氮肥與化學藥劑對果樹褐根病菌之影響與田間病害防治

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(1)Plant Pathology Bulletin 17: 119-126, 2008. 1, 2. 1. 2, 3. 1 2 3. [email protected] 97. 3. +886-4-2333-8162. 6. . 2008.. .. 17: 119-126. Phellinus noxius ) 1 g/L. 0.5 g/L. 2-3 0.5 g/L. (0.5 g/L. ( 5. ) ((NH4)2CO3) (Ca (NO3)2) ((NH4)2SO4). 5 3. 6 (2-2.5 cm diam.) 6. 2 prochloraz) 10. 0.4-2.0 g/L 4. 2 g/L (5% triadimefon) 0.4 g/L. 10. 0.4 g/L (25%. 2 10 g 2.5 (55 ) 42. 6 6. 10 g 2. (. 10 g. ( 14.3%). 10 g 3.6%). 10 g. (60 ) 10 g. (Phellinus noxius). lamaensis (Murr) Sacc. et Trott.) (Brown root rot) G. H. Cunningham. (1). 200 16. Phellinus noxius (Corner). 130. (species) (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7). (10). 1928. (Sawada, K.) (17). Fomes. 10 (18).

(2) 120. 17. 2. 2008 10g. 7.. l0g. 8.. 20 g/L soil). (. (. 9.. ) 100 g. 10.. pH6.5. (. 15-. 10. 20%) 1-3. 3-5 (PDA. ampicillium. (PNA4.1). 100 ppm. l0 ppm. 10 ppm. (streptomycin sulfate). 50 %. (Benomyl)). (potato 200g, dextrose 20g, agar 15g, H2O 1L PDA) 5-10. 24. 7. (av. 7.5. 7.5. (13). 2 mm). ml. 25 g ). ml. 25 g. 24. 30 cm. 3. 20 cm. 10 pH 5.5). 10 g. ((NH4)2CO3) (. 5g ((NH4)2SO4) 2-3. (. (. (18). 16%. (5 %. 16-8-12) ). (. 25 % ). ). (. ). ). 3. 5 70%. ( l cm). 25. %. 0.5 g/L soil). 5. 12%. 5 % 1 g/L. (Ca(NO3)2) (. 8% (. 25. 1. ( soil). (500. 3-5. 250. 2.5-4 cm. 2 cm. 0.5. 2-3 g. cm 3 6. 3. 2. 10 g. 6. l0 g. 60. (. 2.. (pH meter). ). 10 g 10 g. 10 ml. 1.. 5% 55. 10 g. 3.. 25 % 42 (. ) 2.5. 2-2.5 cm (. 7-10cm) (V-8 juice). 5 % V-8 5. (1 L). PNA4.1. PDA 10. 5-7 24. 3 20. 10 min ( 1. 5% soil). 2.. 5L. ). (triadimefon L) 2g ( 10g (. (prochloraz L) 2g. 4.. 2 g/L soil) l0g. 5.. 0.4 g/L 3. 25% 2g. 6.. ( 3. ) 6.

(3) 121. 91.7 %. 5. 4 6. 16.7 % 2 g/L soil. 6 10 50 % (. ) 0-100 %. (. ). 0.4 g/L soil. pH 5.5. 6 pH 6.3. 2 g/L soil). 12. 8 45 %. 5 pH 4.2 (. 4 (. 0.4 g/L. pH 5.8 pH 4.0. 2. 30 %. (. ). ) (. ). 2-2.5 cm. + + A C B 3 D 2.5 Fig. 1. Effects of treatment of grape vine with 10 g 5% triadimefon + 10 g urea + 10 g CaCO3 for 3 months (Fig. 1B) and every 3 months for 2.5 years (Fig. 1D) showing numerous new fibrous roots on the basal stem (red circle), whereas the untreated stems grew poorly after 3 months (Fig. 1A) and 2.5 years (Fig.1C)..

(4) 122. 17. 2. 2008. Table 1. Effect of nitrogen fertilizers on control of brown root rot disease of different species of fruit trees Treatment 1. Soil pH. 3 months after inoculation Urea Calcium nitrate Ammonia sulfate Taiwan fertilizer No. 5 complex Control (untreated) 6 months after inoculation Urea Calcium nitrate Ammonia sulfate Taiwan fertilizer No. 5 complex Control (untreated) LSD0.052 1 2. Loquat. % seedlings killed Persimmon Plum Carambora. Pear. 6.0-6.2-6.4 5.2-5.7-6.4 3.4-3.8-4.2 3.2-3.9-4.6. 100 100 100 100. 50 67 83 67. 0 33 17 33. 0 17 33 50. 0 0 17 0. 5.5. 100. 67. 17. 33. 17. 6.0-6.2-6.4 5.3-5.8-6.3 4.9-4.2-4.3 3.5-4.0-4.5. 100 100 100 100. 100 100 100 100. 50 100 83 100. 0 17 33 50. 0 0 17 0. 5.5. 100 0. 100 28.5. 50 28.5. 17 0. 83 32.9. For the fertilizer treatment, each pot contained 10 L soil amended with 5 g of fertilizer. LSD (least significant difference) test.. 3. (14). 5% 10 g. 1g. 2.5. pH 5.5. 0% (. ). 0.5 g. 25 % 55. pH 6.2. pH 5.8. 5 pH 3.8-4.2. 2. 0.5 g. pH3.9-4.0. 2 3.6 %. 6 2. 2. (5). (. ). 4. 14.3 % ( cm (. ). 1m. 4.4 cm (. 4.0 cm (. ). 4.3 ). ). 3. (. (wood decay fungi). ) 5-10. (1, 8). (11). Nelson (15, 16) +. +. (NH4 ). (H ) Phellinus weirii (Murrill) R. L. Gilbertson (= Poria weirii (Murrill) 5 3%. (19). Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside. Murrill) (. ) Johansson (Norway spruce). (12). (Scots pine).

(5) 123 Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. Nelson (15, 16). (Trichoderma sp.) (NH 3 ) (9). 3000 ppm. (8). 3 cm. 4. 2-2.5 cm 6. (pH 6.5) 2g. (. ( 2-2.5 cm) 2000 ppm) 2g. 10 0.4 g. 4. Table 2. Effect of soil treatments with fungicides, fertilizers or flooding on survival of Phellinus noxius in diseased loquat stems 1 buried in the soil Treatment 5% triadimefon wp 5% triadimefon wp 25% prochloraz EC 25% prochloraz EC Urea Urea CaCO3 Cattle manure Flooding Control 1 2. Concentration (g/L siol) 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.0 0.4 2.0 2.0 20.0. 10 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 0 100. Days 20 100 100 100 100 100 0 100 100 0 100. 30 100 100 100 100 12 0 100 100 0 100. % survival after Months 2 4 8 100 0 0 100 0 0 75 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 20 0 100 75 60 0 0 0 100 60 60. 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 45. Remark 2 Bacteria Bacteria Tricoderma Tricoderma Bacteria Bacteria Tricoderma. Loquat stems, 2-2.5 cm in diameter and 7-10 cm long, were artificially inoculated with Phellinus noxius for 3 months. Microbes colonized on infected stem tissues.. Table 3. Control of brown root rot of grapes in a field in Shuili, Natou (1999-2002) Treatment 1 10 g urea + 10 g CaCO3 + 10 g 5% triadimefon 10 g urea + 10 g CaCO3 + 10 g prochloraz Control 1 2. Diseased plants/tested plants after (incidence) 6 months 2.5 years 0/60 (0%) 0/60 (0%) 2/55 (3.6%) 2/55 (3.6%) 2/42 (4.8%) 6/42 (14.3%). Stem diameter 2 (cm) 3.3-4.3-5.2 3.2-4.4-4.9 3.3-4.0-5.0. Chemicals and fungicide were dissolved in 1 L water and applied to the soil-surface of each tested plant every 3 months. Diameter of basal stem of each plant was measured at 1 m above soil level..

(6) 124. 17. (. 2. 2-5 %. ). (3-5. 2008. 2.. 5-10 ) 3. 3.. 10 g. 2. 3. ( (. 6. ). 4.. ). 5.. 2. 2. 6. (. ) 7.. 8. (. 60-70 % ) 9. 0.5 cm 10. 11. 3-6. 12.. 13. (18). 14.. 15.. (LITERATURE CITED) 1. Ann, P. J., Chang, T. T., and Ko, W. H. 2002. Phellinus. 16.. noxius brown root rot of fruit and ornamental trees in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 86: 820-826. Ann, P. J., and Ko, W. H. 1992. Decline of longan trees: Association with brown root rot caused by Phellinus noxius. Plant Pathol. Bull. 1:19-25. Ann P. J., Lee, H.L., and Huang, T. C.1999. Brown root rot of ten fruit trees caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan. Plant Dis.83:746-750. Ann, P. J., Lee, H. L., and Tsai, J. N. 1999. Survey of brown root disease of fruit and ornamental trees caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull. 8:51-60. (in Chinese with English abstract). Ann, P. J., Tsai, J. N., Wang, I. T., and Hsien, M. L. 1999. Response of fruit trees and ornamental plants to brown root rot disease by artificial inoculation with Phellinus noxius. Plant Pathol. Bull. 8:61-66. (in Chinese with English abstract ). Chang, T. T. 1992. Decline of some forest trees associated with brown root rot caused by Phellinus noxius. Plant Pathol. Bull.1:90-95. Chang, T. T. 1995. Decline of nine tree species associated with brown rot root caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan. Plant Dis. 79:962-965. Chang, T. T. 1996. Survival of Phellinus noxius in soil and in the roots of dead host plants. Phytopathology 86:272-276. Chang, T. T., and Chang, R. J. 1999. Generation of volatile ammonia from urea fungicidal to Phellinus noxius in infested wood in soil under controlled conditions. Plant Pathol. 48:337-344. Cunningham, G. H.1965. Polyporaceae in New Zealand. N. Z. Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Bull. 164:1-304. Huber, D. M., and Watson, R. D. 1974. Nitrogen form and plant disease. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 12:139165. Johansson, S.M., Pratt, J.E., and Asiegbu, F.O. 2002. Treatment of Norway spruce and Scots pine stumps with urea against the root and butt rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum-possible modes of action. Forest Ecology and Management 157:87-100. Ko, W. H., Kunimoto, R. K., and Macado, I. 1977. Root decay caused by Kretzschmaria clavus: its relation to macadamia decline. Phytopathology 67:1821. Mondal, S. N., and Timmer, L. W. 2003. Effect of urea, CaCO3, and dolomite on pseudothecial development and ascospore production of Mycosphaerella citri. Plant Dis. 87:478-483. Nelson, E. E. 1975. Survival of Poria weirii on paired plots in alder and conifer stands. Microbios 12:155158. Nelson, E. E. 1976. Effect of urea on Poria weirii and.

(7) 125 soil microbes in an artificial system. Soil Biol. Biochem. 8:51-53. 17. Sawada, K. 1928. Descriptive Catalogue of the Formosan Fungi 4:86. (in Japanese) 18. Tsai. J. N., Ann, P. J., and Hsieh, W. H. 2005. Evaluation of fungicides for suppression of three major wood-decay fungi Phellinus noxius, Rosellinia. necatrix and Ganoderma australe in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull.14:115-124. (in Chinese with English abstract ) 19. Zhou, X. G., and Everts, K. L. 2004. Suppression of Fusarium wilt of watermelon by soil amendment with hairy vetch. Plant Dis. 88:1357-1365..

(8) 126. 17. 2. 2008. ABSTRACT Tsai, J. N.1, 2, Hsieh, W. H.1, and Ann, P. J.2, 3 2008. Effects of nitrogen fertilizers and chemical fungicides on control of brown root rot of tree fruits and grapes caused by Phellinus noxius. Plant Pathol. Bull. 17: 119-126. (1 Department of Plant Pathology, Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; 2 Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; 3 Corresponding author, E-mail: [email protected]) Brown root rot caused by Phellinus noxius is a serious disease of more than hundred species of woody plants in Taiwan. Pot trials were carried out to determine the effects of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on disease development, 2-3-year-old fruit seedlings, of loquat, persimmon, plum, carambora and pear were artificially inoculated with P. noxius and planted in pot soil (pH 5.5), amended with urea (1 g/L soil), calcium nitrate (0.5 g/L soil), ammonia sulfate (0.5 g/L soil) or Taifei complex No. 5 (16-8-12) (0.5 g/L soil). Results showed that all of the inoculated loquat and persimmon seedlings were killed by P. noxius within 3 and 6 months, respectively for all treatments, whereas none of the pear and carambora seedlings were killed by the pathogen in the urea treatment after inoculation for 6 months. Another study was conducted to determine survival of P. noxius in infected stems of loquat buried in soil amended with fungicides, fertilizers, or by flooding. Results showed that treatment of soil with urea at 2.0 g/L soil or flooding of soil for 10 days completely eliminated the pathogen in the stems. For fungicide-amended soils, both 5% triadimefon and 25% prochloraz at 0.4-2 g/L soil could completely kill the pathogen 4 months after treatment. A field trial was carried out on 3-5 year-old grapes in a field naturally infested with P. noxius in Shuili, Nantou. Results showed that soil drenching every 3 months with the solution containing 10 g 5% triadimefon+10 g urea+10 g CaCO3 in 1 L of water was the most effective treatment with no infected grapevines developed in all the 60 plants after treating for 2.5 years. In contrast, 6 of 42 (14.3%) tested plants in the untreated control were killed by P. noxius in 2.5 years. Key words: Brown root rot, Phellinus noxius, nitrogen fertilizers, urea, flooding, fungicides, disease control..

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