小學教室空氣中PM10及PM2.5之綜合探討

(1)

小學教室空氣中

小學教室空氣中PM

10

及

及PM

2.5

之綜合探討

陳宣宇1,1 , 許書晨1,2,彭權貫1,3 , 林啟琪1,* 1 國立高雄大學土木與環境工程學系暨研究所，高雄，台灣 *

_通訊作者

email: [email protected] 關鍵字：PM10, PM2.5,室內空氣, 教室,通風率 1 前言前言前言前言有關小學教室中懸浮微粒研究的重要性在於室內空氣污染對孩童比對大人造成的健康危害要大。本文回顧了目前國內外所有有關於小學教室中 PM10和 PM2.5的研究，其中學生的年齡約介於 5 至 13 歲。 2 方法材料方法材料方法材料 方法材料大多數文獻測量教室室內外 PM10 和 PM2.5的濃度的主要方法是採用重量分析法，即濾紙在吸附樣品前後之重量差，而採樣時段分別從每天五小時到連續三周不等。有些文獻為了了解 PM10 和 PM2.5濃度的影響因子，分別在不同建築物年齡(1 年到 20 年)、不同季節 (主要是冬天與夏天)、不同氣象條件(不同氣溫(5-30℃)、不同濕度(20-60%)、不同風向及風速)與不同教室通風率(0.5 hr-1 至 10 hr-1 )條件下來測量教室室內外 PM10 和 PM2.5濃度。 3 結果結果結果結果濃度方面，小學教室內 PM10 平均濃度為 8.7 到 1181.1 µg m-3 ，而 PM2.5平均濃度為 3.3 到 359.9µg m-3，普遍高於各國空氣品質標準值。來源方面，PM10 主要是由室內人員活動所引起，而 PM2.5 主要是來自室外車輛及周邊工業廢氣。組成成份方面，有機碳與無機碳在 PM10 和 PM2.5上之比例也進一步確認 PM10 和 PM2.5的主要來源。健康影響方面， PM10 和 PM2.5顆粒上重金屬會導致呼吸道及心血管疾病，而可溶性有機物則會引起過敏症狀及癌症。 4結論結論/建議結論結論建議建議/討論建議討論討論討論校園由於下列幾項主要原因而導致教室內 PM10 和PM2.5濃度常常超出室內空氣品質標準：(1).通風不足；(2).空間小；(3).清潔不夠徹底；(4).室內人員活動頻繁；(5).常接近交通繁忙地區。然而，雖然教室內PM10 和PM2.5 濃度常常超出室內空氣品質標準，但是相關流行病學方面的研究數據很少。因此，學生在學校裡對於PM10 和PM2.5上的重金屬及可溶性有機物的具體暴露量之研究應該視為未來研究的重點。

(2)

A Review: Characterization of PM

10

and PM

2.5

in elementary school

classrooms

Hsuan-Yu Chen1,1,Shu-Chen Hsu1,2, Chuan-Kuan Peng 1,3 , Chi-Chi Lin1,*

1

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

*

Corresponding author email: [email protected] Keywords：PM10,PM2.5, indoor air, classrooms, air exchange rate

1 Introduction

The significance of particulate matters in elementary schools is underscored by the presence of a large number of young children who are more susceptible to indoor air pollution. For the first time, the state of knowledge all over the world regarding PM10 and PM2.5 in classrooms of elementary schools with students’ aging from 5 to 13 years old is reviewed in this paper.

2 Materials and Methodology

The methods to measure concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in most published reports was Gravimetric, which is the difference in filter weight before and after sampling. The sampling period is from 5 hours a day to 3 weeks in a roll. In order to further understand the impact factors of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in classrooms, concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were monitored in buildings of various age (1 to 20 years old), seasons (winter and summer), meteorology with temperature of 5℃ to 30℃ and relative humidity of 20 to 60% at various wind direction and wind speed, and air exchange rate (0.5 hr-1至 10 hr-1

).

3 Results and Discussions

With respect of concentrations, average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 ranged from 8.7 to1181.1 µg m-3, and 3.3 to 359.9µg m-3, which is above air quality standards of most countries. Speaking with sources, PM10 mostly originates indoor activities, while PM2.5 mostly comes from ambient vehicles and surrounding industrial emissions. In terms of compositions, distributions of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM10 and PM2.5 further confirmed their main sources. As for the health impact, heavy metals in PM10 and PM2.5 are known to lead to the development of both pulmonary and cardiovascular disease, while soluable organic

compounds appear to be implicated in PM-induced allergy and cancer.

4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Generally speaking, the following uniqueness about schools brings about higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in classroom: (1) insufficient ventilation in schools (especially in winter), (2) relatively small room sizes, (3) infrequent cleaning, (4) active human activities with constant resuspension of particles from room surfaces, (5) urban elementary schools being usually surrounded by major traffic lanes. However, data from experimental and epidemiological studies are far from sufficient. Therefore, Better exposure characterizations to heavy metals and soluable organic compounds in particulate matters are imperative in the future studies so as to effectively minimize exposure of school children from these indoor sources.