公共行政發展趨勢之研究
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(2) ~z~~.~~fi~~~. .. fi~.~z~~~~~~~zn~~~~omme~.~~. Robert T. Golembiewski B9;§-~' Jj:;f/!::ffIJl~-~flI-Bgellll .. fJ!1fr.r .. Jta:~B9'Ut"~ (. Golembiewski. 1977: 35) iITi Dwight Waldo .Qlj im,;:Jt~A (model) ".A (pattern) ft. . mm1.~ ifb:mm~:;tt.fii.&e~ , ,,~p~~'"Fil&rp'fm : ~:;tt.fi~IHrtlfiiJit~W1? ~:;tt.fiif{B9 ~~~m~.Jt• • R~mfiiJ?~:;tt.fi~ft~~B9~flI-~W~~IJI~mfiiJ?~:;tt.fii.&~WB9 ftftml1~. ( .NPItJf• • B9'Km) :mfiiJ ? {Waldo, 1975: 222)0 1It7i- ' Michael M. Harmon 0. 0. ~~:;tt.fi~e~bl!~:m ~ J;:t::ma~~~B9-~EE.MJt~*m..Qlj:m1ilJllMB9~iifU ,Jt±~. 13 B9~mil& .. IliWl ... ~#i~~.lJIfii.&B9"~. (Harmon,. 1981:22). 0. *:il::tf~:;tt.fi~a~.. "B9~iM 'M~nJ:il&':::~:1liB9;§-~ '~miMiifUB9$~~.(framework. !!I:HiiB9IDt '. JtiM~lfIiml'im. : - .. fi~~~~ ~~Jt~rp'f;§ 0. =... of reference) . fi~AjlB9i'tf1irp'f;§. 0. 0'::: ... ml. G;. fi~~~~~~M~o~"fi~B9~.~~fmo. WE. J\'\~~*#f.fi&yt~B'gIm. Jim-~ljj~:;tt.fii.&iiH~B9a~~~. ,. :ffB9~:1lim'e7t~~fJtlfi¥:M~~ '~J~Robert T.. =.. Golembiewski ,~p~ f\B7t:m : - .. :ea&fi~7t~iiliil7tIfi¥M if{~fiij(:A.f£IifI7t1fi¥ :M o == .. ~iafii.&~WiililI7t!f;jM ~ ~iafiif{1iW~~WJ (~=) ; :ffB94i:1li.QUE';:. 7t~:n:.fJt!f;jMi&~ '~J~ Nicholas Henry ~p~ ftf!B9IilI7tm : ~- .. ~iafi~7t:ftIfi¥WJ ( lm- 1926 ) m= .. ~~ fi~K6~Ifi¥M ( 1927 - 1949 ) ~.::::. ~:;tt.fiij(:'I'.if{~4i. ~~!f;jM ( 1950 - 1970) ~~ ~:;tt.fi~~.fi~flI-~~~Ifi¥WJ ( 1956 - 1970 ) m. :n:. .. ~:;tt.fi~'I'.~*fij!gWf~Ifi¥M ( 1970 -) (~.:::) *:il::M~~ia~~:;tt.fiif{B9IJ1' ~ .. ~:;tt.fi~~~B9~~ (~Pwhat or focus) .. ~:;tt.fiif{iiH~tfi1j1~JI~ (~P where or locus). 0. 0. 0. ... 0. 0. 0. 0. ... 0. ' im~ljj~:;tt.fi~~~t¥iJa~~~m7t~.:::fJtIfi¥WJTl;/.~~. .ii~,§litiiB9~~. ,. ~f.U/UU~Zm Golembiewski. ~. 0. L.. JIt~7tM~J;:;f/!:.:1li±. Henry pjijAB9l!J7tnA' .iifUitlfi¥. ~~~~iITi~,~~~~~,~Iit~~~7to. - .. af{:f'UTa~:ft~M (. me. ... 0. ~1.fiii. A. WI. Pr:. ISS7 - 1947 ). Ur. Hfiif{~~Jt~*jlJb. PO. ~:;tt.fi~-/tijffl Jlm-B:ffpjij,=..:::a~ej:B9~~~ifU~4' ~. itJtj1887. 1j:. Woodrow. Wilson m:il::IJ9i.Il' :tt~~ljjfi~~1fi.~t¥iJm~jJJJ"'"F ,::t~J:~~ia7tIz:B9m:~ oFrank. Goodnow :(E 1900 ~m:w: Politics and Administration -.4'~m: r ~rhm .~~m.tf(. 1fteGliI*:I:$B9~m ' rmfi~mJl~:1limllt.!!!t~mt¥iJ"fiI~ J (Goodnow; 1900: 10-11). 0. .~z'fi~f1i.mm-iiH~~mfi.tf(*~B9~~~fiiJ@~:ff~o fiiJtlfj~B9~~DlJMt~Jtj-ifilmii!l?. Gerald E. Caiden ~m ' -t-:fL1!t*C* '~IiIDlJMt@. ~@~~jVI~"itf '1iiil~~PL~itijj~ , m-:;f/!:*l!Jjjj1JIl~:;tt.~mtl~Jli.iI m:l'lfi¥~. :;tt.Hfl~B9lt.l:~:>f'."'~ , iITiHfl~~Jlt!Li¥: ' Jl.t.tf(~m:>f'ft ' ~~jl.~:>f'~ , m-:;f/!::ffltz. ±R~~$~JiJ' ~*~.fi~~1(i , mfllfj!~ , if!~fi~~$ , • • • r; (Caiden, 1976:. 32) Jft~m ~fifI)Jfj.tf(fJM.:tJ;:;f/!:~$ (efficiency)- ~@~ (economy) ,~ii'IT' ~;lt.fi. 0. 0. - 112. Wa..
(3) il&1J'JMI$;~MeM~te;t3t ~ft; *~teMeM*fHHliIlifn~J1l!;J!!rrMe.~te.~A::t. Jlt;flM'?£ wUI$lJ 1920 1f:ft ' ~;jtrrMe!'ttfla1ijt-)Ete:J:1!!{i'L L.D. White :tE 19261f:m:l"Introduc tion to the study of Public Administration - • .p, ~mMeftl:if'lJI~mrril& ' tfJ!!If'F~\ 0. 0. ~. ~f>.'E.ft~teWf~. ~. II. iID~;jtrrMe *~RJ$;~. r :if'm1J1i:f5~ J (value-free). teft~~~. 0. (::)f3I.~ tfJ!!illbte~.. ~ n. ,. George Frederickson 'H~m ' ~*rrMe!tJt ftBMeftl~te;t3t~f3I. J! Al'! 'SrteJ!!iffif.flrc , ~m~;jt rrMe:J£- r~ r fM'ffllJf3I. J (borrowing field) (&t gg) ~ ~;jtrr il&m-M fM' ffl iID ~.:i:r5fg.ite$ffi' ' *~IlUt~!II.Ugm-= -riit*2:W1Wtef31.lJtfJ!!illb (Scientific management movement) ~illb.U~ ~z -Gf-m =*3tJ!!iffimflUx ,J;!p-mJ;). F. W. Taylor, Henry Gantt :& Frank Gilberth ~A~ft~tef31.lJtfJ!!J!!iffi ; -~J;). Henri Fayol, Luther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick, James Mooney :& Alan Reiley ~ A~ft~territtfJ!!J!!iffi ; =~J;). Max 0. 0. ". r J!!:mm!ftJi1filllft J (The Ideal Type of'Bureaucracy)·~ MtfJ!!illb:±:~ EI te:tE~~ r !lij:rl3'JlIbf'FWf~ J (time and motion study) '~*If'F AJtJ;).ft~1.i~ft~ r ~*~ J (rule of thumb) :& r fit~~ J (trial and error) '.\lf~. ~ft~te. Weber. ~. t (. :i:ftteIUtm!~. mi'€te ' 'i'!Iij:~lllt:I iilfif:~Wm B.p Xte~lI ' JE.i!D~rrMeWj11pj<~* ,,~~ .. ~ r .N.tiftfJ!! J(good manage ment) te~* m-~rritWlJ~J;.Z iIDtJI;~:i:ft3i:JjI(rrit I f'Fte Jjj01UJl1.il* ,. J;).fJlfi!kiUll1i~ilf'F. '. ~iWjI('F~*. ij1Jn~~:I:. 0. 0. 0. !J. (.::) rrMe mum te ~ ~. m. mm-~ :f1jf31.lJtfJ!!illbte~.. ~Alm~'. '. t:r-=frrMe~~. L.D. White. llS). ~~-~~m7~RJ~1i~te3i:$;~~teff~o. m*:tEIiilfW'. , mLuther Gulick, Lyndall Urwick,. tfJ!!RJjj,~$;-;fIf3I.lJ' ~fiiJ:tErritW:if'RJ? ~=. IJI'. ':±: :!Iij:. '. m-~, ft~tfJ!!te.~~mtJlIJ:tE'I'!lij:te~f3I.lI:&j(:iijtpglliiJ1l!;RJJi!. 19lJm 1926 1f:L. D. White te Introduction to the Study of Public Administration, J 927 W.F. Willoughby te Principles of Public Administration ~ , ~~~rritmtJlUtem~M: Jlt?f. 'Gulick :tE~ Urwick m- 1937 1f:m:l"te Papers on the Science of Administration -11 pg , ~ m 0. 0. , POSDCORB. -*ft~rritte-t:I!;JJ~ (&t1i.) , .\lf~tJI;~I!II.~tfJ!!1Ji{JlU*3i:$;-t:~~. ~o. alz. lk. !&. rPJ '. L). Ito. '=-riit*2fJJ~te~*ilIbJlf31.~tfJ!!illb:±:. ~ir'W~;jtrritltJfiti$;~-r~Wf~te.f3I.. ~*rrMeft~1.i. 71947 1f:ftj (field):e!G~ft (discipline). 'A1i;fH'I'*te. 16:. = .. itM~rrit.fl1tfljW]( 1947 -1970 ). H rrit 1Ji{ JlIJ jI ~ • i'€. 1947 1f:J;).~, rrMemtJllJte1i~M:~:fIjf-F~rrit~~teJt~, jt.pJj Hertert A. Simon 1.Ul ' ft!!~:f.im~rr it1Ji{JlU .R:if'~ ~-$~~ (proverbs) iIDB'.\lf #F~~mggirlI~ $te1Jj{ au ~~~sp.~-~m~1Jj{JlIJ ' ~1i-~ r &1Jj{JlIjJ (counter principle) fftE Dwight. ~rr. Waldo. i~ f~. &z. iii. 0. 0. J!m-"Wmm ' :if'.R~1Jj{JlUte1i~M:1irtl~~ ,ftlJtfJ!!te£*1JM:iIl1irR~~ , ~ -113.
(4) ~dT AIHI91Jm. (value) 'lflSffi' <:JLtM-' Robert A. Dahl tl1ttfji&jJlU_1f~f£~m1lil (ttA) ftB1MJ;&.mmfi~lJj{JlIJ ' .ilk;:Jp:iH41J!f£Eroiffi~_f£Ero ; .ilk::Jp~tfiif£Ero {uni versalliffi~~ IlHtn 3t1t1f.Ero (culture-bounded) ; .ilk::JP.£tnJf ml'tiJH ·iffi:Jf:: ~:fH'~IIJil'tiJ~ ~ ftBimm-?J7mm • ~;:JP~~1*JlIJmHI!JiX:DtlEf3!.~f£l'tiJ}JjUQ 'fjJlg~3t:fji&*B~~iftrJ~ . ~fI:WlJ!~illlt (Caiden, 1976: 40) '" (-=li& rafi- jf)(7.t llIDlli ift e;.E. fF~~3t:fjjf)(JiJf~:£~xttz-l'tiJ~ra~fji&7.tllIDlli' 13 1930 ~ft~IIJU!*1CF.D. Roosevelt fllb r Jri& J (New Deal) '{fjf)(}ff$fll§.5i' t1Jttmm:1& ' geil~tfii9311il " .~~.~'~.~~fF~,jf)(M~fjjf)(.~.~7.t~'~·I3~ll#~ofjjf)(~ • • ~jf)(ra :If~'- J!U~ItiIJWH~~lVFW.~ o:lf~ , jf)(Mfjjf)(7.t~mi¥lJm=(xt!tJ1!.*IIt1& ' ::t~¥lJ 1J!~*5!Uitlt93tl tt ;;l!te:pm:~t}::iEro:R:: F. Morstein Marx ~ 1946 ~mIHf.ll'tiJ Eleme~ts of Public Administration '~If~~~3t:fj~A1f jf)(ra93*Jt ; fjjf)(A~A1fjf)(ral'tiJfEJf5 ; };tfj~.m#~:I't11193~ffllM1* Ot-t:;) ,,-tf!.lEWlfiiJ J.M. Gaus ~ 1950 ~m~l'tiJ: r -~~~fjjf)(~IDIli~JLt~-tf!.~*:ff-~jf)(l't193~IDIli J (Gaus, 1950: 168) 0 IE tnfj jf)( 1*JlU ~jf)(l't1 fj jf)( 7.t llmfli l'tiJ if ~ 11 i€' ~ift e;.E , ~ JLt ~3t: fj jf)( ~ ~ T r ~ ft1] f€. J (identity crisis) ': ?tU~~3t:fjjf)(~jf)(ra93fHl1*~fiiJ? ~~fjjf)(JiJf~93P3~};t1iI'i~ ~fiiJ ? ~3t:fjjf)(**~fj};t:R::enrfll§JiX:~-r~~ll93.:W? (=:)jf)(ra. ~ WI! fj ~ ~ll ~3t:fjjf)(JiJf~~~~~+~93~ 111& ' ;l!,; 1940 ~ft·{]Hi*fll§~ll$<:~-r~.f3!." ~T ~~fijf)(.~*Jit:lf~'Hi!" fjjf)(AAJl1f~&tgmlll~M- (Henry, 1975: 380-381) 'jf)(ra .~f$f; 1930 ~ft~iitMHtllt1Gm~~fjjf)($<:~~ll.f3!.93!11(riJ ?ttlT 1950 ~ftJ!:R::W1JLt' f7lJWI Roscoe Martin ~ 1952 ~geq.: r jf)(ra.~~URU.*1Cra~~fjjf)( J {Martin 1952:. m:. (W. 0. 0. mil. 0. 0. Tht. 0. 665)0. m=(Xt!tJ1!.*IIt1&93-f&IJ;jWJ,IZ§~JiJf~~3t:fijf)(93.~{J}:R::jf)(ra*mm~l'tiJm:~tt~ 'Jl~ffjf)(}ffW.J:93'Ub '~J;(jf)(7a.f3!.~?tIj'i'~ifttilf3!..B~~93. vioral revolution) ti!*93• • '. r fj~1(i-6tJ J (beha. i'&jf)(ra.~/Flnl~3t:fjjf)(~ll);;1(~-r'.:w. " J!1f~~ , ' W1 • • ill~. ' ;ftftBWI r m~fHl1*J -tf!.U.f$f;jf)(ra.f3!.~ll 7.tx.:W~~~ll ' JlIJ~ra.f3!.93IU~Jm~*~~~ " *IIJ:~ , ~ 1970 ~J;( Wi ' ~3t:fjjf)(~~*~IX{J}il~~ra.93*mP3 :If~ , ft!!1M !ilJ;(jf)(}fffjjf)(.mfF~JiJf~rt~ , illtgtnJiJf~93m:iL' , j!PJiJf~l'tiJ.±:~P3~ , tifJ-miWi:§:If;.E o fiiJ~ , ~ra.~~*JllE1tjl~~fijf)(93JiJf~ , {9UWI~ 1962 ~ ~mjf)(l't1. (The Am erican Political Saience Association) 93-• •'iS' (the Report of the Committee on Political Science as a Discipline) e:p' .tt*re~;jtfijf)(?I1~~l't193~Ml7.tx.:w 1964 ~'ji!&ra. ~1¥iI-~~:ite:p~m' r £:~fji!&WfIDlli~flJ J (Public Administration Review) 93Ji:~.It;ttftl! ffi.~~'W*.ti • • ~3t:fjjf)(l'tiJR.~~~.e:po~Tl968 ~l'tiJ~mjf)(ra.iI~iI' tk~*re~3t:fijf)(?I1~JiJffl~liz ~ (Henry, 1975: 381) ~JLt Dwight Waldo it~1ml'tiJ~ ft!!ir,&t~:If.R~~fjjf)(fiX*~ll. rali. eqll. 0. '". 0. 0. 114. ciat·.
(5) ~.it. uni T8'9fN m~. m: r .1t8'91lm~jJ(ffl~~!i~jt:fiB<m~tt'91~!UI~~tt'9 ' ik~~f1!~~.UJl8'9 J (Waldo,. 1968: 8)0. ~oo'~Ifil-~M,~~~jt:fiB<~~'~M~~~~jt:fiB<~m~B<ffl~m '5TB<ffl¥~!i~jt:fiB<1f~8'9D. '. ~~7HJtft:{g:Jj~--ftitIllI!1l. r fiB<W~ J (ad. ministrative science) fF ~~jt:fiB<tt'9$B!W fi B<W~::EJH~* ~ iI;:~'lf}l , 0. ilIIli~If}lW~8'9~iftti%Jj\. 0. ,~~. ~*81Hil..}1. 1ij"~fiB<W¥fF~~jt:fiB<if~tt'9m/L\1J11fjtr,mm. '. ~~fiB<. W~~~m1f8'9 • •~ • • :Jja~1f'5Tjt:~8'9 • • '.~~~~~~~~.fiB<W~~'-E. l.. ~~jt:fiB<tt'9$B!W ,ftg~~~jt:fiB<~~B<ffl~mtt'9-1iif~:WW. lit SB<ffl. 8'9-1iJ}:5t¥WP!PBJE~' .1l{~.n:~~¥W. t~~J. a~~.}I~jt:fg~tt'91JHjrll~~. 0. 0. '. ~~~'lf}lW~if~m. N~ 'fiB<WIfi!:~1i}ltt:- ~$. :- ~iJtf,.. r~1fil. , ik~1ij"fjgil&A~8'9fJftl{ , ~~~jt:fiB<~tiX~ll~m.;... r,¥w ' ~1l{ ~ -1i1ij" ~~ ~.~~Wz. r ~JJi J (focus) ~ r m~ J (locus) tt'9iff*7i~o , ~~fiit.* • .ll~m1 ( 19iO J;).tf ) H iff~ jt:fiB<tt'9 ~ fm 1968 1f. 9 }J 1£ 'I'~ jt:fiB<~~m ~fii1 ;kfii111.'E tt'9T*~ I=l ~ , EI3 Dwight Waldo fU1J~ Syracuse University tt'9 Minnowbrook Conference Center T 33 UL1f.f1!tt'9~jt:fiB<lJ. iJJiIfl. ~ (Waldo*A~**tlO*~). :ments ltfS ; t'9: r. B.. ':fifi-Jj(ift-.tfl ,t-.t~~jt:fiB<mim~8'9rll'~ , ~**JlIJ!l ~8'9:JjJtu jtift-.t~.JUI~Frank Marini m::Eiil8'9Toword a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective -Ii EI3~ft!1.1I'~8'9~~IJlJJi1f§JU~f.5ti1ftt'9~jt:fiB<if~WJJi , "$. ~m (-~AtH.~it~~) m~fm~~ r J1T~jt:fiB< J (New Public Administration) iff~~fi.8'9~m,.~jt:fi.tt'9if~~~~ll~~-MIfi!:~'~~Bm~OO.' • •A1f 0. 0. o~T. 'B<ffl (alit '. Q. -;.E~~tt'9A.'.~'I'~~~A~~~RT-~~-~~~ooBo J1T~jt: fiB<tt'9 ::E~~JJi1ij"* iUIIHfJ ~~. 152:. 1 ::EillUI Jtuf§H8'9 ~fls!. beha ~~, NI!~!!:!t iiJIi!;!8._. B<ffl~. .Ltjtft!1. 1f.fI' ffl£8'91Bt. ~jt:fiB<. ~~fMnflmim.8'9f§Hffll~;~fi.A~f§H8'9ffll~~o. : &~t.m • •8'9 r fJftl{lfillWJ(value-neut • rality) '::E~littfl~Ifi!:*Rj~jt:W~%J~~::rfjg1i'E.fJfit~UIfi; ~iIJ r Iittfl~mJ (social equity) 8'9m~tt, ~~~t!c~1f ~~jt:fiB<if~RjIa~~ r :ifd:fl1£~ J (social jUstice)z. 2.::E~tf.m • •~. r"~~1fH. 'ft!1.fM ;§T-'-E i Amitical. (relevant). (Marini. 1971: 346- 367) : : ~MtJllif~~~1rrlb.T-~~ftf§ H8'9ffll~. ;. (postpositivism). 0. l::E~~am~8'9~.T-~m~:~fiB<}I~~.~:JjimJll~1£~;kf.5~tt'9fF$'~iIJ. im.ffll~~.~z.,~m~~~:Jj~.I~Aa*~~.~.~ • • a~~B<m8'9~~~. o. 4. ::E~~fi\iJIT8'9• • !Wl~ : f.5~OOJltu~~a~ftim~r,,'~:- ~~~If}l:- Blla~t~. J&Jtu :- fiB<AafJftl{~jlfi :ciated model) 8'9m.~~. Ifd:* r,,'~f§H~m~8'9.* ' "$.a.z.~ r IUo:it J (conso. 0. 5. ::E~~~BIUJHttS!~m/L\tt'9m~ : ~~BIl~~tS!~.lUlm.~~tt'9m~M: ' ::E~fi B<AaJll.Lt~iWJ!faf;~nll~~tS!. (client. loyalty)~faf;~~tj£ 115. (program loyalty). 0.
(6) mJ fT0#19i!& J m:m~B'iJ.:E~MiiJ~*~ , J1tm:1f.~19i!&~~.~~19i!&~i!&i'€1B'iJrJI~. .fJ1*4 II /Fm ' @fIB 1rHilJ B 1f.:E ~ 0 # 19i!& IN ,. i!& i'€1~ 1l;tt fIB ~f4 ffjj ~ lr EI .:E B'iJ mrPJ. (=)0 #19i!& ijtf~l!PJIAmm ~~0#19i!&~*~+1f.B'iJ~:tJ~ , fUT 1970 1f.1t, 0#19i!&B'iJijtf~pq~btijtf~Jt~ 0. '~.~~*~1f.m-.B'iJ~~o.ijtf~pq~ffjjW'.:E~B'iJ1f~~mM:.-~~m~~. Mii (Organization theory) ,. ~I]ijtf~lIrJlj,/HlltmfiiJbt~fiiJ~fI=? lIrJlm~pqAittmfiiJ bt~fiiJ~. .~®fI=~?~.~fiiJbt~fiiJfI=~?ft£0#i!&.'i!&.~~'i!&.f4~B'iJijtf~'~IWO. 1f.1tIJfHm 1J:~i±~ [iijffi!j: Jtt§m-1950 1f.1t® ["" frijWj OD) ~Mii~ti1*J' iP.~~ 1970 1f.1t~, 0. iU!IU~~. J (Organization Development. ij~1}#19i!&1f~~_fI=B'iJ.:E~*~Z-. (tl. A)om:~m.~~'[""~£-~~19~~~B'iJ~Mii~ti1*J~~Mii~~'~~~19~~~bt ~19ti1*J~£1if!. , 1982:307). ' El. B'iJ~.~, ~fTbtq1(~A~mr"1IiIjJJtWA~IUJ~B'iJ1fHif~:tJo. .=~~'l1~f4~. (management. J. (~5E. ,... scienceJJ-}!PJt'l1~f4~B'iJti~:hll~~q1(ElG~ --"". ~fTti~'~~mftllrJIm~~~~om:~'l1~f4~~[""~mf4~n~~ti~'~~'~H ~,btjJ~~Mii. '. ~iiJH.z£W ,ijtf~*~q:t~~-~rJjB'iJilffl~~~c. '. ~;ttji~~Mhl~. ~~~B'iJEl~'~~~.n~~~iiJH.z~~,m~~.*~;tt~~z~~~~~~.fI= i;~B'iJ f!it~. 0. J. (~~iIrl' 1980: 221 ). ["" 0# J (public) W["" fl,.A J (private] B'iJ =~~ , ffjj lmmfJi:ll ft~ 0#.~ 1f1UlB'iJ ["" 0#flJ 1iit J (public interest) J::iIil fSIJ1tfl,.A~ ~tlll ~0#fIJ 1iit1f rJI ' ;tt.~iP.~0#19i!& ijtf~i7i~pq , J1t'HJi{~P¥1R[ T ["" fT0#19i!& J ff ijtf ~ lid: Wt;j:§ rJI ii r"Ug B'iJ1I¥. ~ft!iffjj§, I 970 1f.~, 0#19i!&~*~~:tJJm0#19i!&~Ji,~ffiM;lrB'iJ* ' m ,ElGijtf. .ijtf~Jt ~ffjjW. '. 0#19J5t~l!PJI/Fi±mft~. 0. 0. ~m:Z~'B~~.m;ttijtf~pq~bt~~;~nf4~~i;B'iJ~~'~mTi!&~~'~~~'. lid: 11 ~ ,. ~ gt~. , lid: Wt {"~ ~ , bt'l1 ~ f4~ B'iJ~ Mii Wti~j , ~ wll** 19i!& A it ' ijtf ~ ~ f!it~ lid:. Wtr,,'lm jjji. , 0#i!&. 'i!&.~~B'iJijtf~B~~0#19i!&B'iJ.:E~m.L'Z- m:~i!&.~~. (policy analysis) £t~~ni!&i'€1~~~Mii '~fIJmH.ti~j' ~fSI*~~bt1.tVifSl~B'iJ~L1 0. 0. ,ffjj~~~~i!&.~f!it~0#~lmB'iJ-~$~~o£~~~~1f.*'~~ff~*~B'iJ0#rr. f7lJtln The University of Michigan .lm;tt Institute of Public Policy Analysis (Stone &. i!&*m:~H;$Jq1( ~~0#i!&.ElGi!&.~~*m:. Institute of Public Administration q1( ~ Stone, 1975: 30)~. 0. (:c:) 0*19 i!&~ 1f~ mM ij ~~.-mlE~I~IHmIDII**19i!& AitB'iJ~1fll~!.ttHft 191 I 1f.~lrB'iJ["" ~lIU6IDII**~~. J (. New York Training School) ,ffjj.-m~*~.~1f0#19i!&ijl:±~{snt.*~ The . University of Michigan ';tt~ff~*~~~m~, ~0#19i!&B'iJ~1fbtwll**I{'F' sml! ~ ( tlfL) .~0#19i!&~i!&i'€1B'iJ~i;IUl1*-I~j\4./Fm ' @ 0#19i!&B'iJ~Wbt wll**IfI=~*~JIt iiTIWil/F~ , ~1fll.mbt~1:.AIt~ s l!PJIift:hllq:t , ffjj~.~m~iP.;j:§~~ft (Waldo, 1978:. 0. -116 .
(7) ~. 554). <>. {?)Jill 1970 - 1971. ~lf~I!I~M~3HT~Z.*lJ~~tiJ-~lfil1Jo. 36 % ; 1971. Ut. 1972 ~lf~3tfiit¥f~~&~tiJ-~lfil1Jll50 % <> 1971 - 1973 ~lf ' JJ.i{i§t~itra*mz. ~3tfiit*m1;:i;tl tiJ 48 %~m 36 % ; mri§t~1E~'lfJ.!!!~~mz.~~fii!&mi!Z1;:i; 13 %tEr ~1tt<> mJfJij:;Wj~.llz.~3tfiit~~i!Z1;:i; 12%ft!@jm25% (Henry, 1975: 384) <> ~Hi-lf )jljllg:!:lft:1R ' ~. ~3tfiit¥f~m!i2m • iE 1967 ~m 20 M ' ~ 1977 ~ilm 156 M; Ilillk¥ ;Wj*~~f~HiA±~UL1ffb([gSULiI~~TUL (Kennedy 6 Walker III, 1981: 249) <> ~1!I~3t :fjit~f1 (American Society for Public Administration) .~ 1983 ~mll: • Jtll It B1iJ~ 17,000 A' ~1!Ij[lf 112 M:tI:!tJJ5.tll ' Jtfi~rH:It5lb. jt±~ffj~ r ~~fiit~~ J'(. Public Administration Review) *~ El!fJi~ • MM1f ~ <> fblltPf ~ '13 JW~~fiit~9f!gij¥f ~, I!IB.~ • • <>~~'.~I3_mll:'~~fii!&.jt • • mr.' •• m-M.~~. ~!iE. .llfe~~·W.~fJij:MjEJ*.~<>. is!. tJ.!!! f1;:i;. '0. ~.. :&1: . 1Za. *.~·~7~~fiit.N~~N.m~.ll~M·M~~1fW~ • • ~~~~h~'~. 1trr. 3tfiitiE 1980. t~. ~t-t<> M~i±;@;1f. ~f'F. ~~t-t~ft.fii!&~~Alffi*;@;~o. ~. ~. ~tt;~**m~fe#~~t!llfiil? tJ. ~ruJfi1J~~**fe#E~~. '\ ,~~0~fTJJ&**PJf~tf.J~~ -'fiitJl~:15im. J~. EJ 1970 Dwight Waldo. ~tt;tl*, ~~fiit~1f*~-t5.t • • fiitftHiH9IHt~jt~.z.m:. iE 1971. ~~. itJ\U,~7. '¥,. fi~l+1~~iiii!iEH9~~*. ~HJT ~!I. ~rr. ~tB JfM~¥f~. ' ~l!Ifiitmii1=fe~~rR'ij , i!Z~~fX~fiitmii1=ferR'JE' i'&lIt~¥f. ~1E. lk:1id:. ,. 14. AllItJ{)O~:. ~ ±1iH9 Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence. (&1:-0) 0. 0. nn 19ID. • f?lJruJ -li* •. ~~. fb~Jliji~~H9m}!JHt· Jfue~3t. Felix A. Nigro and Llyod G. Nigro. ;(.=tiE 1980. ~z. Modern. -il* • ~~~l!Ilid:ll~~J.!!!JlijiH9i:.&.Jt~3tfii!&m~.H9~.1k¥ , lJmtJ. rH9~~!Wi!iJIJ1li~ • • (Nigro 6 Nigro, 1980: 21-36): L A t:l f5IJ ~i:.&~ : il[33J* ttt*c~ 3R_ ' A t:l JI~H•••:Bt ' ffi1;:i; = -t- tIt*£':~:kti ' lUi! • I±l~$' ~:!'(~1f$ , 7Ec$Jm~:ktitl!iErM: <> tf!.~.A t:lKflfftJmH9~:!:ml±l ' .~ 1983 ~6 ~ 30 Ell:' ;ttg~At:l*'l.jl$U([g-t~ti::T-SJ\-tJ\;I;~'fA ' EJ 1970 ~J;J.*' il1Jo~-ttiA ; ffij~I!IAt:lm=tf.=T([gS--t1L;I;=TA' -~pgil1Jo=a--t=;ttAT A ( &1:--) <> ~~A t:l~Mil1Jo!i2~!P ' itJf.f~ii1=iIlfi1Jft~!lfjj , ~~!@j~ffl~j!:{H9~ ~ <> ::t;jt~A~fFjS~airIil1Jo '~~A t:l *iI' ~AfHifUrR~ImZ.l+1J.!!!Jm E ~:m:~ 2.lid:ll~mH9i:.&~ : ~;ftJm E_:&lmft ' A t:l fb*~llm;:ItiJ/J'm.5.tltt ' ~.Jf~:&lm. OOJE'~~~.OO~'~WOO~.<>lIt~' • • ~.~~~R!iE.~~r • • • I3E~iI~. .rR'JE ' i!Z~**itJf.fH9.¥rR~~ o:fi~ , :!'(i1:~lhhH9~.il1Jo~!k:~$H9!@j1iS~r ' ~. Public Administration. 0. J (. _Ii. mi!&Jf.f~~61k¥~.Hl+1J.!!!H9~JEo :~lIt 178: . l~j!:{M~®~~~~:~.~M,~~m,~jt~~~M~H9~~am'~m~.. ~l!Ilid:ll~fii!&fe~~~~o~ruJiE~.'~~'~~I~:15ffi,.m~irI~.~~irI:15ii1 II?. 'I. :t~. :;t.
(8) • JURI3Ib1t1.iiii • ~OOft1it1Jiiil!P~. 0. #~6!ff$f-tttt)r~~. • M!iMfUiHt9 a••. z · 7';:}E.. ~~e~~f$f-~$mm*~oo~~·$.~~~.~.~.mo. 4.lfrt1tm'UHr~~~.. : iflJf.fJtm-lfrt1tJ:~-g;m.~:OiUllfiiJj§#~!'flJFfm • 7'; :iE:,ij-JJfm:~~m~ ~:Wl4t-It~£:- iii (corporation)'" IfI(labor unions) . . IIhlll. ( pressure groups) . . J;,lJite4t-.III~m.zr~~IIM!HJIm.. • :WltltJit1t~m. (WHO) ~1II~~Im. (ILO) 5. ~ma~mul~~~. : mm~ma~mUI~::t:J!:iE:m~IIIA.a:.~ii'!~(ideas) Jit-(g~ (. beliefs) ffija'" {91J:WlJtllA::t:. (individualism) . . :1E:~3tOOJitilffi (business civilization. and values) . . il&ialblJJJJI%tt . . fiil&ilIlt1ttitt . . ll~;If5::t:. (Federalism) m~~~M;t 0. .0 ,. 0. ·ee~.fiil&~ilf'Fo. :Jt.,. J;,l J:mlllrli~ ~Uf~~ WJ::::JJf ' iiJit:iE:tltJit4t-III.# ~iID.:1l" ' ::t:Jt:iE:~ma.fF ..... m1t.~ . mt.f$UiI . . ~iMBmm*~-}l~rR'~ • **J!fl"ti~~~fI~~~' ~ :WlA pJaIltmU .. AM . . iatJi:. .. 3CjjJ] .. ItW ... ~f'j~ ... m.:1l"~• • 1.iiIDmjf~~rJlm Jlt~ • lII~fi~~1t (International Institute of Administrative Science) i}.Ilt.tp~ (Michel Lesage) . -tl!.mm • ggwt4t-lII~fi~ft~ , ~4t-~III~~il&ra .. ~fi1t .. itt.... ~iM fIII!}fifl"1HI ~ ffijJ;,l riID::::• •!}ftffifi m:jl (.tp~, 1983: 1 ) 0. 0. 1 ~~~~~.A.a:.~*tt!~~nlU~.*rR'm. 0. ~~iM~.~~~~~A.a:.#~~~fiil&~*~~gOO~o. 13 1950 1f.ft~, 4t-IIIJj.m:jifi~m~ Jit~itt. BiMrR,m .:: . . fj~iJfJt~~~fi. ,; 3.. 0. ~£:-#fiil&iJfJt~~JitJt.ffija'"·mm-~~riii~~~~.'~Jlt**-tl!.iID.~~f$~. : m-: .. If'FA1J (work force) ~*j!feQi!frf:! m.:: .. ~IIIA.a:.tt9fJffia:;te Qi!frf:!°m::::"~lIIetltJit~iMm• • ~~aeQi!frf:!omm"~lIIfi.A.iiJRmtt9fi. IJi:eQi!frf:! mn: .. £:-#*;J9j~f4A:1E:~PIH~tt9*j!feQi!frf:! (Garson Ii Williams, ,1982~ ~~~.~. 0. 0. 4m. oe~~~:1l"Jt£:-#fi.iJfJt~~~Jt.**m.~tt9m~'f'F4t-.tt9m.rf:!'J;,l. Dwight Waldo 1 :WlfiiI. %T517"Y:Wlr(Waldo, 1980: 173-186): *~Ilt~ Ii Jit fUi liiktt9fIIIii ? ~ :WlfiiIeJJTffijm.~fii(iI~r~J!J~iM (economy) .. ~* (efficiency)? 3. :WlfiiJeiPltl(ffi (hard· values) Jit_fJM (soft values) rl'l'f'F3C~J&Hi? mmiftl(ffi1!i ~Jf"'~~"IIIIW"~f?omm_fJlffiml3m"'Zf.":iE • • o mfJ5~7"u.rui!&ft~~a.. .M*. ':WlfiiI~~.~Jit~matt9.~~.a:.~.~ft.tt9.~?. 5. :I41fiiI.M£:-;J9jJit~. r Itt J. (Unionism)rR'~?. n:WlfiiJZf~• • ~~.~::t:~Jit.~M~?. l:WlfiiI.M4t-.~~~~• • ~m~~~Zf.OO~?. &:WlfiiJ.M£:-#fiR~ma~~~OO~?. 9.:Wl fiiI liMe R Kt111IiJj~ Jit mfi RA .1IiJj~R~rR' ~ ?. 118. A Lu. (G. 1:1'.
(9) -'. m~w.~~~&~~**~. 11.tUlW~~ ~. ,'l?m!'. 'fi• •**~.~?. ~M!tIJji~l~m~R6t14?. 12.tmW~'i'~~.~~IJ(&.~M't14{t~mB ? ll~W~#.m!m~~.~ • • ~& • • ~~.?. 14.tUlW JR{#jIj~fi~.~rQ~. ? **~Jfi~m.~t14~'l?~n~mW~~~~~~~~~fi~m~~.~'~~~,. ~. .*'&• • M~n~,&~~mW~.~'i'~.&.~~m~o~.k.~.~~~~. :it~IJI.~ , .Jt~~*~tUl~ (Murphy and others, 1981: 505-508; Chapman and Cleave land, 1976: 145-146; Frederickson, 1976: 250-251; Lutrin and Settle, 1980: 321-345): 11}#fi~I~iN'. §l§N'. &tUlW~~-r~Jlt~3IUlL~.f-+?. lIS. 11}~fi~.N&mWa~X3lU.~~~£.?~k~.fflf-+.~~~~?. Ii. 3. bIlW~ r iid:1!l1}m J mi~~ , ;i!1j)j(fi~~~$' 4. mW.m~fEtfifi~~~'i'~~?. o. it 1M. ~~, R~~~?. S**~m~~'i'A~~W?$~~mA~mW.m?. 6.. boW.~$:fi. (participation). ~J'i*ffjjfi~Jt1:f:. (accountability). i1f§l§~ml/Gm~.. m? 7.. fii5t.m~lboWJ~Jl:@]~ ~ ~. (creative). '&Eljji~. (responsive) , (innovative)?. 8. fi~Qi:iJ~~:i:~~(comprehensive). ~~ ~(adaptive). '5!¥l~. (flexible). 1ft1b? E!(;l'Jiim~ (incremental) 1ft1b?. l~~~~M~ •• 8.M~M~~'mW~ffl~ • • • R~.~E~~~ •• .~. .:fE. ?. m1}#~.~~~1}#fi~ • • m~.~A~~W? 11.mM~~~~~fi~~qboW.*.JI]m-fi~W.. ~~. ~**fi~~§I§ • •fi.1:f: • • •mwn~?. ~ :~. 13.boW~~ A~t1!i ~*r:f:t*~m!tm ~*. tion). 15.mWN¥~~m~AR;~t. confidence). ? ~*:tfun ~m7.HI (decentraliza. (centralization). ?. KmW~~t1!i~*~fi~.. Uti. 'EIj~. Mm~I,ffjj~~*Xm§~.~ • • :JtI1~. (expectations). m:. ffjj~1:!f,;. ?. r g1:f:~. J(crisis of. ~.J!!I!?. 16. r ji1}~fi~ J ~~lM~~IlT1Jtf&~¥ fPJm~m:?. 17.ftfttml:'Jst14~~~~JR{boW ~~J:,t ~ ••HllIIHi~.*?. :=:,ffi.&AAnoo. ffim-fi~A~mf&~&m • • ~£~fl~~A'ffjjl~O ~~J:,t~~A'm~~J:,tmi~. A~ • • '~/G~ffi.'~A~.W~'&~A.~~'m~fi~AAmW.#ft~1Jt. Luther Gulick m~r jiAJ (The New Man and Woman) ~~~.*, JJ~~~fi*~~t~ (Gulick, 1975: 266) 'i'~ , ~T A~fEl~~ , fi~$m~Qi:~t!!fi1!fi~AA~~ • • ~§I§ 1J~~J~~ Alvin Toffler ~ 1980 ~~~~ The Third Wave r:f:t ' 1!~**iid:$'~~i.1ii 0. 0. 119~.
(10) :A1irimrtJ*~.~I't9Q!df. l~~mm:~~~. '. jU5JHmfi'f~A.l\t~Rltm'l'*I't9~1f&. (Toffler.. 1980: 5):. •• ~~~~·~~~I't9~a'~~Ifil't9~~~~ffl'~I't9.~. *-$tfo 2~m~~:~~I't9~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~I't9~~,-~~·~*~~ ~'. 0. lI~~~:@~~~aM~~*·~~~Rlt~ml't9~~~~'m~~~RltW~I't9,~ ~1't9 '~'f~I't9A.l\tifDIl. ' ffii~1.JI't9' tI~1't9 ,ul't9A.l\tmw~~'l't9m~o 4. m.,ra;;jj( : I~A.l\tfiMHm.I't9,ra;;jj( (loyalty) ~• • ~~. ffiiil1!>J<1ttii" @B ~ • I't9I~o. 5. m.us. : ~~f!l't9m~*E.lm~ltiJ& ft~ttl't9/im~1IiUm.Ki6. • fillij:f!I't9MHI~ ltifi;ttm: o &m.8I't9m~#~:.H~~ • • @• • a.~I't9.>J<·~BIft*.ff·I.~~ ~1't9,m:.I't9,~~I't9,~ft*I't9~~o. 7.. ~~£-'PJ. : 8 iiU~/!I£-'PJ (multinational. corporation)~*~~. ,. :jt1f~::iW4i-Hf*m. ftt;tJ.l: Toffler m~I:l:Lz. fi~mml!!ilI 8 iiUl't9fi~pg$la~*;j , 'I'~lm93J ~ lWfi~ A.l\tm.~l't9m*.If&~~~~~.~: 1 "bofiiJ ffi~ll1t mill*:* ?. 2~fiiJ~fft~~l't9m.~.?. l~fiiJ~Rlt~~I't9~~?. 4. ~fiiJ'f1liOI~I't9~~~fi?. 5."bofiiJ~~*~~~~W~~~I't9~~?. &~fiiJfl~I't9~$'~~'~~I~A.l\t?. 7."bofiiJ .tI~*~MH~:jtft1J.2fifiMH ,:jtft1J./imMH' it**~, fti*MH ' 'PJi*MrBI. 'Ifi~j§j~I't9Hf*?. a~fiiJ~n~I~A.l\t~~ZA.1.J~~fft.?. 9. ~fiiJlI$:.~~tEm • .pI't9~~1t:jt~.?. 10. ~ fiiJ II$:.~ @] .1{ lid: 111't9 ~If& ?. ll.~fiiJfNl:.~m£-'PJM~~J5?. 12.~fiiJlI$:.~~fflfi~mlQ~'f~zl!i~~~jfi~~?. n~fiiJ~.A~~~M~I~~ft~?. 14.~fiiJ~.*1tftftfl't9 15.~fiiJ ~JIJ'rm. r ~~fAfi J ~~ , 3(~*1t r ~~10. J I't9jfi~~ ?. r fi ~~~1t J. (administrative politicalization) I't9 iUa ? itfiffi~A.l\t ~~.ra'I't9ii"~~Ki6 (linkage) rBIf*? eg , ff iUkIJJUilf,-e1iifii .~ EJ 1W~.tl: ' 1Jft1~£-jtfi~l't9pt1E~~ro.afQt9j~ • m'VH~-1i'l r;!J!~ J ro*:)i:i:W ' - 120.
(11) ~. ~~~~~'~~~M~~rri!&~~~~~~n~~ '~~~~~o.~~,~~~~ )Jj( ~J;~i!& Kf .~ s llfJj.~ IUJPJHl S llfJj Ji1J1l 'A.a:.tfi!&Kf EtiJ lIJ ~'tlil1t1i! at ' ft ~ ~ $. ,. ~~i!&Kf~~~ ••ff~'~~~fii!&~~~~~~~~.*'m~~~~~ot~~i!&m ~. BU~~(HIJi ,-*a.~A::t~*.fL$t' m~~rri!&~W~liIlI_If'F' ~~H~IJij!gW~'I'EtiJ. A::t ' t!. J;~Mf~J~~BIl~B~. m~~'I'A::t. 0. '. ~mft!!~lIIilAi!~fii!&$~~W~~~. ~~.'~~IilAA~~.~~~ •• '~M_$~. ~W~~.~~o.W~'$~~~. wrn~~~~~~,~~tf~.~~.~~~~~.~.~W~~~A~~ •• ~.MJ ~. ? (Mol;!her,. 1978:60) ~ iii. '. 1iI~. § "Iil1i!&Kf.ff.~~~{t (diversity). ,~~7t~1HE~. .~~~.~•• ~W.'~rri!&AA~.~ft~B.Ji'~~~W'~_'~~ •• ~ff. 1m. Thomas D. LynOh ~!ml:3mt±l, r 7.tlilftIlta~E~ J (Lynch, 1983: 353) ~ffl'~lIZ:m. 0. §"Iil1f&:Wtf£.~~II_iHiJ:~ijlw\,. 1ltli$1E. 0. .§Iil1~~rri!&~a.MRW.'~~~~~~n~'~M~~.~~.~~a~~~. ~. ~r~~:. l~~rri!&~lJ!~~J!§~~W?. :~. W::t"? fJZ= ~~ .Ii ?. 'i!&. UA1. 1... A. ~,. '~~~rr.AA?fJZK~Wrr.~~. 2. ~W~~~rri!&~~~. ,. ~~ ,~.~;f{j*5ti.?. 1 ~~rri!&"~~~ftJt~~~. r ~WftJ ~? iI~ r i111_ftJ. ,~~ft~~*; ~~~i±.W~~~~~~~iI.~.~. ~? "Iil1~~i±.2=jf!jft. '. 0. (~~rr.~~m~lJ!~*~.~ •• ?~~~••• R~;f{jH*ft.~~MN •• ~ ~fJ.iiJt±~1f±?mJ~~1JIl.1t1j. ?. ~~W.M.~~~~**H~LW~.~.~~~fJi!&*m.w? &~~fJ.*m.~H~.~f&:Wn~'.W'f&:.n$~,~!g~~~~r~_.~. *J (change agent). 'W~~. r ijlW\rri!& AA J (status quo administrators) ? iW~m~. .~.~.~MH&~~_ •• '~fJi!&~. ;~~m-.i!&.~.fJ~o. I~W~~~~&a~lJ!n$~~~~'~~~~~'I'~~~n$~~.?~~~~~. '~H~'.~~'. , • • ~~Jt. •• H~~'M.~~~'.~.f'F~'~H.~~'M~~N •• ~. ,tif'F~~~ ,.!t!!$fi~' ~_~ '/J\m~M'iJIjf'F~m~Jt, Wx:~ftilll_$. (sensitivity training) 'IUI$' ~.m'~ (internships). ~. 0. a~W~~~-*a~~~.,n$'~~'~.~,~~~~~.~.m~?~~~ ~~~1!iiTI§,. •. , ~.~1tUlf~*5.~~~~1!? ~~~~~~~? rr~~~~~~ ? mJ~ •. ~W~~~~~?. !~W~~~ft!!.ft~.HRffi'.~~A«'~~~rr.~~~~~$~~m,~. {t;tt~*. ?. ~~~_~~. ,m~~@.tf.'rr.AA,~~.~~n~'. ~~fJi!&§ Iil1mjl~~m:*~EIi'&. lJij_mMtft. 0. (descriptive)~~~ft. •• mt±l. ~.RU ,t!IlW~iiJlt@jjE~? M~-*~m:*BJm? ~rfl~. (prescriptive) - 121 . ~fi~' ~H~~~~rr.. § "Iil1lE~a..
(12) grjjrffIH~Jiltmfl~. 0. !w!~~[!IJ~#trJ&®Jf~m~. - . . fjD:iJf~~?SJitIt. ~~.~mm~'Bl~O ¥R~*'~~fia.~&.BA.~%~~~M~~fia ~Jil.5X:-r'~1L B.:E~. (autonomous) Bt.f-t 0 {tie. c. L. Sharma tm!l!i* '-r'.f-tEIGW f-tZ.5X:1L ' ~~:A.E~*f1< (Sharma, 1966: 290) : 1 :A1i~~tm~~ (J:lI!~) 2. W~ A.~:l§NtH~Bt~;t:wll_ 3. $;1L-1WR~~Bt.iHti. 4. ~Jil-1f1lfBJ:lI!Fa.tJ.m2l;!'t;.5X: .tmfi.o~~H~ • • ft.~ • .:E~tm• • ol;!'t;.~:Am.tmB.:E~ol~ft.~B. 0. 0. f-t~Wf4tm~$. 0. ". zej.:J1:mit~M*fl<rm~' EHm~#fJallTim~tEl&~;!'t;Wf-t~.Wtm:l1!!W:'. @.(6J*Jilt. I. ~".M*im,~~a~ • •tJ.1:*f• • • ~tmfi.'rmM-M~*ftm*.~~~~$;r ~J. :::::~, J{IJ ~~fi. §. (profession) .. rWf-t J (field) .. & r .f-t J (discipline). §utmm. ~~~B~:l§rW~J '~~ArWf-l-j'$.~r.f-l-j~~o*a1:*im'~7~-~ &~A~71-. ' ~~fia~BA. fjlJta:nmit~m ~~fl'g r ~~~#fi • • • j(The American Society for Public Administration) JiltttJf~ 1939 ' ¥ 4- Bf$1i • • 17, 000 A~ 1: ' ~ 0. ¥~.~m~~*'~M~~~afl'g¥.(. )0. ~~fi.fl'g~*ft~§~m*~~~1L'm~~~fi.§§u~m.z~~tE~~~~1L B.:Efl'gJ:lI!~offi§~fia.~fl'g.:E~&~Jil.~!l!*'~#fiaM • • ~H;!'t;rmffl.f-l-j. I. fl'g*~,~~;!'t;M~m~.f-ttmJ:lI!~~~~'rm~~~~~tmfiaJ:lI!~o. ;!'t;{7::: ,. 1Hl~~~fi.~~&• •fl'g1jJti. f1tIlmfr (Wald, 113-121;. '. ~~~.~tm!l!i!;. 1978:. 1J1l1:.~B'iJtI~. Haywood, 1976: 544; Mosher, 1978: 428-431; Bennis and Slater, 1968: 73-74):. 1973: 366-372;. Gordon,. ,. 529;. ,. Frederick. llT*~ 1980:. .... ~~a~o 2.1&~Jt~#fia~1t. POSDCORB tm~~i* ' ~~~iT&~NUtfl'gW~~I1J;t: 3. 1j~#.m:fl'gtu~ ... ~fi . . iW1tiZ:l§fi~:tJT .,. ti. 11j~J:lI!~"'~*"~~"'.ff"'~.:E. 4. • JlUfl~~~(OD). J:lI!~J!~*ftj, *~fialtlHl~fjg 0. 5.1j~m.@.~p1HM;j(~~.l!jltmfjg~. problem-solving machinery) l1j~r};nm.J!. ... 0. ,. 'tmI~/J\m. M~ijlf{tieit=Mirp'1ll!M;i';k:~H. ... ~ . . . .. 71-:W.~ "'&:I1!!1J~.fl'g~~. 7. ft. ~ m~ 1:.il: ~ ~1j. ~ ~*f!fJIJIJ1JJ:lI!. ... &{7:::~fl'g~$. 0. 0. 0. 8. ~~iTtm~~~$&.ff~~ , flrPJH~Bfl'g .. mJtfl'g .. lfia• • M~llTfjg~~.~~1L~o. 1O.fJaMtEati;*.r.~· l&&\~~Llati;~*Jtfiail~fl'g~1I!. 11. ~2JSMl~A~H~B ' lm1!:~tiffiafl'g-l1t1j]H~$ 12.fJaHiBMM&tEft... ~~ ...ti;1JiIDgjij~~ 122. 0. 0. 0. (ad hoc. w~m.~. 0.
(13) nfi.~. •• ~ •• ~,ft~ .. ~.,~.~~~o. 14.fij!if{:IfDei.tA1::-*flJ~'. mt.JHf .. ~~'±:L~Jtll:mfiIbJf* 15.•Ji\tlLJ!~~1::-*fi.W~ftmtlll ' ~IDYJ!~~fi.~1!f1i!.~AA~1m 16.fi.1IiIJlJU.~~if;6f1& ' .mroo::::*~~:I: (Fried, 1976: V-VI) : (I)If'FfIftt.JI(work ethic) : ~ill~:fjf§ (effectiveness) 'PlPfi• •lmilJi\t13 ~EI9~li::ta:JfiiJ ? ::t~JJ ' ~. ];tJiJtit~tlf1fiiI ? ~1!f1C5.fB9~Ji!~~B9~*'? (2)~±11fB'.JI (democratic ethic) : ~iIJ @laJ (resp,.>nsiveness) 'Plp.JRm~il~JEI9~ji~mtB913 ~? .1fif.mm*EI9I3 ~~A ~m 1tJ:I~~ 13 ~::i:1!f-~ ? (3) i!1$fIfIJ.JI (legal ethic) : ~ilJ1::-Zf1!!lifl.'±:. (liberalism) ' • •Ifif~m*,r~fjf§J~r@l.J.' • •MA~III • • fiEl9~li::ta:JfiiJ?IfifEl9. 0. 0. ~. !j:. l. , ~. Dei~1!f{1i;.lE'I'i!1$~Ff? ~1!fb ~. w:. m. ;Ljj. ,ill. l. ,. .. '1::-Zf' -~? ~*.:m1::-~AEI9.fU?. ft.'.1::-*fi.~~];taJfflB9.~~W'**.~6~M~B9 • • • fi~~,.n~. ~1::-*.H~1::-fl.~~.H~.~~z.JI~~~~o~ ifii~~~.~. .~{ijIIlm-A~1::-*DEI9.H U. tlA ~ 1::-*M:flz. HllUI~AYiOtU ='fiitAA1irm. 0. '**1::-*fi.~.JI~];t~~~ ~~. ,. Jt~~Ji\t:~t6jjffl.jl. , .ltU.. 0. ~.~lli~~lmm.mm~'fi.AAEI9~~.~m-tt~o~~'rr.AAmaJ.~ z~.1i!JtaJA.z~~'$~tltt~~oDWz'**fi.AAft'±:~EI9.M:~n~:ta:Jr. lL J ~. (Frederickson, 1976: 251; McCurdy. 1977: 366-367; Mosher, 1971: 533; Marini, 1971: 355; Elden, 1971: 36-37; ¥tJ}l 1980: 366-370): .. 1 **EI9fi.AAaJjj'l'17trJil:ta:Jr~~ : (1)f'F-Mml!1!f (organizer) 'ft!!.aJfUfflfi. ~jUlm~.JI~m.*5m (2)f'F-MflJUI1!f (leader) ,ft!!.aJ~~:ta:JfiiJ1f~ilJUimHI (3)f'F fWm.JI1J* (pathologist)' ft!!.aJ~~tmfiiJ~ITM:7a~fi• • HEI9~fIiffi (4)f'F-fW.~(poli tician) 'ft!!.aJ~~:tmfiiJ~lLJtfi.H.EI9.7aM:5t;f;f1i!:ta:JfiiJ~fIJ6fU~!Il.EI9~* (5)f'F M.~51-t1f* (policy analyst) ,ft!!.R~~~J]fiiJH.1::-*.~EI9Ji\t*~~~ (6)f'F-fW'8'~ DWA (expediter) 'ft!!.R~~:ta:JfiiJflJffl*~EI9.1J~l!!:iJ.~ (7)1'F-M~~*(scientist) , ,ft!!.aJ~ ~:ta:JfiiJflJffl~~®~i!~~ • .b.1T.JIIHI (managing change) (8)f'F-Mlfi¥itillJ 1!f (change agent) , ft!!.aJ~~PIlfiiJfUffl m~DJi: (Organization Development) .JI~~.f3iffi' ft.HEI9AJJfim:f'F~fiEl9itffl (9)f'F-f[?lH~~'±:.1!f (internationalist) 'ft!!._WfJtft!!.~ G[EI9m~1i!mm~tfi.itf'FEI9~. OCWF-m$Ujff1!f (innovator) ,ft!!.,~~~Qt1fim~~ffl lJlU**I!{t , ~illl±l$ljjfftt~.±:~ 2**fi.AAEI9~~~fjf§R8 • • ~'A.~tt&R.~o 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. o. ,0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. l**fi.'±:'EI9'±:~ff~R~.iIJ~.'~#m.~.o. 4. **fiJ!&AA fJJR~r:>JW~ 51-I '@lm Jl!~.~::t~ffEl9!@. 5. **fi.AAlmJ!Jbm-r:>J1::-#fU1ia:" ,fttflJtff' ~~'±:~JlIjf'Fffi~1i a**fi.AAlmJ!.~*~m • • • z~fflJtff~fi.Jtffo. 7. **fi.AA.~.1b~flfi~lL~ft;t , ~.:hIl~*flfi~IJIlffEl9i*1k" ' $PlPJl!Atrl 0. 0. 123 .
(14) fiiJ& ~ 8. * 31<HT lif{ AJ~Jlij MtiA Jift4 itiltH~c t; 'filif{ A Ji 1m 14J!!! Mti 1t~f§!l¥9 ~fii*~ 9. **filif{AJilmJ!ArR~JYjJ& rOJ' filbJ& rOJ 'f4~~j!J& ~ , ~tJ.filif{.IHHm9.?BI %M 0. 0. *W-l{:1f~~Iff. 0. sth. '. .&~.. 10.* *filif{A Jilmtl:k5:HI (decentralization). (delegation) l¥9.DfB. ll**filif{Ajift4~JJlJtr~~::It.'lfJ!!!:k~tfl~.&~~m.l¥9tiVj. 0. 0. ='fij?{ti:.~if~15W. 13l:E. 1970. 1f.fttJ.* '. Il.H~£:::ttfilif{~*~lz:bX::m-r'~M. '. ~tJ.if&m:M~. (policy. ~u~)if~bX::m£:::ttfilif{if~l¥9.~~-,~~ • • • ~lif{~*ml¥9£:::ttfilif{tfl'MM~. lz:bX::m£:::ttfilif{*mom~~~1f.*x~~~£:::ttfilif{*m~~:m£:::ttlif{m:~lif{m~~*m. of91JtmUniversity of Michigan l¥9£:::ttfilif{if~m~ 1968 1f.~~~£:::ttlif{m:if~m(Rho des, 1981: 51); University of California at Berkeley i:!1~ 1968 1f.~lz:£:::ttlif{mif~m ( Rhodes, 1981:55);jt~ 1976 1f.:mll:' r?"lJ% :Itg~~£:::ttlif{m:tfl, ElG* 'ElGm : Buffalo, Chicago, Claremont, Maryland. Minnesota. NOrth Carolina. Pennsylvania. Stony Brook.. I. (Cai,. Yale (Rhodes. 1981:. 43) ofoJ~,~~ ~1f. *£: ::ttfilif{ l¥9if ~ fJ:l:If· :k:m~.liJi ' filif{ *m l¥9~~ jj 1Jl1tk~ 'liit~m~i:!1~lTh*tif H:**l¥9~1f.P'3 ' J1tfitl'>@~11riUlr~ liit£:::ttfi lif{~~ P'3 ii'&!ffl.15 jtiJl¥9~J1H~~ mi§f , riii ~"Ji frli~t±~ (Marini. 1971: 353- 355, Gordon, 1978: 435-436): 0. 0. 1 **£:::ttfJlif{ *m l¥9~ ~lm J!~ • Wil~~ ~Wflk!ffl.. applied problems). 'm~f. l**~~lm. .jffij!l¥9J!!!~r,,'im. m.mt 11rfim ~ 1Ull¥9 lIffl r,,~ im (. (abstract theoretical problems) 0. .~~~~M.~~~~~fiia~'14J!!!rrlif{OOimo. l**~~l¥9~.lm~.£:::ttlif{m:~~.&m• • R15iiil¥9J!!!~!ffl.ti.'~AlmarOJ~~ ~:l:1t ,~ij~Mti. ... ~Jt. ... 4. **~~£:::ttfilif{. **!c~H~15iiiB9~:fi. 1Ul~:fi. Q. '1J:7lm~:>Ff6J~mB9if~ml:Hm' "~Il. r £:::ttfilif{J ( public administration) .. r £:::ttlif{ m J (public policy) .. r £:;!t !~Hjj J (public affairs) .. r 'lfJ!!! J (management) .. r 'lfJ!!!M~ J (management science) 0. i**~~l¥9J&rOJ1J:7ft4~m~r~£:::ttrrlif{J~lbB9~.·.~mt11r£:~·~:fiP'3.lm J!~mt,*r,,~im~Wflk~1Ul. 3. 1982:. 2. 3 4.. Q. 6. **~~l¥9::E ~ § B9~-~WII~gg~17.f~~fiJ~B9i:f:l~~fJlif{A. i 0. 1**£:::ttfilif{m~mB9~~*.1m:>F11r • • ~¥8~~B9.Mo &**~~15~~ • • jj~.fflrm.if~J15~l¥9~.,~~£:::ttlif{m~IUl~:fim~o. 9. **£:::tt~1ft~\Hillm• • ~rOJ~~lJl" WII~!ffl.if~~. 1O.**~~lmJ!.jt;j:§IUl~f.1.B9~~. 0. 0. ~~,liit£:::ttfi~if~.~. .. J&~"P'3a!ffl.15~B9~R~.mi§f'**i:!1ft4~m.B9:>F f6J H:m~.~(approach) 15iii , § lThB EE1tUJjUJH'e.~ (the institutional approach) .. *Emif~.~ (the structural approach)' rr~m~.~ (the behavioral approach) 'm~ 0. - 124. 6. I. 8.. 9.. II ~ifil~ ~B9~ 7ij'~~.
(15) ~mm rf&:rr1~di1f3't~~J (the post-behavioral approach) is!. i!&ml¥gfl§UI .. ~ml¥gmfUM:"';fJT .. sthus, 1975: 7-12) tE£:3trrj!;{[ij1f3'tatJ&~. httEi!&mitU:iE~t§1!ft. 1iUii,. (orientation). ttHIt.IHIJjH~"( 5i~E' 1983 (1): 6. iJli ~. ( .Io,. li. L EEl ".1£ ij1f3't ¥lj ~m ij1f 3't. 0. 2. EEl ~ILil: ij1f3't ~Ij 1i 1ti: ij1f3't. 0. 3. EEl ¥~ ij1f~¥lj,*IHJf~ 4. EEl ill ml ij1f ~ ¥lj1:. 1m ij1f ~ 5. m:iEfiftij1f ~ JIj *I J! ij1f ~ 6. EEI~~ij1f~¥lJA~ij1f~ 7.. EEI~ ~ij1f~¥lJ ~1:.ij1f~. f&:rr~ij1f3't~~J;::J!mij1f3't'. rr~AAm~~l¥gfiJf5:tmfiiJ. 5i~EIf(~m.if:lrmtl!t±1at~1ti. (Pre. ' {!;ljlft. 8):. 0. 0. 0. ,0. 0. tE£:3trrj!;{[ij1f~I¥g~~1iUii'.~~~*Bflm~~.'***~~~~:tm~1i~~R (eaiden, 1976: 19- 22). 1 EElij1f~If'F~t§1(Work processes) "~ij1f~iitf:1t;l)ft (societal functions)'". 2. EEl ij1f~.ffti51b (staff activities). 55,. '. 0. "~ij1f~~~ti51b. (line activities). 3.EElij1f~ftm~.ti5Ib"~ij1f~~M~~.~I¥gti5lbo. 4. EElij1f ~ft. 5.. m•• ~j{/f rr ~A A" ~ ij1f ~.m pg at m:ff AA. EElij1f~~IfJll[J!uml¥g~lJ±f'j. (scientism). 0. .~ij1f~mfUM:at£:3tj!;{[mitlj:iE~t§1. 0. 6.EElij1f~£:3trrft*ttfl¥g~$H~"~ij1f~7'f-$H~o. m. lEElij1f~~~rri!&.~"~ij1f~~~rrft.~o. ~M-£:3trr~ij1f~I¥g1i~1iUii. '. 1ti:5i~EIf(~atft~. ,. JmtAT7U1ifJ;;~± (5l~E. '. 1982:94-109 ) : (. m. ~o. ~. II. LJt~atij1f~~o. 2.rr~atij1f~~o. 3.iitf:1tI¥iJij1f~~o. 4.. IL\JlI[I¥gij1f~~. 0. 5.It:l:I¥gij1f~~o. 6. 1£ &. ils-atij1f ~ ~. 0. 7. ~*l1iiPfl¥gij1f~~. 0. 8. ,!- • .Mi.JD I¥g ij1f ~ ~ 0. 9. iif:ffl i1fiJ ~atij1f~ ~. i!!rm1fz '. 0. ~3trr j!;{[.~. E1 mr~lI:. ' {l}::J!-r~*:iE~l¥gw:w. 0. tE't;$;~-r~lJf4z NU. '. ~ft~~~~m.~rm~.o~~~'~~~~I¥giitf:1t~lJij1f~1i~~~3trrj!;{[~~~1f( lJat1F1~. ... 1fj~ .. ~rr~;It!J:ff~*at~U. 0. /F~. ,. 1ti:~. Dwight Waldo. ht~MAl¥gft~' ~. Jffft:fffffiiJ r $-atfflJlJ(Jj .. lJf.o/- .. :elGij1f~1i~ffifii ' stZm:ff~~ft~* ' JfftA~HIl~3trr - 125 . ~:. , {~ t.
(16) R&:tE:Jttlkilr"f If;]mr5lfft " J. (Waldo, 1978: 558) ~~ Z. '. !IE~~3tfj.i& § ttr~-M&1rmlJfli. .~~W~'&1r3t~~~~~~a~~~~~~~.~,m~3tfj.i&~~ft:tE~.~~, jit.~~. ~PL". , f#:l1i'if£~f'F.i!; , jit[iJ.~Jt.fj.i&~'E EJ ~jfin" t!!!'Efjg~ f3~~fJiJ:ttl&f!J EJ ~ ~~03tfj.i&{1;lm~A1MIM/L\~~1i ' ~!f~:f\,:;.i&m~~/L\ '~liH:.~.~M~~::t. J1!~~~~". {li"~m~j.trrJ&®§t~tI~ ~~~.~~~Jt.fj.~~~@.,m~~~ •• '~B •• ~~~.~'~1Mm~B. m'~~0Jt.fj.i&:tE~~'.~'~~~~~~fl~'~B~Amm'ft~~-.~~~~ ~jfin '. ffIT3FMlfJiJ. r 03tfj.i&Bi!7t~ , ll~mfjg¥.HjHi T " J ( ,,:RI:iff::n:-t.1f:*' ~~~3tfj.i&~~~~~~ , ::tJl!~~~!lIJ~fj.i&•. Allen Schick . mIDt~:. Schick. 1975: 157). J!I!~~~*"~ffIT'IE~~~~~t\!,)(1t'.i&f€t'iii±*'i!~~~~~~A'~fM-m*~. ffi~~~~~fj.i&J!I!~~fl~'ft~*m~~~S~'~~ff~~~m~~fj.i&.~o~~ 'Ml*~ff"fjgJ;,(~~m1r~fj.~~~*~~*. fj.i&l.fHI ' ffITm.tz: r ~~fj.i&,\J! J. '. $M:Jtft!!~~~~~~*. ,ftU~~zJ fj.i&D~. '. f'}!jf§t*~~. J ttr~~~Jf:;f!.I3~ (H-=:). 0. ~. 'm.tz:~~fj.i&,\J!~~~~0Jt.fj.i&B •• ~n~fl~o:tE~~-m~m.tz:~~fj.i&~z. ttr'~~~.~~03tfj.~~~~fftt\!~~§ttrm~~~mJl!~mf'F.~~~~o. ~~0Jt.fj.~~,\J!~~~'. ~B1r:n:-t1f:~~~~~o~~18 1f:~*.m,\J!~&. rfj.~J~rfj•• "~J 'f#:l.~~fj.i&~,\J!~,\J!.~~~~No~!lIJ~ 1f:~~E. ~1f~. r fj.~ZJ!l!~~.~ J -it '. 1E1ffl~t:rJitfil±l!l& ,:tt1l1~*~.tff. '. ~~!lIJm-*. ,\J!.f£~fj.~~f'F'~~~~~.f!Jr~~fjR&~4mJzmo .m~~!lIJ38. .tz:fj• •:f4~~ fjR&~m. 0. tior. 1f:.#~'.~~m~0Jt.fj.Z~~~.'m:tE~,\J!fl~·~#.~. (.IlP4-~.tz:~~*~~JIj~~ttrJ!t) f#:l&1rIJAl~~7f.. ili$ll~~ 51. '. 1f:1E~~Wflta*~ (University of Michigan). *~~~~.tz:0Jt.fj.~:&Jf:TJ!I!fi:ff~'L\. ... ~*~~t5i::tt*&.tz:. Mb.!VJ'. 0#fj.m~~:&Jf:'1fJ!l!m~. :tE~.tz:.i&m. , ;tt!!!~fIl~0. 3tfj.i&fi:,\J!~~,~~~~m~o~~E~*,\J!~.~.tz:fj.i&m~'~:tE.i&m~~.tz:03t. fj.i&mof3ttr&1r0#fj.~~m~~I?l.tz:.i&m*,\J!;&1r~3tfj.i&.i6!:m~~m~~t3I'iJ.tz: ~~*,\J!;.1r03tfj.i&~~1r~~.i&f€t*~,~.tz:~~*~,~.tz:~rr*. (~~$);. ~1rfj.i&'1fJ!l!~~1r~.tz:~~)(1t*~(~~$) ;:tE.i&m~.1r~3tfj.m~1rI?l.tz:#.. *~,~.tz:*~*,\J!,~~.tz:*~*~o~7f.,~.tz:.~*,\J!m~~~fj.i&.:f4~~~~~ ~!lIJ66 1f:~.tz:'t!!!~~0Jt.fj.fi:,\J!~:Jt~.,~~mr~fft-*~o J3~ ~.. 0. ,. .i&m~1f:*-ili~~~fj.i&~$. ~ ~~fFf.lbtlr. 1 ~~ fj.~$. J. ,. ~fj.i&mft1t. ' m.tz:tilfjg1i~~.i&m1Jij~n. :. 23 1f:fA3.i&$&.tz: r fj.i&~$liIf~* J ~AflJ" - 126. '~n~fji!&'1fJ!l!r,,'m~~~'. :tt1±lJl& r. 01Jij litfj.
(17) 2. ~1!I24. J 7t~mrriifl:~lli.1fM l~~U ~rrriifl:~*M~.J~.rrriifl:~*~ •••• J ·~.a~rriifl:~o 4. ~1!I29~ 12 JI:7tJI*'E jf4~~~ r rriifl:~J.ij{Jm J • :±~fat!ll~[t . . ¥!lrr'" ~~=* .'im.~ r rriifl:=~1IiU J MfnpJ;iltll r !:f:'*~~tJiU J Jit r .iifI:.If'F~~ • • ~J'~~f*~[t lJ.. r. rriifl:~*M~.. 0. 0. ~~If'Fo. 5. ~1!I46 ~ I JlRX;ll. it lli~ 1fi.ltfdl47. f ~ ~. ~ ~. g. r rriifl:~lJ..m 15t11H1i1.• • • Mt-t• •*J '1:Bji~~:ge ~:±fif •. {If 0. 6. ~1!I47 ~.. .*'Eff.f=lIi¥rr.il&~1fi. • •". ~:±fif·itl±llt~ J • IE • ;jt~;ft;JmHJ1.~ ~ 88 {If ,;jt!:f:'~~~*mHJ1.1Jfi:1tfff 46 ~ • ~~*J(1Jfi:1tfff 13 7. ~1!I55 ~ 12 Jlrr.il&~JiX:ll r rriifl:~1fi.M~" J • tat-t~l!Irr.il&1IiU!l • ml±l~.~fdlo a~l!I~ ~3J1J;iltllrrriifl:~M~~~~~ • •*J • • • • ~~~IHI~M~~.'" 1f1li1l ~ ~ ....~ nll~ . . j! ~}I~ f'F 9. ~1!I61 ~6 JI~ 67 ~ 5 JI ' rriifl:~.~ • • rr.il&1fi.JrlJ...!i!;nll~If'F lO.~1!I69 ~ 7JI ••rr r ~l!Irriifl:"iM J • ~!:f:'*~:tfB.1.i:±1f 204 A • lJ..:w:*¥:1tfm. 3 JlJ;iltll r. 0. 0. 0. ~. ·~~~t-t~~rr.il&W~lJ..~.m~o. 7. 1l.~1!172 ~. 7 JI ~ 9JI '. .r.IHli1.• • ~~~J. rra~~mf:W:*¥:1tf.+ A. • ft!:f:'* . .. ... m72 mtllHHi£. ·taW~~·~*~.o. 1E~.~.·81!1~~rriifl:Z.¥~M~BmAm.·W.il&ff.f.m-~.A~.If'F·~ ~. ~~~11·~~B.81!1~~rriifl:~~.~.~~~·~~~~~~@o. l. (environmental context) IHIHi.tR:~ • 1Wf!iJlj~lliiff~tR: ~RX;~ • fi!!8I!1np~EB~1J.t~IiIlJ*~AI~ftlillJ~~rrllj • Il:;JWif~~~rriifl:3i§~(adapta tion) rJl& ;jt!:f:'ff~~~~~~rriifl:JI!.IEiID=:1tf • ff ~j{g.R.81r'f!Ij.il!3'l*~.j! , ff. $:. ~W. '. EBm-8~ rr.il&mm~~. 0. ~. tl. ffs. ~71i1100~~J!o. =... ftlillJ~*fiiifl:Hftmoo.~OO.lJ..~~Zm. ['J~8~BilAJlIillJ-t+~tt· nD~~~1!ft~I!I~.AI~{tI!l~~rr7U. 0. JIt-IlifJW~. ~. ~11lJ..mllr~~~~m~~8I!1WIli¥~~IEJ;ilt.I~ftl!l~'K~.I~ft~~I!I~~.. ~. oWrriifl:.~~fi!l • • IHI.~I!I~mttft~~!llJ..~.,1l:;J.8~~.~rr.il&.~~.~. II. ftrr.il& (development administration) ( IIjRfl· 1980:4 ) ~WtE8Ii1lJrriifl:.~~fi!:f:' • ~.lttJlj : iftJl!.~IEtEI~1t~fi!:f:'~iitl:it • .:p.~~~:p~*jI~m~~~tEjflj/JtI ~ftifr.f:frli9~ flrR~& • aim:J3i§IlI~ . . ¥~1t . . '&1lI~~rR~& C:~JiI~' 1978: 78-79 ) Il:;J. .. ~. 0. 0. JIt·~~.~*·I!I~¥:1tflJ..rriifl:.~A.~8I!1rr.il&OO&lJ..rr.il&*~~~Wm~li9~o;jt. !:f:' J!ff¥:1tf~81!1Ii9rr.il&rJl& f'F~.~taW • Witlli AM'l~iiI:1tf 11. :r. (~~E". 1978 ). rriifl:~&~2~j!·.~~.'~W~M~;ft;J.~.Mo~riID~~rr.il&.¥~~~. .~=.1.iOO·. • • ~~~m~~oo~·~f'F~~o. ~:ge~rriifl:.¥~~~~·;jt:±J!~&~r:. 18m~#rriifl:.~~~~m:Jwm~~~~ -127 . Ii9rriifl:~tfB~.~. ?. 0. ~~. ... rr~. ,.
(18) l~~*ftfi~~~~~~~~.5~~~W~ft?. 3.:&'lIIfis{~~3V-mWm@.53V-m~~~*.:1J .. Jtt1t*m ~ .Hf '$~ .. @l1fl~. ~ ZIfl1fJ 51 E 8'sJrR~f! ?. m. 4. ft~ *ftfi~~~tmWfl';j 1fI¥~ltVft/'fa~WIBlB'iJlOO~? 5. ff~*ftfi~~¥~~~~WlIftM:~m~IHE8'sJ~~J!l:ti~. ?. &~W~.~~A~ • •@". • • @8'sJfi~A.? 7. tlnWm@fi~.53V-mlbfi~ijUt1t ? a*ftfi~B'iJ~~W~@Jtt~~W~~~*B'iJ~~? tloWNf~£ilGq!t~J:~8'sJrR~f!. It,. '. :tK**ft~P:I~~*ftfi~~~~B'iJfj~. , fAJiIt~r (ff;i!t. 1980:7 ; flUa, 1981: I ; 1982 (2) :333-348 ; ~~~, 1981:52-53 ; ~~T!f' 1978. :193-200 ;. ~~. , 1982 (I): 21-22 ) :. 1 ttlliiiU~:rr~ft·llim. ... ~@. .. ffl~" 3t1t'WjJI; ... m~'Iiff~8'sJq:t~fii!&¥. ,tJ$slfii!&. mf\{t8'sJ~:1J:n rfiJ offijtE1Il:rrq:t~fii!&¥~'lEtlfl James F. Wolf m~~B'iJ' ~~/FI&']¥~8'sJ. llUfU* ht"5A.:ltjlfltE~~JtJt. (theoretical contributi<?nsJ. :nmH~UtlL.\:1J (Wolf, 1983:. 170) <>. llfl~-?P1Jil~fii!&~¥. ... ~~. ... ~.5:?:~8'sJ*fift ,Jt~i-€ti:.~HI~:lg:Wllfii!&A.. ·M:~~i-€ti:.¥~ • •~$.5~f!~~'~~fii!&.IBlJt~m~fii!&*m¥~.~8'sJ.. flo 3.fii!&~~3V-IfI~~W~R~'~.~~,m~*.:1J8'sJ~fi;ti:.-~fii!&A.'~. NfJtt1t*m ... *~ • •tE ~*.J~HL~lW<" tI*H~5It~$~. ... @],l$.tIjj;~*~. ~M:~mI.~. 'i'8'sJ~IfIH\'1jili ; m@i!&,Jij , m~~~;ti!&,Jij~Jt*~A. riJ~:fftE8'sJ r Ffj,L.,1Et:I J G.F. Goerl. ~ C.J. Bellone. mwt:. 0. lW<tlo. .5A.m*~RX;m.O~UE8'sJ*~A. 'ftl!1rHZ,~~~. -.A~B'iJ.~'M:~-.A~.ftl!~~m.m'~~~$• • • 8'sJtE~~.~ • • ~8'sJ.. ff:. (Goerl and Bellone, 1983: 256). (.j. t~~*ftfii!&8'sJ~~~:1J:nrfiJz-S*fti!&.~i!&.~~B'iJ~~'~~ttlli*~*ft fii!&*mJt1Jil~~:nlID 8'sJ~¥~~5eI fF. '. :Ig:.~~ riJ~tEi!&.m'lj. ... ~fiJUffi!lB'iJA:::t. 0. ~~.:1J*fii!&~~~i!&.~fiW*fifto. 5. *ftfii!&.i!F~~i!F317:rrRX;S~~ '~~~ilfU. 0. tt~8'sJfii!&~!¥J!l~~riJ5tjlw~~~. .ffij~rfiJ~~@J!l.m@8'sJ:nrfiJHRomm~~@~m*ftfii!&riJBft~m~ftl!¥~B'iJ~~. , ~Nf~WlBlrR~f! ' 3lI~1f r maHR J (Organization Development) ~~~itf;fij, tEfii!&3i!*fi ~m ' .~P~-171j ; mm.m @~~tr*ftfii!&¥f;fij/Fhg~mlUft® ' IfItJM~m. ~it~. .rR~Ji!.§m~rfiJ. 0. &~~~it8'sJ~?ptE~*mft~q:t'~.+~.~8'sJ~~'~~ftfii!&~.~~~~~. ~*J!l~itHRW*fift ' ft3lIB~:G~.~fF~~f!18'sJ~:1J (Slt!tlJf' 1983 1983 ). ; !lf3r~. ,. 0. 7. El.JttilJHltimiR:~ , ~.m~@~Jtli@8'sJ*ft r~~f!Jllli/F~ , i!&,JijIiA~.!t 128. Hi. raJl.
(19) tt~~'~m~,~~,~~~~.~~oomow~m~~~~m'~~~~~~.~~~ ~.. wrla~~*fi'j!i{[~~1:.. '. ~;ltIHiW.fIJi±~J::IJ!{ft:1f. 0. &fi'i!&mft~~~~~i!&~,~~ji'~~*~®~~~~nofi'i!&IJ!~~~~~r~. l!tJ (catalyst). ~jqf5' {@ue:fi'i!&mft~1f!. BJ&~. 0. ~~~*fi'i!&ffH~~~.~tt~~'~$~fi'i!&IJ!*'$~A.fi'i!&IJ!*'$~~n ~~IJ!*~,m.~.m~~IJ!~ttffl~'.~;lt~~'~~fi'i!&IJ!~*~Z~~o. ;lt~'~~~fi'i!&.~~'~~ffr~OOmff~: L~z.~m~Willttt~~mfFmo. 6'Jit. li!&~~i!&*~~~~$'~~'.~'1:.~n®~~o. 978. 3.fEl*m~~1Jt~~\t~fi'i!&fpJ1Io. 4. fi'i!&m.~~:Jf'~.ffl. 'Ji!& Sf.~ ~3:. ~ #I,. b. 0. 5. fi'i!& tllHl rHfB ~ 1fiIJ:Jf'. 6. ~.i!& 45-Jl A ~ lVI:Jf' JE. 7. ~m1l* ' fi'i!&.~f7Hf~$ 8. ~~Aji WII~ , fEl#ftm2l. .~. 0. .. 0. ,. ,~z.~~ftDt. (. 6111i/;' 1980: 492-510 ). v h. 0. {.. 0. ,ji. ~*~m~@~~~~*~m,~~~~~,m.:1f~~~o. t~1l. Jl~~J::~~m'~~*i!&~~~~*~~'~~~~~.~'~~r~~n~~'~ :Ji'::!lZ>?&~.f}:. 'tml: mu~. m. ~~ JIg.. ~* ::to. L ~)j'.~md&ftti1JIl~fi'~1.I :. ~m:1f~Aff~*~~al' .1t~%l~ 'iWlltB5J~~;. W.~Aji~Aff.m~~.'.M~~~,~m~.~o. :. l~Rfi'i!&~~R*:mH~~~.~,~IIt~.~~~,~m~~~~n~~~*~ ~m&~~nJ::~mm' ~m~,~SP~~Rfi'i!&~~m* (~U.. 1983). ' 1982(1): 20 ;. lJ~.. 0. 3.i!&1fffi'i!&~~~ltr~~J(effectiveness) ¥}~lfr~$J (efficiency) 0. mii~~*. ~.f}(. ' ~fi'i!&Ajiz.~fFm;t. , fEl~* , JJt~~:Jf'FnJ~1ilt\t_ji~lIn; ~fFm@it.~~~~ , ~.*~*~~~~ ~Jtf ' i!&1ff I?B). '. ~1!iIJ)E~~fi'~~fi'i!&ITM. 0. ~~)j'.~~1:.~n~a~. 0. m~~~1:.~n:Ji'::m:fj~~~*JjIl~mueffl~~~~~~*Z.lt. :1t~. .1Hl~,;lt~.:Jf'~:Ji'::.~ • • 'WA~• • ft~~.,m~~'~$~.~1I1.I~:1f~.. II~. ft~m (~~**. Pfi.j ,. n~.~~.~ffl~ • • '.~~~*fi'i!&m.~~.~,uei!&m~m*:fjm~i!&~(~.. ~m. Q)~. illillt. ** ' 1982: 436 ). ' 1981: 52-53. ). 0. til~1iJ~. , 1:.~n:Ji'::'I'ft~JJi#E~ , ~tlHf§f~Jl1:.~. 0. 4. i!&~J!j~nfi'i!&*~ , m~~11t~~\tmff~~fji!&fpJ~ , ~P.lt~fi'i!&~:1f Fred. Riggs. mIDl~~.fji!&rp'm. ~Jtfsltff. ;. m=, MA±'~. : :Jf'~t~\H1t~fi' ~fl~~. : m- ,14Jitt (heterogeneity) : ~~fji!&1!iljgr ,a",~ 'fTm (formalism) :~ji~.~.~ml:rm ,; m~ ,~.tt (overlapping). (~j(Jf ' 1982: 113-128 ). 0. 5..~fji!&.I.I'~Jtf.N.nfi'i!&~m'A~~Jtf~:1f'~*n~~.~.n,.~ - 129. ~. :,' .~.
(20) ".1* .. JDJJ: tllHliUIM... ;bOOJ,tffJ.!lr1i~' 0. }L~il'lJi!fftf1lf~J,t~ftIfFA~/C.'i~*. ' ~JJijtJtlJ'Rm7JL' I!iiDij~~:;M;IfF@. .~,*.lEJ!5i • ~~~Jjj(;m 4HJi!&tf:IH1~IfFA *Jijt!.- $J;!PJJim~• • 3;I~B'iJ.lRnU13 6.1JIl~~:f9JA illI~ .. ;g:iifJ1!&~:::t" ~iijlJ~1fiJTA:::tB'iJ!JlU':§ 0. 0. 274 ). 0. 0. ~ff~:f9JA~fR~1!&~ikfJ*. '. ffijll~1!&~jlJtJT* J,t]r!i*. (~~iI' 1982:273 0. l~~a.*~rJT~*fJi!&~~J.fJ1!&.~B'iJm* • • ·8~~:f9J~&.urft. ~mJ~~.'ill~@.~~~~~ft.~~·m~~~mffl~m~~B'iJ~~~~'~~~. ~~m~Jjj(;B'iJm.*i*~r",~~. • ~Aa;;1=.m*~if£~m~Jjj(;B'iJ3C~ "m~ .. ft.GfU~r",~~o. U~~ft8~~*fJ1!&~~".~~.:f9J**~~~B'iJ~~'$:;M;~m~*~~'.~~ ~ft.,ffij~R.ft.o.ffij'8~~*fJ1!&.~.*~~-$.'~~m~.~Rft8~. m• •~B'iJr~mfJ1!&.J~~o.~.~W.~~~fJ1!&~?. := "1alW@.ll~mfJR. ~~~~*'~~B'iJ~*fJ1!&.~*B~~~~n~'MOO~~ • • ~~mfJ1!&~8'iJ~. ~ftJ,tm~fto~B'iJ~ • • •~m~~*·~B'iJ~~ • • ~~ffB.(~-K)o.~~~ fJi!&~~• • A~ffm.B'iJ~B·~ • •. • '~~*~~.~·*~~.H.o*~m~ H.B'iJ~.81M.~1& ffmallt{,'~~fF,* ' U.~~ft8~1=.~~mB'iJ~mfj1!&~ it*** il'4l-A B'iJ.*~ , 1J1l~ MAB'iJ~. • lJ.~8frr~::It' J.tIt\A ti J;:j rl't-JlJ.~~1'Ff! ( 5i3iIii' 1983 (2) :27-28 ; ¥::t.Jii • 1983:12-15 ; ~7E ' 1983:21-22 ) : 0. 1 tffnJfJi!&maJt ffJ.!l!B'iJ. 3;1. ". t!~j"fi;t, ~~tfiil±lgW~ '~JJi~~~ZWJ' jt~~. 8~l't-JfJ~~m*~TPJ~~~.. ,. ' ft JlIP~ ,. ~ft.RlJ~. 0. z~~.~mfj1!&~l't-J~~Dij'~~1&J;:jr~~n~: ~~~fJ1!&m.J,tWJ.!l! • • 1Eil';j.~B'9.tEfifjlJlt. , • •~.~*o.=,,~~:.J;:j8~~fJ~.l't-Jfji!& • • ' • U~~n~~fF "3C1E : J;!pu*mifjll.f!J;j.~l't-Jifjljlt3C~cffij~ 0. .:=:. JT~Mlt·~8~~~B'iJ~~ • • • o.~".M:~M8~m.~;j.mMlt~ • • '~~. ~8mfJi!&~.~~~~*'~$.MJJifflo. 3. }L~~j!~ 'lJ.~~.ffl~~~{~l11f.{~J.!I!~tfii "t!~ .. )ji(flIJ ... ;t~ • ~.Jm:;M; r ~m ~J '~R~ffl~.¥~~~~,ffijll:;M;fi;t"~R". a':;ft. 0. IE~~. ~~lm'Efr'. • • nf!. '&~~~~'Uftmm. Woodrow Wilsonm- 1887 ~~.~~~~HHt. ±f!Jf!~a9fj1!&J.!I!.Jtt!tw • r ~~~ J (Americanize) - a. m.. 0. ,~~• •~:t.Jn~'~H.**.B'iJ.3;I~fi8m~ft~HfJ1!&~~~m ... ~.". tUlt .. ff,*~ , pJf3tR~ft~~~a9fj1!&J.!I!MIi$~ f7lltm Claude S. George, Jr. ii~The History of Management Thought -iir:f:! ' ~~~.::f .. Jl:JlM .. f*.::f " J;:jJ,t:;M;ftBlMfta9W3;lifjJJ 0. ltJ,tt!. (George,. 1968: 11-14). 0. ~1ii4'A*fjgJi8mjt~jt1§'~TJ.!I!niID~3:5i ,~*~. *.a9• • • ~·4'~E~.~~I~o i~~~~§WJft ... 1!&~ .. fJi!&~~fi;tJ,t~~ .. ~."i!&~ .. fi1!&~~'.~8m B'iJfJ1!&J.!I!au Jlt~3;I.Rl1YA5fJi!&mili3;l. (normative theory) Jtfj1!&~.J.!I!.(empirical 0. 130.
(21) :tf ~ iii ~. ~.. In. iHi'f t:t1Jj tW IE ~ il iIi!l ~ IIUt .ij:: bJ -~ ¥t I!;J ~ i}f (ii l¥~ ~tW JH!Y:tf ~ ~ if:fit. ~U~~o~JH!~~~tW~~~~~~~~~~~,. , ¥HPIlD!!i£JH! YtW ~ IiIw~ IifWftW~Hfi ~iH!~:dc bJJ-~ a1f~JH!YtW~Ili~.ij::.~~~n~. : ~3tmf~ft(tWW-ita~. '. M~~,~~,~~,w~.m~~. , ..'i ~ iIJ tW~ID iHI 11m 3t!!l-! ' I1tll r ~¥tfl!!£l"2IT1'ijlJ J 4lrtf. 0. *~tW. ,~~tWyita~.ij::'~"2~~~~~~JH!Y"2~@W~w~~B~*'~~tW~~~~~~ ~BJH!Y~~w~~K~~*~ , .a!~w~ita~f£n!h1Jj~JH!Y:W~WJ1~~Efl' ~~li* o•• ~~~~*~~~V,yita~.ij::'!!M"2.!!±~~' •• ~~~U'~.~~~ ~tW.~~~*'~Mo~.M:dcH •• W.ij::~:dc~~W~~~'~~~~~~"2ft(~ •• Mi~*. '. tf,m~tJi!!JH!Y:tf~tf~~Ef. 0. ~~~~~~. ,. iM]ftW~!!tEl¥ ~~a~l1q !liIl!!~~ ~. ~,o ~"*tWl!;J~~'ilJH!Y:tf~~~~ tf', ~~~B**~a!!~#tWfilfj~W[W. El. '. m~~~tW2af. Y:tf~~w.m~•• W'i£.'~~tf4 •• tW~.ij::~.m~~~~.~~~~~*. of(.f:t~tf,. ~.. I. .~. .,q&~:tfVY~.~~.'~~JH!Y.B~~M'AMU •• ~~'~~M~~~'~ JH!Y~~tW~~8ijW~~~~~3trotWEl~M.W~tf~o¥.:dcM~~. •• El. -,. a~~a.~.m'~*l!!_~'.WM.i£"~~~.~~'U"2.m8ijm~*.3tW ~,~lt*lW'ijtili~ ,,~lt*4l)UEl~tM2afY:tf~tW~wi}f~:j::. .:rlfM';ft~~.i}f~ft(~A~~. , Ell*'. 'N~~!ID~. 0. tfEfl*,~Nitt.lHfYtW~tfr:11!;J-~~m~~JH!YtW~ ~ ~."2~t:t.~1!;J. 0. (papunoq-a.mnno) tWfI*, , jHl~*$. ~~~~YtW~w~nK~ 0. (6 :6.£6 I ,ijU~~H!I1fl!! _nlf. '~. m'~t:t.B¥t*.'~~U~.~~YJ:aMi~.~W~M~~o. J!Jl!lfj!j~t:t~~~Ur:111''ijt, ~~M~HID~~tW rt-!~J bJ-~!!l-!°. OUTOOi\)it1itW r t:t~ J iilIlbJ-m~~,1im~4!i~. (9C =IS6I 'UTqlll! pUll ' "2•• ¥ttWlll! El~. '-~~~Milga. Efl~:dc' rt:t.J~~ •• 3t~~-i}fro(~.~wtf)~Y:tf~~~if:fit'~~~~. ~,~. ff o ~~tW¥f~**'i}f'ijt , l!;J~tW~jJ/**~B.lHfY:tf~m~i}f~~. 0. tW~~. .U~'~.~~.lHfy~~~,.~tW~JH!Ym~~~.~.~ •• 'E~~~~JH!Y~ ~tWm~W$.¥f·~~~~JH!Y~~~~~¥m~.ij::~m~tf·~~ft~~~~"2~~~. ~UEltf~w~*~mo~~~~MW:dc~~g~'.W'E.'.i£JH!YtW~mw~~o ~~~tWm~~~.ij::ro11'~~~w~M'~~~~M~~'.~'~~'~JH!--~~~m. .lHfY~fJ!!~.~B. 0. xrl;l}**~ra. '. fi@UtW*tfi-f!iJ4:~'. =1=* f;1~~jJ/wmtWit.lHfY~~. o~~~it.lHfYm~@~'~.~-.WY~.w~it~~,. ..... r ••• J¥tm~~*. ~'~~.Y~~M~~.Y~.tWUElm~~~Y~'~~~*'iI.~ymif~~l ,. '. o*.~.~~. 4!iE•. .lHfY~~'~"2M~~~.~. '~M~~m.'.11'm~~mw~M':rlfM~~~E~.lHfYtW~B.'~.~~~11'i-f~. .q.). o*.d.'~it~YtW~~lI*~~*a4lriii:j;::t1jJ/~,tf~fI~y~w~iii •• ?$lI'9 o (. S.I·vI :£861 '. (A~oaql.
(22) I 8861f. II YJ 3 B tE The Historical and Political Sciences. Woodrow Wilson. ~. Association. a~~~. ijtfU~1fHX1f.:A)Hdt:~,. , W!~ :. The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly. 0. ,;!t~~~~. I¥-J. IHI~ Woodrow Wilson. ~~~~~*~~,~~~~~'~m~~fi~I¥-J~~'$mfi~m*=M'~~ 7012YJo. tt. : ~J!. Robert T. Golembiewski, Public Administration As a Developing Discipline:. Part I,Perspectives on Past and Present (New York: Marcel Dekker,. ~nc., 19~7)". Chapter 1.. .::: : ~OO. Nicholas Henry, "Paradigms of Public Administration ," Public Administra. tion Review, Vol. 35 (July/August 1975), pp. 378-386.. tt. l7B:. ~$ ~. George Frederickson, liThe Lineage of New Public Administration ," Admi. nistration and Society 8,2 (1967).. 1i. : POSDCORB ~A.. ~,~~ : P ft~. (Staffing)' D 'ft~m$fJ(Directing). ft~¥!H!i' (Reporting). it :A:. (Plannin€ ! ). , 0 ft~ll. (Organizing) 'S. • CO ft~.llJJ (Coordinating) , R. , B ft~f.il. (Budgeting). J1t':::A.ttfi~JJjUnll¥-Ji!t~. ,. ~$~r7UJi~. ft. 0. :. Robert A. Dahl, "The Science of Public Administration; Three Problems," Public Administration Review, Vol. 7 (Winter 1947), pp. 1-11; Herbert A. Simon., liThe Proverbs of Administration ," Public Administration Review, Vol. 6 (Winter 1946) • pp. 53-67. and' Administrative Behavior (New York: FreE;! Press. 1947); and Dwight Waldo. The Administrative State (New York: Ronald, 1948).. tt ~:~~1¥-J15&~~~A~~mfi~~~,;!t$X~13 fiiB(=5:tmfjjo )\ : Robert T. Golembiewski. tE. &~~~,~~~&tt~~. 1977 1f.m~L Public Administration as a Developing. Discipline: Part 2, Organization Development as One of a Future Family of Mini Paradigms (New York: Marcel Dekker.. fi~~~pq~o. ruJ. .JfJ: '. Inc.,. 1977),. tt~ OD tE1::-~fi~l¥-JllIffl. ,~pre OD iiJl.~**1::-~. • ~IHI?1~iJ!e~9-' f?l.I 0. Robert T. Golembiewski and William B. Eddy, eds., Organization Development. in Public Administration: Part I, Organization Properties and Public Sector Fea tures; Part 2. Public Sector Applications of OD Technology (New York: Marcel Dekker. Inc •• 1978)". - 132.
(23) ~. 1t:. :lfl!f!!m~~*fJij(lij±~~Lz.-rflOl~~I\U.{t(Ff~ : The University of Michigan. (1914); The University of California. Berkeley (1920); Stanford University (1921); Syracuse University (192,4); The University of Cincinnati (1927); The University of Southern California (1928); The University of Minnesota (1930s); Columbia University (1930s); The University of Chicago (1930s); Brookings Institute (1930s).. lm$1J!ll Alice B. Stone and D.C. Stone, "Early Development. of Education in Public Administration," in F. C. Mosher. ed., American Public Administration: Past, Present, Future (University, Alabama: The University of Alabama Press. ~-o. : lm$ml. f. 1975) ;:.. Dwight Waldo. ed., Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence (New. York: Chandler Publishing Company. 1971) :~1J!ll~~72. ',?. 9~IS~~~=~Z~~o. 1JiitiiitlJt~~ ~*fJi&~~ 1982 if:if:~Eroffl~ • ttf'Fire~1rm • JJ;:m-,*~fJ i&JI=-r=WI (i&*1::1E:,*{,,1.t1::*fJi&ijJf~mlli~ • ~~ 71. 5 ~). 0. ~- = : m mfJ i&~~ (administrative development):R::jf;j~~M:!It:1f.-JmfJi&f!tmm!l~i&J%. Ero.1J·~.~fii&:R::m~~~ • • ~.~m.~ErofJi&~1J~Wo. I±lz;l:;. mm~fjf§:R::jf;jf!tmmiHt. ~~~Eroftli%~~~~~§~'~§EroEro~~'~~f!t"m~§~jl~Ero~~o. ~-E:~~~fti&m*~1::*fJ.*~:m-n if:4~7B.fi~.~ • • ·H.rafii& ,*~~~mJ~~'~lmfii&~~~~~~~~~*~,.~~~~~~,1.tttfr ~ ~ iii:ff$1Jo. 0. ~.. *[3. JJ;:m-i& * 1:: fi *flJ -r)\ WI ' ~lll?J 72 if: 5 ~ 20 S f.P fi. .~. ~. 133. ~\. ,t. 0. tt-(JB : m m~$:R::mtlrmK~Ht,ilm:lfl~'ftli~jl¥Ij:lfl*. '.. 0.
(24) _~.E). - '\ r:p ::tolJ) f)} 3dl~. 'Rm","1J! 'ij3iJf~ I f'F ~!UfU~. B~j(!i fj B< ~ ¥f~1I ' J{ 77 - 94 , ~~67 if: 1981 r ~~ii~fjB<t't9¥f~J '~~fjB<' WJ 32 ' J{ 1- IO ,~~ 70 if: 12 }j 1978 r. ~ :JHr Bo'roilHIf} J. 0. 0. ~. ~. 0. ~. ~. 1982(1) r ~~fji!ii(lJ!~j!}.ttta~t't9i:?iiJ 22 ,~~ 71 if: 5 }j. 'B<*~fj7iHU'. WJ 17 ,. 19. J{. 0. ~. ~. ~. ~. 1982(2) r :!i~MlAIf'F~~z.m.~j!~~~M J 'i!ii(*¥m, WJ 46 305-343, ~~71if:12}j c rjffftfjB<lf~~Jitl:lIIHIJ' B<*~fj7iHIJ. 1983. ~72if:5}j. 'JW 18. ,~. 16-23. 'J{. 0. ~~tl ~~~. 'J{. 1980 mft'flfll'-" if~ : Jlidnu • ~~ 69 if: I }j 1981 r /\ Tif:ftt't9~3tfjB< J • iiEfllJ!m • JW 14 , J{ 47 11 }j 0. 66 • ~fIJ. 70 if:. 0. ~~~. 1982. ri!ii(fff.fflI1:.iIJJZ.~~~~.itJ'5l~a~1:./\~~.~j(!i, if~t. 1!1fi1l&~i5],. J{. 379-436. ,~~. ~~II; . 1980 fji!ii(¥,. fllt~. 1983 r i!ii(mmIlJJUR1tt't9~JN '. 71 if:. II. }j. 0. if~t: n:1¥iIlil.~i5], ~1!liJ69if:l}j. ~~~~.. :~. 0. : fjB<~f'Ft't9f1~ J. 'fji!ii(~I!liJ",". F. *Jitl:1Ij(1t~","~~j!¥fMlI~j('~~72if:8}j23Bo. 5l1!t. . 1~3. , 5l~a. 5l~a ~~a. ~. r ","~B~~3tB<jfU 72 if: 8 }j 23 B. ,fji!ii(~I!liJ","*Jitl:1Ij(1t~","~Hj!¥fMlI~j(. 0. 1982 r fji!ii(IJ!Jr~ J ' if~t : '::::~1If.U ' ~~ 71 if: 5}j 1983 (1) r 1:.~fji!ii(¥f~t't9JUiU 'B<*~fj*flJ ' JW 18 if:5}jo 1983(2) r. AfjB<~~1t~m. F. 0. 'J{ 6 -. J l:¥.~ • B<*~fj*fU 'JW 18,. U ' ~fIJ 72. 27 - 28. t. ~. F G. ~72if:5}jo. 5l~1I. 1ej(Jf ~JJ~. 1982 fjB<¥. ~~~~ 1fi1l&Jitl: ' ~f!1l!I 71 if: 2 }j 1982 fjB<1:.1L~, ~i1~~IfiJl&Jitl: ' ~fIJ 71 if: 2}j 1980 B<lhlJ!, if~t : ~1!t.nu, ~f!1l!I69if: 11}j 0. G 0. 0. ~JJ~. 1983 r Jta~fjB<IJ!t't9*M J • B<*~fj*flJ • JW 18 • J{ 12 - 15 • ~~ 72 1¥5}jo. m14>~. 1983 rggwtt't9fjB<: r"'Jl!~j!~J • ~f!1l!IfjB<' if:6}jo. ~;R1l. 1980 r ~l!liJfjB<1jtJrt't9::1irDJ J l:¥.~lI.Jl!m1!r ' ~flJfjB< • WJ 30 • J{ I - 134. JW35. • J{. 1-3 • ~1!liJ72 -. 13.
(25) , a':;1J 69 ~ 5 R • ill 1981 1m aU ffi5( 1jIifi f19ilT mgj!. , ff i5( [~iG?jJf ~ ff ' a':;m 70 ~ I R ft ill 1982 (1) ~~ Jilffill~ , 5(lHl:;~ mWfjg , ffi5( ~:qJt;Jf* ' a':;~ 71 ~ II R • ill 1982(2) r ffi5(:qJt~J!i5(mfl9*5ft J '~~Ii)\:/t/\+~!UfU)(~· i:l'~t : ~~ I±H:& 1::'fSJ ' J{ 333 348, a':;1ia 71 II R ~~E 1978 ffi5( 1jIiJf:qJt~'Hf~ , ~fti!1fd: ' a':; ~ 67 ~ 7 R 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. =,~Jtfi{}f)} Bennis, Warren and Philip E. Slater 1968. The Temporary Society. New York: Harper and Row, Publishers.. Caiden, Gerald E. 1976. The Dynamics of Public Administration, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.. Chapman, R. C. and F.N. Cleaveland 1976 "The Changing Character of the Public Service and the Administrator of the 1980s':', in R. T. Golembiewski, F. Gibson, and G. Y. Cornog, eds. , Public Administration: Readings in Institutions, Porcess, Behavior. Policy. Chicago; Rand McNally College Publishing Company. Elden. James M. 1971 "Radical Politics and the Future of Public Administration in the Postin dustrial Era", in Dwight Waldo, Public Administration in a Time of Turbu lence. Scranton. Pa.: Chandler. Frederickson, H. G . 1976 "Creating Tomorrow's Public Administration", in R. T. Golembiewski, F. Gibson, and G. Y. Cornog, eds. , Public Administration: Readings in In stitutions, Process, Behavior, Policy. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Company. Frederickson, H. G. 1980. New Public Administration. The University of Alabama Press.. Fried, Robert C. '1. 1976. Performance in American Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.. Garson, G.D. and J.D. Williams 1982. Public Administration: Concepts, Readings, Skill. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.. Gaus, J .M. 1950 "Trends in the Theory of Public Administration", Public Administration Review. \ToL 10 (Summer). George, Claude S. 1968 The History of Management Thought. Englewood, N. J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Goerl, G,F. and C.J. Bellone 198.3 "The Democratic Polity's Search for the Knowledgeable Public Administrator: An Argumentative Essay", International Journal of Public Administration, Vol. 5, No.3, pp. 217-266.. 135. ;1,..
(26) Golembiewski, R. T., F. Gibson, and G. Y. Cornog eds. 1976. Public Administration: Readings in Institutions ,Process, Behavior, Policy. Chicago: Rand McNally College Publishing Gompany.. Golembiewski, R. T . 1977. Public Administration As a Developing Discipline: Part 1 Perspectives on Past and Present. New York: Marcel Dekker,c lnc •. Goodnow, F. 1900. Politics and Administration. New York: Macmillan Company .. . Gordon, George J. 1978 Public Administration in America. New York: St. Martin's Press, Inc. Gulick, Luther 1975 "George Maxwell Had a Dream", in F.C. Mosher, ed., American Public. Administration: Past, Present, Future, pp. 253-267. The University of Alabama Press.. ,. Gulick, Luther and L. Urwick 1937. Papers on the Science of Administration. New York: Institute of Public Administration.. Harmon, Michael M. 1981. Action Theory for Public Administration. New York: Longman Inc.. Haywood, Nancy S. 1976. "The Productivity Challenge", Public Administration Review, Vol. 36 (Sep tember/October), pp. 544-550.. Henderson, K. M. 1966. "Emerging Synthesis in American Public Administrationll , New York: Asia Publishing House.. Henry, Nicholas 1975. "Paradigms of Public Administration", Public Administration Review, Vol. 35 (July /August), 378-386.. Holzer, Marc and Ellen Doree Rosen, eds. 1981. Current Cases in Public Administration. New York: Harper and Row, Publi shers.. Kennedy, G. W. and A. G. Walker III 1981. "Graduate Student Recruitment in American Public Administration: A Survey of NASPAA Member", Public Administration Review. Vol. 41 (March/April).. Kerlinger, Fred N. 1973. Foundations for Behavioral Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.. Lane, F. S. ed. 1978. Current Issues in Public Administration. New York: St. Martin's Press.. Lutrin, Carl E. and Allen K. Settle 1980. American Public Administration: Concepts and Cases. Palo Alto, Ca.: May field Publishing Company.. Lynch, Thomas D. 1983. "Staff Professional Competency Strategy; A Call for Action, II International 136 . l.
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