發展策略與政權體質：走向「內分-外聯」體制的中國大陸

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(1)ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ10У ಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉191-222ॳ. 191. ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵Ȉ ٗӪȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ After Developmental State and PostTotalitarianism: China’s Fragmented States and Connected Societies. ᄎᗶञણቺˁᶇἄ໽Ԟᄞ࿙ȭ⊀ሖ ᄎᗶञણቺˁᶇἄ໽֢ंᶇἄᮝȭづस̕ Shu Keng Associate Professor of the Department of East Asian Studies, National Chengchi University Yi-ling Chen, Ph.D. Student , Graduate Institute of East Asian Studies, National Chengchi University.

(2) 192. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵Ȉ ٗӪȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ ૌȁᔪ ࢈‫ݾ‬τᏱ‫ٴݎ‬ः‫ܛف‬୚ఁ௳ ച࠶յ ࢈‫ݾ‬τᏱ‫ٴݎ‬ः‫ܛف‬ീςः‫ف‬Ң. ϜНᄣ् ௄ϜӔቘ՘‫׾‬९໡ܺп७Ȃ߰л्‫ڎڨܜ‬ᆎΩ໕‫ޠ‬ЖᏳᇅ‫׷ܝ‬Ȅ ΚР८࢑‫ٿ‬Սȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ‫ޠ‬Сᅛ੕ዝȂѫР८ࠍ࢑ȶ྄᠍ᒹཿȷ‫౐ޠ‬ ‫ښڔ‬ङȂӶߗ30Ԓϛᘟໂໂኢኢȃୌُ৬ଠၰᙾ‫ޠ‬ႇโϜȂࡤ޲ᗷґ௬ ᔟਚంࡤ޲Ȃࠊ޲ηґ‫݉׸‬ᡑϾࡤ޲Ȃ‫޲ڎ‬ਣՅ៉ିϛϑȂਣՅ‫ڟ׃‬ᡲ ؐȂԥᠨܼԫȂ֕ҞύΞ஡Ϝ୾τഛ‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ᡞ፵Ȃۢ՞࣐ȶࡤ྄᠍ၦҐ лဏึ৥୾ঢ়ȷȄ֕ЫԄԫࣩۢȂՍԥ‫ُڐ‬ӵȂկԥᜱᄈۭ࢈‫ښ‬Ԅեᅌ ᡑȂҴൠӱԫࣻᄈ໡ܺȄଭᄈԫΚឋᚡȂҐ஠ᒯ੬ཏლၑᚅఽȂձ࣐஠ ᒯಣԚϟΚȂҐНΞණяȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᢏᘉȂΚР८ձ࣐࢝ᄻȂϹࣿ ԥֆϜӔ࢈‫ޠݾ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬ȂѫР८ηዑఽҴൠȂ‫ܗ‬૗ᙵ൳୾ϲࣻᜱឋᚡ‫ޠ‬ଇ ፤ȄҐНϲৡл्ϸѳഌϸȄॷӒӶԪ࿾ϜȂՍ࢈‫࠯ᙾښ‬ᇅ૗ΩᡑϾِ ࡚Ȃϸ‫ݚ‬౫ԥଭᄈϜӔ࢈᠍ᡞ፵‫ޠ‬ଇ፤Ȃਸ౪яึ৥ᙾ࠯ȃ྄᠍ϲ௣ȃ ࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫๊ڿ‬ή໷ᢏᘉȂΚΚໍ՘ᔯଇȂ‫ٯ‬௦៊‫ܩ‬яձ޲‫ܛ‬ණ‫ޠ‬ȶϲϸ-ѵ ᖓȷᢏᘉȂᙥпዑఽϜӔᡞ‫ޠ࠯ᙾښ‬Ѡ૗ᇅРӪୱᚡȄ௦៊‫ޠ‬ಒή࿾ࠍ ஡ᙥҦ‫ڎ‬ঐኅ‫ڨ‬२ຝ‫ޠ‬਱‫پ‬șࡦԱЬᡧᇅཉߟ๣ᢃ‫ٲڎ‬ӈșᇴ݃ϜӔឪ ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ϲഌ‫ޠ‬ϸϾᇅᝰӬȂпІަཽΩ໕Ԅե๗࿘ᇅ༻௦୾ঢ়૗ΩȂᙥ ԫӲᓟᚅఽձ޲‫ܛ‬ᒞȶϲഌᝰӬɯަཽᖓᆩȷ‫ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ȄഷࡤΚ࿾ࠍლၑ ᇴ݃ȂԄե਴ᐄαख़࢝ᄻȂᄈϜӔ࢈‫ໍݾ‬՘ϸ‫ݚ‬ᇅࠊᙂȂпІ‫ڐ‬ၷ፞‫ڐ‬ у࢝ᄻ‫ڏܛ‬റ‫ޠ‬ᓻ຺‫ܓ‬Ȅ. ᜱᗥມȈϜ୾࢈‫ݾ‬ȃ୾ঢ়ɯަཽᜱ߾ȃึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȃࡤ྄᠍лဏȃࡅ᠍ ᙾ࠯Ȅ.

(3) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 193. ൧ȃࠊّ 1978ԒϜӔΫΚ۪ήϜӓཽȂථұȶ‫׾‬९໡ܺȷਣх‫ٿޠ‬ᖞȂႥԒ ᎔ϊ҂ାᖟȶѳঐ஁ࡼȷȂ஽።Ӷࡅ᠍ਲ࢝ί໡৥Ҁൠᙾ࠯ȂҦԫ൩ۢ ΠϜ୾τഛȶစໍ࢈ਁȷȃȶ࢈ѿစѢȷ‫ޠ‬ஆҐРӪȞKornai, 1994ȇ֕ ིⰪ๊Ȃ1996ȇPoznanski ed., 1995ȇParish and Michelson, 1996ȇ৹ල ቏Ȃ2004ȇ֕ҞύȂ2007ȟȄစᔽ‫׾‬९‫ޠ‬ϛᘟ໡৥Ȃഇႇȶܺ᠍ᡲւȷ РԓȂϛ༊፮ϡ൑՞ՍлȂ‫؂‬ЖΤᇷӱ๗ᄻȂჃᓿᐡᄻᝰ‫ލ‬Ȃ‫ࡤڐ‬ᐤစ 1987࢈‫۾ޠ׾‬ᇳ୅ᅘȞMcCormick, 1990ȟȂ1989‫ॴݾ࢈ޠ‬ኹȂҀൠ‫׾‬९ ‫ޠ‬Ω໕έܼ1992ȶࠓ١ᗀၘȷࡤึ୞Ȃ໡ఃѫΚ‫ޠݱ‬ٟౢึ৥ᇅစަᙾ ࠯Ȃ๗‫ࠍݏ‬ኈ៫Վ౐йሊȂկ֊߰ԄԫȂϜӔ࢈‫ݾ‬๗ᄻծϬϛ୞ԄύȂ ᆱࡼȶпឪስ࢈ȷȃȶࡅ᠍஠‫ښ‬ȷ‫ݾ࢈ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȅ կ࢑ߗᢏϜ୾τഛȂߓቺ‫ܗ‬೩ࣻԋณ‫ٲ‬Ȃࠔծϛнཱུዙࣄ෱ȇࠊᙂ Ϝ୾τഛȂࠍ‫ܗ‬૗ᆱࡼ‫׌‬८ܼΚਣȂፑᔟᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ω໕ࠔϛُ૿ྑȂϜӔ ࢈‫ښ‬ᇅ࢈᠍஡եџե௄ȉᄈԫȂഌӌᏱ޲஽።စަᡑϾ‫ږؠޠ‬Ȃᓎਣ໣ ௱ಌՅСᅛֶᗰȂಥ஡ഃؐ።ᎍᙾϾȞ֕ҞύȂ1998ȇNathan, 2007ȟȂ ഌӌᏱ޲ࠍࡿᜍϜӔՍ‫ࡍש‬ഗȂ⥀☑஠‫ښ‬Ȃ८ᄈԚߞᇅѷᒌ‫ڎ‬Р८‫ࢆޠ‬ ᏾ȂಥѠ૗ٗӪ૓৶஬၍Ȟ৹ල቏Ȃ2004ȇPei, 2006ȟȂԫѵȂࠍԥഌ ӌᏱ޲ᇰ࣐ȂϜӔᙥቩߞᆱᛯ‫ࡅڐ‬గȂᙥ൳၊щᄃ‫ڐ‬ၦྜȂࢉ૗ԥਞᆱ ៗ‫ڐ‬૗ΩᇅӬ‫ܼܓݳ‬ϛቫȞNathan, 2007ȇૌᔪȃച࠶յȂ2007ȟȄඳّ ϟȂ࿌८ᄈԫȶ࢈ѿစѢȷ‫ޠ‬Үࣾ๗ᄻਣȂ‫ڎ‬ᆎл्‫ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ԋ௷șᒹ੽ ՍӗᄀȃЪᐪ‫ޠݎ‬ȶࡤ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷᇅ᎔ЫЖໍ‫ޠ‬ȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷ‫޲ڎ‬ Ȟ֕ҞύȂ2007ȟ˕ԄեࣻϤ࿧ኢȃһࣻኈ៫Ȃ༮ആяϜ୾࢈‫ࡪښ‬ቅ ኻ‫ޠ‬ґ‫ٿ‬ਣȂᏱ޲ծоϬೄ଀Κ࢑Ȅ ԥᠨܼԫȂձ޲ւңҐН‫ޠ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬ȂଭᄈϜӔឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ȂӶᙾӪпစ ᔽԚ൸࣐‫ڐ‬Ӭ‫ݳ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬ஆᙄࡤȂԄե८ᄈစަᙾ࠯ȃަཽՍл‫ޠ‬ᆎᆎࢆ ᏾Ȃࢌ໹ᆱៗȶಜ‫ݾ‬ȷȂҼ໹চ៬ȶึ৥ȷȂ௅ࡡ‫ٸ‬ႃܼȶࡤ྄᠍ᡞ.

(4) 194. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ‫ښ‬ȷᇅȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷϟ໣ȂՍดोҢяᆎᆎϛᎍᇅҮࣾȂϜӔᡞ‫ښ‬η ӱԫϛᘟ‫ໍޠ‬՘Ս‫ש‬።ᎍȄձ޲஡൸ԫ᜹ᡞ‫ښ‬።ᎍ‫ޠ‬ႇโΤКȂ৥໡Ϝ Ӕ࢈‫ݾ‬ᡞ‫ޠښ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬Ȅ਴ᐄձ޲‫ُܛ‬Ȃࠊख़ήᆎᢏᘉְԥ‫୒ڐ‬ሴϛ٘Ȃձ ޲ӱԫණяȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᢏᘉȂᇴ݃Ϝ୾τഛȶ୾ঢ়ȷϲഌ‫ޠ‬ϸϾᝰ ӬȂпІࡹྲᇅȶ୾ঢ়ȷ‫ޠ‬ᒒ౶ሊߗȂȶަཽȷಣԚԚӌ֖౫я‫ܗ‬ᖓᆩ ‫ܗ‬౶ᚕ‫ޠ‬Ϥ୞ᜱ߾Ȃձ࣐ᢏᄇ౫໧ࢳϜӔ࢈‫ޠښ‬ѫΚᆎ෈х࢝ᄻȂ‫ٯ‬ᐄ пࠊᙂϜӔґ‫ݾ࢈ޠٿ‬୞ӪȄ ਴ᐄαख़ҭ‫ޠ‬ȂҐНϲৡл्ϸήഌϸȄॷӒӶԪ࿾ϜȂՍ࢈‫ᙾښ‬ ࠯ᇅ૗ΩᡑϾِ࡚Ȃϸ‫ݚ‬౫ԥଭᄈϜӔ࢈᠍ᡞ፵‫ޠ‬ଇ፤Ȃਸ౪яึ৥ᙾ ࠯ȃ྄᠍ϲ௣ȃࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫๊ڿ‬ή໷ᢏᘉȂΚΚໍ՘ᔯଇȂ‫ٯ‬௦៊‫ܩ‬яձ޲ ঔॐ‫ޠ‬ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᢏᘉȂᙥпዑఽϜӔᡞ‫ޠ࠯ᙾښ‬Ѡ૗ᇅРӪୱ ᚡȄ௦៊‫ޠ‬ಒή࿾ࠍ஡ᙥҦ‫ڎ‬ঐኅ‫ڨ‬२ຝ‫ޠ‬਱‫پ‬șȶࡦԱЬᡧȷᇅȶཉ ߟ๣ᢃȷ‫ٲ‬ӈșᇴ݃ϜӔឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ϲഌ‫ޠ‬ϸϾᇅᝰӬȂпІަཽΩ໕Ԅ ե๗࿘ᇅ༻௦୾ঢ়૗ΩȂᙥԫӲᓟᚅఽձ޲‫ܛ‬ᒞȶϲഌᝰӬɯѵഌᖓ ᆩȷᡞ‫ښ‬Ȅ๗፤ࠍლၑᇴ݃Ȃ਴ᐄαख़ϸ‫࢝ݚ‬ᄻȂଭᄈϜӔ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ୱ ᚡ‫ڦ௵ܛ‬ϟҴൠȂпІໍ՘ϸ‫ڏܛݚ‬റ‫ޠ‬ᓻ༗ȈࠊΚഌӌ஡஽።‫ڐ‬ᇅ౫ ԇᢏᘉ‫ޠ‬ୣրᇅቌঅȂࡤΚഌӌࠍ஡ᇅၷ࣐ߗծ‫ޠ‬ȶ࿦ບࡅ᠍ȷ Ȟfragmented authoritarianism, Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1988ȇLieberthal and Lampton eds., 1992ȟᢏᘉࣻᄈྲȂ‫ٯ‬ᇴ݃Ԅեᙥȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷِ ࡚ᢏᄇϜӔ࢈‫ٗޠښ‬ӪȄ. ະȃ஠‫ښ‬ᒹཿȃစަᡑ᎑ᇅᡞ‫࠯ᙾښ‬Ȉѳᆎ౪፤ᢏᘉ‫ޠ‬ᄈྲ ௦៊ࠊख़‫ޠ‬፤Н๗ᄻȂҐ࿾஡൸ϜӔ‫׾‬९໡ܺп७Ȃȶ࢈ѿစѢȷ ᡞ‫ښ‬ϟίȂΚР८࢑ȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ‫ޠ‬Сᅛ੕ዝȂѫР८ࠍ࢑ȶ྄᠍ᒹ ཿȷ‫ښڔ౐ޠ‬ङȄ‫ڎ‬ᆎΩ໕ਣՅ‫܅‬ԫ‫ڟ׃‬ȂਣՅࣻϤᎱ‫׫‬ȂԥᠨܼԫȂ ֕ҞύΞ஡Ϝ୾τഛ࢈᠍ᡞ፵Ȃۢ՞࣐ȶࡤ྄᠍ၦҐлဏึ৥୾ঢ়ȷ Ȟ2007ȟȄ֕ЫԄԫࣩۢȂՍԥ‫ڐ‬੬ੇُӵȂկԥᜱᄈۭ࢈‫ښ‬Ԅեᅌ.

(5) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 195. ᡑȂ‫௵ܛ‬Ҵൠࣻᄈ໡ܺȄԥᠨܼԫȂձ޲Ξ൸ίӗөᢏᘉϟϛ٘Ȃණя ෈х‫ޠ‬ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷ࢝ᄻȂࣿԥֆᄈ౫໧ϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬౪၍ȃґ‫ٿ‬ϜӔ ٗӪ‫ޠ‬ජඬȄпί‫ٸ‬Ԫ൸ึ৥ᙾ࠯ȃ྄᠍ϲ௣ȃࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ᢏᘉໍ՘Ϯಞ ᇅ‫״‬ցȂӕ௦៊ණяձ޲‫࡛ܛ‬ឋ‫࢝ޠ‬ᄻȄ. Κȃึ৥ᙾ࠯Ȟ‫ܗ‬౫хϾ౪፤ȟ ଭᄈစަึ৥ᇅ࢈‫ݾ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ᜱ߾Ȃഷစ‫ڑ‬лࢻ‫࢑ݳࣽޠ‬ȶ౫хϾ౪ ፤ȷȞmodernization theoryȟȄԫ౪፤ΚР८஽።ึ৥ᇅᡞ‫ޠښ‬ᜱ߾Ȃᇰ ࣐စᔽቩߞ஡‫׾‬ᡑަཽ๗ᄻȂӱԫߵԚҖл࢈‫ݾ‬Ȅ‫ڎ‬໷စ‫ޠڑ‬ः‫ف‬Ȃ‫ڐ‬ ϜϟΚ࢑Seymour Martin Lipsetл஼୾Җ‫ܛ‬ூ‫ޠ‬ቩߞȂ஡ߵໍϏཿϾ‫ڸ‬എ ҀϾȂໍΚؐණ݈ఁ‫ي‬ЬྦȃֶτϜ౱໧઼ȂಥՅߵ‫ݾ࢈ٻ‬བᗎҖл ȞLipset, 1959ȇLipset, 1981: 55~70ȟȄѫР८ȂKarl Deutschࠍ஽።ަཽ စᔽ๗ᄻ‫׾ޠ‬ᡑȂ஡ަཽԚস௄ȶ༉ಜȷ‫؃‬ᑪϜ၍ܺȂ‫ޠུ௵׾‬ᄙ࡚ᇅ ՘࣐Ȃη᎐ഈུ‫ࢆޠ‬᏾ᇅୱᚡȂӱԫЖึȶτಁަཽȷᄈ࢈‫ޠۻ‬ା࡚෉ ࡠȂᄈ࢈‫ޠݾ‬ᛗࣕ୥ᇅȂ೼ᆎ‫ڏ‬ԥ౫хཏဏ‫ޠ‬τಁ୥ᇅȂໍՅЖᏳҖл ࢈‫ޠݾ‬я౫ȞDeutsch, 1961ȟȄ αख़‫࣐ڿ‬՚Р୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬ԚߞစᡜȂަཽлဏ୾ঢ়η஡ณ‫ݳ‬ՍѵܼԫȄ ‫ڐ‬ϜΚР८ԄRichard Lowenthal‫ّܛ‬Ȃȶึ৥೤ࡢȷᇅȶཏᜌ࠯ᄙȷ‫܂‬ ‫ᜳ܂‬пচৡȂӱԫȂࡅ᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ᄈစᔽึ৥‫ޠ‬ሰؒȂ҇ดᏳय‫ڐ‬ԚসЗᄙ ‫ᙾޠ‬ϾȈ௄ᄈཏᜌ࠯ᄙ‫ޠ‬ȶณ‫ۉؾ‬ᝧȷȂᙾඳ࣐ᄈစᔽҢ౱‫ޠ‬ȶ౪‫ܓ‬ॏ ᆘȷȄඳّϟȂӔ౱୾ঢ়ΚҎᙾӪ२ຝစᔽึ৥Ȃ‫ڐ‬੪ԝ٥ԓ‫߭ݾ࢈ޠ‬ ‫҇܉‬᎐߮ᇠȂ਴ᐄཏᜌ࠯ᄙᆱᛯ‫ݾ࢈ޠ‬஠ᘟȂη஡҇᎐ࢆ᏾ ȞLowenthalȂ1970: 50~54ȟȄѫР८ȂMoshe Lewinᄈងᖓ࢈‫ึݾ‬৥‫ޠ‬ ः‫ف‬ȂӤኻᡘұяစަᡑ᎑‫ޠ‬ձңȄᐄ‫ُܛڐ‬ȂϏཿึ৥๗‫ݏ‬Ȃ࠳Ҁഃ ؐᘘ஼Ȃᡞ‫ښ‬ϲऌ‫ۣ׭‬჊ȃ‫ޤ‬ᜌӌφ໧ቺֶτȂᡞ‫ښ‬ϟѵࠍҀҖަཽη ഃؐึ‫ي‬Ȃ೼‫ٳ‬዗ಌᓷϾ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫ȂΚР८ߵ‫ٻ‬ងᖓ୾ঢ়૗Ωԥ‫ښܛ‬ङȂ ѫР८ࠍჃᓿ፞ԄИВ࠷Њ๊ໍ՘‫׾‬९Ȃ‫ࣻڎ‬ፑᔟϟίȂࠊងᖓಥӶ.

(6) 196. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ȶង‫ݱݎ‬ȷࢆ᏾Ϝ་᙮ȞLewinȂ1991ȟȄӤኻ‫ޠ‬Ȃ਴ᐄ֕ҞύȞ1998Ȉ 447ȟ‫ޠ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬Ȃ‫ݎ‬ዊή୾Ȟ‫៍ݱ‬ȃӝвւᇅ௧ջȟࣻᄈ‫ڐ‬уӔឪ୾ঢ়Ȃӱ စᔽึ৥โ࡚ၷାȂަཽಣԚ๗ᄻϛӤȂࢉԥւܼಣᙒ‫׫ޠ‬ᒌΩ໕Ȃ໡ ఃҖлᙾ࠯‫ޠ‬ᐡӒȄαख़ࠊަཽлဏᡞ‫ښ‬਱‫پ‬Ȃְ‫ڴ‬ᔗࠊख़౫хϾ౪፤ Ⴒ෉‫ึޠ‬৥क़ၭȄ ӱԫȂᆤӬαख़Ȃ਴ᐄȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷᢏᘉȂစަᡑ᎑‫ึޠ‬৥Ȃ࢈‫ݾ‬ ‫׾‬९҇ดѠ෉ȂஆҐαȶϛ࢑ϛൣȂਣ໣ґ‫ژ‬ȷȞ֕ҞύȂ1998ȟȄԫ ᢏᘉѠпGordon White࣐хߓ‫ܓ‬Ȃу෇пȶᚪߐᜳίȷ࣐ЩൖȂᇴ݃စ ᔽึ৥‫ޠ‬ᐤโȂԄեആԚᡞ‫ښ‬ӼϰϸϾȂစᔽަཽ‫ޠ‬ᡑ᎑ȂέԄե२༮ ަཽ๗ᄻȂಥ‫ݾ࢈ٻ‬ᡑ᎑ณ‫ݳ‬ᗘռȞWhite, 1993ȇWhiteȃHowell and Shang, 1996ȟȄ կ਴ᐄAdam Przeworskiყ໦‫ޠ‬ၯ୾ः‫ف‬Ȃึ౫࢈စᡑ᎑‫ޠ‬ႇโȂ‫ٯ‬ ߩԄԫఽ඿й‫ܓۢ؛‬Ȅ‫ڐ‬Ϝ঩ӱ࣐եȉ‫ש‬উйпϜ୾τഛ࣐‫پ‬Ȃᚅఽ‫ڐ‬ नࡤ‫ޠ‬ᐡ‫ښ‬ȄஆҐαȂϜ୾τഛ‫ึޠ‬৥Ԛ൸ȂᎰ‫ڿ‬Π࢈᠍‫ޠ‬Ӭ‫ܓݳ‬ȃη ஽ϾΠ୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬૗ΩȂӱԫȂ֊߰ึ৥ٟౢȃΚСξ٩Ȃծо‫ٯ‬ґึҢ౫ хϾ౪፤‫ܛ‬Ⴒ෉‫୾ޠ‬ঢ়৶Ͼ஬၍ȃަཽಣᙒ୞সȂпय‫᠍ࡅڐ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ϛ୞ ԄύȞNathan, 2007Ȉ125~144ȟȂ‫ڐ‬Ϝ঩ӱ࣐եȉ ॷӒ࢑ၦྜᇅ‫ߤٸ‬ୱᚡȄҦܼτഛቘ՘‫׾ޠ‬९໡ܺȂл्੬ኊ࣐ ȶ୾ঢ়ȷМପлᏳȞWu, 2002/2003ȇWu, 2003ȟȂՅйӶ‫׾‬९ႇโϜȂ ᄈܼࢌூւઊ޲щᅗ‫ڟ׃‬ଞᡲȞዄᆫȂ1993ȟȄӱԫȂᓎ຀စᔽϛᘟቩ ߞȂತᑗτ໕ၦྜȂ‫ٯ‬ӱԫՅСᅛֶτ‫ޠ‬Ȃ‫ߩٯ‬ᑀҴܼ୾ঢ়ϟѵ‫ޠ‬ȶϜ ౱໧઼ȷȞ৙Ҵ҂Ȃ2003ȟȂЇ࣐ᙥҦξ๜࿳ᕿ‫ޠ‬ᜱ߾ᆪ๝Ȃᡁ‫ڦ‬өᆎ Ժւᐡཽ‫ུޠ‬൳໧ቺȈуউ‫ܼߤٸرر‬ឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃ‫ם‬Ԛȶۣ჊ၦҐл ဏȷȞbureaucratic capitalismȂMeisner, 1996ȇLu, 2000ȟ‫ޠ‬੬፵Ȅӱ ԫȂԫ᜹ུ൳໧઼‫ޠ‬நକȂϛկณ‫םݳ‬Ԛࢋᔇ‫׫‬ᒌឪ୾ȂߵԚ࢈‫࠯ᙾݾ‬ ‫ޠ‬୞ΩȂЇᇅᡞ‫ښ‬ւઊӔҢȂӓΩᆱៗߴሬ‫ڐ‬ւઊ‫᠍ࡅޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȟ྇ᑘ ົȂ2007ȟȄѫР८Ȃឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬І‫ߤٸڐ‬໧ቺȂӶᡁ‫ڦ‬τ໕ၦྜϟࡤȂ.

(7) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 197. ஡‫؂‬૗ഇႇȶॶ઩୾ঢ়ȷȞrentier state)ᐈձ‫ޠ‬К‫ݳ‬Ȃ‫޲ܗ‬ഇႇ௠௄ᆪ ๝ȂԞጢަཽᆡऽȞૌᔪȃച࠶յȂ2007Ȉ105ȟȃ‫޲ܗ‬౲ࢋϊඐȂҠ၍ ަཽ‫׫‬ឋȞૌᔪȂ2008ȟȄ ࿌ུ൳໧઼࣐ᡞ‫֝ܛښ‬ાȂ‫ܼߤٸٯ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ȂӶւઊӔҢ‫ޠ‬௒‫ݸ‬ίȂ ུᑺ໧઼ᇅ୾ঢ়ᄈ‫ޠ׫‬Ѡ૗‫ܓ‬஡τ࣐෶ϊȄӱՅȂစᔽึ৥Ԛ‫ݏ‬स࣐ ȶ୾ঢ়ȷІ‫ߤٸڐ‬໧઼‫ܛ‬ᚿᘟȂࠍ৽ᜳԄȶ౫хϾ౪፤ȷ‫ܛ‬Ⴒ෉Ȃစᔽ ึ৥஡ߵԚ࠳ҀϜ౱໧઼‫ֶޠ‬τȂ‫ٯ‬ӱԫፑᔟᙠԥ‫᠍ࡅޠ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬Ȅစᔽึ ৥‫ޠ‬๗‫ݏ‬Ȃ‫ڿ‬ดᏳय୾ঢ়ᇅަཽ‫ޠ‬ӼϰϸϾȂւઊ๗ᄻԥ‫ܛ‬ϛӤȂᝰ‫ލ‬ ་ߔӶ‫ᜳܛ‬ռȂկ࿌өРְ឵ࢌூւઊ໲ყਣȂ‫ڐ‬ፑऐ‫ޠ‬ጓ൝߰ԥ‫׌‬ ४Ȃ౪࿌ϛयખᚾτ‫׌‬Ȅ ѫР८ȂϜ୾τഛ‫ץ‬ഁ‫ึޠ‬৥ȂᏳयᝓ२‫ޠ‬ϸପϛְᇅᓎϟՅ‫୾ٿ‬ ঢ়ަཽᆨ஼Ȃુн஽τ‫ޠ‬Ϝ౱໧઼Ȃณ‫ݳ‬ഇႇᅛໍ‫ࢋޠ‬ᔇȂ୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬२२ ᔇ‫ښ‬२൝Ȟе߭፲Ȃ2006Ȉ97~100ȟȄҦܼᓝᖆ‫ލ׫ཽަޠ‬Ȃ‫܂܂‬яϟ пȶ҉ȃઔȃ཮ȷϟ᜹ኹΩ‫ם‬ԓȂᗵ֥ᄈࠊख़ȶࢌூւઊȷ໧ቺ‫ᝓޠ‬२ ࡅૐȂӱԫȂࡤ޲๙ᜳӤ௒ȃМࡼԫ᜹ަཽၽ୞Ȅ౴ഥȂѷџ౫ԥ࢈᠍ ᆱៗϟίȂ፣‫ߴٿ‬ሬ‫ڐ‬ւூᆔၿȉ፣‫ٿ‬ᆱៗ‫ڐ‬Ң‫ڽ‬ଓ౱ȉӱԫȂӶુн ‫׾‬९Зᄙ‫ޠ‬Ϝ౱໧઼༌ߵίȂަཽၽ୞ϛկ‫ᝓژڨ‬ੀ‫ޠ‬٪ጓᇅᔇ‫׼‬Ȃ೼ ‫ཽަٳ‬ၽ୞ηณ‫ݳ‬ԥਞᙾඳ࣐ߵԚ‫ޠ࠯ᙾ࡚ښ‬୞ΩȄ. Ρȃ྄᠍ϲ௣Ȟ‫᠍྄ࡤܗ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ȟ ྄᠍лဏ࢈ᡞᚿᘟ࢈‫ݾ‬ȃཏᜌ࠯ᄙȃ୾ঢ়ኹΩȃစᔽȃަཽȃ൭ᡞ ༉ክ๊Ȃ࣐Κ஠ᘟᑀນ‫࢈ޠ‬ᡞ‫ם‬ԓȞFriedrich, 1969: 126ȟȄࣻᄈ྄ܼ ᠍лဏՅԚ‫ޠ‬ȶࡤ྄᠍лဏȷȞpost-totalitarianismȟᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃ࢑Ҧ྄᠍л ဏଞϾ‫࢈ޠ‬ᡞ‫ם‬ԓȂ឵ܼ࢈ᡞᙾ࠯ႇโϜ‫ޠ‬ᅌϾ᜹࠯ȞLinz and Stepan, 1996: 293~294ȟȄ1 ᄈԫȂLinzᇅStepanȞ1975: 293ȟණя‫ڎ‬ᆎࡤ྄᠍л. 1. LinzᇅStepanȞ1975: 293ȟ஽።྄᠍лဏ࢈ᡞ‫ޠ‬ଞϾԥ࡟Ӽᆎ‫ם‬ԓȂѠ‫ޣ‬௦ᙾϾ࣐Җ.

(8) 198. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ဏ‫ึޠ‬৥ዂԓȈȶՍ᜺ԓࡤ྄᠍лဏȷȞpost-totalitarianism by choiceȟ ཏࡿҦ࢈‫ݾ‬๼ऽึ୞‫׾‬९Ȃໍ՘ᄈᑀນ᠍Ω‫ޠ‬४‫ښ‬Ȃৡ‫ף‬ȃᓷ೩Κ‫ٳ‬ ҀҖަཽ‫ޠ‬я౫Ȅԫѵࠍ࣐ȶ૿ଞԓࡤ྄᠍лဏȷȞpost-totalitarianism by decayȟ஽።ᡑ९৶Ͼᡞ‫ޠښ‬ᔇΩ‫ٿ‬ՍަཽȂ‫ڐ‬੬ኊ࣐ཏᜌ࠯ᄙ‫ޠ‬ଞ Ͼ‫୾ڸ‬ঢ়ณ‫ݳ‬ԥਞᔇ‫ཽަښ‬Ω໕Ȅ਴ᐄLinz‫ݳࣽޠ‬Ȃࡤ྄᠍лဏ‫ޠ‬੬ኊ Ϭߴԥ୾ঢ়ᅥΤަཽஆቺ‫ޠ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬ᐡ‫ښ‬Ȃ‫پ‬Ԅ൭ᡞȃަཽಣᙒȂՅࡅ᠍ᡞ ‫ࠍښ‬ณ᜹ծᐡ‫ښ‬Ȟ֕ҞύȂ2007Ȉ313ȟȄҦԫȂആԚࡤ྄᠍лဏᡞ‫ښ‬ ᜳпᙾ࠯Ȃ࢑Ӕᡞ‫ښ‬ᒹᆲ‫ښ‬ङ‫ޠ‬๗‫ݏ‬ȄӶԫ‫࡚ښ‬ङ‫؃‬ίȂ‫ܛ‬ԥ‫ཽަޠ‬ಣ ᙒְ௄឵ܼឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȅ୾ঢ়ᇅަཽ‫ޠ‬ᒋӬ࢑ഇႇ࢈ឪ‫ޠ‬௄឵ಣᙒ‫ໍٿ‬՘ ȞZhang, 1994: 122~124ȟȄӱԫȂसુнަཽᔇΩȂࠍࡤ྄᠍࢈ᡞ஡ᆱ ࡼϛ‫ࢆڨ‬᏾Ȅ ȶ‫׾‬९໡ܺȷ࿌ด࢑ߵ୞Ϝ୾τഛᙾӪȶࡤ྄᠍лဏȷ‫ޠ‬਴Ґ୞ Ω Ȅ ‫ ٺ ݔ‬ᓹ ȃ ৹ ල ቏ Ȟ 2 0 0 3 Ȉ 11 ~ 2 9 ȟ Ξ п ȶ ଞ Ͼ ‫ ᠍ ྄ ޠ‬л ဏ ȷ Ȟdegenerative totalitarianismȟ‫ם‬ৡ‫׾‬९໡ܺ‫ޠ‬Ϝ୾τഛȄ‫ܛ‬ᒞ‫ޠ‬ଞϾ࢑ ࡿȂӱစᔽ໡ܺՅя౫ަཽ‫ޠ‬ԥ४ӼϰȄпІȂཏᜌ࠯ᄙ௄ަཽлဏ౪ དྷȂᙾᡑ࣐୾ঢ়ᐡᏣਘఀஉ࢈Ӭ‫ࢻܓݳ‬ѷ‫ݾ࢈ޠ‬ᐍӬᐡ‫ښ‬ȄඳّϟȂࡤ ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ί‫ޠ‬Ϝ୾Ȃ࣐ӱᔗȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷစᔽ࠯ᄙՅଞϾ‫᠍྄ޠ‬ᡞ ‫ښ‬Ȃ‫ڏٯ‬റԥ४Ӽϰ‫࠯ཽަޠ‬ᄙȄ֕ҞύȞ2007Ȉ310ȟ௄።‫ڸ‬፤ᢏᘉᇰ ࣐Ȃ౫ϭ‫ޠ‬Ϝ୾τഛᡞ‫ښ‬ᒋӬΠӼᆎ੬ኊȂࢌԇӶងᖓȃ‫ݎ‬ዊԓ‫ޠ‬ȶࡤ ྄᠍лဏȷȂη‫ڏ‬ԥ‫ٴݎ‬ȶၦҐлဏึ৥୾ঢ়ȷȞcapitalist development stateȟ‫ޠ‬ኻᇽȄу஡‫޲ڎ‬๗ӬȂණяȶࡤ྄᠍‫ޠ‬ၦҐлဏึ৥୾ঢ়ȷ ȞPost-Totalitarianism Capitalist Developmental State, PTCDSȟȄดՅȂϜ ୾‫ึޠ‬৥क़ၭϛसLowenthalȞ1970Ȉ50~54ȟ෉ࡠစᔽึ৥Ᏻय੪ԝ٥ ஬၍‫ޠ‬౪དྷϾȄᖄด໡ܺစᔽึ৥Ȃկ୾ঢ়ಜ‫ݾ‬૗Ω‫ٯ‬ґӱԫՅ૿৶Ȃ ϜӔϬߴԥ྄᠍лဏਣ෉Κឪ஠࢈ȃᚿᘟ‫ݢ‬၇Ω໕ȃ௢‫ཽަښ‬ಣᙒȃུ. л࢈ᡞ‫࢈᠍ࡅܗ‬ᡞȂϛ҇ดሰ्စႇࡤ྄᠍лဏᡞ‫ޠښ‬ၿၰȄ.

(9) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 199. ᆹ൭ᡞ๊୾ঢ়୞স૗ΩȞ৹ල቏ȃ‫ٺݔ‬ᓹȂ2003ȇе߭፲Ȃ2007Ȉ 299~300ȇᒄѓપȂ2008Ȉ139~140ȟȄ ηӱԫȂࡤ྄᠍лဏᡞ‫ښ‬ί‫ޠ‬ϜӔȂᗷดစᔽึ৥ୱᚡᕖூԚ൸Ȃ կӔឪᡞ‫ޠښ‬ቋϾпІစᔽึ৥ழ‫ཽަޠٿ‬ѷᒌፑऐЁାȂࠔԚ࣐ኈ៫ ϜӔໍΚؐึ৥‫ޠ‬ಚရҰȞPei, 2006ȟȄԫѵȂ‫׾‬९֩ძηЇ࢏ӶϜӔ ߪమҦ९‫ڽ‬ឪȂᙾ࠯࣐ᎍӬஉ࢈‫ޠ‬౫хϾۣ჊ᡞ‫׾ق‬९ႇโϟαȄ࿌ࠊ ឪϲ‫ޠ‬२τ‫׾‬९Ȃϛ፤ឪϲ‫࡚ښ‬९ུȂ‫࢑ܗ‬ஆቺᡞ‫᠍ܺޠښ‬Ս‫ݾ‬Ȃഎณ ‫ݳ‬ଡ಴ԥ‫׾‬९կᖃဤܼ‫ם‬ԓ‫ޠ‬ȶϲ௣ϾȷȞinvolutionȟ౫ຬȞ৹ල቏Ȃ 2007ȇሂ࡛Җȃ஼உϜȂ2005ȇቔ໰᡺ȃе߭፲Ȃ2002ȟȄ௄ϜӔᡞ‫ښ‬ ‫ޠ‬ӗᄀлဏ੬Ք‫ࣽٿ‬Ȃ‫ڐ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ґٙ൸ુнစҦЇᚧᐡ‫ٿښ‬་᠚ҖཏȂп ІӲᔗަཽᖃᡞሰؒ‫ޠ‬૗ΩȞShambaugh, 2006: 7ȟȄՅឪ୾᠍Ω‫ޠ‬Κϰ Ͼ੬‫ܓ‬Ȃ՘࢈ᡞ‫ق‬ᄈөРւઊໍ՘ᚿᘟȂ‫௷؂‬ଷҖ໣ަཽѠဋ൜‫ޠ‬Ꮈ ӵȄӶԫӤਣȂϜѶᇅӵР࢈‫םۻ‬Ԛᆨஞ‫ޠ‬ւઊӔҢᜱ߾Ȃഎ‫ٻ‬ூ࢈‫ݾ‬ ‫׾‬९஡‫ᜳ؂‬п৥໡Ȃަཽᑗᆺ‫ޠ‬ᔇΩηณ೏ࡈ࣊ȄՅࡤ྄᠍лဏ࢈ᡞ‫ޠ‬ ȶϛѠ።ᎍ‫ܓ‬ȷࠍ‫ڴ‬ᔗαख़ᡞ‫ᜳښ‬п።ᐍȃ‫׾‬९‫֩ޠ‬ძȄ Ҕӱ࣐ࡤ྄᠍лဏ஽።ᡞ‫ޠښ‬ȶϛѠ።ᎍ‫ܓ‬ȷȂ೼༗҇ณ‫ݳ‬Ӳᔗ࣐ եϜӔߗԒ‫ٿ‬ᓝᓝមяȶ‫ڸ‬ᒚަཽȷ‫׾ޠ‬९࢈๋ȉस‫ٸ‬ඊࡤ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ϛ Ѡ።ᎍ‫ޠܓ‬ᡓᒯяึȂ୾ঢ়ଷΠᚋᔇКࢳѵȂณ‫ݳ‬ᙥҦᡞ‫ښ‬።ᎍϾ၍ᇅ ަཽབ՘ඍϾ‫ޠ‬ᄈࡒᜱ߾Ȃࠍಥ஡Ᏻय९‫ޠڽ‬ᛗึȄկ‫ٲ‬ᄃα‫ߩٯ‬Ԅ ԫȂϜӔ࢈᠍Ս᎔ϊ҂௦ੳп‫ٿ‬ȂпՎܼ‫ژ‬ऩᓇᕀл࢈ਣ෉Ȃഎϛᘟ‫ޠ‬ ໍ՘ԥ४‫๋࢈ޠ‬።ᎍȄӱԫȂୱᚡӶܼᗷดϜӔϬ‫ڏ‬ԥ஽τ‫ޠ‬ᚋᔇК ࢳȂկ୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬ᚋᔇԚҐ࢑֐ԥ‫྄ڐ‬४ȉᗚ࢑ϜӔϑഃᅛ௵‫ڦ‬ԥ४єৡ७ մᚋᔇԚҐȉ೼‫ٳ‬എ࢑ࡤ྄᠍лဏณ‫ݳ‬ដІ‫ޠژ‬၍ម८ӪȄ. ήȃࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬Ȟ‫ึܗ‬৥࠯ࡅ᠍୾ঢ়ȟ ࣻᄈܼ౫хϾ౪፤Ȃ࢈᠍ᛨۢ፤஽።စᔽึ৥‫ޠ‬ᓻ౵Ԛ‫ݏ‬Ȃ஡૗Ꮀ ‫᠍ࡅڿ‬ಜ‫ښ׼ٯݾ‬Җлึ৥Ȅ֕ҞύȞ1998Ȉ449ȟᄈ࢈᠍ᛨۢ‫ݳࣽޠ‬४.

(10) 200. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ۢӶϛ፤ԥณစᔽ‫׾‬९ȂѬ्ԥًԂ‫ޠ‬စᔽߓ౫Ȃ஠‫࢈ښ‬ᡞ൸ณ໹ᐋነ ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬ᛨ‫ܓڿ‬ȄดՅȂ௄Ϝ‫ݎ‬ᇅІߩࢹ๊ȶॶ઩୾ঢ়ȷȞrentier statesȟ ਱‫ࣽٿپ‬Ȃစᔽߓ౫࣐࢈᠍ᛨ‫ڿ‬ϟࠊණȂկ࢈᠍ᛨۢ‫ޠ‬ᜱଅӶܼȂसึ ৥‫ܛ‬ฆҢ‫ཽަޠ‬ၦྜȂӼ໲Ϝܼȶ୾ঢ়ȷϟКȂЇ஡ԥֆ‫ڐ‬Ԟጢȃ֝ા ަཽᆡऽȂ௄ՅҠ၍ަཽᆀ࿝ᇅ‫ښ‬ᒌ‫ޠ‬Ω໕ȂᎰ‫ڿ‬౫ԥ‫᠍ࡅޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȅ‫پ‬ ԄϜ‫ݎ‬೩Ӽ౱‫୾ݷ‬ঢ়ȂҦܼᙵࠕ‫ݷ୶ޠ‬ԞΤȂְ࣐ࡅ᠍ᡞ‫ܛښ‬ජඬȂ࢈ ᠍‫܂܂‬ூпԎҴϛ཯ȄඳّϟȂȶ୾ঢ়ȷ‫ܛ‬᐀ၦྜ຺࣐ᙵ‫ؙ‬Ȃ၏୾‫ޠ‬Җ лࠊෂ஡຺ึ៽సȞૌᔪȃച࠶յȂ2007Ȉ106ȟȄ ҭࠊϜ୾τഛϟ‫ܛ‬п૗ᆱࡼစ‫࢈׾‬ϛ‫ޠ׾‬ᛨۢੀ‫׌‬Ȃᘫѓܼ‫ڐ‬༈΢ ‫ޠ‬စᔽԚ൸‫؂‬૗஽Ͼ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬Ӭ‫ܓݳ‬ȄࣻᜱНᝧࡿяȂϜ୾࢈᠍‫ޠ‬ᛨۢȂ ҇໹ᘫѓܼစᔽึ৥Ьྦ‫ޠ‬ණЁȂпІϜӔԥਞ‫ޠ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬ᐡ‫ښ‬ȄϜӔႁԚ ࢈᠍ᛨۢึ৥‫ڏޠ‬ᡞ‫ޠ‬ᛨۢᐡ‫ښ‬Ѡϸ࣐ȶኹΩ஽‫ښ‬ȷȃȶ՘࢈Ԟጢȷп Іȶ৶༗ԞຶȷȄॷӒȶኹΩ஽‫ښ‬ȷϜӔ࢈᠍Ϭᙠජඬ࢈‫ݾ‬ᇅ୾ঢ়ኹΩ ᚿᘟ᠍ΩȂ‫ڏ‬ԥቱዤ‫ཽަޠ‬ᚋᔇКࢳȂ‫ڐ‬уᆔ‫ښ‬Ԅ൭ᡞȃਫᝳ๊Ȃпᝓ ੀ४‫ښ‬Җ໣‫ཽަޠ‬୞সᇅ࢈‫ݾ‬୥ᇅȂ௷ଷϛւܼ࢈‫ݾ‬ᛨۢ‫ޠ‬ӱષጃߴစ ᔽึ৥‫៊ࡼޠ‬ᇅᛨۢȞᒄѓપȂ2008Ȉ114~120ȟȄ ‫ڐ‬ԪȂȶ՘࢈֝ાȷРԓȂࠍ࢑п᠗๝ަཽձ࣐ߵԚϜ୾τഛ୾ ঢ়ɯަཽᜱ߾ᛨۢ‫ึޠ‬৥ᐡ‫ښ‬ȄҦܼစᔽ‫ץ‬ഁକॵȂ୾ঢ়஡ٟഁತᑗᙵ ൳‫ޠ‬ଓ࢈ၦྜȂ೾ႇଓ࢈ၦྜпȶ՘࢈֝ાȷȂ੒၍Ѡ૗‫ཽަޠ‬ϛᛨۢ ᐡ‫ښ‬Ȅ௄ȶήঐхߓȷ஡ϛӤ໧઼֝ાໍ‫๋؛‬ᡞ‫ق‬ȂпІ஡ஆቺ๼ऽ೾ ႇᒶᖟȂ‫ܧ‬ᔦȃાΤ୾ঢ়лᏳ‫๋؛ޠ‬ႇโȂԫᖟ஡ԥւܼ೾ႇւઊߓႁ ༙໲Ͼ၍዗Ӷ‫ཽަޠ‬ϛᅗȂ‫ٯ‬Ӳႇᓟ‫ٿ‬஽Ͼ՘࢈‫ޠ‬உ՘ਞ૗Ȟૌᔪȃച ࠶յȂ2007Ȉ106ȟȄഷࡤȂᄈܼ৶༗ထᡞࠍпȶ୾ঢ়ᗋຶ݉ଡ଼ȷРԓȂ п‫ڐ‬စᔽᓻ༗ණ‫ٽ‬ө໷ᆌւఀֆȂпᅗ٘ަཽ৶༗ሰؒȃ੒࡝Ѡ૗‫ޠ‬ኹ ୞ӱષȂпႁԚஆቺަཽ‫ޠ‬ᛨۢᇅ‫ڸ‬ᒚȄ‫ڐ‬уȂӶ‫ڏ‬ᡞࢋ࢈αη੬րྲ ៬৶༗ထᡞȂԄഀ៊5Ԓ‫ޠ‬ȶϜѶΚဵНӈȷȂְᚈۢήၼୱᚡ‫ޠ‬၍‫؛‬Ȃ ‫ڦ‬੒ၼཿใȃ໡ᒳၼཿߴᓏ๊ȄߗԒяᇄ‫ޠ‬ȶഽ୞ӬӤ‫ݳ‬ȷȂηѐᡘ‫ڐ‬.

(11) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 201. ߴሬஆቺഽϏ‫ޠ‬ңཏȄԫδᆎᆎᡘұяϜӔᄈ࢈᠍ᛨۢ‫ޠ‬஽τଢؒȄ ഇႇ࢈᠍ᛨۢ፤ί‫ޠ‬စᔽԞຶᇅ୾ঢ়ಜ‫ݾ‬ᐡ‫ښ‬Ȃථұ୾ঢ়ւңစᔽ ึ৥‫ܛ‬ூ‫ޠ‬ၦྜȂໍ՘๼ऽ᠗๝ȃަཽၦྜ२ϸପ๊РԓȂ஡‫ٻ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬ஆ ᙄ‫ם؂‬ᛨ‫ڿ‬й஽Ͼ୾ަᜱ߾Ȅпαᆎᆎᐡ‫ࣲښ‬Ӷ஽Ͼ୾ঢ়ಜ‫ݾ‬૗ΩȂկ ࢑࢈᠍ᛨۢ፤ณ‫ݳ‬ᇴ݃‫࢑ޠ‬Ȃ࣐եӶ୾ঢ়ȶኹΩ஽‫ښ‬ȷȃȶ՘࢈Ԟ ጢȷȃȶ৶༗Ԟຶȷήᆔቇίȃ೻฾চࢋ‫ޠ‬ಜ‫ݾ‬ίȂࠔณ‫ښ׼ݳ‬ஆቺަ ཽԫକ‫܅‬ဤ‫ޠ‬ᆱ᠍ၽ୞ᇅަཽ‫ލ׫‬ȉ‫؂‬ႉ፤Ԅ؄‫ڀ‬Ԅ‫ࡿܛ‬я‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ϲഌ ϸϾୱᚡȞLieberthal, 1992: 1~30ȟȄ. ѳȃϲϸɯѵᖓᡞ‫ښ‬ȈѫΚᆎѠ૗ ӱԫȂ਴ᐄαख़‫״ޠ‬ຠȂଭᄈϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬ᡞ፵ୱᚡȂҭࠊᏱࣩංᆎ лࢻᢏᘉȂծоְԇӶ၍មࠂ४‫ޠ‬ୱᚡȄ਴ᐄ‫ڐ‬Ϝȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷᢏᘉȂ ֏΢Ѡп௱ขȂ‫ܛ‬ᒞȶ྄᠍ϲ௣ȷᢏᘉᄈτഛȶަཽȷ‫ޠ‬๗ᄻᡑ᎑Ȃп ІϜӔȶ୾ঢ়ȷ‫ޠ‬ᡞ፵።ᎍȂᇰᜌԥ‫ܛ‬ϛ٘Ȃӱ࣐ΚҎȶ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷ໡ ۗܺ᠍ᡲւȂ௱୞Ҁൠᙾ࠯ਣȂ‫ڐ‬ȶ୾ঢ়ȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬ϲഌȂ҇ดя౫Κۢ โ࡚‫ޠ‬ւઊϸϾȞе߭፲Ȃ2007ȇ৹ල༖Ȃ2007ȇഞ቉߈Ȃ2007ȟȂѫ Р८Ȃ࿌ȶ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷᙾпȶަཽȷ‫ޠࡠ෉ܛ‬စᔽቩߞ࣐ҭዀȂ൩ۢ‫ڐ‬ ࢈᠍Ӭ‫ܓݳ‬ϟርȂ‫᠍྄ڐ‬ȶ୾ঢ়ȷ҇ۢ᜺ཏ௦‫ڨ‬Κۢโ࡚Ս‫ש‬።ᎍȂᔗ ၏ϛयΚ‫ک‬জႳቋϾȃᄖ‫ؐࢉۼ‬ՍࡍȞDickson, 1998ȇ᎓ҘԒȂ2004Ȉ 19ȇNathan, 2007ȟȄ ѫР८Ȃαख़ȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷᢏᘉȂέծоᄈณ፤ȶ୾ঢ়ȷ࢈᠍пІ ȶަཽȷ๗ᄻ‫ޠ‬ᡑϾȂԇӶ዆ᢏାզ‫ޠ‬ୱᚡȄ൸ࠊ޲ՅّȂȶ୾ঢ়ȷϲ ഌ‫ڿ‬ดԇӶөᆎ་ߔᇅᝰ‫ލ‬Ȃկ࣐ᆱៗ‫ࢌڐ‬ூւઊȂ҇ดηԇӶା࡚ৡ ᡲᇅ‫ڟ׃‬Ȃϛܿ‫׈‬ӓ࣐ަཽᅥഇȞNathan, 2007ȟȄѫР८ȂϜӔ௵՘‫ޠ‬ ‫׾‬९໡ܺȂ឵ܼȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷлᏳȞWu, 2002/2003ȟȂ‫ڟ‬።ᐡ‫ߩٯښ‬ ՍࡢҀൠȂӱԫᄈܼަཽ๗ᄻ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫Ȃηґ҇ҼؐҼᗎ՚РࣦՎ‫ޠٴݎ‬ ึ৥क़ၭȄ൸ҭࠊུᑺަཽ༗ΩᢏᄇȂ‫ܼߤٸ‬ឪ୾ᡞ‫ޠښ‬໧ቺȂؑؑᕖ.

(12) 202. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. შ1ȁȶϲᝰӬȃѵᖓᆩȷᡞ‫ښ‬ұཏ. ຾ᚕሊߗ. ަཽ ‫ߤٸ‬ ᖓ࿘. ౶ᚕ ᄈ‫׫‬. ୾ঢ়ഌߟ. ᝰȁ. ᝰȁ. ‫ލ‬. ‫ލ‬. ୾ঢ়ഌߟ. ୾ȁঢ়Ȟ୾ঢ়ަཽȟ ᇴ݃Ȉࡍഗᜱ߾ ȁȁȁ໡ܺᜱ߾ ȁȁȁஞϹϤ୞ ȁȁȁ౶ሊϤ୞. ւᙵࠕȂηӱԫ༗ΩֶτഷഁȞBian and Logan, 1996ȇDickson, 2003ȇ Huang, 2008ȟȂЇϟȂᑀҴܼȶ୾ঢ়ȷϟѵ‫ޠ‬Ϝ౱໧઼Ȃ‫ݾ࢈ڐ‬ኈ៫Ї ՅกϛѠ෉Ȅ ഷࡤȂଭᄈϜӔ࢈᠍ᡞ፵‫ޠ‬ᐍᡞජඬȂȶࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷᢏᘉηԇӶΚ ۢ‫ޠ‬ୱᚡȄᜱᗥΚࠍӶ‫ڐ‬ᄈȶ୾ঢ়ȷϲഌ‫ޠ‬ϸϾȂජඬԥ‫ܛ‬ϛ٘ȂΡࠍ Ӷ‫ڐ‬ᄈȶ୾ঢ়ȷɯȶަཽȷ‫ޠ‬ᖓᛯȂցᘟԥ‫ܛ‬ѷྦȄॷӒȂᓎҀൠᙾ࠯ ‫ޠ‬௱৥ȃ୧ཿւઊ‫߮ޠ‬ᇠȞWank, 1995ȇDickson, 2008ȟȂȶ୾ঢ়ȷϲ ഌϛЋѠ૗Ϭ࢑២‫ݗ‬Κ༶ȂЏ‫ڐ‬Ӷ‫ޠ࡚౐ڐ‬ϮΤစᔽȃएഇަཽϟࡤȂ ȶ୾ঢ়ȷᇅȶަཽȷ໣ξ๜࿳ᕿ‫ޠ‬ᜱ߾Ȃ࡟ৡܿӲᓟᆼᇠ୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬Սл.

(13) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 203. ‫ܓ‬Ȉࢌᇅ੬ۢ‫ཽަޠ‬ყᡞӬձᖓ࿘ȃւઊӔҢȂ҇ดя౫‫׏‬τϛ௭Ȃณ ‫ݳ‬ሇత‫ޠ‬௒‫ݸ‬ȞWank, 1999ȟȄȶ୾ঢ়ȷ‫ڿ‬ดࣽծᎰ‫ڿ‬஽τȂ‫ڐ‬ᄃւઊ һᓀȂΚР८Ȃ୾ঢ়२༮ަཽ‫ޠ‬૗ΩȂ৽ܑԟϑ྄‫ڐ‬ԥ४ȂѫР८Ȃη ϛ૗௷ଷ੬ۢȶ୾ঢ়ഌߟȷᇅ੬ۢȶަཽഌߟȷᖓКȂ௱୞ԥւܼ‫๊܅‬ ‫ݾ࢈ޠ‬ᡑ᎑Ȅ ӱԫȂ୥Մαख़౪፤ᔯଇѵȂӤਣѠпЖΤ፞Ԅȶ୾۩ަϜȷ Ȟstate in society, Migdal. Kohli and Shue eds.Ȃ1994ȇCenteno, 1997ȇ Migdal, 2001ȟпІȶ࢈๋ަထ/ᆪ๝ȷȞpolicy networks/ policy communityȂKatzensten, 1978ȇAtkinson and Coleman, 1989ȇKnoke et al, 1996; Huang, 1999)๊ᢏᘉȂ਴ᐄࠊН፤І፞ᘉȂึ৥яΚ໷ձ޲ᆏ࣐ ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷȞfragmented states, connected societies)‫෈ޠ‬х၍ម࢝ ᄻȄ‫ܛ‬ᒞȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷ࢝ᄻȂ஽።‫࢑ޠ‬ȶ୾ঢ়ȷᡞ‫ښ‬ϲ‫ޠ‬ȶഌߟᝰ ӬȷпІȶަཽȷಣԚӌφȞԄ໧ቺȃყᡞȃঐ΢ȟȂ‫ڐྲٸ‬ᇅȶ୾ ঢ়ȷᖓᆩ‫ޠ‬ሊߗᒒ౶Ȃ‫ڐۢ؛‬စᔽӵ՞ᇅ࢈‫ِݾ‬ՔȂ‫ف‬ഥ࢑‫ߤٸ‬ɯᖓ࿘ ‫ܗ׼‬౶ᚕɯᄈ‫׫‬Ȟ፝୥Մშ1‫ޠ‬ᙐ्შұȟȄ ၗԄࠊख़ȂϜ୾τഛᐤစ30Ԓ‫ޠ‬Ҁൠᙾ࠯Ȃȶ୾ঢ়ȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ӽϰϸ ϾȂᔗ឵ϛѠᗘռ‫ޠ‬ᗎ༗Ȃկȶ୾ঢ়ȷഌߟ‫ޠ‬ϸϾȃ‫܅‬ԫւઊ‫ޠ‬་ߔȂ ‫ٯ‬ϛхߓ‫ڐ‬ณ௄‫ܗڟ׃‬ϛԇӶӔӤւઊȂ‫ٲ‬ᄃαȂ࣐ᆱៗ‫ٿڐ‬Սȶ୾ঢ় ᐡᏣȷ‫ࢌޠ‬ூւઊȂ୾ঢ়ഌߟ໣‫ޠ‬ፑऐȂစள࢑ȶିՅϛખȷȂԇӶΚ ۢโ࡚‫ޠ‬४࡚ȂӱԫȂȶ୾ঢ়ȷ‫ޠ‬૗Ω‫ٯ‬ґُᄖ‫ۼ‬৶ϾȄ‫ڿ‬ดԫ೏‫ܛ‬ඣ ᛳ‫ޠ‬ȶϲഌᝰӬȷᜱ߾Ȃᔗ឵ࣻᜱᏱ޲‫ޠ‬ӔᜌȂկ೼ᆎࢌᝰ‫ލ‬έӬձȂ ‫ܗ‬ᝰ‫ލ‬ϜԥӬձȃӬձϜԥᝰ‫ޠލ‬ᜱ߾Ȃ‫ف‬ഥեਣཽ་Ӫ་ߔȉեਣя ౫‫ںڟ׃‬ȉ೼ഌӌ҇໹ђпᚅఽȄ ਴ᐄձ޲‫ݳࣽޠ‬Ȃȶ୾ঢ়ȷϲഌഌߟ໣‫ޠ‬Ϥ୞ዂԓȂᔗ၏ᇅ‫ڐ‬ᇅ ȶަཽȷ‫ޠ‬ᖓᛯԥᜱȄδȶ୾ঢ়ȷ࣐ᆀᆔȃ‫ڦؤ‬Յਗ਼Τစᔽȃएഇަཽ ࡤȂ‫ཽ܂܂‬ᇅ੬ۢ‫ཽަޠ‬ყᡞȂഃᅛึ৥яᛨۢ‫ޠ‬ϤւӔҢᜱ߾Ȃϛӕ ‫ٸ‬ᒧ฾‫ޠܓ‬஽‫ښ‬௢‫ښ‬Ȟdespotic power, Mann, 1988ȇMann, 1993ȟȄԫᆎ.

(14) 204. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ᜱ߾स௄ȶ࢈๋ަထȷ‫ِ࡚ޠ‬ᢏᄇȂࠍณ፤ȶ୾ঢ়ȷഌߟ‫ܗ‬ȶަཽȷყ ᡞȂְ឵ܼԫΚަထϜ‫ޠ‬ȶւড়‫؀‬ᜱȷ޲ȂࢌԥӔӤւઊȂηԥፑऐ་ ߔȂӱԫηԇӶ᜹ծࠊख़‫ޠ‬ȶᝰӬᜱ߾ȷȄՅसȶ୾ঢ়ȷഌߟᇅȶަ ཽȷყᡞ‫ޠ‬ӔӤւઊ᎐‫ڐڨ‬уȶ୾ঢ়ȷഌߟ߮ড়Ȃࠍϛ௷ଷ࿌‫ޠ޲ٲ‬ ȶ୾ঢ়ȷഌߟᇅȶަཽȷყᡞ஡ཽყ๗ΚयȂ‫ם‬Ԛ࿘ङȞpact, O’ Donnell, Schmitter and Whitehead eds., 1986ȟȂӔӤᄈ‫ڐ׫‬у‫ޠ‬ȶւઊ๗ ࿘ȷȄ೼ኻ‫ޠ‬ፑऐ‫׫‬ᒌȂस࡭೏ܼԥւ‫୾ޠ‬ϲѵᕘძϜȂ‫ܗ‬೩Ѡпӱԫ Ѻ‫ي‬я࢈‫ޠ࠯ᙾݾ‬ᐡཽȄ࿌ดȂଷαख़ຯߗȶ୾ঢ়ȷȂ‫ߤٸ‬ȃ༻௦୾ঢ় ၦྜ‫ཽަޠ‬ყᡞѵȂᗚԥ౶ᚕܼȶ୾ঢ়ȷȂ൸࢈စၦྜϸପՅّȂစள ೏ܼᜟጣӵழ‫ཽަޠ‬ყᡞȄҦܼ‫ڨ‬ȶࣻᄈদჵȷཏᜌ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫Ȃࡤ޲‫ِޠ‬ Ք࿌ดӼ឵ϛᅗᇅ‫׫‬ឋܼȶ୾ঢ়ȷȂկࣻᄈ‫ٿ‬ᇴȂҦܼၦྜԥ४Ȃуউ ΚૢϛܿԥਞಣᙒକᎫ୞ࡅૐ୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬໲ᡞ՘୞ȞTilly, 1978ȇDavis et al. eds., 2005ȟȄαख़ȶϲഌᝰӬȷȃȶѵഌᖓᆩȷ‫ޠ‬ᜱ߾Ȃ߰ᄻԚձ޲‫ܛ‬ ᒞȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷ‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃձ࣐ঔॐՍαख़౪፤‫ޠ‬ϸ‫࢝ݚ‬ᄻȄ ᆤӬαख़Ȃ֏΢Ѡп਴ᐄ࢈‫ݾ‬ᡞ‫ޠښ‬л्੬ኊȂ஡αख़ංᆎл्౪ ፤ᢏᘉાᄈྲܼߓΚȄ௄ȶ୾ঢ়૗Ωȷȃȶަཽ௢‫ښ‬ȷȃȶ୾ঢ়ϲ ഌȷȃȶަِཽՔȷȃȶᙾ࠯ዂԓȷ‫᠍࢈ޠ‬੬፵‫ޠ‬ѳঐቺ८ȂѠЩၷࠊ ख़ѳᆎึ৥ᢏᘉ‫ޠ‬౵ӤȄ‫ڐ‬ϜȂȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ஽።ަཽኈ៫ȃ२༮୾ঢ় ‫ޠ‬૗ΩȂ‫්ٯ‬ӪҖлᡞ‫࠯ᙾښ‬Ȅȶ྄᠍ϲ௣ȷࠍѐᡘ୾ঢ়८ᄈަཽᅛᗎ Յକ‫ࢆޠ‬᏾Ȃᜳпഇႇᡞ‫׾ښ‬९Ͼ၍ȂѬ૗ࢋпᚋᔇȂᡞ‫ښ‬ಥՎ஬ዜҠ ၍Ȅȶࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷཏࡿ୾ঢ়ഇႇᙵ൳‫ޠ‬՘࢈ၦྜȂຶ೾ᇅ֝ાަཽᄈ‫ڐ‬ ಜ‫ޠݾ‬ᇰӤȂᎰ‫ߩڿ‬Җл࢈᠍‫ޠ‬ԇ៊Ȅпαή໷፤ख़ࣲԥϛӤ‫ޠ‬२ᘉᇅ Ⴒ෉ȂȂϛѠ֐ᇰ‫ڐ‬໣Ϭԥഌϸۧᜳ݃ጃୣր‫ޠ‬ቺ८Ȃկ਴ᐄࠊख़Ȃ౫ ԥ‫ޠ‬ή໷౪፤፤ख़Ȃ‫ٯ‬ϛܿᔔֆජඬϜӔึ৥੬፵ȄࢉՅȂҐНණя ȶϲϸȃѵᖓȷᢏᘉȂԥրܼαख़ή໷൑௄୾ঢ়‫ِཽ࡚ަܗ‬ϸ‫᠍࢈ݚ‬ᡞ ፵ȂЇϟȂȶϲϸȃѵᖓȷ஽።୾ঢ়ᇅަཽȶࣻϤᅥഇȷȃȶϤֆ๗ ࿘ȷ‫ޠ‬Ϥ୞ᜱ߾Ȃ୉࣐ȶަཽึ৥ȃಜ‫ݾ‬ᛨ‫ڿ‬ȷ‫ུޠ‬፤ख़ᢏᘉȄ.

(15) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 205. ߓ1ȁѳᆎ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ᢏᘉ‫ޠ‬ᄈྲ ୾ঢ়૗Ω. ަཽ௢‫ښ‬. ୾ঢ়ϲഌ. ަِཽՔ. ᙾ࠯ዂԓ. ึ৥ᙾ࠯. ୾ঢ়྄৶. ᜳ௢ᡲؐ. Ӽϰ་ߔ. २༮୾ঢ়. ᅛໍ ȞҦѵՅϲȟ. ྄᠍ϲ௣. ୾ঢ়ᅛ৶. ᜳ௢ࠏᔇ. ΚϰቋϾ. ࢆ᏾୾ঢ়. ९‫ڽ‬. ࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬. ୾ঢ়྄஽. ୾ঢ়஽௢. Κϰ‫ڟ‬Ӥ. ณΩՍ४. ณగ. एഇᖓ࿘. ᅛໍ ȞϲѵϤᖓȟ. ϲϸɯѵᖓ. ୾ঢ়Ϭ஽. ୾ঢ়৶௢. ӼϰᝰӬ. ၦਠ‫ྜٿ‬Ȉձ޲ՍᇨȄ. ί࿾ձ޲஡ଭᄈ‫ڎ‬໷ߗԒᏱ޲ଇ፤ሴӼȂᇰ࣐ѠпԥਞᢏᄇϜӔ࢈ ᠍ᡞ፵ᡑϾȂ‫ٯ‬ӱԫࠊᙂϜӔґ‫ݾ࢈ٿ‬୞Ӫ‫ޠ‬਱‫پ‬Ȃໍ՘ᙐ฼ϮಞȂ‫ٯ‬ ლၑᙥԫᔯᜍαख़ѳ໷ᢏᘉ‫ޠ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬ቌঅȄ. ୥ȃަཽਣ໣ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵Ȉѳঐ਱‫ޠپ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬ Ґ࿾஡ଭᄈȶཉߟ๣ᢃȷᇅȶࡦԱτᡧȷ‫ڎ‬໷ަཽ‫ٲ‬ӈໍ՘ϸ‫ݚ‬Ȃ ‫ו‬గ૗ഇႇ‫ڏ‬ᡞ‫୾ޠ‬ঢ়ɯަཽϤ୞Ȃᢏᄇᄃ፻Ϝ‫ޠ‬ϜӔ࢈᠍ᡞ፵Ȃ‫ٯ‬ᙥ ԫӲᓟᔯຝαख़ѳᆎ౪፤ᢏᘉȄҦܼ‫ڎ‬໷ަཽ‫ٲ‬ӈȂְਗ਼ІӵРึ৥Ȃ ηӱԫЖึަཽ‫ލ׫‬ȂпІႇโϜਃя‫ۻ࢈ޠ‬௢‫ښ‬ᇅᔇ‫׼‬Ȃӱԫְ૗ᡞ ౫ϜӔ‫ٸ‬ႃܼȶࡤ྄᠍ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷᇅȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷϟ໣‫֩ޠ‬ძȂՍดᎍӬ ձ࣐‫ש‬উϹΤϸ‫ޠݚ‬਱‫پ‬Ȅ ਴ᐄΚૢ‫ޠ‬དྷ჌Ȃծо‫ڎ‬໷਱‫پ‬ഷᎍӬձ࣐ࠊख़ȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ‫ޠ‬๙ ‫پٺ‬ᜍȄկѫР८ȂϜӔឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ӶႇโϜϛᘟ‫ޠ‬።ᐍᑒӬȂഷಥᆱៗ ‫ڐ‬Ӭ‫ݳ‬ᇅࡅ߭ȂηѠпձ࣐ȶࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷᢏᘉ‫پޠ‬ᜍȄѠ࢑௄ѫΚঐِ ࡚ϸ‫ݚ‬Ȃαख़࡝҂ަཽ‫ٲ‬ӈ‫ޠ‬ႇโϜȂηᛋ៪ϜӔ࢈᠍‫☑⥀ޠ‬ณ૗Ȃᜳ пԥਞජ௢ަཽȂᡘ౫஬ዜҠ၍ϟӑȂᎍ٘пձ࣐ȶ྄᠍ϲ௣ȷ‫ޠ‬ᇴ ݃Ȅ࿌ดȂ਴ᐄձ޲ഷಥ‫ޠ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬Ȃ‫ܗ‬೩ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷ࢝ᄻȂϘ૗ഷԥ ਞ‫ޠ‬၍ម‫ٲཽަڎ‬ӈႇโϜ‫ޠ‬ᆎᆎึ৥Ȅ.

(16) 206. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. Κȃཉߟ๣ᢃȈᕘძԵ࢘vs. ‫ܙ‬౱ᓻ༗ȉ ཉߟ๣ᢃ‫ٲ‬ӈᛗึܼ2007Ԓ6УȂ၏Ҁऐดᆺ໲࿳΢Ȃᖟ՘ຘᓟၾ՘ ‫׫‬ឋȂҦܼ‫ٲ‬ӈ‫ޠ‬೤ዂޫࠊȂᎫᡚԥᜱөࣩȂђαၾ՘๗‫ݏ‬Ȃ๣ᢃ༫ୣ ೞय़ಌӵ‫࡛׾‬ȂӱԫЖึᏱࣩ‫ޠ‬ା࡚ᑺ፹ȞTang, 2008ȟȄ ‫ٲ‬ӈକྜܼѯၦӍཿӶཉߟ੖ྨୣ‫׺‬ၦᑺ࡛ΡҧॅϾϏኆȞпίᙐ ᆏPXȟȄҖಁᐋነҰϾϏཿ஡࣐ཉߟழ‫ᝓٿ‬२‫ޠ‬ᕘძԵ࢘Ȃထକึ୞ຘ ᓟұࡅȂ्ؒ࢈‫ۻ‬஡PX᎑ಌȄҦܼPXኆ‫׺‬ၦ᚟ାႁ108ቈ΢ҖᄍȂ࢑ཉ ߟԥѭп‫ٿ‬ഷτ‫ޠ‬Ϗཿ‫׺‬ၦȂ၏਱‫ٯ‬ӗܼ2006ԒȶΫΚϥȷҰϾ࡛೪೤ დ໷ҭϟΚȂᡘُԫ਱౐‫୾ڨ‬ঢ়२ຝȄPX࡛೪пІࣻᜱί෭౱ཿ‫׈‬റ ࡤȂ၏ୣ஡Ԛ࣐ӓзࣩഷτ೤ዂ‫ޠ‬ҰϾϏཿ໲ᆺӵȄؑԒՎЎѠ࣐ཉߟ ‫ޠ‬GDPଔᝧ800ቈϰȂӱԫ၏໷ҭࣻ࿌‫ژڨ‬ӵР࢈‫ۻ‬२ຝȄPXኆܼ2005 Ԓ೾ႇϜӔ୾ঢ়ᕘߴᖃ‫ޠ׌‬ᕘຠൣ֚Ȃ2006Ԓ7УҦϜ୾ȶ୾ঢ়ึ‫ې׾‬ȷ ਰঠᑺ࡛Ȃ2006Ԓ‫ܼۼ‬ཉߟ੖ྨୣ୞ϏȄ 2007Ԓ3УȂӶі‫ٶ‬΢τȃ࢈‫ཽڟ‬ឋϜȂ105՞ӓ୾࢈‫ېڟ‬সॷӒึ ᜳȂᖓဎȶᜱܼཉߟ੖ྨPX໷ҭ᎑࡛֮ឋȷឋ਱Ȃ‫ڴ‬ᢲཉߟPX໷ҭҴ֊ ୅Ϗ‫ٯ‬᎑֮Ȃկឋ਱ґᕖ೾ႇȄՅ୾ঢ়ᕘߴᖃ‫׌‬ณ‫ߓۋ‬ұȂҦܼ၏਱ϑ စ೾ႇᕘძຠզȂέ࢑୾ঢ়ึ‫״ې׾‬ঠ‫ޠ‬໷ҭȂᕘߴᖃ‫׌‬ϑѷџᄈ၏਱ ‫ޠ‬ᆔᗓ᠍ȂѬ૗ᔇίཉߟᗚഛ៊Ҩ፝‫ࣻޠ‬ᜱᕘຠ஠਱ȞϜ୾ԱងᆪȂ 2006ȟȄ୾ঢ়ึ‫ۣې׾‬সࠍߓұȶ‫ء‬ԥ्ᡲཉߟPX໷ҭ୅࡛‫޲ܗ‬᎑֮‫ޠ‬ ཏࡧȷȄ೼ཏ‫ڟ࢈ک‬ᄈึ‫ޠې׾‬ණ਱ຨؒѷంȄ ‫ژ‬Π‫ٲ‬ӈึ৥‫ޠ‬ᜱᗥ5УȂᓎ຀൭ᡞ೥ୱл्ึᜳ‫ېڟ࢈ޠ‬সȂථ៪ ߭ਁȂпІᓎࡤኅ࣐යึ‫ޠ‬КᐡᙐଊȂഃᅛЖକཉߟҀҖ‫৽ޠ‬མȄ෬൭ ቄ୘ᚖᇭॷӒ‫៪ܥ‬ԫ‫ٲ‬ȂึߓཉߟȈΚ৵৭࠳‫ޠ‬ϾϏജኈൣᏳȂ᎐ཉߟ ࢈‫ۻ‬࿲Ц೰୶‫ٯ‬ԞᛵȄ5У20СѿѢȂཉߟ໡ۗя౫Кᐡᙐଊ༉ክЇᄈ PXᑺ࡛‫ޠ‬ၦଊȄ2 5У24СȂུ๽ަᄰί‫ޠ‬ᕤగ‫ݎ‬Р໋ёёึȶԼӫ࢈‫ڟ‬ 2. ᙐଊϲৡ࣐ȶ๣ᢃ໲ყӬၦϑӶ੖ྨୣ୞Ϗ‫׺‬ၦȞॅȟ໷ҭȂ೼ᆎѽࢴϾϏࠣΚҎ.

(17) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 207. ‫ې‬সᜳߣཉߟԼቈϾϏ໷ҭȷНതȂ‫ېڟ࢈៪ܥ‬সณ‫׾ݳ‬ᡑPX໷ҭ‫ޠ‬ಡ ࿾ȄҦܼ೼‫ٳ‬ൣၿЖକөࣩ‫ލ‬ឋȂϘᡲPXୱᚡਜ਼яЬ८ȂӕђαЇᄈPX ᑺ࡛‫ޠ‬ᙐଊȂӶཉߟҀҖϜೞϛᘟᙾึȂЖକӓ࠳ᄈ၏਱‫ޠ‬२ຝȄ ཉߟ࢈‫࣐ۻ‬҂ਁ‫ލ‬፤Ȃܼ5У28СཉߟఐൣᄈPX஠਱ໍ՘ӓ८੒ࢴ ᇅϮಞȂկҦܼࣻᜱൣᏳ‫ਁ߭ڸ‬༉ሏϑᡲҖ࡫‫ݵ‬ឣ‫ٯ‬Жକ৽མȂႥСᆌ ࡛ࣹ‫ې‬ᆨࡩѣ໡ཽឋȂܼ5У30СཉߟҀ࢈‫ࡈۻ‬ոPXϾϏ਱ኸਣጦ࡛Ȃ ஡ໍ՘‫؂‬τጓ൝‫ޠ‬ᕘຠȂ‫֐࢑ۢ؛‬᎑࡛ȞཉߟᆪȂ2006ȟȄ֊߰ཉߟҀ ࢈‫ࡈۻ‬ҁPXጦ࡛Ȃկ6У1СϬึҢ࿳΢αຘᆺ໲ܼҀ࢈‫ߟۻ‬π‫ޠ‬ȶҪᢃ ࢹ໲ᡞයؐ‫ٲ‬ӈȷȄΚ‫ژޣ‬Ԓ‫ۼ‬Ȃ12У13СȂཉߟҀΚൠѣ໡ҦҀҖх ߓ୥ђ‫ޠ‬৵ፚཽȂཽα85%пα‫ޠ‬хߓЇᄈᑺ࡛PX໷ҭȄᓎࡤȂ΢ҖС ൣึߓНതȂхߓϜѶᄈ၏਱‫ޠ‬ഷࡤۢჵȂൣᏳࡿяȶձ࣐ᇅ୾ॏҖҢ ࣻᜱ‫ޠ‬τ࠯ϾϏ஠਱ȌȌȂ࢈‫ۣۻ‬সՄኍ‫࢑ޠ‬ȂӶ२τ஠਱‫๋؛ޠ‬αȂ Ԅե‫؂‬Ԃӵ‫ݳٸ‬՘࢈ȃဤᄃऌᏱึ৥ᢏȔӶ੖২՚ۭӵୣᐆӵ᎑࡛Ȃ࢑ ΚঐααϟᒶȄȷȞ΢ҖСൣȂ2007Ԓ12У19СȟՎԫȂ‫ۢ؛‬PX໷ҭ᎑ ᚕཉߟ‫ڽޠ‬ၽȄ ਴ᐄαख़ȂཉߟPX໷ҭᑺ࡛ႇโϜȂഌӌ࢈‫ېڟ‬স‫ޠ‬ණ਱Ȃ‫ٯ‬ґԚ ѓܱᑖึ‫ޠې׾‬஽༗ձ࣐ȂӱՅѐᡘϜѶۣ჊Ӷȶစᔽึ৥ȷᇅȶᕘძ Մ໕ȷ໣‫ᜳڎޠ‬೏ძȄӤኻ‫ޠ‬ȂӶӵРቺԪαȂཉߟҀ‫ې‬ϲഌηԇӶϛ ӤཏُȈ3 ੖ྨӵୣ‫ޠ‬စᔽึ৥ᇅ‫ܙ‬౱໡ึւઊϤҍȂ4 ᓎPXኆ୞Ϗᇅӡ. Ң౱Ȃཉߟӓ৭ཏ‫ک‬຀ܺΠΚᗼ঩φኇȂཉߟ΢Җпࡤ‫ޠ‬Ңࣁ஡ӶҪ՗੿ȃ࿍࠯‫ڌ‬ Ϝ࡚ႇȄ‫ש‬উ्Ңࣁȃ‫ש‬উ्ୋஷȊ୾ርಣᙒ೤ۢ೼᜹໷ҭ्Ӷ຾ᚕ࠳ҀΚԼϵ၈ пѵ໡ึȂ‫ש‬উཉߟ຾ԫ໷ҭϘΫϳϵ٩୮Ȋ࣐Π‫ש‬উ‫ޠ‬φ৙ࡤхȂُ฼߭ထึ๞ ཉߟ‫ܛ‬ԥ݊ЅȷȞ΢ҖᆪȂ2007Ԓ06У29СȟȄ 3. Ω௱ԫ਱ഷᑗ྄‫ޠ‬੖ྨୣȂαຘ‫׫‬ឋ‫ٲ‬ӈึҢ‫ڎࠊޠ‬УϲȂ൸೏ϸήӫᄈԫԪ‫ٲ‬ӈ ໍ՘՜ᖓ௦ដ‫ޠ‬ϵଡ଼সȞᓹഢවȃӉ‫ݱ‬Ȃ2007ȟȄࣦՎ឵ܼཉߟҀ࢈‫୾ۻ‬ԥӍཿ‫ޠ‬ ӵ౱୧η౐‫ڨ‬PXα଼ϟড়ȄлᆔߓұȈȶPXसα଼Ȃ‫ש‬উւઊ‫཭ڨ‬Ȃ‫ש‬উഀᇴၘ‫ޠ‬ ᠍ւഎ‫ء‬ԥ༞ȉȷȞϜ୾စᔽᆪȂ2007ȟȄ 4. ԟӒ‫ܙ‬ӵ౱ҀൠࣽԂਣȂ࿌ӵ࢈‫ۻ‬ђഁ໡ึ੖ྨ‫ܙ‬ӵ౱ȂԄϭࠔ्Ӷᚕ۩Җୣϛሊ ೏ᑺ࡛ҰϾኆȂ੒ਁΚяȂႴਣᡲ၏ӵ‫ܙ‬౱ኹໂȃଞॐȞᓹഢවȃӉ‫ݱ‬Ȃ2007ȟȄ.

(18) 208. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ড়ଊਁ‫៪ܥޠ‬Ȃनࡤөᆎւઊ‫ޠ‬௱‫ݱ‬ֆᝣȂҖಁಥ‫ڗڨ‬ᐮՅထକ‫׫‬ឋȄ5 Ҧܼ૪਴ထಁၽ୞‫ޠ‬ᛗึȂᡘดԥႃϜӔȶ‫ڸ‬ᒚަཽȷ‫ޠ‬ஆҐ঩ࠍȂ௄ ϜѶഷಥܰ‫ݗ‬᎑ኆ‫ࣽٿ๋؛ޠ‬ȂҖಁ‫׫ޠ‬ឋ୉‫ݳ‬ᄈ࢈‫๋؛ޠۻ‬ኈ៫ሴ ౐Ȅཉߟ‫ٲ‬ӈϜೞѐᡘ‫ޠ‬ȶҖཏ᏾ാۣ჊ȷዂԓȂ‫؂‬ᗵᗵดԚ࣐‫ڐ‬уӵ ୣҖಁᇅۣ჊‫᠍ڦލ‬ւ‫ޠ‬ዂጓȄ. Ρȃ໵ࠓࡦԱЬᡧȈ᠍ିvs. ᕘߴȉ ໵ࠓࡦԱЬᡧ‫ٲ‬ӈȂࠍ࢑ॷԪ࢈‫ۻ‬ಣᙒᇅަཽᕘߴಣᙒᖓКȂߣЦ ϛ࿌Սด໡ึ‫ޠ‬਱‫پ‬ȄԟӶ1999ԒȂϜӔȶ୾ঢ়ึ‫ې׾‬ȷ߰໡ۗໍ՘ᄈ ࡦԱ໡ึЬႬ‫ࣻޠ‬ᜱः‫ف‬Ȅණяȶ‫ڎ‬৳Ϋή઼ȷ‫ޠ‬໡ึॏฬȄ2003Ԓ8У 26СȂϜӔ୾ঢ়ึ‫ې׾‬Ӷі‫ٶ‬ѣ໡ȶࡦԱϜί෭ЬႬ೤დൣ֚ȷቸࢦཽ ឋȂ೾ႇӶࡦԱϜί෭ঔ࡛‫ڎ‬৵Ϋή઼Ьᡧ‫ޠ‬Р਱ȂϏโᖃ೤ዂົႇή ২τᡧȂึႬ໕࢑ή২‫ޠ‬1.2ॼȂЩή২Ϗโ೤ዂ‫؂‬τȄࡦԱ‫ޠ‬໡ึࣻᜱ ຠզൣ֚ᡘұτᡧ໡ึࡤȂؑԒѠ഻ആ340Ӽቈ΢Җᄍ౱অȂ‫ޣ‬௦ଓ࢈ଔ ᝧѠႁ80ቈ΢ҖᄍȂ‫ڐ‬ϜӵใԒԞΤѠпቩђ27ቈ΢ҖᄍȂࡦԱԏԞΤ ηѠႁ10ቈϰȂҭࠊࡦԱԏଓ࢈ԞΤ༊1ቈ΢ҖᄍȄӱԫȂ໵ࠓࣹ࢈‫ۻ‬ା ࡚२ຝԫ໡ึ਱ȞϜ୾ᆪȂ2004ȟȄ ‫ٲ‬ӈྜҦକӱ࣐Ȃ࢈‫ໍۻ‬՘Ьᡧ࡛೪‫ޠ‬ቸࢦཽឋϜȂяৱཽឋ‫ޠ‬ᕘ ߴᖃ‫ۣ׌‬সп၏஠਱ґစᕘძኈ៫ຠզȂϛಓӬȶᕘძኈ៫ຠզ‫ݳ‬ȷ࣐ Ҧ‫ܣ‬๙Ӷൣ֚α᛬ԆȄ‫ٯ‬஡ࡦԱ໡ึଊਁ೾ൣі‫ޠٶ‬Җ໣ᕘߴಣᙒȶᆧ ঢ়༫‫ע‬᜺޲ȷȂԫѵȂᕘߴᖃ‫؂׌‬๗Ӭȶᆧঢ়༫ȷȃȶ໵ࠓτಁࢻ஀ȷ ๊Җ໣ಣᙒȂӪަཽ‫ࡦ៪ܥ‬Ա֊஡ໍ՘໡ึ‫ޠ‬ଊਁȂ‫ٯ‬஽።ࡦԱ࢑Ϝ୾ ҭࠊ༊ԥȄ໡ఃΠ࢈‫ۻ‬ᇅҖ໣๗࿘‫ލ׫ޠ‬ႇโȄᕘߴᖃ‫׌‬൷‫ٯ׳‬ᇴ݉ഌ ϸᏱ޲‫ڸ‬൭ᡞᑗ྄୥ᇅЇᄈࡦԱ໡ึ਱Ȅ. 5. ᐄᆹࣁ୞नࡤூ‫ژ‬ཉߟ‫ܙ‬ӵ౱୧пؑЉؑ΢150ϰ‫ޠ‬ႎഽဓ΢αຘȶයؐȷȄԫѵȂ ၾ՘໦ӃϜȂϛЎ࢑ϵѨӓᡞя‫ٿ‬୥ђȞᓹഢවȃӉ‫ݱ‬Ȃ2007ȟȄ.

(19) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 209. ᓎࡤȂ୾ঢ়ᕘߴᖃ‫ڟ׌‬ӤҖ໣ಣᙒ໡ۗ௱୞Κഀ՜ࣁ୞ȄॷӒȂᖟ ᒳΚ‫ق‬ӗ৵ፚཽȂኅᗝ஠ঢ়Ᏹ޲୥ᇅ៞፤ȂᡲЇᄈ࡛ᡧ‫ޠ‬ཏُഃᅛ‫ژڨ‬ τಁᗗ፤‫ޠ‬२ຝȄԫѵȂӶᕘߴᖃ‫ޠ׌‬МࡼίȂᕘߴყᡞηւң୾ርყ ᡞӪϜ୾࢈‫ߓۻ‬ႁЇᄈᖑॲȂ‫ٯ‬஡Їᄈණ਱һ๞Πӓ୾࢈‫ڟ‬хߓᇅӓ୾ ΢τхߓȞ΢ҖᆪȂ2005ȟȄі‫ٶ‬ՍดϟЅᇅᆧঢ়༫‫ע‬᜺޲ಣᙒȂ॓ೱ ൭ᡞ՜ᖓ‫ޠ‬ϏձȄ໵ࠓ‫ޠ‬ᆧՔࢻ஀ಣᙒࠍᖓᛯӵРα‫ޠ‬ᆱ᠍΢ςȂ‫ࡦٻ‬ ԱЬႬ໡ึឋᚡีαϜѶႬຝѯ‫ޠ‬ൣᏳ࿾ҭȂԚѓӵпȶᕘߴȷлᏳΠ ࡦԱ໡ึ‫ޠ‬ឋᚡٗӪȞ‫҅ۡݔ‬Ȃ2007ȟȄଭᄈࡦԱ໡ึឋᚡ‫ލ‬፤‫ޠ‬ᚗР ӶᚗР‫ލٿ܂‬፤ϛӅϟርȂ2004Ԓ2УϜӔᖃ౪ྤঢ়᝙ᄈȶࡦԱϜί෭Ь Ⴌ೤დൣ֚ȷᒒՍණя‫״‬ұȈȶᄈ೼᜹Жକަཽା࡚ᜱ‫ݨ‬ȂйԥᕘߴР ८ϛӤཏُ‫ޠ‬τ࠯ЬႬϏโȂᔗቸབྷः‫ف‬ȃऌᏱ‫๋؛‬ȄȷഷࡤȂࡦԱ࡛ ៨Р਱ூ‫ژ‬ኸ୅ᔥဋȞ‫ࢹݡ׉‬Ȃ2006ȟȄΚ࡚஡्ᄃ፻‫ޠ‬ॏฬೞኸጦᄃ ࢋȂࡦԱЬႬ໡ึ਱ȂӶ࢈‫ۻ‬ᕘߴഌߟ‫ڸ‬Җ໣ᕘߴಣᙒ‫ޠ‬ᖓКίԥΠц τಁᅗཏ‫ึޠ‬৥๗‫ݏ‬Ȅ ࡦԱτᡧ‫ލ‬ឋ‫ޠ‬ᜱᗥӶܼȂ୾ঢ়ᕘߴᖃ‫׌‬ᙥҦᇅҖ໣ಣᙒӬձȂᄈ ‫׫‬စᔽഌߟȂՅЖᛗя࢈‫ۻ‬ϲഌ᠍ି‫ޠ‬੒ਁȄߞ෉п‫ٿ‬ȂᕘߴഌߟӶ ȶစᔽ௯ࡖȷ‫ۻ࢈ޠ‬ϲഌۗಥ೏ܼ৶༗ᜟጣӵ՞Ȃ८ᄈစᔽ२τ஠਱Ȃ ೾ளณΩึяЇᄈᖑॲȂՅᕘძຠզൣ֚ࠍԚ࣐໡ึ਱ቸ‫״‬ਣ‫ޠ‬ᐝҫშ തȄᄈԫȂ୾ঢ়ᕘߴᖃ‫ו׌‬గᙥҦҖ໣Ω໕‫ޠ‬୞সȃຨ፞ϵಁᗗ፤Ȃණ ݈ᕘߴഌߟӶ୥ᇅစᔽ࡛೪ຠզਣ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫᠍ΩȄᕘߴᖃ‫׌‬ηᙥԫԪ՘୞ ᕖூᕘຠȶቸ‫᠍״‬ȷ‫ޠ‬ഌߟ᠍ΩȞе߭፲Ȃ2006Ȉ156ȟȂᄈ‫׫‬຀ಂܼп ࡛೪ЬႬયழ‫ޠٿ‬ଓ࢈ւઊՄ໕‫ۻ࢈ޠ‬ւઊȞึ‫ې׾‬ȃӵР࢈‫ۻ‬ȟด ՅȂԫᆎԚѓ‫ޠ‬๗࿘РԓȂηԚѓழ୞Җ໣ಣᙒӶឋ਱α৥౫ႇџ௄‫ܛ‬ ґԥ‫ࣁޠ‬ΩȄ6 ໍΚؐ౐Τ௥ଇȂ೩ӼᄈࡦԱ਱‫ޠپ‬ϸ‫ݚ‬എ஡ԫ਱ຝ࣐NGOኈ៫ϵ 6. ดՅȂᐄࣻᜱ੒ਁࡿяȂࡦԱϳ৳τᡧӶᕘߴ΢ς‫ޠ‬ϛᘟึᜳίϬᙠ୞Ϗᑺ࡛ȞϜ ୾ЬၦྜᆪȂ2008ȟȄ.

(20) 210. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. Ӕ࢈๋‫ޠ‬२्ࡿዀȄดՅȂᄈϜ୾τഛᕘߴಣᙒ‫ٿ‬ᇴᇅ࢈‫ۻ‬ӬձȂ࢑୳ Κ૗ᡲಣᙒึදኈ៫Ω‫ޠ‬РԓȄΚ՞ᕘߴಣᙒ΢সࡿяȈȶ्ኈ៫࢈‫ۻ‬ ‫ޠ‬ϵӔ‫๋؛‬ȂԄ‫ءݏ‬ԥ࢈‫ۻ‬ഌߟϲഌ‫ޠ‬Мࡼ࢑ϛѠདྷ჌‫ޠ‬ȄȷӱԫȂᕘ ߴಣᙒ‫ޠ‬՘୞Ȃ‫ٸ‬ᙠᚕϛ໡࢈‫ࣻۻ‬ᜱഌߟ‫ޠ‬МࡼᇅᇰѠȞतᐏ៸Ȃ 2006ȇе߭፲Ȃ2006Ȉ158~159ȟȄ. ήȃ਱‫پ‬ఃұ ਴ᐄࠊख़Ȃ࿌хϜ୾‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ᡞ፵Ȃᛯܼ‫ڎ‬ঐਣՅፑऐឬ㝽‫ڎޠ‬ঐԚ ӌȶึ৥࠯୾ঢ়ȷ‫ޠ‬ЖᏳᇅȶ྄᠍лဏ‫࡚ښ‬ȷ‫ޠ‬ᒹཿȂӱԫȂձ޲Ϋϸ Ӥཏ֕Ҟύ‫ݳࣽޠ‬Ȃ஡Ϝ୾τഛۢ՞࣐ȶࡤ྄᠍ၦҐлဏึ৥୾ঢ়ȷȄ ᗷด֕ЫԄԫࣩۢȂկᄈܼ‫ڎ‬ঐ੬፵ԄեᎱ‫׫‬Ȃ‫ٯ‬ґϡпۢ፤Ȃᄈۭ࢈ ‫ښ‬ԄեᅌᡑȂ‫௵ܛ‬Ҵൠӱԫࣻᄈ໡ܺȄӱԫȂࠊᙂᄈ‫᠍࢈ڐ‬ᡞ፵Ȃԥᒧ ܼҐН‫ޠ‬Нᝧϸ‫ݚ‬ᇅᄃ‫پ‬ᡜᜍȄҐН‫ܛ‬ᔯଇ‫ڎޠ‬໷਱‫پ‬Ȃְਗ਼Іȶึ৥ ࠯୾ঢ়ȷᇅȶ྄᠍‫࡚ښ‬ȷ‫ޠ‬ፑऐȂձ޲ӱԫ‫ו‬గ௄Ϝᢏᄇࠊख़౪፤ዂ࠯ ‫ࣻޠ‬ᄈቌঅȄ ௄пαȶཉߟ๣ᢃȷᇅȶ໵ࠓࡦԱȷ‫ึޠپڎ‬৥ȂѠ௱፤я‫ڎ‬໷Ϝ Ӕᡞ‫ึޠښ‬৥੬‫ܓ‬ȄಒΚȃۣ჊ഌߟւઊϸϾ‫ܛ‬౱Ң‫ޠ‬ᝰ‫ލ‬ᔇΩȂхߓ ᡞ‫ښ‬ϲഌԥ४Ӽϰ‫ؐߒޠ‬຃߄ȂϸϾ‫ۻ࢈ޠ‬ഌߟѠ૗ഇႇαί๗࿘‫ޠ‬Р ԓȂᇅަཽΩ໕ӬձȂ‫ܗ‬ຨ፞ထಁ୞সȂЇႇ‫ٿ‬пަཽᗗ፤‫ٿ‬Їᔗഌߟ ւઊȂ഻ആԥւܼঐրւઊ‫ޠ‬ᝰ‫ލ‬ᓻ༗Ȅ೼ᇅӔឪᡞ‫ښ‬༉ಜп‫ٿ‬᏿ߞп τಁ୞সȂߓႁ୾ঢ়ཏُԥ຀ሴ࣐ࣻծ‫ޠ‬੬ᘉȄпࡦԱ‫ٲ‬ӈ࣐‫پ‬ȂѬُ і‫ٶ‬ȃ໵ࠓᕘߴಣᙒ‫ޠ‬ᑗ྄ၽձȂկࠔϛُҢࣁӶࡦԱ‫ڻ‬ᜟԼۘ‫ޠ‬ཏ ُȄՅӶཉߟȂҖಁࠍ࢑ԥདܼࣻᜱၦଊഇ៪я‫ޠ‬ᑺ࡛PX໷ҭ‫ޠ‬ȶᝓ२ ‫ܓ‬ȷȂᐮକ‫׫‬ឋ୥ᇅ‫ޠ‬՘୞Ȅ ಒΡȃ‫ڎ‬਱Ϝ‫ޠ‬ી‫ލ‬ȂഎԥᒧϜѶໍ՘ഷࡤ‫ۢޠ๋؛‬ჵп၍‫؛‬ᚗР ࣻϤᄈࡒ‫׌ޠ‬८ȂดՅȂԥཏဏ‫ޠ‬ᢏᄇᘉӶܼȂ୾ঢ়८ᄈҖཏାᅜϛӅ ‫ޠ‬੬ੇ‫ٲ‬ӈȂ֖౫яȞኸਣȟ‫ޠڟ׃‬ᡲؐРԓȂϾ၍୾ঢ়ᇅަཽϟ໣‫ޠ‬.

(21) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 211. ཏُᘅྜྷȂկ‫ٲ‬ᄃαҖཏ৥౫नࡤѠ૗‫ۣژڨ‬჊ւઊ‫ޠ‬୞সȄՅ೼‫ٲڎ‬ ‫ܛپ‬хߓ‫ޠ‬ȶҖཏ᏾ാۣ჊ȷ‫ם‬ຬȂᓎ຀ུᆹ༉ክ‫ޠ‬ᘘයȂԚ࣐ࡤ‫ڐٿ‬ уӵୣަཽຨ፞ϛᅗ‫׫ޠ‬ឋዂԓȂ‫پ‬Ԅȶα੖ᆅਜ਼ȷȃ7ȶີԏᘼԋȷȂ8 Յ୾ঢ়ηӤኻ‫ޠ‬пȶ‫ڟ׃‬ԋኮȷȂх෈ȶ৻ཏ஠‫ښ‬ȷ‫๋؛‬ዂԓȄӱԫȂ ᓎ຀࢈‫ݾ‬ᐡཽ໡ܺȂҖಁ஡Ѡ೾ႇ‫؂‬ᄲ೾‫ޠ‬ෳၿᇅ࢈‫ໍۻ‬՘ྜྷ೾ȂϾ၍ ᚗР‫ُݣ‬Ȃ࢛โ࡚ηණାΠަཽყᡞ‫ޠ‬ឋቌȞbargainingȟ૗ΩȄՅឋቌ ႇโ஡‫ٻ‬ூಜ‫޲ݾ‬२ུՄ໕஽‫ښ‬஠ᘟί‫཭ཽަޠ‬ѷȂཽ‫؂‬ᒶᐆᇅަཽΩ ໕ձΚۢโ࡚‫ڟ׃ޠ‬Ȃϛӕ‫ݢ‬ᘟᚋᔇަཽΩ໕Ȅԫᖟ‫ߓߩٯ‬ұϜӔӤཏ Җл໡ܺ‫ޠ‬๢ཏȂՅ࢑Ӷԥ४‫ڟ׃‬ί७մ‫ݾ‬౪ԚҐȂႁԚȶ‫ڸ‬ᒚަཽȷ ࢈๋ҭዀȄ ӱԫȂҐ࿾ණя‫ڎޠ‬໷਱‫پ‬ȂӶҭࠊᏱࣩлࢻ‫ޠ‬ήᆎ౪፤Ȃഎԥ၍ មࠂ४‫ޠ‬ୱᚡȄ਴ᐄαख़਱‫پ‬Ȃ࿌ަཽᗗ፤ᇅ୾ঢ়࢈๋ࣻѿਣȂȶ࢈᠍ Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷ፤‫ܛ‬ѐя‫ޠ‬ཏᜌ࠯ᄙ៨᠍‫ܗ‬ϲӶ௢‫ښ‬ᐡ‫ښ‬Ȃґְ҇૗஋ԥਞȶ֝ ાȷҖཏȃႀ՘࢈‫ۻ‬ཏ‫ע‬Ȅ‫ڐ‬ԪȂ८ᄈөᆎަཽ‫ލ׫‬ȂϜӔ࢈᠍Сઊ་ Ӫܼኇ‫ܓ‬ձ࣐ȃ።ᐍ‫ޠڟ׃‬ӱᔗРԓȂᇅȶࡤ྄᠍лဏȷ‫ܛ‬஽።‫ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ ቋϾȃ஽ਅᔇ‫׼‬ȂಥՅᏳयӓ८ᄈ‫ޠ؛‬РӪढ़ดԥրȄѫР८Ȃαख़‫ޠ‬ ਱‫پ‬ᗷดစளң࣐Мࡼȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ‫ݳࣽޠ‬Ȃկಡ‫ڐف‬ᄃȂԥਞ‫ཽަޠ‬ ୞সȂϛ࢑‫ٸ‬ᒧܼᇅۣ჊ւઊ๗࿘Ȃ൸࢑ӱ࣐‫ڏ‬റΚۢ‫ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ٙӌȂѠ пձ࣐ȶึᖑȷ‫ޠ‬᏶ᙥȂ֐ࠍ৽ܑᜳпึද‫ڏ‬ᡞ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫ΩȂࢉߓ८α‫ڎ‬ ໷਱‫ࣽپ‬ծᇅȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ፤֜ӬȂᄃር‫ཽަڐ‬୞স‫ޠ‬ၽձȂᇅ‫ܛڐ‬஽ ።‫ޠ‬ȶަཽϜЗ፤ȷࣻџࣦሊȄԥրܼαख़ᢏᘉȂ਴ᐄ਱‫ޠپ‬ఃึȂԥ. 7. 2008ԒߒȂα੖ҀҖ߰ਞ‫ݳ‬ཉߟҀҖȂӶα੖Ҁ࢈‫ܛۻ‬Ӷӵ΢ҖኅൠпȶයؐȷР ԓߓႁᄈᆅਜ਼ӗٚᑺ࡛ၰጤ‫׫ޠ‬ឋȂഷࡤ࢈‫ۻ‬ηӤཏঔ‫׾‬ᑺ࡛ၰጤȞBBCϜНᆪȂ 2008ȟȄ 8. 2008Ԓ6УึҢӶີԏȶᘼԋ‫ٲ‬ӈȷ࿳΢αຘ‫׫‬ឋȂ‫ॷ؂‬໡ထᡞ‫ٲ‬ӈॷӒȶୱೱۣ সȷ‫ޠ‬ձ‫ݳ‬Ȅ‫ٲ‬ӈᏳӱ࣐ȂΚӫυࡇ‫ޠ‬ϛ݃ԬκȂࠔЖᛗߞ෉п‫ٿ‬Җಁᄈ࢈‫ۻ‬՘࢈ ϛϵҔ‫ޠ‬ᑗ࡫ᇅኛࡦȂᅌᡑԚα࿳Җಁ‫ޠ‬ထᡞ‫ٲ‬ӈȄ࿌ӵл्ۣসȂ঩ᑫ‫ې‬ਫଅȃ ᑫߞȃϵԋ‫ې࢈ڸߞ׌‬എӱԫೞᄥ᎜ᙜଡ଼Ȟ؄τӤȂ2008ȟȄ.

(22) 212. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. րܼαख़ᢏᘉȂձ޲Ξණяȶึ৥ɯಜ‫ݾ‬ȷ҇໹҂ᒌ‫םܛ‬Ԛ‫ޠ‬ȶϲϸɯ ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃί࿾஡ໍΚؐණя၏፤‫ޠ‬វមȄ. နȃх๗፤Ȉ୾ঢ়ɯަཽϸϾᖓ๗ί‫࠯ᙾޠ‬ᐡཽ๗ᄻ ਣίᄈܼϜ୾τഛ‫ޠ‬ᢏᄇȂளளᘜᕞӶ‫ڎ‬ঐ྄ᆓ໣Ȃ‫޲ܗ‬ѐᡘ‫ึڐ‬ ৥ֶτȂ‫޲ܗ‬஽።‫ڐ‬୞ᒁϛԋȂկ઎Ҕ‫ޠ‬௒‫ݸ‬Ȃᔗ၏Ϭ࢑೏ܼӏ݃ᇅ༄ ཱུϟһȂ‫ٸ‬ႃܼᛨۢᇅᡑ᎑ϟ໣Ȃկ೼ኻһᓀፓᚖ‫ޠ‬౫ຬȂԄեԥਞ਍ ਔȂජඬϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃ‫ڐ‬ᄃΫϸϛܿȄԥᠨܼࠊख़ࢻ՘ܼᏱࣩ‫ޠ‬ ȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷȃȶ྄᠍ϲ௣ȷȃȶࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷ๊ϸ‫ݚ‬ਲ࢝‫ޠ‬ϛ٘ȂҐН Жໍȶ୾۩ަϜȷІȶ࢈๋ަထȷᢏᘉȂึ৥яȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬ ᇰۢᇅ࢝ᄻȂᙥпϸ‫ݚ‬ϜӔ‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬Ȃ‫ٯ‬ᙥԫࠊᙂϜӔґ‫ٗݾ࢈ޠٿ‬ ӪȄ ࣻၷܼ‫ڐ‬уϸ‫ݚ‬ਲ࢝Ȃȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᢏᘉ஽።Ȃ೾ႇȶܺ᠍ᡲ ւȷ‫ึޠ‬৥๋౲Ȃȶឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷя౫ӼϰϸϾ‫ޠ‬ੀ‫׌‬Ȃۣ჊ഌߟਣՅ་ ߔፑऐȂ࢈๋ӱԫਣُบᅹᘜᕞȂԫϛӤܼȶࡅ᠍Ꮀ‫ڿ‬ȷ፤‫ُܛ‬ϟȶ୾ ঢ়ȷ២‫ݗ‬Κ༶ȃȶަཽȷᑗ৶ϛਐȄկѫР८ȂҦܼᐍঐȶ୾ঢ়ᐡᜱȷ І‫ߤٸڐ‬໧ቺȂְ឵౫ԇᡞ‫ښ‬ί‫ࢌޠ‬ூւઊȂ‫ڐ‬་ߔፑऐϬ឵ᡞ‫ښ‬ϲᝰ ӬȂ๙ᜳ҉ખࢌԥ᠍Ωੀ‫׌‬Ȃӡড়࿌᠍ަထ‫ޠ‬ᐍᡞւઊȄ൸ԫՅّȂ ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ښ‬ȂӱԫτϛӤܼȶึ৥ᙾ࠯ȷ‫ޠࡠ෉ܛ‬ȶ୾ঢ়ȷፑ ऐϸϾȂȶަཽȷѠпӱԫֶτࢋᔇȄկ֊߰ȶަཽȷϬ೏ܼࣻᄈ৶ ༗Ȃկަཽ‫ޠ‬੬ۢԚӌȂѠпւң୾ঢ়‫ޠ‬ϸϾᝰӬȂᇅ੬ۢഌߟᖓᛯȂ ᔟం‫ڐ‬у‫ޠ‬ഌߟւઊȂՅȶ୾ঢ়ȷη૗пԫՅᕖூ።ᐍᙾϾȂᇅਣ঎ໍ ‫ޠ‬ᐡཽȂԫࠍϛӤܼȶ྄᠍ϲ௣ȷᢏᘉȄկ֊߰ԄԫȂȶަཽȷηϸਰ ЗȃᜟጣȂ೏ܼᇅȶ୾ঢ়ȷएഇϤ୞‫ޠ‬ӵ՞Ȃ߰ϛнᇅȶ୾ঢ়ȷ๗࿘ኈ ៫‫ޠ‬Ѡ૗Ȃկ೏ܼަཽᜟጣӵ՞޲Ȃࠍ๙ᜳೣூᇅȶ୾ঢ়ȷһࢻ௦ដ‫ޠ‬ ᐡཽȂӱԫુнᄃ፵‫ݾ࢈ޠ‬ኈ៫Ȅ ᆤӬαख़Ȃ࿌хϜ୾‫᠍࢈ޠ‬ᡞ፵ȂҦܼ‫ڎ‬ঐ‫ٯ‬ϛ‫ڟ‬።‫ޠ‬Ԛӌȶึ৥.

(23) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 213. ࠯୾ঢ়ȷȃȶ྄᠍лဏ‫࡚ښ‬ȷᒹཿȂ֊߰ȶ୾ঢ়ȷϛᘟ።ᐍ೻ϾȂկϬ ‫ڏ‬ԥࣻ࿌‫ޠ‬૗ΩȂަཽ‫ޠ‬ኈ៫‫ڿ‬ดСᅛᘘτȂࠔԥ‫ࣻڐ‬࿌‫׌‬४ȂҔԄࠊ ख़ཉߟᇅࡦԱ਱‫ܛپ‬ᡘұȂᢏᄇȶឪ୾ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷ‫ޠ‬ϲഌϸϾІ‫ڐ‬ᇅަཽಣ ᙒ‫ܗ‬ყᡞ‫ޠ‬ᒶᐆ๗࿘Ȃ஡࢑֏΢ᢏᄇ‫ڐ‬ґ‫ݾ࢈ٿ‬୞Ӫ‫ޠ‬ᜱᗥȂԫҼȶϲ ϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬ቌঅ‫ܛ‬ӶȄඳّϟȂȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᡞ‫ࣽښ‬ծΫϸ᜹ ծࠊ΢‫ܛ‬ණϟȶ࿦ບࡅ᠍ȷᢏᘉȞLieberthal and Oksenberg, 1988ȇ Lieberthal, 1992ȇHuang, 1999ȟȄस‫ݏ‬ดԄԫȂࠍҐНቌঅեӶȉ਴ᐄ ձ޲‫ޠ‬ᢏᘉȂȶ࿦ບࡅ᠍ȷ஽።޲࣐ȶۣ჊ፚցȷ‫๋؛๋࢈ޠ‬ዂԓȂਗ਼ І୾ަᜱ߾ȃ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȃᙾ࠯Ѡ૗ְ๊ߩளߩளԥ४Ȅ Յȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷᢏᘉࠍ‫ו‬గӶ୾ަᜱ߾‫ޠ‬᠗ಜዂጚαȂ࢈᠍ٗӪ ‫ޠ‬ᛨۢᇅᡑϾ໣Ȃජඬ֏΢ᢏᄇ‫ޠ‬२ᘉȄӱԫसਗ਼ІϜӔ࢈‫ޠݾ‬୞ӪȂ ԫᢏᘉॷӒ஽።्ᆺฑܼϜӔϲഌϸϾᇅ་ߔȈєࢃϜѶഌߟϟ໣ȃ΢ ‫ٲ‬ᆪ๝ࣃ‫ق‬ϟ໣ȃϜѶӵРϟ໣๊Ȃ‫ڐ‬ւઊፑऐ࣐եȉᝰӬ‫ޠ‬ձ࣐࣐ եȉ࢑֐Ӫަཽໍ՘๗࿘ȉ‫ڐ‬ᝰഃ૗֐ᒴඊ೤ࠍȂಥՅ໸ւ‫ڟ׃‬ȉ‫ڐ‬ ԪȂԫᢏᘉѐяȶ୾ঢ়ȷᇅȶަཽȷ‫ޠ‬ᒶ࿘Ȃ஽።ަཽԄեᒶᐆᇅ୾ঢ় ഌߟໍ՘๗࿘ȉԄեւң୾ঢ়ᐡ‫ښ‬ᘘτՍٙւઊȉέԄեӱ࣐ԫᆎ๗࿘ ആԚަཽೞ֝ાɯᛉ๝ȉѫР८Ȃ೼ᆎ‫ߤٸ‬๗࿘ആԚȶ୾ঢ়ȷᡑ᎑‫ޠ‬୞ ΩȂկη௷ଷȶ୾ަᜱ߾ȷ‫ޠ‬мด႟ᡑȂ፞ԄၼҖлᏳ‫ޠ‬ኹΩ९‫ڽ‬ȂӶ ȶϲϸɯѵᖓȷϜȂϬด឵ܼၷϛঅΚ៬‫ޠ‬Ω໕Ȅԫ‫ܗ‬೩֊ȶϲϸɯѵ ᖓȷȂ࣐ȶ࿦ບࡅ᠍ȷᢏᘉ‫ܛ‬ณȂկࠔᎍӬඣख़࿌ϭϜӔ࢈᠍Ȃԥֆࠊ ᙂ‫ٗڐ‬Ӫ‫ޠ‬ᓻ༗‫ܛ‬ӶȄ.

(24) 214. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ୥ՄНᝧ ΚȃϜН е߭፲Ȃ2006Ȃ‫ލ‬៞Ϝ‫ޠ‬Ϝ୾ަཽಣᙒः‫ف‬Ȉȶ୾ঢ়ɯަཽȷᜱ߾‫ޠ‬ຝِ. ȞᇄіȈ॰ճНϾя‫ަޏ‬ȟȄ е߭፲Ȃ2007Ȃȶۣ჊ᝰ‫ލ‬ί‫ޠ‬ҀൠϜϮಣᙒȈ࿌хϜ୾Ⱥ୾ঢ়ɯަཽȻᜱ ߾ུሠȷȂ৹ල቏ȃ֕ҞύጢȂឪ୾ြᡑȈϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬๼ऽᇅ࢈๋Ȟᇄ іȈϥࠓȟȂॳ267~301Ȅ ֕ҞύȂ1998Ȃȶ౫хϾ౪፤vs. ࢈᠍ᛨۢ፤ȈϜ୾τഛҖлึ৥‫ࠊޠ‬ෂȷȂ ࢈‫ݾ‬ऌᏱ፤ᘏȂಒ9෉Ȃॳ443~464Ȅ ֕ҞύȂ2007Ȃȶ‫׊‬ᢏϜ୾Ȉࡤ྄᠍ၦҐлဏึ৥୾ঢ়Ȉង‫ݎ‬ᇅ‫ٴݎ‬ዂԓ‫ޠ‬ ඦӬȷȂ৹ල቏ȃ֕ҞύጢȂឪ୾ြᡑȈϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬๼ऽᇅ࢈๋Ȟᇄ іȈϥࠓȟȂॳ309~335Ȅ ֕୾ӏȂ1994Ȃ୾ঢ়ȃҀൠᇅަཽȈϜ୾‫׾‬९‫ޠ‬Մᄇः‫ف‬1993ՎϭȞॸ෬Ȉ гࢼτᏱя‫ަޏ‬ȟȄ ི֕Ⱚ๊Ȃ1996ȂᅛໍᇅᐮໍȈϜ୾‫׾‬९ၿၰ‫ޠ‬ᒶᐆȞі‫ٶ‬ȈစᔽऌᏱȟȄ ‫ࢹݡ׉‬Ȃ2006ȂȶϜ୾ᕘߴNGOழ‫׾ٿ‬ᡑȷȂᆧՔϜ୾Ȃ2006Ԓಒ1෉Ȃॳ 22~25Ȅ ‫҅ۡݔ‬Ȃ2007Ȃȶі‫ޠٶ‬τຬȈϜ୾ᕘߴୱᚡ‫ޠ‬Ӳ៬ᇅࠊᙂȷȂࣽԉᇄᢋȂ ಒ9‫ڣ‬ಒ2෉Ȃॳ23~30Ȅ ৙Ҵ҂Ȃ2003Ȃ㡆ບȈ20зख90Ԓхп‫ޠٿ‬Ϝ୾ަཽȞі‫ٶ‬ȈަऌНᝧȟȄ ৹ල༖Ȃ2007ȂȶϜ୾τഛϜѶᇅөࣹᜱ߾Ϝ‫ޠ‬Ь҂‫ܓ‬ᇅ࠮‫᠍ܓޣ‬Ωᝰ‫ލ‬Ȉ ๼ऽ࢈ᇅ‫׺‬ၦ࢈๋‫ޠ‬ឋᚡഀ๗ϸ‫ݚ‬ȷȂ৹ල቏ȃ֕ҞύጢȂឪ୾ြᡑȈ ϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬๼ऽᇅ࢈๋ȞᇄіȈϥࠓȟȂॳ221~258Ȅ ৹ල቏Ȃ2004ȂȶȺଞϾ྄᠍࢈ᡞȻί‫ޠ‬Ⱥԥ४‫׾‬९ȻȷȂၸࠊЖ‫ٺݔ‬ᓹ ጢȂґ‫ٿ‬Ϝ୾ȈଞϾ‫᠍྄ޠ‬лဏȞᇄіȈਣൣНϾȟȂॳ167~207Ȅ ৹ල቏Ȃ2004ȂȶϜ୾τഛ࢈‫׾ݾ‬९‫ލޠ‬ឋȈΚঐНᝧ‫ޠ‬Ӳ៬ȷȂϜ୾τഛ ः‫ف‬Ȃಒ47‫ڣ‬ಒ1෉Ȟ3УဵȟȂॳ1~39Ȅ ৹ල቏Ȃ2007ȂȶȺ೻खࡢङ‫؃‬Ȼ˕ϜӔ஽Ͼᆀ࿝ϟ࢈‫ޠ׾‬ϲӶ४‫ښ‬ȷȂ Ϝ୾τഛः‫ف‬Ȃಒ50‫ڣ‬ಒ2෉Ȃॳ35~60Ȅ.

(25) ึ৥๋౲ᇅ࢈᠍ᡞ፵ȈٗӪȶϲϸ-ѵᖓȷᡞ‫ޠښ‬Ϝ୾τഛ. 215. ৹ල༖Ȃ2007ȂȶϜ୾τഛϜѶᇅөࣹᜱ߾Ϝ‫ޠ‬Ь҂‫ܓ‬ᇅ࠮‫᠍ܓޣ‬Ωᝰ‫ލ‬Ȉ ๼ऽ࢈ᇅ‫׺‬ၦ࢈๋‫ޠ‬ឋᚡഀ๗ϸ‫ݚ‬ȷȂ৹ල቏ȃ֕ҞύጢȂឪ୾ြᡑȈ ϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬๼ऽᇅ࢈๋ȞᇄіȈϥࠓȟȂॳ221~258Ȅ ૌᔪȂ2008ȂȶᗛӪ‫ڸ‬ᒚަཽȃЖΤ࢚‫᠍ࡅܓ‬Ȉ௄ϜӔΫΝτަཽ࢈๋ࠊᙂ Ϝ୾τഛґ‫ަ࢈ٿ‬ᡞ‫ښ‬ȷȂၸቔാᢟȃചҘҢጢȂϜӔΫΝτᇅϜ୾τ ഛ୾ঢ়ึ৥ȞᇄіȈ࢈‫ݾ‬τᏱ୾ᜱϜЗಒѳ‫ܛ‬ȟȂॳ3~29Ȅ ૌᔪȃച࠶յȂ2007ȂȶϜ୾τഛ‫ަޠ‬ୣ‫ݾ‬౪ᇅᙾ࠯ࠊෂȈึ৥ߵᙾ‫᠍࢈ܗ‬ ᆱᛨȉȷȂሊෂஆߝཽ۠ёȂಒ8‫ڣ‬ಒ1෉Ȃॳ87~121Ȅ ૌᔪȃചഛᎄȂ2001ȂȶᇅҀൠӔ‫ݡ‬ᄹȈ๽іϊᚋӵРᆪ๝‫ޠ‬഻ആ‫ᙾܓ‬ ϾȷȂୱᚡᇅः‫ف‬Ȃಒ40‫ڣ‬ಒ3෉Ȃॳ83~108Ȅ ஼҅ሊȂ2007ȂȶȺึ৥࠯୾ঢ়Ȼ౪፤‫ޠ‬Ӳ៬І‫ڐ‬ӶϜ୾ः‫ف‬ᎍң‫ܓ‬ϟ௥ ଇȷȂ‫ٴݎ‬ः‫ف‬Ȃಒ38‫ڣ‬ಒ2෉Ȃॳ85~121Ȅ ച‫࢚ע‬Ȃ2004ȂȶϜӔΫϳτࡤ‫ཽަޠ‬௒༗ϸ‫ݚ‬ȷȂၸ‫ٺݔ‬ᓹጢȂґ‫ٿ‬Ϝ ୾ȈଞϾ‫᠍྄ޠ‬лဏȞᇄіȈਣൣНϾȟȂॳ76~99Ȅ ഞ቉߈Ȃ2007Ȃȶ࢈‫᠍ݾ‬Ωһ෈ᇅစᔽᐡཽлဏȈ໲ᡞ՘୞ᇅ‫׾‬९ਣ෉Ϝ୾ ࢈‫ݾ‬စᔽෂ੊ඊᕘȷၸ৹ල቏ȃ֕ҞύጢȂឪ୾ြᡑȈϜӔ࢈᠍‫ޠ‬๼ऽ ᇅ࢈๋ȞᇄіȈϥࠓȟȂॳ177~210Ȅ ྇ᑘົȂ2007Ȃȶ౫хϾ‫ڑ‬ጓᇅϜӔҖлࠊෂȈಒѳ఩ၿၰȷȂ࢈‫ݾ‬ऌᏱ፤ ᘏȂಒ33෉Ȃॳ151~192Ȅ ሂ࡛Җȃ஼உϜȂ2005Ȃȶಣᙒϲ௣ᇅӗᄀԓ࢈ឪ‫ޠ‬።ᎍᇅᡑ᎑ȈϜ୾Ӕ౱ ឪঐ਱ϸ‫ݚ‬ȷȂ΢НІަཽऌᏱ໲ёȂಒ17‫ڣ‬ಒ2෉Ȃॳ299~341Ȅ ቔ໰᡺ȃе߭፲Ȃ2002Ȃȶુнቩߞ‫ޠ‬ቩߞȈϜ୾τഛ޷ಊҀൠ‫࡚ښޠ‬ϲ௣ ϾȷȂϜ୾τഛः‫ف‬Ȃಒ45‫ڣ‬ಒ4෉Ȃॳ43~74Ȅ ዄᆫȂ1993ȂᅛໍϟၰȈᄈစᔽ‫׾‬९‫ޠ‬စᔽᏱϸ‫ݚ‬Ȟі‫ٶ‬ȈϜ୾ަऌȟȄ ᎓ҘԒȂ2004Ȃऩྤུ࢈ȈϜ୾ᡑ९‫ུޠ‬୞ΩȞུђ‫ۄ‬ȈΥРНϾȟȄ ᒄѓપȂ2008ȂȶϜ୾ࡤӓ૗࠯‫ݾ࢈ࡅ᠍ޠ‬Ȉึ৥Ϝ‫ޠ‬ᓻ༗ᇅୱᚡȷȂၸϜ ୾τᙾ࠯Ȉ௄ึ৥࢈‫ݾ‬ᏱࣽϜ୾ᡑ९Ȟі‫ٶ‬Ȉུ࢒ȟȂॳ113~127Ȅ Kornai, JanosȂеୋӓȃ༂जឮណȂ1994ȂᗛӪՍҦစᔽϟၰȈӝвւަཽл ဏ‫ᙾޠ࡚ښ‬ӪȞᇄіȈሊࢻȟȄ Nathan, Andrew J.Ȃեτ݃ណȂ2007ȂϜ୾࢈‫ݾ‬ᡑ᎑ϟၰȂȞᇄіȈѽࢻȟȄ ᫬߀নȂ2001ȂȶԼቈϾϏ஠਱Մᡜཉߟ‫ׯ‬ᐆȁGDPᇅᕘძԄե҂ᒌ?ȷȂय.

(26) 216. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. ߭ᆪȈhttp://www.mie168.com/manage/2007-04/204523.htmȄ2008/9/2Ȅ तᐏ៸ȂȶϜ୾NGOᇅ࢈‫ޠۻ‬๗࿘ȷȂ୧ଡ଼໋ёȈhttp://www.businesswatch. com.cn/Html/econcmic/063281309199764.htmlȄ Ϝ୾୾ঢ়ಜॏ‫׌‬Ȃ2007Ȃȶ ୾ঢ়ಜॏ‫׌‬Ȉ‫୾ש‬စᔽᖃ໕зࣩ௷ӫಒѳ՞ ȷȂ ུ ๽ ᆪ Ȉ h t t p : / / n e w s . x i n h u a n e t . c o m / n e w s c e n t e r / 2 0 0 7 - 1 0 / 11 / content_6864327.htmȄ2008/9/2Ȅ ᓹഢවȃӉ‫ݱ‬Ȃ2007ȂȶཉߟPXᕘຠឍұȷȂशഽᆪȈhttp://www.coolloud. org.tw/node/4046Ȅ2008/9/23Ȅ ᛂ౼݃Ȃ2007ȂȶཉߟPX஠਱ູ෢Ѡ૗ആԚ֓፰ ࢑ൠϛᄈ๊ീ࡜ȷȂϜ୾စ ᔽਣൣȈhttp://www.txdyt.com/Article/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2042Ȅ 2008/8/14Ȅ ؄τӤȂ2008Ȃȶᘼԋ‫ٲ‬ӈᇅۣসୱೱȷȂBBCϜНᆪȈhttp://news.bbc. co.uk/chinese/trad/hi/newsid_7520000/newsid_7528300/7528364.stmȄ 2008/8/14Ȅ ȶ஠ঢ়Κय࡛ឋཉߟPX໷ҭӶ੖২՚ۭᐆӵ᎑࡛ȷȂ΢ҖСൣȈhttp://news. qq.com/a/20071219/000402.htmȄ2008/8/14Ȅ ȶ΢ְԞΤ2010जϰ Ϝ୾ᔡٙϜ๊ԞΤ୾ঢ়ȷȂུ੐ᆪȈhttp://finance.sina. com.cn/g/20070920/08001678668.shtmlȄ2008/8/14Ȅ ȶϜ୾஡ᙲབྷቸឋࡦԱЬႬϏโȷȂBBCϜ୾ᆪȈhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/ c h i n e s e / t r a d / h i / n e w s i d _ 5 0 4 0 0 0 0 / n e w s i d _ 5 0 4 8 2 0 0 / 5 0 4 8 2 2 2 . s t mȄ 2008/8/14Ȅ ȶഇຝࡦԱЬႬϏโ‫๋؛‬ႇโϜήРւઊീ࡜ҖлȷȂϜ୾ᆪȈhttp://big5. china.com.cn/chinese/huanjing/549035.htmȄ2008/8/14Ȅ ȶ ཉ ߟ Ҁ ࢈ ‫ ۢ ؛ ۻ‬ጦ ࡛ ̚ ̢ ஠ ਱ ȷ Ȃ ཉ ߟ ᆪ Ȉ h t t p : / / c t i x m . s m e x m . g o v. cn/2007-5/2007530101944.htmȄ2008/8/14Ȅ ȶᕘߴུΩ໕ีൠ‫ޠ‬ѯࠊᄎࡤȷȂ΢ҖᆪȈhttp://people.com.cn/BIG5/ huanbao/1072/3152478.htmlȄ2008/8/14Ȅ ȶཉߟҀҖ೾ႇ฼߭Іᡞ‫ښ‬ՎାԵ࢘PX໷ҭȷȂ΢ҖᆪȈhttp://ccdv.people. com.cn/BIG5/5929654.htmlȄ2008/9/24Ȅ ȶα੖Ҁ‫ۻ‬ᙲབྷӲᔗᆅ᝛ਜ਼‫׫‬ឋȷȂBBCϜНᆪȈhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/ c h i n e s e / t r a d / h i / n e w s i d _ 7 1 8 0 0 0 0 / n e w s i d _ 7 1 8 8 9 0 0 / 7 1 8 8 9 7 8 . s t mȄ.

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(32) 222. ަཽऌᏱ፤ᘏ 2008Ԓ 10УಒΡ‫ڣ‬ಒΡ෉. After Developmental State and PostTotalitarianism: China’s Fragmented States and Connected Societies Shu Keng Associate Professor of the Department of East Asian Studies, National Chengchi University Yi-ling Chen, Ph.D. Student , Graduate Institute of East Asian Studies, National Chengchi University. Abstract The paper seeks to present an analytical framework to make sense of current Chinese politics and future transformations.In the past three decades, China has experienced dramatic transformations from planned to market society, but with the political institutions largely remaining intact. Today’s China thus is dragged by two forces in almost opposing directions: one is its developmental state and the other its totalitarian institutions. The two driving forces sometime compromise and sometimes countervail each other. The Chinese state is thus characterized by Yushan Wu as the “post-totalitarian developmental state.” But how these two forces may interact with each other and henceforce shape the China’s political future? This theoretical perspective, in relation to the question, is both inconclusive and problematic. This paper, therefore, seeks to clarify the current confusions by offering the “fragmented states, connected societies” perspective. Given that purpose, the paper is divided into four sections. Following the introduction is a critical review of the current theoretical approaches to Chinese politics. After that, we will introduce Nu River dam project and Xianglu Group's local Paraxylene (PX) chemical plant to demonstrate the weaknesses of the current approaches and the strengths of our framework. In the concluding section, we will show why how our framework may shade new light on the future of Chinese politics.. Key words: Chinese politics, state-society relations, post-totalitarianism, developmental state, transition from authoritarianism tions..

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