for different types of keywords when analyzing them.
Table 12 lists the top 20 keywords used by OR/MS scholars in the seven Asian countries/regions. The most widely studied research topics in the seven Asian countries/regions include inventory, scheduling, genetic algorithm, heuristics and optimization. The research topics unique to Taiwanese scholars are fuzzy sets, data mining, reliability, and data envelopment analysis. Further analysis of the keywords among papers from Taiwan, Hong Kong, and PRC reveals that the research topics of PRC scholars are the most dispersed, and the key words are the most definite. The research interests of Taiwan and Hong Kong scholars are similar. The most popular research topic in Taiwan is inventory, which ranks number five in Hong Kong. However, only 12 PRC papers use a keyword relating to this topic. Taiwan
and Hong Kong have the most papers discussing dynamic planning, while PRC has the most papers on linear programming.
4. Conclusion
This paper considers only journals quoted by ISI as OR/MS journals. The analytical approach employed herein has some limitations, and does not cover all the OR/MS publications from 1968 to 2006. Indeed, OR/MS scholars do not necessarily publish their papers in OR/MS journals, but can submit their results to journals of other fields that specifically address their areas of interest. The process of identifying OR/MS papers in other journals is complicated and too impractical to be broached in this study. New methods are worth developing that could perform a series of related functions. Particularly noteworthy in this regard is the identification of an author’s scientific background, in tandem with the matching of keywords, names of the authors and Institutions of provenance, all of which will greatly enrich future understanding of the scientific performance of OR/MS scholars in Asia.
In conclusion, the present study offers a fairly complete and reliable overview of OR/MS research in Asian in the years between 1968 and 2006. In the seven Asian countries/regions under review here, the OR/MS research is active and productive, and accounts for 16.6% of all the OR/MS fields. In a highly competitive world, to precisely know its position in comparison with its competitors can be utilized to identify the strategies to improve the property of allocation of resources and therefore to upgrade the quality of its research.
Appendix. 60 Journals listed under the subject category of OR/MS in JCR 2006 version. Journal Title Rank Impact Articles Issues/ Country/ Subject
by IF Factor Year Territory categories
Annals of Operations Research
34 0.589 129 8 Netherlands 1
Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry 47 0.443 40 4 England 3 Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 51 0.375 31 4 Singapore 1
Computers & Operations Research 17 0.893 183 14 England 3 Computational Optimization and Applications 21 0.8 51 9 United States 2 Concurrent Engineering-Research and Applications 36 0.569 29 4 England 3
Decision Support Systems 11 1.16 156 11 Netherlands 3
Discrete Event Dynamic Systems-Theory and Applications
Appendix. (Continued)
Journal Title Rank Impact Articles Issues/ Country/ Subject
by IF Factor Year Territory categories
Engineering Optimization 39 0.557 57 6 England 2
European Journal of Operational Research
16 0.918 651 24 Netherlands 1
Expert Systems with Applications
14 0.957 162 8 United States 3
IIE Transactions 30 0.637 86 12 United States 2
INFOR 59 0.095 10 4 Canada 2 Informs Journal on Computing 18 0.865 40 4 United States 2 International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 50 0.383 69 6 England 3 International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 46 0.448 3 4 United States 2 International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making
19 0.818 46 4 Singapore 4 International Journal of Production Economics 10 1.183 217 18 Netherlands 3 International Journal of Production Research 22 0.799 270 18 England 3 International Journal of Systems Science 53 0.343 98 12 England 3 International Journal of Technology Management 57 0.233 84 8 Switzerland 2
Interfaces 54 0.338 44 6 United States 1
Journal of Global Optimization
37 0.568 100 8 Netherlands 2
Journal of Industrial and Management Optimization 42 0.488 21 4 United States 3 Journal of Manufacturing Systems 58 0.15 6 United States 3 Journal of Operations Management 2 2.042 49 6 Netherlands 1
Journal of the Operational Research Society
33 0.597 139 12 England 1
Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan 55 0.292 17 4 Japan 1 Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 31 0.633 123 12 United States 2 Journal of Quality Technology 6 1.411 23 4 United States 3
Journal of Scheduling 20 0.811 29 6 Netherlands 2
Management Science 4 1.687 141 12 United States 1
Mathematical Methods of Operations Research
Appendix. (Continued)
Journal Title Rank Impact Articles Issues/ Country/ Subject
by IF Factor Year Territory categories
Mathematics of Operations Research 23 0.785 36 4 United States 2 Mathematical Programming 12 1.117 91 12 Germany 3 Military Operations Research 60 0.08 15 4 United States 1
Naval Research Logistics 52 0.362 59 8 United States 1
Networks & Spatial Economics
43 0.486 19 4 Netherlands 2
Networks 44 0.485 45 7 United States 2
Omega-International Journal of
Management Science
28 0.663 52 6 England 1
Operations Research 8 1.234 82 6 United States 1
Operations Research Letters 24 0.767 94 10 Netherlands 1 Optimal Control Applications & Methods 32 0.6 18 6 England 3 Optimization and Engineering 25 0.73 25 4 United States 3
Optimization Methods & Software 38 0.563 56 4 England 3 Optimization 41 0.5 39 6 England 2 OR Spectrum 9 1.224 32 4 Germany 1 Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 45 0.462 39 4 United States 3 Production and Operations Management 1 2.516 39 4 United States 2
Production Planning & Control
48 0.438 65 8 England 3
Quality and Reliability Engineering International
40 0.508 68 6 England 2
Queueing Systems 27 0.689 56 12 Netherlands 2
RAIRO-Operations Research
56 0.286 16 4 France 1
Reliability Engineering & System Safety
15 0.92 147 12 England 2
Safety Science 26 0.725 57 9 Netherlands 2
Systems & Control Letters 5 1.683 125 15 Netherlands 2 Technovation 35 0.582 123 12 Netherlands 2 Transportation Research Part B-Methodological 3 1.761 52 10 England 3 Transportation Research Part E-Logistics and Transportation Review
29 0.643 27 6 England 3
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Pao-Long Chang is a chair professor at the Department of Business Administra-tion, Feng Chia University, Taichung, Taiwan. He received a BS in Mathematics from Fu-Jen Catholic University in Taiwan, an MA in Mathematics from the State University of New York at Albany, and a PhD in Mathematics from the University of Washington in the USA.
His previous articles have appeared in the Journal of the Operational Research Society, Journal of Environmental Management, Computers and Oper-ations Research, Industry and Innovation, International Journal of Production Research, International Journal of Technology Management, Technovation, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, and Journal of Engineering and Tech-nology Management, among others.
His current research interests are in the areas of technology management and operations research.
Pao-Nuan Hsieh is an associate professor in the Department of Library and Information Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. She received her bachelor’s and master’s degrees from the Department of Library Science at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, in 1985 and 1989, respectively; and a PhD degree from the Institute of Business and Management, National Chiao-Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Her primary research interests are in the areas of bibliometric analysis, citation analysis, and information architecture. She has published her research in journals such as Libri, Library Review, Journal of Library Science, and Higher Education.
