中國醫藥大學機構典藏 China Medical University Repository, Taiwan:Item 310903500/32428

全文

(1)ύ ୯ ᙴ ᛰ ε Ꮲ ! ᅺγፕЎ! ጓဦǺDOSH-0501! ! ВӀ๋ѦጕϷᔸ዗ᕉნϐҜጥኪ៛Ӓ্ ᆶٛᠴ٢నਏૈຑ՗! Health hazards from over-exposure to solar ultraviolet light and thermal stress and efficacy of sunscreens. ‫܌‬ձǺᙍ཰ӼӄᆶፁғᏢ‫س‬ᅺγ੤ ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋਁ⏔ǵ໳ர‫ ޱ‬റγ ᏢғǺഋҏዅ. Yu-Chieh Chen. ᏢဦǺ9772001. ύ. ๮. ҇. ୯. 99. ԃ. 7. Д.

(2) ᇞᖴ ‫ٿ‬ԃ‫ޑ‬ᅺγғఱύ‫ܭ‬ᗌӛѡᗺΑǴགᖴ ாॺ೭΋ၡٰ‫ޑ‬௲ᇧᆶࡌ ᝼Ǵ٬‫ך‬ᕇ੻‫ؼ‬ӭǶ२Ӄགᖴ‫ࡰޑך‬Ꮴ௲௤ ഋਁ⏔ԴৣǴགᖴ ா‫ޑ‬ဂ ൻൻ๓ᇨ‫ޑ‬௲ᇧᆶό‫ܥ‬΋਱‫ࡘޑ‬ၡ๏ϒ‫ך‬คᅰ‫्௴ޑ‬Ǵ٬‫ך‬όፕӧ଺ჴ ᡍ‫܈‬ኗቪፕЎਔǴԖዴϪ‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱Ъࡘᆣ‫׳‬уᑞஏǹΨᖴᖴ ԴৣόᒪᎩΚ Ӧঅ‫ޑךׯ‬ፕЎǴᡣ‫ޑך‬ፕЎቪள‫׳‬ᑪֹ๓Ǵ੿‫ٌࢂޑ‬ध ாǶӧࣴ‫܌ز‬ ‫ٿ‬ԃය໔Ǵ!ԴৣҭਔதᜢЈ‫ޑך‬ғࢲ߈‫ݩ‬ᆶ଼நǴࡐቼ۩ёаԋࣁ!Դ ৣா‫ޑ‬ᏢғǶགᖴ‫ך‬ӅӕࡰᏤ௲௤ ໳ர‫ޱ‬ԴৣӧኧᏵ಍ीϩ‫݋‬΢ϒаࡰ Ꮴᆶࡌ᝼Ǵ٬‫ޑך‬ჴᡍኧᏵϩ‫׳݋‬уֹ๓Ƕགᖴ‫ٿ‬ՏፕЎα၂‫ہ‬঩ ݅η ѳ௲௤ᆶ ໳ྷໜ௲௤ǴӢࣁԴৣॺ‫ޑ‬όսࡰᏤᆶࡌ᝼Ǵ٬‫ޑך‬ፕЎࢎᄬ ‫׳‬уᝄᙣֹ๓ǶԜѦǴΨᖴᖴӧ‫ٿ‬ԃ‫؃ޑ‬ᏢၸำύǴ‫܌‬ԖමࡰᏤၸ‫ޑך‬ ԴৣॺǴӢࣁԴৣॺ‫ޑ‬ፌፌ௲ᇧǴᡣ‫ך‬ӧኗቪፕЎ‫ޑ‬ၸำύᏱԖ‫׳‬ӭᡫ གᆶ௴วǶ གᖴϟሎᏢߏǵ‫ػ‬፣Ꮲ‫׌‬ǵਖߙᏢ‫ۂ‬Ǵᖴᖴգॺӧჴᡍ΢‫ڐޑ‬շǴ ٬ளჴᡍૈ୼໩ճӦ຾ՉᆶֹԋǹЀ‫ځ‬ᖴᖴᏢߏନΑӧ‫ڐ‬շჴᡍѦǴΨ ӧВதፐ཰ᆶՉࡹ٣୍΢ග‫ࡰٮ‬ᏤǴӢࣁӵԜԶ٬ளࡐӭፄᚇ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒள а߆έԶှǶΨགᖴॡ၈Ꮲ‫׌‬ᆶԳ൛ǵ၃֗ǵЦϑ!ζϬᏢ‫ॺۂ‬Ǵჴᡍ࠻ ӢࣁգॺǴӭΑ೚ӭ៿኷‫ݗ਻ޑ‬ǶᗋԖӕҒӅध‫ޑ‬ӕᏢॺǴᖴᖴգॺӧ ፐ཰΢‫ޑ‬ϕ࣬ᔅշᆶᡏፊǶԜѦǴ੝ձགᖴλယǵ᚟࠱࠱ǵ೾΍΍ǵၳ.

(3) ၳǵߓᅈǵࡘ௵Ǵ‫؂‬྽‫ך‬եዊයǵ॰࡙යǴգॺᕴࢂό౽ᎩΚӦႴᓰ‫ך‬Ǵ ᡣ‫ך‬ӆࡋᏱԖߞЈय़ჹόӕ‫ࡷޑ‬ᏯǶനࡕǴགᖴ‫ޑך‬ৎΓǺགᖴ‫ޑך‬झ ‫׌‬झ‫ۂ‬Ǵόਔѕᓲ‫زࣴޑך‬຾ࡋᆶ଼நǶགᖴ‫ߓޑך‬Ϧߓᓽᆶ‫ݿ‬༰Ǵග ‫ךٮ‬΋ঁྕཪ‫ޑ‬ᆂǴӢࣁգॺ‫ޑ‬Ѝ࡭Ǵᡣ‫ך‬ӄЈ஑‫ךܭݙ‬഻ӳϐ٣‫ނ‬ǹ Ӣࣁգॺ‫ޑ‬ႴᓰǴᡣ‫ܭ߿ך‬य़ჹӚᅿୢᚒᆶࡷᏯǹգॺ๏ϒ‫ך‬Պ१คલ ‫ޑ‬ᜢЈᆶྣ៝Ǵᡣ‫ך‬໩ճֹԋᏢ཰Ƕ ҁፕЎᕇளύ୯ᙴᛰεᏢጓဦ CMU97-202ȨᔈҔߚߟΕ‫܄‬Ҝጥ༾Ո ࢬෳໆຑ՗ЊѦ๋Ѧጕኪ៛ᆶ዗Ӓ্ȩਠϣीฝᆶ୯ࣽ཮ीฝጓဦ NSC 98-2221-E-039-012Ȩҗᆘࡌᑐᗌӛғᄊࠤѱ—а଼ந๤፾Ϸ࿯ૈ෧዗ᢀ ᗺᔼ೷፾ᔈ਻ংϐ೿ѱᕉნ–ηीฝΒǺВӀ๋Ѧጕᚼᠴ଼நӒ্ᒣ᛽ᆶ Ӣᔈٛៈ௛ࡼਏૈຑ՗ȩϐံշǴགᖴᏢਠᆶ୯ࣽ཮ϒак‫زࣴޑى‬࿶ ຤Ǵ٬ҁࣴ‫ز‬ளа໩ճ຾ՉǶԜѦǴࣴ‫܍ز‬ύѧ਻ຝֽಃΒಔᆶഋӨֻǵ ᛥӵඁ฻ӕϘග‫ٮ‬ѠύӦ୔҇୯ 98 ԃ 5 Կ 9 Дҽ๋ѦӀࡰኧջਔᅱෳॶ ᆶ྽Вനεॶၗ਑Ǵ੝Ԝठ΢གᖴϐཀǶ ᙯ౳໔Ǵς࿶‫ٿ‬ԃΑǴ૱Јགᖴ೭΋ၡ΢මᔅշၸ‫ߏৣޑך‬ᆶܻ϶ ॺǴനࡕ໻аҁЎ᝘๏‫܌‬Ԗම࿶Ѝ࡭‫ך‬ǵᜢЈ‫ޑך‬ΓǴᖴᖴգॺǶ. ഋҏዅ! ᙣᇞ ύ๮҇୯ΐΜΐԃΎД ‫ܭ‬ύ୯ᙴᛰεᏢᙍӼ‫س‬ᅺγ੤.

(4) ᄔा. ‫ڙ‬ε਻ૌ਼ቫઇᚯϷӦ߄ཪϯቹៜǴΓᜪᎁ‫ڙ‬ВӀ๋ѦጕϷᔸ዗Ӓ্ϐ ኪ៛॥ᓀВቚǴ୯҇٬Ҕٛៈ௛ࡼϐཀ᛽ҭ೴‫؁‬ගϲǶҁፕЎԑӧ௖૸ ‫ܭ‬Вதࢲ୏ύǴᎁ‫ڙ‬዗Ӓ্ӢηϷԾฅ๋ѦӀኪ៛ਔǴ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶ ցჹΓᡏҜጥғ౛ϸᔈᡂϯϐቹៜϷቹៜ൯ࡋǴ٠ᔈҔࡌҥϐғ౛ࡰ኱ ຑ՗๋Ѧጕ‫܌‬Ҕٛៈ٢న‫ܭ‬ᔸ዗Ӧ୔ӵ‫ך‬୯ϐ፾Ҕ‫܄‬Ƕࣴ‫܌ز‬ᒧ‫ۓ‬ϐҜ ጥғ౛ࡰ኱х֖ǺҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆ(skin blood flow change, SBFC)ǵ࿶ ҜНϩණѨࡋ(transepidermal water loss, TEWL)ǵҜጥྕࡋǵҜጥᔸࡋǵ आඬғԋࡰኧ(erythema-index, E-index)ᆶ໵Յન؈ᐘࡰኧ(melanin-index, M-index)ǹЬᢀ዗๤፾ག߾аऍ୯հএ‫ޜ‬ፓ‫ ཮ڐৣמ‬Standard 55 ኱ྗୢ ‫୷ࣁڔ‬ᘵว৖ϐύЎୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗǶࣴ‫ز‬хࡴΒЬा໘ࢤǺЊѦВӀჴᡍෳ ໆ‫ڙ‬၂‫ޣ‬ӧВӀᚼᠴΠ‫܈‬ЊѦ഍థೀϐҥջ‫܄‬Ҝጥғ౛ϸᔈǹኪ៛ᑭჴ ᡍ‫ܭ‬Γπ਻ংᕉნኪ៛ᑭϣኳᔕόӕᕉნྕᔸࡋ‫ݩރ‬Ƕ‫ٿ‬໘ࢤჴᡍࣣຑ ՗ჴᡍಔ(٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న)ᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ(҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న)‫ڙ‬၂‫ޣ‬Ҝጥғ౛ࡰ኱ ᆶΓᡏ዗๤፾གᒿόӕᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Ӣη‫ׯ‬ᡂ‫܌‬ౢғϐᡂϯǴаϩ‫݋‬ғ౛ࡰ ኱ᆶ዗ኪ៛໔ϐᏊໆɡϸᔈᜢ߯ǵғ౛ࡰ኱໔ϐϸᔈɡਔำᜢ߯ǵаϷ Ьǵ࠼ᢀࡰ኱໔ϐёૈৡ౦ǶЊѦВӀჴᡍၸำӕਔԏ໣‫؂‬ВѠύӦ୔ ջਔ๋ѦӀࡰኧբࣁຑ՗ВӀ๋ѦӀอයᆶಕᑈᒟ৔ໆϐ୷ྗǶ. i.

(5) ࣴ‫่݀ز‬ᡉҢǺSBFC ࣁϸᔈᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Ӣηቹៜϐଯ௵གǵӃයҜጥ ғ౛ࡰ኱ǶЊѦВӀჴᡍ่݀ว౜ǺTEWLǵҜጥᔸࡋǵаϷ E-index ࣁ ᝾ҢӢᎁ‫ڙ‬อය(࡚‫๋)܄‬Ѧጕᒟ৔ғԋ଼நӒ্ϐၨ٫Ҝጥғ౛ࡰ኱ǶҜ ጥምᏛфૈ෧եᆶआඬғԋ౜ຝ‫ܭ‬եᏊໆ๋ѦӀኪ៛(๋ѦӀࡰኧ<6)ਔ ջёวғǴ٠ܴᡉϸᔈᎁ‫ڙ‬ВӀᚼᠴਔҜጥ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶց‫܌‬ౢғϐ ғ౛ᡂϯৡ౦Ǵࣁຑ՗٢నਏૈϐ‫ؼ‬ӳࡰ኱Ƕኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ่݀ᡉҢǺ SBFCǵTEWLǵϷҜጥྕࡋᡉ๱Ӧᒿᕉნྕࡋ‫ׯ‬ᡂԶᡂϯǴՠၨό‫ڙ‬ᕉ ნ࣬ჹᔸࡋϐբҔǹҜጥᔸࡋࣁӚғ౛ࡰ኱ύ୤΋ёӕਔϸᔈᕉნྕࡋ ᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋቹៜ‫ޣ‬Ƕ΢ॊࡰ኱໔ϐϸᔈɡਔำᜢ߯ࣁǺΓᡏණ዗ሡ‫؃‬ቚ уਔǴҜጥ༾Ոࢬໆቚуаஒ዗ໆ஥Կ߄ҜǴԶࡕ߄Ҝᔸࡋᡉ๱΢ϲǶ ᒿҜጥᔸࡋᅌᖿႫ‫ک‬ǴTEWL ቚуа௨рНϩǶණ዗ࡕҜጥྕࡋᆶ‫ڬ‬ᜐ ዗ᕉნၲ‫ډ‬ѳᑽǶٛᠴ٢నӧҜጥ߄य़‫׎‬ԋᜪᖓጢࡀምǴග‫ٮ‬Ҝጥߥྒྷ ਏૈǴҭჹҜጥᆶѦࣚ዗ᕉნϐ‫ޔ‬ௗௗ᝻ౢғ႖ᚆǴӢԜᒨᅉ SBFC ᆶ TEWL ჹѦࣚ዗ᕉნᡂϯϐϸᔈǶ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶᒿᕉნྕᔸࡋ΢ϲԶቚ уǴЀаྕࡋਏᔈനࣁܴᡉǴЪ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶᆶҜጥྕࡋϐ࣬ᜢ‫܄‬നଯ(R2 > 0.75)Ƕ. ᜢᗖӷǺҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯǵВӀ๋Ѧጕᚼᠴǵٛᠴ٢నǵҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ǵ Ьᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬. ii.

(6) ABSTRACT With the deterioration of atmospheric ozone and global warming continuing, the risks of exposure to solar UV radiation and heat stress have exacerbated in the last decades, and people nowadays have become increasingly familiar with the use of protective mechanisms.. The research described in this thesis. quantitatively investigated the physiological changes in the sunscreenprotected vs. -unprotected human skin in response to exposure to solar UV radiation and thermal stress.. The skin physiology-based indicators were also. applied to evaluate the effectiveness of sunscreen rendering protection when used in hot and humid areas such as Taiwan.. The physiological indicators. selected in the study included skin blood flow change (SBFC), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin temperature, skin moisture, erythema (E-index), and melanogenesis (M-index). Subjective thermal sensation was also gauged, using a standardized questionnaire developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers Standard 55.. The. research was conducted in two successive stages, the first being conducted outdoors to evaluate the immediate/prolonged changes in skin physiology of the subjects under the sun or in the shadow (the solar UV study) and the second to examine the patterns of physiological adjustment in response to alteration in thermal microclimate (the exposure chamber study). In both studies, the physiological indicators and thermal sensation of the treatment group (using sunscreens) and control group (not using sunscreens) were simultaneously assessed to develop dose-response relationships between dermal indicators and physical variables and to investigate any variations between physiological and psychological indicators, particularly as a result of iii.

(7) sunscreen application. The results of the solar UV study show: SBFC was a physiological indicator highly sensitive to change in solar irradiation and microclimatic factors, thus serving well as a pre-clinical indicator.. TEWL, skin moisture,. and E-index well indicated the acute health hazard resulting from short-term solar UV irradiation. TEWL and E-index among all physiological indicators best differentiated the efficacy of sunscreen protecting against solar UV radiation at a level of UV Index 6 or less.. As observed in the exposure. chamber study, SBFC, TEWL, and skin temperature responded linearly to the alteration in environmental temperature, but less to the influence of relative humidity (RH). In contrast, skin moisture was the only indicator responded to influences from both environmental temperature and RH. Among the physiological indicators, skin temperature first changed in response to alteration in environmental temperature, and then SBFC increased to circulate the excess body heat to skin surface for dissipation.. The skin moisture. increased next to expel the heat absorbed in skin moisture to the skin surface. Once the moisture in the skin saturated, TEWL dramatically rose to evaporate water in stratum corneum.. The heat dissipation cycle ended with the skin. temperature being re-equilibrated with the thermal environment.. As for the. psychological indicator, the thermal sensation votes (TSVs) of the participants were influenced proportionally by alterations in the examined thermal factors, particularly the environmental temperature. The TSV was most significantly correlated to skin temperature (R2 > 0.75).. Keywords: Skin blood flow change, solar UV exposure, sunscreen, skin physiological indicator, thermal sensation iv.

(8) Ҟᒵ ύЎᄔा ............................................................................................................ i ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................iii Ҟᒵ ................................................................................................................... v ߄Ҟᒵ ............................................................................................................... x კҞᒵ ............................................................................................................. xx ಃ΋ക! ᆣፕ ................................................................................................... 1 ಃ΋࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ .................................................................................... 1 ಃΒ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ϐख़ा‫ ܄‬.......................................................................... 10 ಃΟ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ ޑ‬.................................................................................. 11 ಃѤ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛ .................................................................................. 12 ಃϖ࿯! Ӝຒࣚ‫ ۓ‬.................................................................................. 13 ಃΒക! Ў᝘௖૸......................................................................................... 19 ಃ΋࿯! ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆᆶҜጥᔸࡋ.................................................. 19 ಃΒ࿯! आඬᆶ໵Յનғԋ .................................................................. 22 ಃΟ࿯ ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆᆶआඬ‫ࡋྕڙ‬ቹៜϐෳໆ .......................... 23 ಃѤ࿯! Ҝጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯ ...................................................................... 24 ಃϖ࿯! ᔸ዗ᕉნᡂϯჹҜጥғ౛ϸᔈϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ϐቹៜ.......... 26 ಃϤ࿯!! ٛᠴ٢నჹٛៈ๋Ѧጕኪ៛໾্ϐਏૈ.............................. 27 V.

(9) ಃΎ࿯! ҜጥߥᎦҔࠔჹҜጥғ౛౜ຝϐቹៜ.................................. 29 ಃΖ࿯! ЊѦВӀ‫ޔ‬৔ೀᆶ፿ጬೀϐ๋ѦӀໆৡ౦.......................... 31 ಃΐ࿯! Γπ਻ংᕉნኪ៛ᑭ‫ܭ‬όӕᜪձࣴ‫ز‬ϐᔈҔ...................... 32 ಃΜ࿯! Ў᝘ᕴ่ .................................................................................. 33 ಃΜ΋࿯! ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬ .............................................................................. 33 ಃΟക! ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬......................................................................................... 37 ಃ΋࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬೛ी .................................................................................. 37 3.1.1! ЊѦВӀჴᡍ ....................................................................... 38 3.1.2! ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ ........................................................................... 38 ಃΒ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ .................................................................................. 39 3.2.1! ୷ҁΓᡏीෳၗ਑ ............................................................... 41 3.2.2! Ҝጥғ౛‫ݩރ‬Ծ‫ך‬ຑ՗ ....................................................... 41 3.2.3! হ‫ۑ‬ЊѦࢲ୏‫ ݩރ‬............................................................... 41 3.2.4! হ‫ۑ‬Պ๱ໆ ........................................................................... 46 ಃΟ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ሺᏔ೛ഢᆶπ‫ڀ‬.............................................................. 47 3.3.1! ෳໆҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐሺᏔ ................................................... 47 3.3.2! ෳໆᆶ૶ᒵᕉნ‫ނ‬౛ӢηϐሺᏔ....................................... 47 3.3.3! Γπ਻ংᕉნኪ៛ᑭ ........................................................... 49 3.3.4! ჴᡍ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నϷԋҽᇥܴ ........................................... 53. VI.

(10) 3.3.5! ዗ག‫ޕ‬ୢ‫ ڔ‬........................................................................... 55 ಃѤ࿯! ၗ਑ԏ໣ .................................................................................. 55 3.4.1! ЊѦВӀჴᡍࢬำ ............................................................... 55 3.4.2! ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍࢬำ ................................................................... 60 3.4.3! ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧᆶಕᑈᒟ৔Ꮚໆϐीᆉ........................... 62 ಃϖ࿯! ၗ਑಍ीᆶϩ‫ ݋‬...................................................................... 63 3.5.1! ЊѦВӀჴᡍ่݀಍ीϩ‫ ݋‬............................................... 63 3.5.2! ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ่݀಍ीϩ‫ ݋‬................................................... 66 3.5.3! ВӀᚼᠴᆶցҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ᡂϯϐКၨ........................... 69 ಃѤക! ࣴ‫่݀ز‬ᆶ૸ፕ............................................................................. 71 ಃ΋࿯! ЊѦВӀჴᡍ่݀ .................................................................. 71 4.1.1! ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ჹҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐቹៜ................... 71 4.1.2! ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ჹ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐቹៜ....................... 95 4.1.3! ВӀ๋ѦӀᒟ৔ჹҜጥྕࡋϐቹៜ................................. 123 4.1.4! ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ჹҜጥᔸࡋϐቹៜ................................. 148 4.1.5! ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ჹआඬғԋϐቹៜ................................. 169 4.1.6! ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ჹ໵Յન؈ᐘϐቹៜ............................. 197 4.1.7! ᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Κᆶ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցჹ‫ܭ‬Ь࠼ᢀ዗๤፾ࡰ኱ ϐᆕӝቹៜϩ‫ ݋‬................................................................. 219. VII.

(11) 4.1.8! ВӀᚼᠴᆶցҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ᡂϯϐКၨ......................... 242 ಃΒ࿯! ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ่݀ .................................................................... 249 4.2.1! ࠻ϣᕉნ዗ӢηჹҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐቹៜ................. 249 4.2.2! ࠻ϣᕉნ዗Ӣηჹ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐቹៜ..................... 260 4.2.3! ࠻ϣᕉნ዗ӢηჹҜጥྕࡋϐቹៜ................................. 272 4.2.4! ࠻ϣᕉნ዗ӢηჹҜጥᔸࡋϐቹៜ................................. 285 4.2.5! όӕ॥ೲӢηჹҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐቹៜ............................. 298 4.2.6! Ҝጥғ౛ࡰ኱໔Ӣᔈᕉნ዗Ӣηᡂϯϐϸᔈ-ਔำᜢ߯302 4.2.7! ᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Κᆶ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցჹ‫ܭ‬Ь࠼ᢀ዗๤፾ࡰ኱ ϐᆕӝቹៜϩ‫ ݋‬................................................................. 339 4.2.8! ЊѦВӀჴᡍᆶኪ៛ᑭჴᡍύҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐৡ౦..... 345 ಃϖക! ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼................................................................................... 350 ಃ΋࿯! ่ፕ ........................................................................................ 350 ಃΒ࿯! ࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ ڋ‬................................................................................ 352 ಃΟ࿯! ᔈҔᆶࡌ᝼ ............................................................................ 353 ୖԵЎ᝘ ....................................................................................................... 357 ߕᒵ A! ύ୯ᙴᛰεᏢϦӅፁғᏢଣউ౛‫ہ‬঩཮ࣴ‫ز‬ीฝӕཀਜ....... 371 ߕᒵ B! ჴᡍ‫ڙ‬၂‫୷ޣ‬ҁၗ਑ፓࢗ ........................................................... 374 ߕᒵ C! ᕉნ዗๤፾ୢ‫ ڔ‬........................................................................... 388. VIII.

(12) ߕᒵ D! Ѡ᡼ύ೽Ӧ୔ 98 ԃহ‫؂ۑ‬В๋Ѧጕࡰኧջਔෳൔၗ਑......... 390. IX.

(13) ߄Ҟᒵ ߄ 1-1. ВӀ๋Ѧጕᚼᠴёғԋϐ଼ந໾্ǵ໾্೽Տǵᆶ੯ੰੱ‫ ރ‬... 4. ߄ 1-2. όӕ฻ભ๋Ѧጕࡰኧᆶ‫ځ‬ჹᔈϐኪ៛ᜪࠠϷШࣚፁғಔᙃ‫ࡌ܌‬ ᝼ϐٛៈ௛ࡼ ................................................................................... 7. ߄ 3-1. ЊѦВӀჴᡍᆶኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩ϐΓᡏीෳၗ਑ ............. 42. ߄ 3-2. ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩Ծ᝺Ҝጥғ౛‫ ݩރ‬......................................................... 43. ߄ 3-3. ЊѦВӀჴᡍϐ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩‫ ܭ‬2009 ԃহ‫ۑ‬ЊѦࢲ୏‫ ݩރ‬........... 45. ߄ 3-4. হ‫ۑ‬қВѦрਔനதऀ๱ϐՊ‫ ނ‬................................................. 48. ߄ 3-5. 18 ᅿᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Ӣηᡂ໨ಔӝ֡Ϭ‫܄‬ϐ่݀ ................................ 51. ߄ 3-6. ൂ΋॥ೲᡂ໨ಔӝਔᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Ӣη֡Ϭ‫܄‬ፓ่ࢗ݀ ................. 54. ߄ 4-1. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ ‫ۓ‬...................................................................................................... 79. ߄ 4-2. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ ‫ۓ‬...................................................................................................... 80. ߄ 4-3. а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂ ϯໆϐᜢ߯ ..................................................................................... 94. ߄ 4-4. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ X.

(14) ύ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬ ........................................................................................................ 105 ߄ 4-5. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬ ........................................................................................................ 107. ߄ 4-6. а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶ࿶ҜНϩණѨ ໆϐᜢ߯ ....................................................................................... 120. ߄ 4-7. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥྕࡋϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 130. ߄ 4-8. ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥྕࡋϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 131. ߄ 4-9. а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶҜጥྕࡋϐᜢ ߯.................................................................................................... 145. ߄ 4-10 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥᔸࡋϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 156 ߄ 4-11 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύҜጥᔸࡋϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 157 ߄ 4-12 а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶҜጥᔸࡋϐᜢ ߯.................................................................................................... 170 ߄ 4-13 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ XI.

(15) ύआඬࡰኧϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 180 ߄ 4-14 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύआඬࡰኧϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 181 ߄ 4-15 а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶआඬࡰኧϐᜢ ߯.................................................................................................... 194 ߄ 4-16 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ ύ໵નࡰኧϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 205 ߄ 4-17 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ΢ᖉϣୁᆶ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ ύ໵નࡰኧϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬... 206 ߄ 4-18 а Logistic regression ϩ‫݋‬٬Ҕ/҂٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶ໵નࡰኧϐᜢ ߯.................................................................................................... 218 ߄ 4-19 ЊѦВӀჴᡍВӀྣ৔୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ ᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬222 ߄ 4-20 ЊѦВӀჴᡍВӀྣ৔୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ ᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ. XII.

(16) ‫ۓ‬.................................................................................................... 224 ߄ 4-21 ЊѦВӀჴᡍВӀྣ৔୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ ᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....................................................................................... 226 ߄ 4-22 ЊѦВӀჴᡍВӀྣ৔୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ ᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬ ଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບ ᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 227 ߄ 4-23 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫ۓ‬ ߯ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................... 229 ߄ 4-24 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈᕉნଳౚ ྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న ᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄ ղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........................................... 230. XIII.

(17) ߄ 4-25 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵ ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....... 232 ߄ 4-26 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈᕉნଳౚ ྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న ᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵ ፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................... 233 ߄ 4-27 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬235 ߄ 4-28 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈᕉნଳౚ ྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న ᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....................... 236 ߄ 4-29 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ ჹᔈᕉნଳౚྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲǵ ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ. XIV.

(18) ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ ‫ۓ‬.................................................................................................... 237 ߄ 4-30 ЊѦВӀჴᡍЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈᕉნଳౚ ྕࡋǵᕉნ໵ౚྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵᕉნ॥ೲӭ໨Ԅ٬Ҕٛᠴ ٢నᆶցϐ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬238 ߄ 4-31 ЊѦВӀჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵಕᑈ‫܄‬В Ӏ๋Ѧጕǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵ኱ྗϯӭ ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵ Ӆጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 240 ߄ 4-32 ЊѦВӀჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ჹᔈ๋ѦӀࡰኧǵಕᑈ‫܄‬В Ӏ๋Ѧጕǵ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ ‫ݤ‬ǵ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............... 241 ߄ 4-33 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐ࠶ᅟ Ելහ಄ဦ฻ભᔠ‫ۓ‬಍ीໆᆶᔠ‫ ่݀ۓ‬................................... 243 ߄ 4-34 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔௓‫ڋ‬ಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐ࠶ᅟ Ելහ಄ဦ฻ભᔠ‫ۓ‬಍ीໆᆶᔠ‫ ่݀ۓ‬................................... 244 ߄ 4-35 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐ࠶ᅟ. XV.

(19) Ելහ಄ဦ฻ભᔠ‫ۓ‬฻ભ߄ ....................................................... 245 ߄ 4-36 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔௓‫ڋ‬ಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐ࠶ᅟ Ելහ಄ဦ฻ભᔠ‫ۓ‬฻ભ߄ ....................................................... 246 ߄ 4-37 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕǵᔸࡋϐҜጥ༾Ո ࢬᡂϯໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....... 251 ߄ 4-38 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 252 ߄ 4-39 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 254 ߄ 4-40 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 255 ߄ 4-41 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 256 ߄ 4-42 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕǵᔸࡋϐ࿶ҜНϩ ණѨໆϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........... 264 ߄ 4-43 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜН ϩණѨໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................................................................... 265 ߄ 4-44 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜН ϩණѨໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................................................................... 266. XVI.

(20) ߄ 4-45 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜН ϩණѨໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................................................................... 267 ߄ 4-46 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜН ϩණѨໆϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................................................................... 268 ߄ 4-47 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕǵᔸࡋϐҜጥྕࡋ ϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....................... 275 ߄ 4-48 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕ ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 276 ߄ 4-49 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕ ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 278 ߄ 4-50 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕ ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 279 ߄ 4-51 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕ ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 280 ߄ 4-52 ჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕǵᔸࡋϐҜጥᔸࡋ ϐෳໆॶǵჴᡍಔɡ௓‫ڋ‬ಔКॶǵϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬....................... 287 ߄ 4-53 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸ ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 289 ߄ 4-54 ჴᡍಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸ. XVII.

(21) ࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................................... 290 ߄ 4-55 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵόӕᕉნྕࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶Ҝጥ ᔸࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........................................................................... 291 ߄ 4-56 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ‫ܭ‬ӕ΋ᕉნྕࡋǵόӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋΠǴ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶Ҝጥ ᔸࡋϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........................................................................... 293 ߄ 4-57 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ ණթკᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................... 310 ߄ 4-58 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶණթკᆶ ߚጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........................................... 315 ߄ 4-59 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐ log ኧॶ ණթკᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................... 320 ߄ 4-60 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶණ թკᆶߚጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................... 326 ߄ 4-61 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶණթკᆶߚጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................... 331 ߄ 4-62 ‫ڙ‬၂Γ঩߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶණ թკᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜϷ࣬ᜢϩ‫݋‬ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬................................... 337 ߄ 4-63 ჴᡍಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ჹᔈᕉნྕࡋᆶᕉ ნ࣬ჹᔸࡋа two-way ANOVA ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬ǵF-value ᆶ p-value. XVIII.

(22) ........................................................................................................ 340 ߄ 4-64 ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ჹᔈᕉნྕࡋᆶᕉ ნ࣬ჹᔸࡋа two-way ANOVA ϐ಍ीᔠ‫ۓ‬ǵF-value ᆶ p-value ........................................................................................................ 341 ߄ 4-65 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ჹᔈᕉნྕ ࡋǵ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ٬Ҕٛᠴᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵ኱ྗϯӭ ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵ Ӆጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............................................................... 343 ߄ 4-66 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϷЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ჹᔈᕉნྕ ࡋǵ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ٬Ҕٛᠴᆶցϐӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ ‫ݤ‬ǵ኱ྗϯӭ໨Ԅፄ଑ᘜБำԄ೴‫؁‬଑ᘜ‫ݤ‬ǵፄ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǵፄղ ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵፓ᏾ፄղ‫߯ۓ‬ኧǵӅጕ‫܄‬ບᘐᆶ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬............... 34ˉ ߄ 4-67 ЊѦВӀჴᡍᆶኪ៛ᑭჴᡍύჴᡍಔᆶ௓‫ڋ‬ಔ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥғ ౛ࡰ኱ϐКॶϷ಍ीᔠ‫ ۓ‬........................................................... 347. XIX.

(23) კҞᒵ კ 1-1. όӕ‫๋ࢤݢ‬ѦӀ຾ΕҜጥ߄Ҝቫǵ੿ҜǵϷҜΠಔᙃ‫ޑ‬К‫ ٯ‬... 2. კ 1-2. ВӀ๋ѦӀ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄ၸำύёቹៜᒟ৔ૈໆᡂϯϐᕉნӢη ... 3. კ 1-3. ኪ៛‫ܭ‬዗ᕉნਔΓᡏғ౛ਏᔈᆶёૈౢғϐ዗Ӓ্ ................... 9. კ 2-1. ҁፕЎϐࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬᆶӚ໘ࢤ຾ՉϐҺ୍ ..................................... 34. კ 3-1. ύ୯ᙴᛰεᏢᙍ཰ӼӄᆶፁғᏢ‫س‬Γπ਻ংᕉნኪ៛ᑭǺ(a)ኪ ៛ᑭჴᡍ຾Չჴ‫ݩ‬ǹ(b)॥ೲჴᡍ຾Չჴ‫ݩ‬ǹ(c)ኪ៛ᑭྕᔸࡋ௓ ‫ڋ‬Ѡ ................................................................................................. 50. კ 3-2. ЊѦВӀჴᡍϐჴᡍࢬำᆶҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆǵ࿶ҜНϩණѨ ໆǵҜጥྕࡋǵҜጥᔸࡋǵआඬғԋࡰኧǵ໵ન؈ᐘࡰኧǵΓᡏ ዗ག‫ޕ‬ϐෳໆፓࢗำ‫ ׇ‬................................................................. 57. კ 3-3. ЊѦВӀჴᡍ຾ՉࢬำǺ(a)ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔ǹ(b)ВӀ ྣ৔୔ჴᡍ຾Չჴ‫ݩ‬ǹϷ(c)ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ຾Չჴ‫ݩ‬............. 58. კ 3-4. ҁࣴ‫ز‬ჴᡍύ‫ڙ‬ෳΓ঩‫܌‬ෳໆϐҜጥ೽ՏǶA ᗺՏ‫߻ܭ‬ᖉѦୁǴ ࣁВӀҜጥᚼᠴᗺǹB ᗺՏ‫ܭ‬΢ᖉϣୁՊ೑፿ᇂೀǴࣁคВӀᚼ ᠴϐҜጥჹྣᗺ ............................................................................. 59. კ 3-5. ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍϐჴᡍࢬำᆶҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆǵ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆǵ ҜጥྕࡋǵҜጥᔸࡋǵΓᡏ዗ག‫ޕ‬ϐෳໆፓࢗำ‫ ׇ‬................. 61. კ 4-1. ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩ XX.

(24) թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................................ 72 კ 4-2. ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................................ 73. კ 4-3. ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧ ጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................... 75. კ 4-4. ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧ ጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................... 76. კ 4-5. ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 83. კ 4-6. ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 84. კ 4-7. ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 85. კ 4-8. ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 86. კ 4-9. ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆКॶჹᔈ ᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................................................................... 89. კ 4-10 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆКॶჹᔈ. XXI.

(25) ᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................................................................... 90 კ 4-11 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................... 92 კ 4-12 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................... 93 კ 4-13 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂ ϯໆϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 96 კ 4-14 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂ ϯໆϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................ 97 კ 4-15 ΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ............................................ 98 კ 4-16 ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ............................................ 99 კ 4-17 ΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................... 102 კ 4-18 ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕ ࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................... 103 კ 4-19 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰ. XXII.

(26) ኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 108 კ 4-20 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰ ኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 109 კ 4-21 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰ ኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 111 კ 4-22 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰ ኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 112 კ 4-23 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆКॶჹᔈᆕ ӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................................................................................................ 115 კ 4-24 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆКॶჹᔈᆕ ӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ 116 კ 4-25 ΢ᖉϣୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 117 კ 4-26 ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 118 კ 4-27 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨ ໆϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 121 კ 4-28 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨ. XXIII.

(27) ໆϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 122 კ 4-29 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 124 კ 4-30 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 125 კ 4-31 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 127 კ 4-32 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 128 კ 4-33 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 134 კ 4-34 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 135 კ 4-35 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 136 კ 4-36 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 137 კ 4-37 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 140. XXIV.

(28) კ 4-38 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 141 კ 4-39 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 142 კ 4-40 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 143 კ 4-41 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 146 კ 4-42 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 147 კ 4-43 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 149 კ 4-44 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 150 კ 4-45 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 152 კ 4-46 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 153 კ 4-47 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ. XXV.

(29) թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 159 კ 4-48 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 160 კ 4-49 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 161 კ 4-50 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 162 კ 4-51 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 165 კ 4-52 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 166 კ 4-53 ΢ᖉϣୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 167 კ 4-54 ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 168 კ 4-55 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 171 კ 4-56 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 172. XXVI.

(30) კ 4-57 ΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 173 კ 4-58 ߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 174 კ 4-59 ΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 177 კ 4-60 ߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 178 კ 4-61 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 184 კ 4-62 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 185 კ 4-63 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 186 კ 4-64 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 187 კ 4-65 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 189 კ 4-66 ВӀྣ৔୔ᆶЊѦ഍థ୔߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ. XXVII.

(31) ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 190 კ 4-67 ΢ᖉϣୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 192 კ 4-68 ߻ᖉѦୁआඬࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 193 კ 4-69 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈआඬࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 195 კ 4-70 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈआඬࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 196 კ 4-71 ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 198 კ 4-72 ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 199 კ 4-73 ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 201 კ 4-74 ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈа༾/եໆᆶύ/ၸໆВӀ๋Ѧጕࡰኧϐ ϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................. 202 კ 4-75 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 208. XXVIII.

(32) კ 4-76 ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 209 კ 4-77 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 210 კ 4-78 ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 211 კ 4-79 ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 213 კ 4-80 ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧКॶჹᔈᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧКॶϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 214 კ 4-81 ΢ᖉϣୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 216 კ 4-82 ߻ᖉѦୁ໵નࡰኧჹᔈᚼᠴය໔ಕᑈ‫܄‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕϐϩթᆶጕ ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 217 კ 4-83 ߻ᖉѦୁ‫ܭ‬ВӀྣ৔୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ໵નࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 220 კ 4-84 ߻ᖉѦୁ)‫ܭ‬ЊѦ഍థ୔ჴᡍϐ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ໵નࡰኧϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 221 კ 4-85 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈ࠻ϣྕࡋᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋᡂϯϐ. XXIX.

(33) ϩթᖿ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............................................. 250 კ 4-86 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթ ᖿ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 258 კ 4-87 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐණթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 259 კ 4-88 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆϐϩ թᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 261 კ 4-89 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈ࠻ϣྕࡋᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋᡂϯϐϩ թᖿ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................................................. 262 კ 4-90 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթᖿ ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 270 კ 4-91 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐණթᆶ ጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............................................. 271 კ 4-92 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ߻ᖉѦୁ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐϩթ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 273 კ 4-93 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥྕࡋჹᔈ࠻ϣྕࡋᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋᡂϯϐϩթᖿ ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 274 კ 4-94 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթᖿ༈Ǻ(a) ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ....................................................................... 281. XXX.

(34) კ 4-95 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥྕࡋჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 283 კ 4-96 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥྕࡋϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 284 კ 4-97 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈ࠻ϣྕࡋᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋᡂϯϐϩթᖿ ༈Ǻ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 286 კ 4-98 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐϩթᖿ༈Ǻ(a) ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ....................................................................... 294 კ 4-99 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈᕉნᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 296 კ 4-100 ኪ៛ᑭჴᡍ዗ག‫׫ޕ‬౻ॶჹᔈ߻ᖉѦୁҜጥᔸࡋϐϩթᆶጕ‫܄‬ ଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................................... 297 კ 4-101 ЊѦВӀჴᡍ॥ೲණթკǺ(a)ВӀᚼᠴ୔ǵ(b)ЊѦ഍థ୔.. 299 კ 4-102 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆ‫ܭ‬ᕉნྕࡋ 28oC ᆶᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ 60%ਔჹᔈ॥ೲᡂϯϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................................................................................................ 300 კ 4-103 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆ‫ܭ‬ᕉნྕࡋ 28oC ᆶᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ 60%ਔჹᔈ॥ೲᡂϯϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ........................................................................................................ 301 კ 4-104 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥྕࡋ‫ܭ‬ᕉნྕࡋ 28oC ᆶᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ 60%ਔჹ XXXI.

(35) ᔈ॥ೲᡂϯϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 303 კ 4-105 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋ‫ܭ‬ᕉნྕࡋ 28oC ᆶᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ 60%ਔჹ ᔈ॥ೲᡂϯϐණթᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 304 კ 4-106 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆǵҜጥྕࡋǵаϷҜጥᔸࡋ‫ܭ‬όӕ ᕉნྕࡋϐҥᡏණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................... 306 კ 4-107 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶණթკ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 307 კ 4-108 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕ ᕉნྕࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................... 308 კ 4-109 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕ ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............. 309 კ 4-110 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶණթკᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................................... 312 კ 4-111 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉნྕࡋ ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................................... 313 კ 4-112 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉნ࣬ჹ ᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............................. 314 კ 4-113 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐ log ኧॶණթკ ᆶጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 317. XXXII.

(36) კ 4-114 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕ ᕉნྕࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ ...................... 318 კ 4-115 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈҜጥᔸࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕ ᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............. 319 კ 4-116 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆǵҜጥྕࡋǵаϷ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆ ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕࡋϐҥᡏණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 321 კ 4-117 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶණթკᆶ ߚጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................................... 323 კ 4-118 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉ ნྕࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 324 კ 4-119 ߻ᖉѦୁϐ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆჹᔈҜጥྕࡋϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉ ნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................. 325 კ 4-120 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶ ණթკᆶߚጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 328 კ 4-121 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶ ٩όӕᕉნྕࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 329 კ 4-122 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶ ٩όӕᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ.. 330 კ 4-123 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥ༾ՈࢬᡂϯໆǵҜጥᔸࡋǵаϷ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆ. XXXIII.

(37) ‫ܭ‬όӕᕉნྕࡋϐҥᡏණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......... 333 კ 4-124 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶණթკᆶ ጕ‫܄‬଑ᘜǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .............................................. 334 კ 4-125 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉ ნྕࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .......................... 335 კ 4-126 ߻ᖉѦୁϐҜጥᔸࡋჹᔈ࿶ҜНϩණѨໆϐ log ኧॶ٩όӕᕉ ნ࣬ჹᔸࡋ୔ϩϐණթკǺ(a)ჴᡍಔǵ(b)௓‫ڋ‬ಔ .................. 336. XXXIV.

(38) ಃ΋ക ಃ΋࿯ʳ. ᆣፕ. ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ. ϼ໚Ӏග‫ٮ‬ΑӦౚ΢ғ‫ނ‬ғߏᆶᆢ࡭ғ‫܌ڮ‬ሡ‫ૈޑ‬ໆǹВӀࢂӦౚ ΢Γᜪᆶ࿤‫ނ‬ғӸѸाϐᕉნाનǶ໚ӀਥᏵ‫ߏݢ‬җอԿߏϩࣁ๋ѦӀ (ultraviolet light, UVǹऊ՞ 8.3%)ǵё‫ـ‬Ӏ(visible light, VISǹऊ՞ 38.9%)ǵ аϷआѦጕ(infrared light, IRǹऊ՞ 52.8%)‫܌‬ಔԋ(1)Ƕ྽ВӀྣ৔ԿҜጥ ਔǴҗ‫๋ܭ‬Ѧጕ‫ߏݢޑ‬อ(100-400 nm)ǵૈໆଯǴӢԜჹ‫ܭ‬Ҝጥғ౛ϸᔈ ቹៜനቃ(2)Ƕკ 1-1 ‫܌‬Ңࣁ UVA ᆶ UVB ຾ΕҜጥుቫ‫ޑ‬К‫ٯ‬Ƕ๋Ѧጕᆶ ё‫ـ‬ӀࣣࣁྍԾϼ໚Ӏ‫ޑ‬ႝᅶ‫ݢ‬ύ‫ޑ‬΋೽ϩǴ‫ځ‬ႝᅶ‫ݢ‬ϐ‫ނ‬౛੝‫܄‬٩Ᏽ ‫ߏݢ‬ᆶᓎ౗୔ϩǶ ऀ೸ૌ਼ቫ‫ډ‬ၲӦ߄‫๋ޑ‬ѦጕЬाҗ UVA(‫ ࣁߏݢ‬315-400 nm)ᆶϿ ໆ‫ ޑ‬UVB(‫ ࣁߏݢ‬280-315 nm)‫܌‬ಔԋǶ‫ځ‬ύ UVB ‫܌‬೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ғ‫܄ނ‬Ӓ্ၨ UVA ࣁଯǹၸࡋВӀᚼᠴჹΓᡏౢғϐӒ্ऊԖ 80%ྍԾ UVBǴќ 20% ྍԾ UVA(3)Ƕკ 1-2 ‫܌‬Ңࣁε਻ύёૈቹៜ๋Ѧጕ໺ሀ‫ޑ‬ЬाᕉნӢનǶ ᎁ‫๋ڙ‬ѦӀၸࡋᚼᠴਔǴΓᡏ౳೽ϷҜጥёૈౢғόӕϐ࡚‫܄‬ᆶᄌ‫܄‬໾ ্(4) (߄ 1-1)ǶҜጥࣁ‫ي‬ᡏനѦቫϐಔᙃǴࡺӢ๋ѦӀኪ៛Զౢғॄय़଼ நਏᔈϐᐒ౗ᇻଯ‫ځܭ‬дᏔ‫۔‬Ƕ྽Ҝጥᎁ‫๋ڙ‬ѦጕၸࡋᚼᠴਔǴёૈว ғ‫ޑ‬౦தҜጥғ౛ᆶғϯϸᔈхࡴआඬғԋ(erythema)(5)ǵ߄Ҝಒझ౦த. 1.

(39) კ1-1ʳ όӕ‫๋ࢤݢ‬ѦӀ(UVA ᆶ UVB)຾ΕҜጥ߄Ҝቫǵ੿ҜǵϷҜΠಔ ᙃ‫ޑ‬К‫(ٯ‬6). 2.

(40) კ1-2ʳ ВӀ๋ѦӀ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄ၸำύёቹៜᒟ৔ૈໆᡂϯϐᕉნӢη(7). 3.

(41) ߄ 1-1 ВӀ๋Ѧጕ(ultraviolet light, UV light)ᚼᠴёғԋϐ଼ந໾্ǵ໾ ্೽Տǵᆶ੯ੰੱ‫ރ‬. ੯ੰ. ੯ੰᆶᚼᠴ࣬ᜢ‫܄‬. ӳว೽Տ. ੱ‫ރ‬ όೕ߾Յનߏԋᡒ. ໵નዦ. ᆶ ‫ ู ٽ‬ය ᠴ ໾ ஏ Ϫ ԋΓ΢ङ೽ǵ ‫ރ‬ǴԖϩ‫ࢬ܈ނݜ‬ՈԺ ࣬ᜢ. ζ‫܄‬ᆲ೽. ዦǴѦ߄ᡂϯԖภ᝚‫ޑ‬ ག᝺. ߚൾ‫܄‬ ໵નዦ ВӀ‫܄‬ ‫ف‬፦ϯ қϣም ᆶ‫ځ‬д խࣝ‫س‬ ಍໾্. ୷ ۭ ಒ झ ᕎ Ϸ ᡒ ‫ ރ‬Ը೽‫ڬ‬ൎǵᖍ ಒ झ ᕎ ᆶ ᄌ ‫ ܄‬UV ೽ǵয೽ǵЋ light ᚼᠴԖᜢ ВӀᚼᠴࣁЬӢ ౳ᕿǵ౳೽‫ڬ‬ൎҜጥ ᕎǵຎᆛጢ‫ޑ‬ᡂ፦ᆶ ଏϯ. ೽. భጥՅ‫ܰޣ‬วёૈऀ ೸ҜጥǴ໾্ମ፦Ƕ‫׎‬ ԋᡒ‫ރ‬आඬੰᡂ཮‫ۯ‬ ՜Կ‫ځ‬д೽Տ. ЋǵЋ߻‫ظ‬ǵ ໵નዦ‫ي߻ޑ‬ǴҜጥᡂ ᓍ೽ᙹମ೽Տ. ࠆǵᡂआǵᡂಉᕫ. Н඲ᡏǵ౳೽ Н඲ᡏ೸ܴࡋཞ্Ǵё ‫ڬ‬ൎ. ૈᏤठѨܴ. ΒΜѤλਔᚼᠴё. ၸໆᚼᠴਔǴջ٬ࢂు. ᏤठқՈౚ‫ܢޑ‬ᑇ. ՅԼጥ‫ޑ‬Γҭ৒ܰཞ. фૈफ़ե. ্‫يځ‬ᡏ‫ޑ‬խࣝᐒ‫ڋ‬. ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣᕉნߥៈ࿿—‫ࠔ਻ޜ‬፦ᅱෳᆛǺ๋Ѧጕᅱෳ—ᇡ᛽๋Ѧጕ http://taqm.epa.gov.tw/taqm/zh-tw/b12081.aspx(4). 4.

(42) ቚғ(8,9)ǵಒझ঒Ϋ(10,11)ǵ໵Յન؇ᐘ(12)ǵаϷխࣝ‫(ڋ׭‬13,14,15)฻Ƕՠа΢ ‫܌‬ॊӚᆄࣣࣁҜጥᎁ‫ڙ‬ၸࡋᚼᠴࡕǵࡕයϐᖏ‫׉‬ቻ‫ރ‬Ƕఁ߈ϐࣴ‫߾ز‬Ԗ ճҔҜጥ༾Ոࢬ(skin microcirculation)ᡂϯբࣁҜጥᎁ‫ڙ‬ၸࡋ๋ѦӀᚼᠴ ࡕϐ߻ᖏ‫׉‬ቻ‫(ރ‬pre-clinical symptoms)ǴҔаᢀჸВӀ๋ѦӀᚼᠴჹҜጥ ϐӃයቹៜǶ ၸѐኧΜԃ໔ᇙ೷ᆶ٬Ҕࢧෛᅹϯ‫(ނ‬chloroflurocarbons)฻π཰ࢲ୏ ‫܌‬ౢғ‫ޑ‬Ԧࢉ‫ނ‬όᘐ੃઻ѳࢬቫ(stratosphere)ύ‫ޑ‬ૌ਼ǴӢԶᏤठ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ ߄‫๋ޑ‬ѦጕᏊໆВᅌቚуǶ‫ځ‬ύа UV-B ቚуЀࣁᡉ๱ǴӢԜ٬ள๋Ѧጕ ኪ៛ౢғϐ଼நӒ্॥ᓀВቚ (16) ǶऩВӀ҂࿶ૌ਼ቫၸᘠ‫ޔ‬ௗ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ ߄Ǵ߾ёૈჹӦౚ΢‫ޑ‬ғ‫ނ‬ౢғӒ্ǴቚуΓᜪᑡ஻Ҝጥᕎ‫ޑ‬ёૈ‫(܄‬17)Ǵ ٠೷ԋӵ߻ॊϐӚࠠҜጥ໾্Ƕ ‫ډ‬ၲӦ߄ϐ๋ѦጕமࡋЬाࢂа๋ѦӀࡰኧ(Global Solar UV Index, UVI)߄ҢǶUVI ࣁӄౚ೯Ҕ‫ޑ‬ВӀ๋Ѧጕᚼᠴࡰ኱ᆶ᝾Ң‫س‬಍Ǵ٠ග‫ٮ‬ ΋૓҇౲Ⴃ๋ٛѦጕኪ៛ё௦‫ޑڗ‬ӝ፾ٛៈ௛ࡼ(7)ǶUVI ႣൔॶႣෳಃΒ Ϻ҅ϱਔёૈ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄๋Ѧጕϐᒟ৔மࡋǹ‫ځ‬ኧॶёҗ 0(‫ٯ‬ӵ‫ڹ‬ఁ)Կ 15 ‫ ܈‬16(ଯੇ‫ܘ‬ϐ዗஥Ӧ୔ǴЪคԾฅ፿ጨ‫ނ‬ೀ)ǶUVI ཇଯǴჹҜጥᆶ౳ ࿊ϐӒ্ཇεǶ྽ϼ໚ϲԿനଯᗺਔǴ‫ډ‬ၲӦ߄ϐ๋Ѧጕനࣁமਗ਼ǹՠ ऩϼ໚फ़Կௗ߈ӦѳጕਔǴ๋Ѧጕϐૈໆஒ཮ِೲӦ෧ϿǶ΋૓Զ‫ق‬Ǵ Ӣࣁ๋ѦጕᚼᠴԶғԋआඬ‫܌‬ሡϐਔ໔཮‫ډڙ‬೚ӭӢનቹៜǺхࡴϼ໚. 5.

(43) ଯࡋǴ໦ቫᕴໆǴаϷঁΓҜጥ‫(ݩރ‬კ 1-2)Ƕՠ྽ UVI ࣁ 10 ‫׳܈‬ଯኧ ॶਔǴεऊѝा 10 ϩដѰѓϐᚼᠴջёૈ೷ԋआඬғԋ(7)Ƕ٩Ᏽ୯ሞྣ ܴ‫ہ‬঩཮(International Commission on Illumination, CIE)ୖԵբҔӀ᛼‫܌‬ ‫ۓ‬ကϐ UVI ё߄Ңࣁ(7)Ǻ 400 nm. I uv. ker . ³ EO s O

(44) dO er. (Eq.1-1). 250 nm. Eq.1-1 ύ E ࣁӧ‫ ߏݢ‬ਔϐϼ໚Ӏ᛼ᒟ৔ࡋǴൂՏࣁ W/(m2.nm)ǹd ߾ ࢂᒟ৔ࡋуᕴਔ٬Ҕ‫ࢤ୔ߏݢޑ‬ǶSer()ࣁआඬբҔӀ᛼ǹker ࣁ΋தኧǴ ӧВӀྣ৔௃‫׎‬Πϐ፾Ҕॶࣁ 40 m2/WǶ྽ჴሞᅱෳᆶൔᏤ UVI ਔǴ೯ த UVI ཮аȨኪ៛฻ભȩ(exposure category)ӆуа୔ϩǶӵ߄ 1-2 ύ‫܌‬ ҢǴኪ៛฻ભӧ೛ी΢ᜪ՟‫ܭ‬Ӓ্฻ભǴЬाҞ‫ޑ‬ӧೱ่ᚼᠴำࡋၗૻ ᆶё٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬ٛៈ௛ࡼǶ ӧٛЗၸࡋВӀᚼᠴёૈЇଆ‫଼ޑ‬ந໾্Бय़Ǵ΋૓ε౲Ǵ੝ձࢂ ζ‫܄‬த٬Ҕٛᠴᗩ‫܈‬ٛᠴ٢న(sun screens or lotions)ǶӧᒧҔٛᠴࠔਔǴ தаВӀٛᠴ߯ኧ(Sun Protection Factor, SPF)բࣁᒧ᏷‫୷ޑ‬ᘵǶSPF ኧॶ ж߄၀ٛᠴࠔӧ UVB ྣ৔Πё‫ߥߏۯ‬ៈԼጥό೏ᠴआǵᠴ໾‫ޑ‬ਔ໔७ኧ (18). Ƕ‫ٯ‬ӵǴচҁ 5 ϩដёౢғᠴआ‫ޑ‬ВӀᏊໆǴऩ٬Ҕ SPF 15 ‫ޑ‬ٛᠴࠔ. ਔǴё٬Ҝጥ೏ᠴआ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔‫ ߏۯ‬15 ७Ǵ‫܌‬аᠴआ‫܌‬໪ਔ໔ࣁ 5 ४ 15 ฻ ‫ ܭ‬75 ϩដǶԿ‫ ܭ‬UVA ٛᠴҔࠔϐٛៈૈΚ߾தаВҁϯ֩ࠔᙍ཰π཮. 6.

(45) ߄ 1-2 όӕ฻ભ๋Ѧጕࡰኧ(Global Solar UV Index, UVI )ᆶ‫ځ‬ჹᔈϐኪ ៛ᜪࠠ(฻ભ)ϷШࣚፁғಔᙃ(World Health Organisation, WHO) ‫ࡌ܌‬᝼ϐٛៈ௛ࡼ. UVI ኧॶ. ኪ៛฻ભ. ࡌ᝼௦‫ڗ‬ϐٛៈ௛ࡼ. 0, 1, 2. ༾ໆ. ٬Ҕٛᠴࡰኧ(SPF) 15 ϐٛᠴ٢ᆯ. 3, 4, 5. եໆ. SPF 15 ϐٛᠴ٢ᆯᆶٛᠴՊ‫ނ‬. 6, 7. ύໆ. SPF 15 ϐٛᠴ٢ᆯǵٛᠴՊ‫ނ‬ǵ‫ ל‬UVA/ UVB ϐϼ໚౳᜔ SPF 15 ϐٛᠴ٢ᆯǵٛᠴՊ‫ނ‬ǵϼ໚౳᜔ǹ. 8, 9, 10. ଯໆ. Ъᅰໆᗉխ‫ ܭ‬10 am Կ 4 pm ਔ‫ޔ‬ௗྣ৔‫ډ‬ ВӀ. 11+. ၸໆ. SPF 15 ϐٛᠴ٢ᆯǵٛᠴՊ‫ނ‬ǵϼ໚౳᜔ǹ Ъᗉխ‫ ܭ‬10 am Կ 4 pm ਔ‫ޔ‬ௗྣ৔‫ډ‬ВӀ. ၗ਑ٰྍǺWHO, 2002, Global Solar UV Index: a practical guide.. 7. (7).

(46) ٩Вҁࠆғ࣪ೕጄ‫ۓڋ܌‬ϐ UVA ٛៈભኧ(Protection Grade of UVA, PA) ॶ߄ҢǴPA+߄ᇸࡋ፿ᘐ(ёа‫ߏۯ‬Ҝጥᠴ໵ਔ໔ 2-4 ७)ǴPA++߄ύࡋ፿ ᘐ(ёа‫ߏۯ‬Ҝጥᠴ໵ਔ໔ 4-8 ७)ǴPA+++߾߄ଯࡋ፿ᘐ(ёа‫ߏۯ‬Ҝጥᠴ ໵ਔ໔ 8 ७а΢)(19)Ƕ ନΑВӀϐѦǴ፾‫ޑە‬ᕉნྕࡋᆶᔸࡋࢂғ‫ނ‬ғߏᆶᆢ࡭ғ‫ޑڮ‬ख़ ाᕉნाનǶฅԶཱུᆄ‫ྕޑ‬ᔸࡋᕉნ߾཮ჹΓᡏ೷ԋ዗Ӓ্(thermal stress)ǴЀ‫ځ‬Ҟ߻Ӧౚྕ࠻ਏᔈ௃‫׎‬В੻ᝄख़Ǵࡺଯྕଯᔸᕉნኪ៛ғԋ ϐ଼நਏᔈӒ্ВቚǶ྽ኪ៛‫ཱུܭ‬ᆄྕᔸࡋਔǴΓᡏ཮೸ၸӝ፾‫ޑ‬ғ౛ ϸᔈ(ӵ௨ԠǵቚуᡏൻᕉϐՈనࢬೲ)аᆢ࡭ғ౛ࡡ‫ۓ‬ᆶᗉխԖ্ϐ଼ந ਏᔈวғ(20)Ƕ྽Γᡏค‫܈಻ॄݤ‬೸ၸғ౛ᐒૈញ‫ܫ‬ၸӭ‫ޑ‬዗ໆਔǴ߾ё ૈ཮ᇨว዗ཀྵല(heat syncope)ǵ዗૰ᆃ(heat exhaustion)ǵಥНᆶႝှ፦ࢬ Ѩ(dehydration and loss of electrolytes)฻౜ຝǴࣗԿ‫ܭ‬ύප(heat stroke)Ƕ ዗Ӓ্දၹӸӧ‫ܭ‬೚ӭ࠻Ѧ‫࠻܈‬ϣ‫ޑ‬πբᕉნύǴฅԶۚՐӧ዗஥ᆶ٥ ዗஥‫҇ۚޑ‬Ǵҗ‫ܭ‬ς፾ᔈ၀୔ୱϐ਻ংᕉნǴӢԜၨᜤჸ᝺዗Ӓ্Ϸ‫ځ‬ ёૈౢғ‫଼ޑ‬ந໾্(21)Ƕკ 1-3 և౜ኪ៛‫ܭ‬዗ᕉნਔΓᡏ࣬ჹᔈϐғ౛ ਏᔈᆶёૈౢғϐ዗Ӓ্Ƕ྽዗ᓯӸК౗(heat storage)ε‫ ܭ‬0 ਔǴΓᡏϐ ਡЈྕࡋ(core temperature)ǵҜጥՈనࢬೲ(skin blood flow)ᆶҜጥྕࡋ (skin temperature)཮ቚуǶऩӢҜጥՈనࢬೲቚуԶ٬ளՈᆅᘉ஭ၸ‫ז‬Ǵ ߾཮ЇଆՈᓸΠफ़Ǵ຾ԶᏤठတ೽Ոࢬό‫ى‬Ǵౢғ዗ཀྵല‫܈‬዗૰ᆃ౜ຝǶ 8.

(47) ࿶ᒟ৔ᆶჹࢬණ዗. Ё. ዗ᓯӸ! Ё ࿶ᇃว Ѐ. ණ዗. ዗ܶല! ᆢ࡭ᓉᄊ. ዗૰ᆃ!. ਡЈྕࡋ! Ѐ. ҜጥՈనࢬೲ!. !. Ѐ. ࡭ុ! Ѐ Ѐ. рԠ!. ዗੶!. Ё. Ё. НϩࢬѨ!. Ҝጥྕࡋ!. ᡶϩࢬѨ! ЀΚ҅ਏᔈ ЁǺॄਏᔈ. ௢ፕ!. Ԡဏੲമ! ঁΓ॥ᓀӢη. ಥН! ዗ยᠱ! ό፾྽ ‫ޑ‬फ़ྕ! ҂ૈ௓‫ڋ‬዗ᓯӸ ύප!. კ1-3ʳ ኪ៛‫ܭ‬዗ᕉნਔΓᡏғ౛ਏᔈᆶёૈౢғϐ዗Ӓ্(20). 9.

(48) Γᡏதаቚу௨Ԡໆफ़եਡЈྕࡋᆶҜጥྕࡋǶऩߏਔ໔ೀ‫ࢬܭ‬Ԡ‫ރޑ‬ ‫ݩ‬ǴҜጥ߄Ҝ཮ౢғԠ੶(heat rash)ǹऩ௨ԠໆϼଯǴ߾Нϩᆶᡶҽᝄख़ ӦࢬѨǴ೷ԋಥНᆶ዗ยᠱǶӢεໆ‫ߏ܈‬ਔ໔‫ޑ‬௨ԠᏤठԠဏੲമ(sweat gland fatigue)Ǵ‫ࢂ܈‬Ӣ‫ي‬ᡏಥНࡕؒԖ፾྽Ӧ௦‫ڗ‬௛ࡼफ़եᡏྕǴ߾ᡏྕ όᘐ‫ޑ‬΢ϲǴനಖᏤठύප౜ຝ‫ޑ‬ౢғǶ. ಃΒ࿯ʳ. ࣴ‫ز‬ϐख़ा‫܄‬. ߈ԃٰǴᒿ๱ԾฅᕉნόᘐӦ‫ׯ‬ᡂǴ๋Ѧጕኪ៛ᆶ዗Ӓ্᝼ᚒ೴ᅌ Ӧ‫ډڙ‬ख़ຎǴ᠘‫ۓ‬ᆶຑ՗ၸࡋ๋Ѧጕᆶ዗Ӓ্ኪ៛Ӓ্ϐБ‫ݤ‬ҭӢၮԶ ғǶ໺಍‫ޑ‬Б‫ݤ‬๱ख़‫ܭ‬ෳໆ๋Ѧጕ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄ϐૈໆமࡋ(ӵ๋Ѧጕࡰኧ)(1) ᆶԾฅᕉნύε਻ྕࡋᆶ࣬ჹᔸࡋϐᆕӝቹៜ(ᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧ)(21)ࢂց ຬрࡌ᝼ኪ៛኱ྗǴԶߚ‫ޔ‬ௗຑ՗྽Γᡏኪ៛‫ܭ‬Ԝᜪᕉნਔёૈౢғϐ ғ౛ਏᔈࣁՖ(ӵ΢ॊ‫ނ‬౛Κϐᕉნᡂϯໆᆶғ౛ਏᔈ໔ϐჹᔈᜢ߯)Ǵࡺ ΋૓ε౲ᜤаዴϪܴᕕ‫ځ‬ኪ៛‫܌‬೷ԋϐ଼ந॥ᓀǶӆ‫ޣ‬Ǵ൩բࣁӒ্᝾ Ңπ‫ڀ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵ೭٤ࡰኧѝԵቾঁձ‫ނ‬౛Κኪ៛மࡋ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴӵ๋Ѧጕࡰ ኧ‫๋ޑ‬Ѧጕமࡋǵᆕӝྕࡋ዗ࡰኧύ‫ޑ‬ᔸ዗ᕉნӢηǴԶ҂Եቾӧ࣬ӕ ЊѦᕉნΠ๋Ѧጕᆶᔸ዗ᕉნӢη‫ޑ‬ᆕӝਏᔈǶࢂࡺǴҞ߻‫ޑ‬Ӓ্᝾Ң ‫س‬಍҂ૈкϩԵໆᕉნ‫ނ‬౛ӢηϐҬϕբҔჹΓᡏϐቹៜǴΨ҂ૈӧ᝾ Ңύග‫ٮ‬΢ॊቹៜϐᇥܴǶ߈ԃٰǴ୯Γ٬Ҕٛᠴ௛ࡼཀ᛽೴‫؁‬ගϲǴ. 10.

(49) ՠ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న‫ߔל‬໚Ӏ๋ѦጕჹҜጥ೷ԋ໾্ϐԖਏำࡋ߾ၨЖલ೸ ၸӒ্෧ໆ຾Չໆϯຑ՗ǶԜѦǴҞ߻ٛᠴ٢నϐ٬Ҕೕጄ(ӵ WHO ‫܌‬ ௢ᙚ‫)ޣ‬Ьा፾Ҕ‫ܭ‬ଯጎࡋӦ୔Ϸεഌࠠ਻ং୔ǶԜᜪೕጄӧᔸ዗Ӧ୔ӵ ‫ך‬୯ϐ፾Ҕ‫܄‬ϷԖਏ‫܄‬ҭۘ҂೸ၸΓᡏӢᔈ๋ѦӀᚼᠴ‫܌‬ౢғϐғ౛ϸ ᔈ຾Չຑ՗—ӵٛᠴ٢నࢂցᔈၸଯϐᕉნྕᔸࡋܰ೷ԋࢬѨǴࡺሡቚ மံкᓎ౗?ќӵӧၸଯϐᕉნྕᔸࡋ‫ݩރ‬Π٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నǴࢂց཮ჹΓ ᡏ዗๤፾ౢғᡉ๱ቹៜ?а΢ୢᚒࣣࣁ௖૸ВӀ๋ѦጕϷᔸ዗ᕉნϐҜ ጥኪ៛Ӓ্ᆶӢᔈٛៈ௛ࡼਏૈຑ՗ਔᔈ௖૸‫ޣ‬ǴҭࣁҁፕЎࣴ‫ز‬ϐЬ ा᝼ᚒǶ. ಃΟ࿯ʳ. ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬. ҁࣴ‫ز‬ஒ௖૸όӕᕉნ‫ނ‬౛ӢηǴх֖ᕉნྕࡋǵᕉნ࣬ჹᔸࡋǵ ᕉნ॥ೲǵВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔Ǵჹ߻ᖏ‫׉‬Ҝጥғ౛ϸᔈ(Ҝጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆ (skin blood flow change, SBFC))Ϸᖏ‫׉‬Ҝጥғ౛ϸᔈ(࿶ҜНϩණѨໆ (transepidermal water loss, TEWL)ǵҜጥᔸࡋ(skin moisture)ǵҜጥྕࡋ(skin temperature)ǵआඬғԋ(erythema)ǵаϷ໵Յન؈ᐘ(pigmentation))‫܌‬ౢғ ϐঁձϷᆕӝቹៜǴ٠ճҔ΢໨ၗૻຑ՗٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నϐอයᆶಕᑈ‫܄‬ ਏૈǶԜѦҭຑ՗Ьᢀ዗๤፾(thermal comfort)ᇡ‫ޕ‬ᆶ࠼ᢀҜጥғ౛ϸᔈ ໔Ǵӧᎁ‫ڙ‬όӕᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Ӣηቹៜᆶ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నᆶցϐ‫ݩރ‬ΠǴёૈ. 11.

(50) Ӹӧϐৡ౦ǶЬाࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬хࡴǺ 1. SBFC բࣁ዗๤፾ΏԿ዗Ӓ্ǵϷВӀ๋Ѧጕᚼᠴ߻ᖏ‫׉‬ຑ՗π‫ڀ‬ϐ ёՉ‫܄‬ǹ 2. Ӛᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Κቹៜ߻ᖏ‫׉‬ᆶᖏ‫׉‬Ҝጥғ౛ࡰ኱ᡂϯϐᡉ๱‫܄‬ǴаϷό ӕ‫ނ‬౛Κ໔ჹҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐቹៜБԄǹ 3. ຑ՗΢໨Ҝጥғ౛ࡰ኱ӧ҂٬ҔϷ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నϐ‫ݩރ‬ΠǴᒿᕉნ‫ނ‬ ౛Ӣηቹៜ‫܌‬ౢғϐᡂϯৡ౦Ǵ຾Զຑ՗ٛᠴ٢నϐ٬Ҕࢂց཮ჹҜ ጥғ౛ࡰ኱ϐ፾Ҕ‫܄‬ౢғυᘋǹ 4. ᙖҗᢀჸอයᆶಕᑈ‫܄‬Ҝጥόӕғ౛ࡰ኱ϐᡂϯǴໆϯຑ՗ٛᠴ٢న ϐٛៈਏૈǹ٠௖૸ӧ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢న‫ݩރ‬ΠǴόӕᕉნ‫ނ‬౛ӢηჹЬ ᢀ዗๤፾གౢғϐቹៜǴϷ၀዗๤፾གᆶ࠼ᢀҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱໔ϐ౦ӕǶ. ಃѤ࿯ʳ. ࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛. ҁࣴ‫ز‬ϐЬाࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛х֖Ǻ 1. Ծฅ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ёᇨวҜጥ࡚‫܄‬ᆶᄌ‫܄‬ғ౛ᡂϯǹ๋ѦጕமࡋཇଯǴ ‫܌‬ౢғϐ࡚‫܄‬ᆶᄌ‫܄‬ਏᔈཇᖿ‫ܭ‬ᝄख़ǹ 2. Ҝጥғ౛ӢВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔‫܌‬ౢғϐᡂϯ൯ࡋӧ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నਔᆶ҂ ٬Ҕٛᠴ٢నਔόӕǹ੝‫ۓ‬Ҝጥғ౛ᡂϯё፾Ϫϸᔈٛᠴ٢నჹВӀ ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ϐ‫ߔל‬ਏૈǹ 12.

(51) 3. SBFC ᔈࣁӢᔈᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Κ(ВӀ๋Ѧጕᒟ৔ᆶ዗ᕉნ‫ׯ‬ᡂ)ቹៜਔҜ ጥғ౛ᡂϯϐӃයࡰ኱ǹ 4. SBFCǵTEWLǵskin temperatureǵаϷ skin moisture ᒿ๱ᕉნྕᔸࡋ ϐᆕӝਏᔈԶ‫ׯ‬ᡂǴӚҜጥғ౛ࡰ኱໔ϐϸᔈਔำ(time coures)ᆶᡂϯ ൯ࡋ‫ڀ‬Ԗ΋‫ۓ‬ৡ౦ǹ 5. SBFCǵआඬࡰኧ(erythema index, E-index)ǵ໵નࡰኧ(melanin index, M-index)ᒿВӀ๋ѦጕᚼᠴமࡋᡂϯԶ‫ׯ‬ᡂǹSBFC аϷ E-index ϐ‫ׯ‬ ᡂӧᚼᠴ่‫ࡕ״‬ё‫ܭ‬อයϣ(ኧλਔϣ)ӣൺԿௗ߈ङඳॶ(baseline)Ǵ M-index ߾໪ߏਔයᗉխᚼᠴБளफ़եǹ 6. Γᡏᎁ‫ڙ‬ВӀ๋ѦጕᆶᕉნྕᔸࡋቹៜਔǴঁᡏ໔ϐЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ (thermal sensation)ᒿঁΓག‫ڙ‬όӕԶ‫ڀ‬ৡ౦ᡉ๱Ǵՠཇࢂೀ‫ཱུܭ‬ᆄᕉ ნΠǴЬᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ཇᖿ߈΋ठǹբࣁຑ՗ᕉნ‫ނ‬౛Κቹៜϐπ‫ڀ‬ǴЬ ᢀ዗ག‫ޕ‬ᆶ࠼ᢀғ౛ࡰ኱໔ϐᜢᖄ‫܄‬ᒿ‫܌‬ᢀჸϐғ౛ࡰ኱όӕǴև౜ όӕำࡋৡ౦Ƕ. ಃϖ࿯ʳ. Ӝຒࣚ‫ۓ‬. 1. ๋Ѧጕ(ultraviolet light, UV)Ǻ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄ϐВӀҗआѦጕ(infrared light, IRǹ՞ 52.8%)ǵё‫ـ‬Ӏ(visible light, VISǹ՞ 38.9%)ᆶ UV(՞ 8.3%)‫܌‬ ಔԋǹ๋Ѧጕё٩‫୔ߏݢ‬ϩࣁ UVA(315-400 nm)ǵUVB(280-315 nm). 13.

(52) ᆶ UVC(100-280 nm)Ƕ྽๋Ѧጕ೯ၸε਻ૌ਼ቫਔǴUVC ᆶ๊ε೽ϩ ‫ ޑ‬UVB ཮೏ૌ਼֎ԏǴԶ UVA ߾ό‫ڙ‬ቹៜǶӢԜǴૈ୼‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄ϐ ๋ѦጕЬाҗ UVA(ऊ 98%)ᆶϿໆ‫ ޑ‬UVB(2%)‫܌‬ᄬԋǶ 2. ๋ѦӀࡰኧ(Global Solar UV Index, UVI)ǺUVI ࣁҞ߻߄ҢВӀ๋Ѧጕ ‫ډ‬ၲӦ߄மࡋϐЬाࡰ኱Ǵ‫ࡰځ‬ኧёҗ 0 Կ 15 ‫ ܈‬16Ǵኪ៛฻ભ୔ϩ ࣁ༾ໆǵեໆǵύໆǵଯໆᆶၸໆǴൂՏࣁ J/m2/hrǶӧ҅த‫ޑ‬ம‫ݩ‬ΠǴ р౜๋Ѧጕࡰኧനଯਔࢤ೯தࣁ‫؂‬В 12 ਔԿ 14 ਔϐ໔Ƕ 3. Ҝጥ༾Ոࢬෳໆ‫܌‬ၮҔϐႜ৔–೿Νୌ(Laser Doppler)‫ೌמ‬Ǻচ౛ࣁҜ ጥ୏ᓉેಔᙃύϐ༾ՈᆅёӢᔈҜጥჹ‫ܭ‬Ѧࣚ‫ނ‬౛‫܄‬ǵϯᏢ‫܈܄‬ғ‫ނ‬ ‫܄‬Ӓ্ፓ࿯ϐሡԶౢғ༾Ոࢬ೯ໆ(perfusion flux)ϷआՈౚ౽୏ೲ౗ ໆᡂϯǴ຾Զ٬ள৔ΕҜጥ߄य़(߄Ҝుࡋ 1 μm ೀ)ϐႜ৔Ӏ‫ש‬৔ໆౢ ғ‫ׯ‬ᡂǴᄬԋՈࢬໆໆϯໆෳϐ୷ᘵǶ 4. Ҝጥ༾Ոࢬᡂϯໆ(skin blood flow change, SBFC)Ǻ྽Ҝጥᎁ‫ނڙ‬౛ ‫܄‬ǵϯᏢ‫܈܄‬ғ‫܄ނ‬Ӓ্ϐ߃ය໾্ǴΓᡏঅൺᐒૈࣁ‫ٮ‬๏‫ڙ‬໾ಒझ ‫୼ى‬ᎦϩԶቚуҜጥ༾ՈࢬໆǶҜጥ༾ՈࢬҭёӢ༾਻ং (microclimate)ϐ‫ׯ‬ᡂԶౢғᡂϯǴӵӧଯྕଯᔸᕉნύҜጥ༾Ոࢬໆ ቚуаញ‫ܫ‬ӭᎩᡏ዗Ƕ 5. ҜጥምᏛфૈ(skin barrier function)ǺҜጥࢂΓᜪ߄य़ᑈനεϐᏔ‫۔‬Ǵ ЪࣁΓᡏߔᏲѦٰӒ্ϐಃ΋ၰٛጕǴҭԖٛЗᡏϣНϩණѨϐф. 14.