The Display of Taiwan’s Aborigines in the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910 as a Showcase of Japan’s Colonial Power

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程 International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University 碩士論文 Master’s Thesis. 學. ‧ 國. 立. 政治大 Thesis Topic. ‧. The Display of Taiwan’s Aborigines in. y. Nat. er. io. sit. the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910. n. as a Showcase a of Japan’s Colonial v Power. i l C n U hengchi. Student: Eri Obata Advisor: Prof. Chou Hui-ming. 中華民國 101 年 10 月 October 2012.

(2) 論文題目 Thesis Topic The Display of Taiwan’s Aborigines in the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910 as a Showcase of Japan’s Colonial Power 研究生：小幡恵理指導教授：周恵民. 政治大 Advisor: Prof. Chou Hui-ming. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Student: Eri Obata. 國立政治大學. ‧. 亞太研究英語碩士學位學程. n. al. y er. io. sit. Nat. 碩士論文. C h A Thesis U n i engchi. v. Submitted to International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies National Chengchi University In partial fulfillment of the Requirement For the degree of Master in Taiwan Studies 中華民國 101 年 10 月 October 2012.

(3) Acknowledgements. First of all, I would like to express my deep thanks to my advisor, Prof. Chou Hui-ming.. Chou Sensei has continuously given his support not only to my thesis but. also to my life in Taiwan.. When I face difficulties, he always listens to me and gives. me assistance. I sincerely appreciate having Chou Sensei as my teacher and thesis advisor.. 政治大 Prof. Kang, who gave their 立 valuable comments to my thesis.. I would like to extend my thanks to my thesis committee members, Prof. Chang and Their feedback has. ‧. ‧ 國. enriched.. 學. shown me different perspectives on my thesis topic and that has made my thesis. sit. y. Nat. I am very grateful to my classmates of NCCU, Ms. Angela Wu, our present program. er. io. administrator and Ms. Carol Hsieh, a previous administrator. I truly respect my. n. classmates, who are curious aabout i v to Taiwan and Mainland l various issues relating. C. Un. i e n g c hresearch China and have enthusiastically hcontinued on those issues.. Their. enthusiasm has inspired me a lot and I am very proud of having them as my classmates.. Ms. Wu and Ms. Hsieh have provided me with their kind assistance,. which I thank them for.. I must thank all of my friends in Taiwan, especially Mr. Yeng-ting Liu. I definitely could not do this without his warm and constant support. I am also very grateful to my colleagues and students of Yonghan..

(4) Abstract. The Japan-British Exhibition was held at the White City, Shepherd’s Bush, London from May 14 to October 29, 1910. This exhibition was held 15 years after Japan’s acquisition of Taiwan as her first colony, and it was a great opportunity for Japan to show her successful management of Taiwan to the world.. In this event, while. Japanese industries and cultures were widely introduced, the ‘Formosan Hamlet’ was reconstructed and some Taiwanese aborigines showed their life, performed their war. 政治大. dance, and mimicked battles in front of visitors there.. 立. ‧ 國. 學. Keywords: the Japan-British Exhibition, 1910, the Formosan Hamlet. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(5) Table of Contents. 立. 學. ‧. io. 3.6.. 4. 4.1. 4.2.. y. al. v. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition....................................................p. 22 The Importance of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition...........................p. 22 National Industrial Exposition.........................................................................p. 23 The Fifth National Industrial Exposition as an International Exhibition........p. 24 Time background of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition........................p. 26 Economic and Colonial Intentions of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition.........................................................p. 29 Proposal of the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition.....................................................p. 31. n. 3. 3.1. 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5.. 政治大. Nat. 2.4. 2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3. 2.4.4. 2.4.5.. Development of Exhibition...........................................................................p. 8 Development of Exhibition in the West..........................................................p. 8 The Meiji Government’s Understandings of the Origin of Exhibition...........p. 11 Development of the Exhibition in Japan and Japan’s Encounter with the Western-style International Exhibition...............p. 13 Native Peoples in Western International Exhibition.......................................p. 17 Features of Major International Expositions held from 1851 to 1915............p. 17 Unofficial Entertainment: ‘Exotic People’......................................................p. 18 Official ‘Living Exhibits’: Civilization vs. Primitiveness...............................p. 19 Lucrative Entertainment and Political Propaganda.........................................p. 20 Anthropological Aspect...................................................................................p. 21. sit. 2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.. er. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5.. Introduction..................................................................................................p. 1 Academic Background: An Encounter with Colonial/Postcolonial Issues and Recognition of Colonial Impact on the Modern Society................................p. 1 Motivation I: Why Exhibition?.......................................................................p. 3 Motivation II: Why the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910?............................p. 4 Purpose of Research........................................................................................p. 6 Hypothesis, Methodology, and Thesis Structure.............................................p. 7. ‧ 國. 1. 1.1.. Ch. engchi. i Un. The Japan-British Exhibition of 1910.........................................................p. 34 Background of the Japan-British Exhibition: Proposed ‘Grand Exposition in Tokyo’ after Japan’s Victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).......p. 34 The Japanese Initiator of the Japan British Exhibition, Komura Jutaro and the British Initiator, Imre Kiralfy.............................................................p. 39.

(6) 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.7.1. 4.7.2. 4.8. 4.8.1. 4.8.2. 4.9. 4.9.1. 4.9.2. 4.9.3.. Objectives of the Japan-British Exhibition.....................................................p. 43 Objects Exhibited in the Japan-British Exhibition: Position of the Taiwanese Aborigines in the Exhibition.................................p. 44 The Formosan Hamlet as One of Eight Unofficial Sideshows.......................p. 46 The Taiwan Aboriginal Participants Arrived ..................................................p. 49 Representations of Formosa in the Exhibition................................................p. 50 Formosa in the Oriental Palace and the Formosan Hamlet.............................p. 51 Representations of Formosa in the Japanese Press..........................................p. 52 Why Paiwan?...................................................................................................p. 54 Respectable People as Appropriate Participants..............................................p. 54 Tourism for Taiwanese Aborigines as One of Riban-Seisaku.........................p. 57 Aftermath of the Exhibition............................................................................p. 60 The Paiwan Participants’ Reactions................................................................p. 60 The Ainu Participants’ Reactions....................................................................p. 64 Japanese Journalist’s Reaction........................................................................p. 65. 5.. Conclusion......................................................................................................p. 67. 立. 學. ‧. io. sit. y. Nat. n. al. er. Bibliography. 政治大. ‧ 國. 4.3. 4.4.. Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(7) List of Tables Table 1: Major International Exhibitions (From the late 19th century to the early 20th century) Table 2: Japan’s Participation in International Exhibitions from 1873-1910 Table 3: The National Industrial Exposition Table 4: Objects of the Japanese Side Table 5: Objects of the British Side Table 6: List of the Ainu Participants. List of Figures Fig. 1: Alcock’s Collections of Japanese Arts and Crafts Exhibited in the Great London Exposition of 1862 Fig. 2: A panoramic view of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition Fig. 3: An Official Map of the Japan-British Exhibition Fig. 4: The Formosan people engaged in work on a tea plantation Fig. 5: The Display of Formosan Life. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v.

(8) 1. Introduction. This research is intended to reveal (i) the Japanese Exhibition organizers’ objectives of displaying Taiwanese aborigines in the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910, which was held in the White City, Shepherd’s Bush, London from May 14 to October 29, 1910.1 This research also attempts to analyze (ii) representations of the exhibited Taiwanese aborigines in this event and (iii) different interpretations on these representations of the Japanese, the Ainus and the Taiwanese aborigines.. 1.1.. 政治大 Academic Background:立 An Encounter with Colonial/Postcolonial Issues and ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Recognition of Colonial Impact on the Modern Society. I obtained a Bachelor of Arts Degree in Foreign Studies at Nanzan University in. y. sit. My four years at Nanzan can be roughly divided into two parts.. For. er. io. for four years.. Nat. Nagoya, Japan in 2008. I studied at the Department of British and American Studies. n. the first two years, I mainlyastudied English language, i v emphasizing such skills as l. Un. C. h e n gFor listening, speaking, reading and writing. c hthei latter two years, I worked on my graduation thesis.. When I was a sophomore, I attended Dr. William F. Purcell’s Communication in English class.. I still remember one day in Dr. Purcell’s class when he told us to. collect paper advertisements or record TV commercials and bring them for the next class. As we were told, we collected some advertisements and TV commercials and 1. Hotta-Lister, Ayako. 1999. The Japan-British Exhibition of 1910; Gateway to the Island Empire of the East. Tokyo: Japan Library. p.3 1.

(9) showed them in the class without understanding Dr. Purcell’s intention.. Dr. Purcell,. at the end, pointed out the fact that many of the advertisements and TV commercials used Caucasian models and subsequently asked us what images or impressions we had from those advertisements and TV commercials with Caucasian models.. Many of us. answered ‘sophisticated,’ ‘elegant’ or ‘advanced.’ Dr. Purcell asked us a further question why we got such positive impressions from Western countries and Caucasian people, on the other hand we had ‘wild’ or ‘primitive’ images of Africa.. Dr. Purcell’s. question had made us recognize that we were ‘mentally’ colonized by the West even today although we regarded colonization as something of the past.. 立. 政治大. The questions raised by Dr. Purcell were quite novel to me, and I decided to take his. ‧ 國. 學. course, Literature and the British Empire at my third and fourth years at Nanzan.. For my graduation research project, I. sit. y. Nat. people in colonial/postcolonial literatures.. ‧. During the course of the seminar, I focused on representations of Africa and African. chose to analyze representations of Nigerian characters in Chinua Achebe’s Things. er. io. n. Fall Apart as a response a to Joyce Cary’s Mister Johnson.. iv. l. This is because. n publications such as literature hadChad h ea great influence i U on the British creating images ngch. or ideas what Africa/Nigeria and African/Nigerian people were like to be. It was, needless to say, difficult for most of the British to visit and see their colonies, which were far away from Britain, with their own eyes. colonies, they had to rely on publications.. For obtaining information on their. Therefore, representations of colonies and. colonized people in publications, I believed, are worth analyzing since they could control people’s images of colonies and people there.. 2.

(10) 1.2.. Motivation I: Why Exhibition?. Although the main focus of my research when I was an undergraduate student was representations of colonies and colonized people in ‘literature,’ this research is to emphasize that in international ‘exhibitions.’ What made me interested in exhibitions was Ino Kanori’s (伊能嘉矩) statements. Ino was a Japanese colonial bureaucrat who had been engaged in a number of investigations of Taiwanese aborigines from 1895 until around 1910.2 In 1903, Ino made statements about the importance of the. 政治大 which is thought to be the first 立 official pavilion of Japan’s colony, taking place in manner of display in the Taiwan Pavilion of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition,. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Osaka in 19033 as follows:. ...in order to achieve the purpose of the Exposition, we must, in the. y. That is, in other. sit. Nat. first place, pay attention to how to display objects.. a l and systematic explanation Natural will facilitate iv n. in good order.. er. io. words, our attention should be paid to displaying thousands of objects. C. Un. i e n g c hobjects…Not visitors’ understandings of hexhibited all visitors are scholars or experts with special knowledge. expected to be under the middle class.. Many of them are. Therefore, we should rather. put efforts into displaying objects in good and systematic order than give sophisticated and aesthetic explanations or simple and vulgar explanations to each object.4. 2 Matsuda, Kyoko. 2003. Teikoku no Shisen: Hakurankai to Ibunkahyosho. Tokyo: Yoshikawako Bunkan. p.91 3 Matsuda, p.55 4 Matsuda. p.116 3.

(11) From Ino’s statements, he seems to have been well aware how effective visual techniques such as exhibition were to make on visitors, with or without special knowledge or understanding of meanings of the exhibits. In case of publication such as literature, they could be understood only by the literate.. Accordingly, I have. become interested in analyzing exhibitions which do not limit visitors’ educational background.. 1.3.. Motivation II: Why the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910?. On April 5, 2009, Japan’s. 治政大 public broadcaster, NHK 立. 5. broadcasted a TV program. only in Japan but also in other countries.. 學. ‧ 國. entitled Japan Debut –The First-Class Nation of Asia–,6 and it was broadcasted not The program was about the Japanese. ‧. colonial period in Taiwan (1895-1945), and it covered major historical events and. sit. y. Nat. incidents occurring during this period such as Japan’s invasion of Taiwan, Goto. io. er. Shimpei’s comprehensive administrative reforms, the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910,. n. World War I, educational policies a to assimilate the Taiwanese and World War II.. iv l C n hengchi U. One of those events and incidents, the Japan-British Exhibition was, as we have seen in the beginning of this chapter, held at the White City, Shepherd’s Bush, London from May 14 to October 29, 1910.. According to the TV program, the Japan-British. Exhibition was held 15 years after Japan’s acquisition of Taiwan as her first colony, and it was a great opportunity for Japan to show her successful management of Taiwan to the world.. In this event, while Japanese industries and cultures were widely. NHK stands for Nippon Hoso Kyokai (日本放送協会), whose official English name is Japan Broadcasting Corporation. NHK is the sole national public broadcasting organization of Japan. 6 In Japanese, シリーズ JAPAN デビュー第一回アジアの“一等国” 4 5.

(12) introduced, the ‘Formosan Hamlet’7 was reconstructed and the Taiwanese aborigines showed their life, performed their war dance, and mimicked battles in front of visitors there.. NHK explained that around that time, displaying authentic native people from. a colony in exhibition was quite popular in the West. Japan copied the Western method and made use of the Formosan Hamlet to show off her colonial power and prove that she had become one of the ‘first-class nations’ like the Western Great Powers.. Watching the TV program, a lot of its viewers, not only Japanese but also Taiwanese. 治政大 viewers, had become indignant at the content of the program 立. saying that the program. had given the viewers negative images of the Formosan Hamlet and the aboriginal. ‧ 國. 學. participants of the Japan-British Exhibition, and made strong protests to NHK.. The. ‧. aboriginal people and Han-Chinese people of Taiwan who had actually answered. sit. y. Nat. NHK’s interview insisted that NHK had cut and twisted their answers for NHK’s convenience, depicted the Formosan Hamlet as a ‘human zoo,’ and hurt their and their. er. io. ancestors’ pride although theyahad heard from their parents or grand parents that their. n. iv l C n experience in London was very valuable. hengchi U. As a result, on October 6, 2009, 1,946 Taiwanese people including 37 aboriginal people sued NHK for the biased report. This is the second suit, and the first suit was filed on June 25, 2009.. The number of the plaintiffs of the first suit was 8,389, and. the total number of the plaintiffs of the first and second suits was 10,335.8. However,. NHK has argued that they had made the program based upon thousands of archives and publications of the Governor-General of Taiwan and other official institutes. 7 8. In Japanese, 台湾土人村 Sankei Shimbun dated June 25, 2009. 5.

(13) Although NHK interviewed some Han-Chinese and aboriginal people who actually experienced the Japanese colonial period, they have officially announced on their website that historical facts should be separated from people’s ideas or emotions since some of the aboriginal participants must have received some money and gifts from the Japanese colonial government in return for their participation in the Japan-British Exhibition, and they might have regarded their experience in London as something positive.. This dispute between NHK and the viewers shows that there obviously exists different. 治政大 Exhibition. interpretations on the Formosan Hamlet in the Japan-British 立 were the objectives of the Formosan Hamlet?. Then what. How was it represented in this event?. ‧ 國. 學. Why is it interpreted differently today? I would like to find the answers to these. sit. y. Nat. Purpose of Research. io. er. 1.4.. ‧. three questions through this research.. al. n. iv n C At the end of the program, a Frenchhhistorian, e n g c Pascal h i U Blanchard gave his messages to the viewers: “We need to seek a history which can be shared with others…We should not think that we are right and superior, and others are wrong and inferior.. Seeing the. world, you have to understand why others see Japan in different ways.”. Blanchard’s messages, I believe, implies that we should overcome historical recognition gaps which can be seen in many places in the world today. I also believe that the NHK issue, which has a connection with this research, or the Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands issue, is a result of serious historical recognition gaps. Therefore, in order to 6.

(14) overcome this gap, this research, which sees the Japan-British Exhibition and the Formosan Hamlet from different perspectives, will strive to contribute to deepen the understanding of this issue.. 1.5.. Hypothesis, Methodology, and Thesis Structure. I have set the hypothesis for this research as below:. Japan made use of the Formosan Hamlet in the Japan-British Exhibition to. 治政大 show off her colonial power to the world. 立 ‧ 國. 學. In Chapter 2, we will firstly see development of exhibition both in the West and Japan. ‧. in order to see how and where the idea of displaying authentic native people in. sit. y. Nat. exhibition emerged. In Chapter 3, we will see how Japan incorporated the Western idea into her exhibition by analyzing a case of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition. er. io. taking place in Osaka in 1903, a which installed the first official Taiwan Pavilion.. n. iv l C n Finally, in Chapter 4, I will analyze h(i)ethe Japanese n g c h i UExhibition organizers’ objectives of displaying the Taiwanese aborigines in the Japan-British Exhibition, (ii). representations of the exhibited Taiwanese aborigines and (iii) different interpretations on these representations of the Japanese, the Ainus and the Taiwanese aborigines.. 7.

(15) 2. Development of Exhibition. 2.1.. Development of Exhibition in the West. Although there are various opinions on the origin of exhibition, it is generally understood that the original style of modern exhibition was formed from the 17th century to the 18th century in Europe. In 1667, for instance, an exhibition of works of art was held in the Louvre Palace.9. There was a competition among artists, and. In 1760, a national art exhibition 政治大 was organized under the sponsorship 立 of the Royal Society of Arts in Great Britain, and evaluations were given to their works in this event.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. the concept of ‘entrance ticket’ and ‘catalogue’ of exhibition was created at this time.10. According to Meiji Nihon to Bankoku Hakurankai (Meiji Japan and International. sit. y. Nat. Exhibition) written by Ito Mamiko, ‘international’ exhibition originated in an. er. io. exhibition held in Paris, 1797.11 Marquis d’Aveze was appointed to Commissioner of. n. a lGobelins, of Sèvres andi vof the Savonnerie in order to the Royal Manufactories of the Un. C. h e n g c of restore factories after the French Revolution h i1789. In 1797, d’Aveze exhibited and sold industrial products such as tapestries, ceramics and carpets produced in the factories in the Saint-Could Castle with the objective of showing strength of national industries to French people.12. The then Minister of Interior of France, Nicolas-Louis. François de Neufchâteau had found this local exhibition organized by d’Aveze in Paris National Diet Library. Colum: Exhibitions before 1850. [Online] http://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/s1/column-1.html [Accessed March 17, 2012] 10 National Diet Library. Colum: Exhibitions before 1850. [Online] http://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/s1/column-1.html [Accessed March 17, 2012] 11 Ito, Mamiko. 2008. Meiji Nihon to Bankoku Hakurankai (Meiji Japan and International 9. 12. Exhibitions). Tokyo: Yoshikawa Ko Bunkan. p. 12 Ito, p.12. and National Diet Library, Colum: Exhibitions before 1850 8.

(16) highly successful, and in the following year, 1798, de Neufchâteau held the First Industrial Exposition in the Champ de Mars of Paris as a national project expecting that it would contribute to the industrial recovery of France.. In this exhibition, de. Neufchâteau made policies that exhibits would not be for sale and awards were to be given to prominent products, which had become one of the outstanding features of modern exhibition. By 1849, as a result of great success of the First Industrial Exposition of 1798, similar exhibitions were held 11 times by 1849 in France.13 With each exhibition, the number of exhibits and exhibitors, namely the scale of the exhibition, was growing larger, and duration of the exhibition was also getting longer.. 治政大 industries in France, and These exhibitions greatly stimulated promotion of national 立. these successful exhibitions of France were soon followed by other national. ‧ 國. 學. exhibitions in America and continental Europe such as Austria, Belgium, Spain and. sit. Nat. y. ‧. Germany.. io. er. The first international exhibition, London’s Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, was held inaLondon in 1851.14 Although there are also various. n. iv l C n opinions on the reason why the first h international was held in Great Britain, U e n g c h iexhibition Ito analyzes the reason as follows:. As a result of great success of the First Industrial Exposition, similar exhibitions were held regularly in Paris.. Subsequently to the. successful industrial exhibitions in Paris, national exhibitions were held in other areas of France and other European countries.. Before long,. National Diet Library. Colum: Exhibitions before 1850. [Online] http://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/s1/column-1.html [Accessed March 17, 2012] 14 Ito, p.1 9 13.

(17) an idea of internationalizing industrial exhibition emerged in France in the middle of the 19th century.. However, those who insisted on the. need of protecting domestic industries strongly opposed the idea of holding international exhibitions, and it did not come to fruition.. This. is because industrial exhibitions of France were originally aimed at advancement of ‘national’ industries.. In those days, the industrial power of Great Britain surpassed that of other European countries, and ‘international exhibition’ at that time,. 治政大 needless to say, required Great Britain’s participation. 立. Accordingly,. France could not organize an international exhibition in their own. ‧ 國. 學. country because they did not have equal industrial power to that of. ‧. Great Britain’s. In other words, the first international exhibition was. sit. io. er. power.15. y. Nat. held in London since Great Britain was confident in her own industrial. al. n. iv th n C After 1851 and into the early 20 century, international exhibitions had been h e n g major chi U held in major cities of the West such as Paris, Vienna, Philadelphia or Chicago as Table 1 indicates.. Table 1: Major International Exhibitions (From the late 19th century to the early 20th century). 15. Year. Place. Exhibition Name. 1851. London. Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations. 1855. Paris. Exposition Universelle. Ito, p.12-13. 10.

(18) 1862. London. Great London Exposition. 1867. Paris. Exposition Universelle. 1873. Vienna. International Exhibition. 1876. Philadelphia. International Exhibition. 1878. Paris. International Exhibition of Paris. 1889. Paris. Exposition Universelle. 1893. Chicago. World’s Columbian Exposition. 1900. Paris. Exposition Universelle. 1904. St. Louis. Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 1915. San Francisco. San Francisco Panama-Pacific International Exposition. 1933. Chicago. Chicago World’s Fair. 1937. Paris. Paris Exhibition. 1939. New York. New York World’s Fair. Resource: Ito, p.1.. ‧ 國. 學. 2.2.. 立. 政治大. The Meiji Government’s Understandings of the Origin of Exhibition. ‧. The Meiji government’s understandings of the origin of exhibition coincided with. y. Nat. er. io. exhibition.. sit. what we have seen in the previous section, namely modern research on the origin of Their understandings can be seen in Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo. al. n. iv n C Hakurankai Yoran (第五回内国勧業博覧会要覧), h e n g c h i Uwhich is the official handbook of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition taking place in Osaka in 1903.. According to Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran, the Meiji government recognized that the exhibition originated in the First Industrial Exposition of Paris in 1798.16. They say that the number of counties participated in the First Industrial. Exposition was only 16, the number of exhibitors was also small, 110, and the. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran Hensanjo. 1903. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol. 1. Osaka: Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran Hensanjo. p.1 16. 11.

(19) duration of the Exposition was merely three days. 17. The reason why the First. Industrial Exposition ended up in a small-scale exhibition was, they assume, because in 1798, France was still in the vortex of the French Revolution of 1789, and Napoleon, who won many French people’s trust, was not in France but in Egypt.. After. Napoleon seized sovereign power in France, another exhibition was held in the Louvre Palace in 1801. Napoleon understood very well that French industrial power was far behind that of Great Britain’s, and he wanted to surpass Great Britain by developing the national industries of France.. Following the exhibition of 1801, other exhibitions. were held in France in 1802 and 1806. Furthermore, during the period from 1806 to. 治政大 Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai 1849, seven exhibitions were held in France. Daigokai 立 Yoran also says that with each exhibition, the scale of the exhibitions was getting. ‧ 國. 學. larger and the content of the exhibition itself was getting enriched.. The development. ‧. of exhibitions in France resulted in the Eleventh Industrial Exposition of 1849, whose. y. Nat. exhibitors reached 4,532 people and the funds provided by the government was about. er. io. sit. 24,000 Yen.18 After that, successful industrial exhibitions were followed in Belgium, Holland, Russia in 1829 and in a Great Britain, Germany and America in this order. It. n. iv l C n is also written in Daigokai Naikoku h Kangyo Yoran that although the plan e n g Hakurankai chi U of holding an international exhibition in Paris was proposed at the National Assembly in 1849, the proposal was rejected by the Chamber of Commerce.. Accordingly, the. first international exhibition was, at the end, held not in Paris but in London. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran was issued in May of 1903.. Therefore,. it is the fact that as of 1903, the Meiji government was well aware that exhibitions were first developed in the West, and their understandings of the origin of the exhibition and the process of how exhibitions were developed were quite accurate in 17 18. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol. 1, p. 2 Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol. 1, p. 2 12.

(20) corresponding to modern research on exhibition. This fact, in other words, shows that Japan investigated and examined Western exhibitions closely.. 2.3.. Development of the Exhibition in Japan and Japan’s Encounter with the Western-style International Exhibitions. According to Dr. Hotta-Lister, before the Meiji period (1868-1912), the idea of similar products being displayed together had already been in practice for about two hundred years in Japan. Yet those exhibitions could be accessed by a limited number of people.. 19. 治政大 also introduces the origin of Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran 立. exhibitions in Japan, and it says that Japan already had ‘a kind of’ exhibition called. ‧ 國. 學. Bussan Kai 20 (products exhibition) or Yakuhin Kai 21 (medicines exhibition) even. ‧. about 100 years ago (about 200 years ago by the present observation) with the. y. Nat. objective of promoting industries by showing products or raw materials for medicines. er. io. sit. to people.22 For example, a famous herbalist named Tamura organized Bussan Kai in Yushima, Edo (Tokyo) in 1757, a and he held Bussan Kai in the following year again in. n. iv l C n Another manhnamed e n g cHiraga h i UGennai organized Bussan Kai in. another area of Edo.. Edo in 1759 and 1760, and Yakuhin Kai in 1762.23 However, Dr. Hotta-Lister says that these were small-scale exhibitions of brief duration accommodating only limited circles of people, for which no entrance fees were levied.24. Fukuzawa Yukichi, one of the most important Japanese figures from the end of the 19 20 21 22 23 24. Hotta-Lister, p.203 In Japanese, 物産会 In Japanese, 薬品会. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol. 1, p.3 Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol 1, p.3-4 Hotta-Lister, p.203. 13.

(21) Edo era to the Meiji period, and his colleagues visited an international exhibition in London in 1862.25 exhibition.. This was the first time for the Japanese to visit an international. Since the concept of exhibition itself was not entirely novel to the. Japanese, what impressed Fukuzawa and his colleagues greatly in the exhibition was its scale; the number of countries involved, the wide range of goods displayed, the good organization, and the favorable effects it generated for the participants’ trade.26 It also should be noted that there, Fukuzawa and his colleagues found that Japanese articles were exhibited at this exhibition not by the Japanese but by Rutherford Alcock, the first British minister who had had lived in Japan and collected examples of. 治政大 Japanese arts and crafts during his stay in Japan. 立. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. Fig. 1: Alcock’s Collections of Japanese Arts and Crafts Exhibited in the Great London Exposition of 1862 Resource: Zusetsu Bankoku Hakurankaishi: 1851-1942 Fig. 204, p.145.. Back in Japan, Fukuzawa began to write his book, Seiyo Jijo (Conditions in the West). The word ‘hakurankai’ was first introduced to Japan by Fukuzawa interpreting the 25 26. Hotta-Lister, p.203 Hotta-Lister, p.204. 14.

(22) English words, ‘exhibition’ or ‘fair’ in Seiyo Jijo of 1866.27 Fukuzawa’s Seiyo Jijo, which was a best-seller having a great influence on the general public, set out for the first time in Japan the concepts of Western-style international exhibitions and Western-style museums, stressing the importance and benefit of such institutions.28. Although there are also differing opinions about when the Japanese first participated in an international exhibition, Dr. Hotta-Lister, for example, says that the Japanese first exhibited in the Exposition Universelle of 1867 in Paris.29. The exhibits did not. represent Japan as a whole but they were presented separately by the Tokugawa. 治政大 from Napoleon III, and some Bakufu government, who had had an official invitation 立 members of the Japanese aristocracy, notably the heads of the Satsuma and Hizen. ‧ 國. 學. Clans (present-day Kagoshima and Saga Prefectures in Kyushu respectively).. Also,. ‧. it was the Vienna International Exhibition of 1873 when the Meiji government From 1873 to 1910, Japan. sit. y. Nat. officially participated in an international exhibition.. io. al. n. Table 2 shows.. er. participated in 37 international exhibitions including the Japan-British Exhibition as. Ch. engchi. i Un. v. Table 2: Japan’s Participation in International Exhibitions from 1873-1910 Year. Place. Exhibition Name. Expenditure (Yen). 1. 1873. Vienna. International Exhibition. 2. 1874. London. London Annual International Exhibition. 8,932. 3. 1875. Melbourne. Melbourne International Exhibition. 2,229. 4. 1876. Philadelphia. International Exhibition. 359,545. 5. 1878. Paris. International Exhibition of Paris. 213,242. 6. 1879. Sydney. Exhibition of Sydney. 27 28 29. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran: Vol. 1, p.4 Hotta-Lister, p.204-205 Hotta-Lister, p.206. 15. 520,858. 29,817.

(23) 7. 1880. Melbourne. Exhibition of Melbourne. 33,014. 8. 1880. Berlin. Berlin Fishery Exhibition. N/A. 9. 1881. Frankfurt. Mining Exhibition. 10. 1881. Atlanta. International Cotton Exhibition. N/A. 11. 1882. Trieste. Domestic Industrial Exhibition. 415. 12. 1883. Antwerp. Exhibition at Antwerp. 19,980. 13. 1883. Boston. Technical and Industrial Exhibition. 10,000. 14. 1883. London. International Fishery Exposition. 15. 1883. London. London Sanitary Exhibition. 24,071. 16. 1884. St Petersburg. Horticultural Exposition. 10,000. 17. 1884. Edinburgh. Silver Exhibition. 19,365. 18. 1884. New Orleans. International Industrial & Cotton Centenary. 15,500. 1,500. 2,400. Exhibition. London International Exhibition. 政治大 of Inventions. 27,517. Metal Works Exhibition. 33,000. 1885. London. 20. 1885. Nuremberg. 21. 1885. Barcelona. International Exhibition. 22. 1889. Paris. International Exhibition. 23. 1889. Hamburg. International Commercial Exhibition. 5,000. 24. 1890. St Petersburg. International Prison Exposition. 5,314. 25. 1893. Chicago. Columbian World’s Exposition. 630,766. 26. 1900. Paris. Exposition Universelle. 27. 1901. Glasgow. 28. 1902. 29. 1902. iv (French Territory) C Technical Exhibition ofnHanoi hengchi U. 30. n. al. er. io. International Exhibition. sit. y. Nat. Tongking. ‧. ‧ 國. 立. 學. 19. 23,000 130,000. 1,319,559 57,718. Oriental Agricultural and. 11,900. St Petersburg. International Fishery Exhibition. 21,132. 1904. St Louis. Louisiana Purchase Exhibition. 800,000. 31. 1905. Liege (Belgium). Liege Exhibition. 40,000. 32. 1905. Hudson (US). Hudson Exhibition. 34,484. 33. 1905. Milan. International Exhibition Milan. 34. 1907. James Town (US). International Exhibition. 12,768. 35. 1908. St Petersburg. International Decorative Fine Arts. 19,624. N/A. and Household Furniture 36. 1909. Seattle. Alaska Yukon Pacific Exhibition. 37. 1910. London. Japan-British Exhibition. Resource: Hotta-Lister, p.221-222. 16. 100,000 2,080,000.

(24) 2.4.. Native Peoples in Western International Exhibition. Here, I would like to raise the question of when did the display of authentic native people from colonies emerged in exhibitions?. Parezo and Fowler state in their work, Anthropology Goes to the Fair that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was held in St. Louis, Missouri, from May to December 1904 in order to commemorate the United States’ 1803 purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, has all the standard features of major international exhibitions held during the late. 立. 治政大 early 19 century to the th. 20th century.30. In the. following sections, therefore, emergence of native peoples in international exhibitions. ‧ 國. 學. is to be analyzed by looking at the outstanding features of the Louisiana Purchase. sit. y. Nat. Features of Major International Expositions held from 1851 to 1915. io. er. 2.4.1.. ‧. Exposition.. al. n. iv n C From 1851, the year that the first international London’s Great Exhibition h e n g c hexhibition, i U of the Works of Industry of All Nations was held, until 1915, international exhibitions sprang up like mushrooms to celebrate the heyday of European and American industrialism and imperialism.. Especially European international exhibitions held. from the late 19th century to the early 20th century, highlighted their industrial, financial, technical, intellectual, social and scientific ‘progress,’ their ability to extract raw materials from their colonies, and their success in ‘civilizing’ their colonial subjects. Also, major international exhibitions held during this period came to have 30. Parezo, J., Nancy. Fowler, D., Don. 2007. Anthropology Goes to the Fair. The 1904 Louisiana. Purchase Exposition. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press., p.4 17.

(25) standard features as follows:31. (i). The display of industrial machinery, mining technology, trade goods and agricultural products in gigantic pavilions. (ii) Cultural exhibits, sculpture, painting, music and other fine arts (iii) The establishment of permanent public institutions initially funded by exhibition corporation profits and gifts from private donors such as the Memorial Hall in Philadelphia or the U.S. National Museum in Washington (iv) Government funding as direct subsidies or supplemental monies to aid exhibition. 治政大total financial responsibility for corporations (e.g. The United States did not take 立 any exhibition but partly provided financial support.). ‧ 國. 學. (v). International congresses as part of exhibition (e.g. The 1878 Paris Exposition. ‧. had the 1878 Paris congresses and that led to international copyright laws, the. io. er. (vi) Extramural entertainment including ‘exotic’ peoples. sit. y. Nat. international postal union and international adoption of the Braille system.). n. (vii) Official ‘living exhibits’a organized, funded and managed by the exhibition companies. 2.4.2. 32. iv l C n hengchi U. Unofficial Entertainment: ‘Exotic People’. The sixth feature was entertainment performed outside of the official exhibitions.. As. international exhibitions had been held in world’s trade centers for many centuries, dancers, musicians, actors, circuses, jugglers, food vendors, thieves, prostitutes, hawkers or con artists gathered in those cities, and subsequently gathered at or near 31 32. Parezo and Fowler, p.1-4 Parezo and Fowler, p.4 18.

(26) exhibitions and performed unofficial outside-the-gate sideshows including displaying people, billed as ‘savages’ from Africa or Polynesian.. These unofficial sideshows. were a ‘public nuisance’ for exhibition officials in terms of public-health and crime-control.. Therefore, in order to cope with the problem of unauthorized. entertainment, Paris’s 1867 international exhibition, for example, developed a huge amusement park with international restaurants. It was installed and operated by the City of Paris and arranged around the exhibition hall.. In 1893, Chicago organizers. created the Midway Plaisance, a ‘pleasure area,’ which had the great two-hundred-and-fifty-foot-tall Ferris wheel.. Also, it presented dozens of ‘authentic’ 治政 people from Africa, the Pacific, Arctic, Middle East大 and Far East and the Streets of 立 week, attracted tens of thousands of onlookers.. 學. ‧ 國. Cairo, where the women performed belly dance seriatim, ten hours a day, six days a As a result, the Streets of Cairo. ‧. grossed eight hundred and eighty thousand dollars, which was more than the Ferris Exhibition organizers found that exotic people could be lucrative.33. 2.4.3.. Official ‘Living Exhibits’: a Civilization vs. Primitiveness. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. wheel.. iv l C n hengchi U. The seventh feature was the official ‘living exhibit’ which was organized, funded and managed by the exhibition companies.. According to Parezo and Fowler, at the. beginning of the golden age of international exhibitions, static exhibits were popular and living ‘exotic’ people came later. For example, the 1855 Paris Fair had static exhibits from French colonies and they focused on ‘primitive’ material culture, stressing ‘cultural differences, especially exoticism.’ Later, although there was an attempt to obtain federal sponsorship to exhibit American Indians in Philadelphia, congress balked due to the huge cost. 33. Parezo and Fowler, p. 5-6. In 1883, the Dutch government underwrote 19.

(27) model villages inhabited by ‘Natives’ from its colonies in the Caribbean and Southeast Asia. Subsequently, at the 1900 Paris Fair, Britain and Belgium erected officially sponsored live and static colonial exhibits, grouped together under the ‘Moral and Material Work of Colonization’ stressed the ‘White Man’s Burden’ to civilize the rest of the world. 2.4.4.. 34. .. Lucrative Entertainment and Political Propaganda. As seen before, exhibits of ‘native peoples’ had two aspects: one was the sideshow. 治政 attractions presented by individual entrepreneurs, and大 the other was official exhibits of 立. subjugated indigenous peoples sponsored and represented by their colonialist masters.. ‧ 國. 學. After 1883, colonial powers officially exhibited their subjected peoples under the. ‧. guise of educational endeavors to demonstrate how much better off Natives were Private entrepreneurs. sit. y. Nat. under the benevolent care of their imperialist overlords.. io. ethnic-racial stereotypes in order a to make money.. The difference between unofficial. iv l C n that government were h e n gagencies chi U n. and official exhibits was. er. unofficially exhibited their subjected peoples, especially those of color, as. consciously promulgating. propaganda to justify colonialism and forced acculturation policies.. However, both. the official and the unofficial exhibitions used the same stereotypes－benighted ‘primitives’ who could only be raised to civilization by ‘enlightened’ benevolent white men35.. 34 35. Parezo and Fowler, p.6-7 Parezo and Fowler. p.7. 20.

(28) 2.4.5.. Anthropological Aspect. Although the Louisiana Purchase Exposition organizers noticed that exotic people were major draws and therefore money-makers, they did not want ‘merely’ an exotic sideshow.. They wanted their exotic peoples to be interpreted in a modern ‘scientific’. manner and their exhibition to be ‘a vast museum of anthropology and ethnology, of man and his works.’. Therefore, they brought in an anthropologist, a reputed. scientific expert in exotic peoples, WJ McGee, who was the first president of the American Anthropological Association and head of the Anthropology Department.36. 治政 The organizers also added an anthropological aspect大 to the display of native peoples 立. from colonies in this event; Yet in the Japan-British Exhibition do not have an. ‧ 國. 學. anthropological aspect.. ‧. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. 36. Parezo and Fowler. p.9. Ch. engchi. 21. i Un. v.

(29) 3.. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition. In the previous chapter, we have seen the emergence of native peoples from colonies in Western exhibitions and some their aspects. In this chapter, we will see how Japan incorporated Western ideas, namely the display of authentic native people, into her exhibitions by analyzing the case of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition taking place in Osaka in 1903.. 3.1.. 政治大. The Importance of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition. 立. ‧ 國. 學. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition should be, I believe, referred to due to the following three reasons:. ‧. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition had, in fact, an aspect of an. sit. y. Nat. (i). er. io. international exhibition although the concept of National Industrial Exposition. n. was originally intended atol be a domestic exhibition. iv (ii). Un. C. h acquired i as her first colony as a result of engch It was held in 1903, after Japan Taiwan. her victory in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895). (iii). It officially installed an independent Taiwan Pavilion inside the Exposition site and unofficially installed a pavilion called Gakujutsu Jinruikan (Academic Humankind Pavilion), which exhibited the Ainu, Taiwan aborigines, Chinese and Korean people, outside of the Exposition site.. 22.

(30) 3.2.. National Industrial Exposition. National Industrial Exposition was held five times during the period of 1877 to 1903.37 The concept of National Industrial Exposition was first proposed by the Secretary of Interior (内務卿), Okubo Toshimichi based upon a policy of the Meiji Government for promoting new industries in Japan. 38. Therefore, the Exposition organizers. highlighted industrial and economic aspects of the Exposition aiming at providing both visitors and exhibitors with technical knowledge and information.. In addition, it. 政治大 This is because the Meiji government wanted to achieve their economic policy by 立 should be noted that the organizers wanted to limit the Exposition to a ‘domestic’ one.. ‧ 國. 學. excluding foreign products from the Japanese market in order to protect the domestic market and by encouraging new industries in Japan without relying on foreign. ‧. products or technologies.. Also, as a result of the Meiji government’s resistance to. sit. y. Nat. the unequal treaties of 1858, which were concluded with the Great Powers (America,. er. io. the Great Britain, France, Russia and Holland), the Meiji government did not allow. n. a l that period.39 That imeans foreigners to travel to Japan during v the Exposition visitors C. h eJapanese. and exhibitors were also limited to the ngchi. Un. Table 3: The National Industrial Exposition. Year. 37. First. Second. Third. Fourth. Fifth. 1877. 1881. 1890. 1895. 1903. Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1904. The Official Report of the Fifth National Industrial. Exposition: Vol. 1. p.8 38 39. Matsuda p.16 Matsuda, p.16. 23.

(31) Ueno, Tokyo. Place. Ueno, Tokyo. Ueno, Tokyo. Okazaki,. Tennoji,. Kyoto. Osaka. Site area (tsubo). 29,807. 43,300. 40,000. 50,558. 114,017. The Number of Visitors. 454,168. 822,395. 1,023,693. 1,136,695. 5,305,209. The Number of Exhibitors. 16,174. 31,239. 77,432. 73,781. 130,416. The Number of Exhibits. 84,352. 331,169. 167,066. 169,098. 276,713. *1 tsubo(坪) = about 3.3 ㎡. 政治大 literally ‘national,’ namely ‘domestic,’ exhibitions having some limitations indicated 立. In fact, the First, Second, Third and Fourth National Industrial Expositions were. in the previous paragraph. However, contrasting those four exhibitions, the Fifth. ‧ 國. 學. National Industrial Exposition shifted its style from ‘national’ to ‘international.’. ‧. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition as an International Exhibition. er. io. sit. y. Nat. 3.3.. The Fifth National Industrial aExposition was held in the present-day area of Tennoji. n. iv l C n h e n1gtoc July Park (天王寺公園), Osaka from March h i U31, 1903.40. Although, the First,. Second, Third and Fourth National Industrial Expositions did not allow foreigners to visit and exhibit in the Expositions, the Fifth National Industrial Exposition accepted a large number of foreign visitors and exhibitors.. Paying attention to The Number of Visitors indicated in Table 3, the total number of visitors is about 5.3 million.. According to the official record, about 8,600 of them. were Chinese and Korean and about 14,000 of the total were from the West and other 40. Matsuda, p.16. 24.

(32) foreign countries.41. A large number of foreign visitors to the Fifth National Industrial. Exposition was a result of the government’s active promotion of the Exposition. The Meiji government prepared about 4,000 English invitation letters and 4,200 Chinese invitation letters and those letters were delivered to foreign dignitaries through foreign consuls or ministers. 42. Also, in order to accept foreign visitors and travelers,. Kihinkai (Welcome Society) established its branch in Osaka with the objective of arranging accommodations, interpreters or tour guides for foreign visitors/travelers. Especially, it can be assumed that the Meiji government placed great emphasis on Chinese and Korean visitors. The local political and business leaders of Osaka set up. 政治大 Shinkan Kyokai (清韓協会) (Association for Chinese and Korean Visitors) and the 立. ‧ 國. 學. association built two accommodations: one is named Shinhin (清賓) for Chinese. 43. er. io. sit. y. Nat. incurring only the actual costs of food and beverages.. ‧. guests and the other Kanhin (韓賓) for Korean guests, which allowed them to stay. The organizers not only allowed a foreigners to visit the Exposition but also allowed. n. iv l C n them to exhibit the Exposition for h the first timei inU the 25-year history of National en gch Industrial Exposition.44. The foreign exhibits from the Great Britain, America, France,. Germany, Russia, Austria, Holland, Portugal, Italy, Korea, China, Turkey, Hawaii, Canada, Australia, Brazil, British India, and Dutch India (18 countries/areas in total), were gathered and displayed in Sankokan (参考館) (Reference Museum), which was officially erected by the Meiji government.. 41. Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1904. The Official Report of the Fifth National Industrial. Exposition: Vol. 2. p.96~112 42 43 44. However, since a lot of foreign countries. Matsuda, p. 48 Matsuda, p. 49 Matsuda, p.17. 25.

(33) intended to increase the amount of export to Japan through the Fifth National Industrial Exposition, the number of exhibits which foreign exhibitors applied to the Exposition organizers was too large to exhibit only in Sankokan.. Accordingly,. Canada, America, Austria and Germany erected their own pavilions with their own funds so that they could display their exhibits sufficiently. In this connection, those pavilions (six in total) were attached to Sankokan but each of them was independent. The site area of Sankokan (including the six pavilions erected by foreign countries) was the second largest amongst the pavilions and facilities in the Exposition site.. 治政大 was also installed in the In addition, it ought to be noted that the Taiwan Pavilion 立 Exposition but it was erected separately from Sankokan or the six other Western. ‧ 國. 學. pavilions.. The Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition was the. sit. y. Nat. Time Background of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition. io. er. 3.4.. ‧. first colonial pavilion in the Japan’s exhibition history.. al. n. iv n C Next, I will consider why the National shifted its style from h eIndustrial i U n g c hExposition national to international in 1903.. 26.

(34) 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. Ch. engchi. er. io. al. Resource: The electric library of Sakai Municipal Library46. sit. y. Nat. Fig. 2: A panoramic view of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition45. i Un. v. Noguchi Katsuichi, a Japanese politician of the Meiji period, made a statement about the Exposition in his book, The Fifth National Industrial Exposition as follows:. The Exhibition is a tool to enhance the glory of the Empire.. As one. of the world’s Empires, our exhibition should be that of the world’s The blue circle in Fig. 1 shows Sankokan and the red circle the Taiwan Pavilion. Sankokan and the Taiwan Pavilion were erected separately from each other and it is clear that the roles of the Taiwan Pavilion were different from that of other foreign pavilions. 46 The Fifth National Industrial Exposition. Sakai Municipal Library. [Online] http://www.lib-sakai.jp/kyoudo/kyo_digi/sakaikoutooohama/kyo_digi_14l.htm [Accessed March 15, 2012] 27 45.

(35) Empire’s.. The Fifth National Industrial Exposition, which is to be. held in Osaka at this time, will be the first exhibition held after the name of the Empire of Japan was known throughout the world as a result of our victory in the Sino-Japanese War.. Therefore, this. Exposition will show our status as that Empire and the progress of our intellects and technologies.47. Noguchi’s viewpoint coincides with that of the Meiji government.. The preface of. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran (The Official Handbook of the Fifth. 治政大 remarkable progress during National Industrial Exposition) says that Japan had made 立 those eight years (from 1895, when the Fourth National Industrial Exposition was held,. ‧ 國. 學. to 1903, the year that the Fifth National Industrial Exposition was held).48. The. ‧. “progress” in the preface means two different kinds of progress: one is the progress of. sit. y. Nat. Japan’s national strength (国力) and the other is the progress of national prestige (国. er. io. 威). In the preface, the rapid growth of Japan’s national strength is highlighted by. n. a. v. l C showing the actual figures of increased government expenditure, international trade ni. h e n g c h49i U. value and capitalization value of national banks.. Also, the preface emphasizes that. national prestige was greatly boosted as a result of three incidents: Japan’s victory over the Sino-Japanese War, Japan’s participation in the International Expenditure to relieve the Legations in Peking from the Boxer Rising and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902, which the preface says resulted in Japan establishing herself equal status to that of the Great Powers’.50. 47 48 49 50. Noguchi p.1. Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran, Preface p.1 Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran, Preface p.1 Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Yoran, p.2 28.

(36) 3.5.. Economic and Colonial Intentions of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition. The Japanese government was confident that Japan established her own status as one of the Great Powers experiencing three major historical incidents.. The outstanding. features of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition as an international exhibition seem to be closely correlated with Japan’s pride of becoming the Empire of Japan.. As indicated in the section of this chapter entitled The Fifth National Industrial Exposition as an International Exhibition, the Japanese government in those days. 治政大Exposition by sending a large made endeavors to attract many foreign people to the 立 number of invitation letters written in English or Chinese to foreign dignitaries and. ‧ 國. 學. organizing new local associations/societies in order to arrange accommodations, It was also mentioned that. ‧. interpreters or tour guides for foreign visitors/travelers.. y. sit. io. Chinese and Korean guests.. From these facts, it is obvious that the Japanese. er. Nat. new accommodation, Shinhin (清賓) and Kanhin (韓賓) had been built only for. n. a l to be very important. i v government held China and Korea Ch. n engchi U. There were two specific reasons why the Japanese government made much account of China and Korea: one is economic and the other political.. Through the Fifth National. Industrial Exposition, the Japanese government aimed at expanding trade in the neighboring countries such as China and Korea, both of which the Japanese government regarded as important trading partners.. While the Fifth National. Industrial Exposition had the economic intention to expand trade in the East Asia, it also had a political intention to show Japan’s civilization to the Chinese and the Korean. The Official Report of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition says that Japan’s 29.

(37) standard of civilization is far beyond that of China and Korea and many Chinese and Korean people do not know what the exhibitions are to be like.51. Moreover, the Taiwan Pavilion seems to have played an important role to show the newly established status of Japan as one of the Great Powers.. The following is a. citation from an article posted on the local paper, Osaka Mainichi Shimbun dated March 7, 1903.. Many people believe that the Fifth National Industrial Exposition will. 治政大 of the expanding become a great opportunity to make the greatness 立. Empire of Japan after Japan’s victory in the Sino-Japanese War well. ‧ 國. 學. known throughout the world and they look forward to the Fifth However, it will be the. ‧. National Industrial Exposition very much.. sit. y. Nat. Taiwan Pavilion that shows most clearly what we acquired as a result. io. er. of our great victory over the Sino-Japanese War……..I strongly believe that we can proudly introduce the Taiwan Pavilion to foreign a. n. iv l C n hesitation. U h e n gItc ish i remarkable. visitors without any. that the Fifth. National Domestic Exposition will install the Taiwan Pavilion.52. From the above-captioned article, the Taiwan Pavilion was placed as a showcase of Japan’s colonial power.. 3.6.. Proposal of the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition. Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1904. The Official Report of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition: Vol. 2. p.139-141 52 Osaka Mainichi Shimbun dated March 7, 1903. 30 51.

(38) Who first proposed installing the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition?. The regulations for the Fifth National Industrial Exposition were. publicly announced in Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Kisoku (The Regulations of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition) in an Announcement by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, No. 41 dated April 18, 1901.53. In this. announcement, there is no account in connection with the Taiwan Pavilion. However, in the following year, it was publicly announced that the Taiwan Pavilion would be constructed in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition in an Announcement by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, No. 185 dated October 14, 1902.54 The. 治政 reason why the construction of the Taiwan Pavilion大 was announced belatedly can be 立. seen in an article entitled The Fifth National Industrial Exposition and Taiwan posted. ‧ 國. 學. in Taiwan Kyokai Kaiho (News Letter of the Taiwan Asociation55), No. 40 issued in. sit. Nat. y. ‧. January of 1902.. io. er. Since the Fifth National Industrial Exposition of the following year will be the first exhibition a after Japan acquired Taiwan, the Exposition. n. iv l C n will be the sole and best opportunity Taiwan to Japan. U h e n g c to h iintroduce Therefore, the Governor-General of Taiwan had a plan to erect an. independent pavilion called the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition and display all exhibits relating to Taiwan in this pavilion aiming at making people in Japan understand Taiwanese Ito, p.106 Daigokai Naikoku Kangyo Hakurankai Jimu Hokoku Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 1904. The Official Report of the Fifth National Industrial Exposition., Vol.1 p.26 55 The Taiwan Association (台湾協会) was organized in Taiwan in April of 1898 mainly by Japanese government officials staying in Taiwan. The Association was established in order to develop Taiwan, promote industries of Taiwan and providing Japanese emigrants or Japanese entrepreneurs with assistant etc. One of their major activities was to issue News Letter of the Taiwan Association to introduce Taiwan affairs to Japan. 31 53 54.

(39) affairs.. However, this plan was aborted due to a shortage of. funds……Although the plan to construct the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition was aborted, the authorities are now planning to construct another building for Taiwan and they have already started designing the building and the budget is to be submitted to the present session of the Diet.. If the Diet is not. indifferent to the development and management of Taiwan, the budget is expected to be passed and accordingly the Governor-General of Taiwan will start to construct the building of Taiwan.56. 立. 政治大. According to this magazine article, it was the Governor-General of Taiwan that. ‧ 國. 學. proposed building the Taiwan Pavilion in the Fifth National Industrial Exposition.. ‧. However, the proposal by the Governor-General of Taiwan was not realized owning to. io. al. iv n C that the h eidea i U the n gofc harranging. n Ito says that it is assumed. er. enthusiastic about the construction of the Taiwan Pavilion.. sit. y. Nat. a shortage of funds. The article also reveals that the Governor-General was very. Taiwan pavilion in the. exposition originated from the 1900 Paris fair. In Taiwan Kyokai Kaiho, a magazine published by Taiwan Society, published on April and May of 1901, Hitomi Kazutaro’s lecture on pavilions of European colonies erected in the 1900 Paris fair was posted. According to this fact, Ito says that Taiwan Society focused on pavilion of colonies in European expositions.57. The Taiwan Association. 1902. Taiwan Kyokai Kaiho (News Letter of the Taiwan Association), No. 41. p.46 57 Ito, p. 108 32 56.

(40) 4.. The Japan-British Exhibition of 1910. This chapter highlights the Japan-British Exhibition of 1910, particularly the exhibited Taiwanese aborigines in this event. Firstly, I will observe the background and the outset of the Japan-British Exhibition in order to reveal its objectives and characteristics.. Secondly, I will analyze representations of the Taiwanese aborigines,. namely what the Exhibition organizers wanted to represent through display of the Taiwanese aborigines.. Thirdly, I will look at three different reactions toward the. 政治大. exhibited aboriginal people from viewpoints of the Japanese, the Ainus and the. 立. Formosans.. ‧ 國. 學. 4.1.. Background of the Japan-British Exhibition: Proposed ‘Grand Exposition in. ‧. Tokyo’ after Japan’s Victory in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). sit. y. Nat. er. io. Around the turn of the twentieth century, Japan’s relations with the Great Powers had. n. a l due to her emergence asi v a power. started to become more complex Ch. Un. As we have seen. e nthe in the previous chapter, as of 1903 when h i National Industrial Exposition was g cFifth held, Japan had experienced three important incidents: Japan’s victory in the Sino-Japanese War, Japan’s participation in the International Expenditure to relieve the Legations in Peking from the Boxer Rising, and the Anglo-Japanese Alliance of 1902, all of which the Japanese government also believed resulted in Japan establishing her equal status to that of the Great Powers’. During the period from 1904 to 1910, Japan experienced another important incident.. It was the Russo-Japanese War. (February 8, 1904-September 5, 1905)58. 58. Jukes, Geoffrey. The Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905. 2002. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p.14-15 33.

(41) On June 17, 1905, in the midst of the Russo-Japanese War, the Minister of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, Kiyoura Keigo laid a proposal of holding an international exhibition before the Cabinet expecting Japan’s victory over the Russo-Japanese War.. In November of 1905, after the War, Kiyoura made three. proposals regarding organization of an international exhibition to the Prime Minister, Katsura Taro: (i) postponing the Sixth National Industrial Exposition which was to be held in 1907, (ii) setting up the Investigation Committee called ‘Hakurankai Kaisetsu Chosa Iinkai (博覧会開設調査委員会)’ in the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. 政治大 Investigation Committee into立 budget for the next fiscal year.. to decide scale of the exhibition, and (iii) incorporating necessary costs for the 59. Although Kiyoura. ‧ 國. 學. wanted to organize an international exhibition after the Russo-Japanese War, he had not yet determined to hold an entirely international exhibition in order to. ‧. commemorate Japan’s victory, or a domestic exhibition as a national festival, or a. sit. y. Nat. partly international exhibition considering the national finance at that time and how Therefore, Kiyoura. er. io. much Japan was impoverished after the Russo-Japanese War.. n. believed that it was necessarya lto postpone the Sixth National Industrial Exposition, iv. C. Un. h e n gto cconduct establish the Investigation Committee an investigation concerning hi exhibitions, and decide the scale of the exhibition which would suit the situation of Japan at that time.. In response to Kiyoura’s proposals, the Cabinet approved. cancelation of the Sixth National Industrial Exposition and establishment of the Investigation Committee on December 27, 1905,60 and publicly announced indefinite. 59. 国立公文書館所蔵「公文類聚」（第２９編明治３８年巻１８産業門・博覧会共進会）１９０５年１１月桂太郎首相宛清浦奎吾農商務省大臣建議「次回に開設せらるへき博覧会の組織及設備等に付調査を為すの要あるを以て其費用を要することとす」 60国立公文書館所蔵「公文類聚」（第２９編明治３８年巻１８産業門・博覧会共進会）１９０５年１１月桂太郎首相宛清浦奎吾農商務省大臣建議「次回に開設せらるへき博覧会の組織及設備等に付調査を為すの要あるを以て其費用を要することとす」所収１９０５年１２月１５日付法制局作成文書 34.

(42) postponement of the Sixth National Industrial Exposition in Imperial Ordinance No. 284 dated December 28, 1905. Here it should be noted that it was not only Kiyoura but also about other 100 Japanese politicians submitted a proposal of holding an international exhibition after the Russo-Japanese War to the Cabinet.61. On June 14, 1906, the Investigation Committee was established in the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce.. The Committee consisted of Wada Hikojiro, the. Undersecretary of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce as a chairman, and Morimoto and Takeuchi, who were one of ‘about 100 politicians’ laid a proposal of. 治政大 some officials of Ministry of holding an international exhibition before the Cabinet, 立. Agriculture and Commerce and members of Kizokuin (the House of Peers) as. ‧ 國. 學. committee members.. They started to discuss the scale of the exhibition and made. ‧. three proposals as below:. sit. y. Nat. io. nations with necessary facilities a such as exhibition halls. iv l C n international hexhibition: U e n g c h iexhibiting n. (ii) Holding a partly. er. (i) Holding an entirely international exhibition but Japan providing participating. foreign craft works and. machinery in Kogeikan (Craft Works Museum) or Kikaikan (Machinery Museum) erected by the Japanese government and exhibiting Asian products in Toyokan (Oriental Museum).. Other foreign products except for craft works and machinery. should be exhibited in facilities constructed at foreign exhibitors’ costs. In case it is difficult for foreign exhibitors to build exhibition halls at their costs, they are allowed to exhibit their products in Gaikokukan (Foreign Museum). (iii) Holding a purely national exhibition: exhibiting goods produced in Asia in Toyokan (Oriental Museum) and exhibiting products from other foreign countries in 61. Ito, p.163. 35.

(43) Gaikokukan (Foreign Museum) as referential materials.62. After the discussion in the Investigation Committee, they concluded that they should hold a ‘partly’ international exhibition, namely the second proposal shown above was adopted.. The Cabinet, on December 21, 1906, decided to organize an exhibition. named Nippon Dai-hakurankai (日本大博覧会), whose scale would be between that of international exhibition and National Industrial Exposition, in Tokyo.63. However,. after this Cabinet decision, Morimoto, who had once laid a proposal of holding an. 政治大 Kiyoura and had been one of 立 the members of the Investigation Committee, submitted. international exhibition after the Russo-Japanese War before the Cabinet along with. ‧ 國. 學. a proposal of organizing an international exhibition to the Cabinet again and Morimoto’s proposal was discussed in the Committee of the Lower House on. ‧. February 7, 1907.64 After some twists and turns, it was officially announced in. sit. y. Nat. Imperial Ordinate No. 102 that Nippon Dai-hakurankai would take place in Tokyo. n. al. er. io. from April 1, 1912 to October 31, 1912.. Ch. i Un. v. e n g c h i the Foreign Minister at that time, On April 24, 1907, after this official announcement, Hayashi Tadasu informed foreign ambassadors and ministers to Japan and Japanese ambassadors to foreign countries of the official decision of holding Nippon Dai-hakurankai in 1912. At that time, Nippon Dai-hakurankai was translated as Grand Exposition in Tokyo and given the explanation that the Exposition would accept participation of foreign people and foreign governments and it would be virtually an 62. 「博覧会に関する調査書類内閲の件（１）」「公文類聚」（第３０編明治３９年第１５巻産業二博覧会共進会）「次回に開設すへき博覧会に関する件を決定す」中、１９０７年２月２７日付西園寺公望首相宛松岡康毅農商務大臣書翰「次回開設すへき博覧会に関する件」 64 「帝国議会衆議院委員会議録４３」, p.111 36 63.

(44) international exhibition even in terms of scale although the name did not include ‘international exhibition.’ 65. On August 2, 1907, the establishment of Grand. Exposition Committee, whose original Japanese name was Nippon Dai-hakurankai Jimukyoku (日本大博覧会事務局), in Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce was publicly announced in Notice of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce No. 183. The Committee had Prince Fushimi Sadanaru as a president, Count Kaneko Kentaro as a chairman and Wada Hikojiro as a secretary general of the Office. particular, was well experienced in international exhibitions.. Kaneko, in. He had visited some. 政治大 Philadelphia in 1876, International 立 Exhibition of 1889 in Paris and Louisiana Purchase. major international exhibitions such as International Exhibition taking place in. ‧ 國. Kaneko was one of Honorary Councilors of. 學. Exposition in St. Louis in 1904.66. Columbian World’s Exposition of 1893 and participated in preparations for Exposition. ‧. Universelle of Paris in 1900.67. sit. y. Nat. er. io. Although preparations for Grand Exposition in Tokyo seemed to be going well, on. n. al September 2, 1908, it was announced in Imperial Ordinance i v No. 207 that the Grand C. U n They explained the reason of. h e n guntil i Exposition in Tokyo was to be postponed c h1916.. this postponement as it would be difficult to construct necessary facilities for the Exposition such as transportation facilities by 1912.. Accordingly, if the Grand. Exposition of Tokyo was to be held in 1916, when would be the 50th year of the reign of Emperor, the Japanese government expected that they would complete preparations for all the necessary facilities by that time.. Ito analyzes that this postponement of the. Grand Exposition in Tokyo was due to the regime change from the first Saionji 65. 「外務省記録」「日本大博覧会開設一件」中、１９０７年４月８日付秘雑第２２５号附「日本大博覧会に関する設計の要領」 66 Hotta-Lister, p.41-42 67 Ito, p.169 37.

(45) Cabinet to the second Katsura Cabinet on July 14, 1908, accordingly changes of government policies.. 68. However, just about one month after the official. announcement of the postponement of Grand Exposition in Tokyo in Imperial Ordinance No. 207 dated September 2, 1908, the Cabinet, on October 16, 1908, made a decision to hold the Japan-British Exhibition in London.69. 4.2.. The Japanese Initiator of the Japan British Exhibition, Komura Jutaro and the British Initiator, Imre Kiralfy. 治政 As both the Japanese and British official reports of 大 the Exhibition indicate, it was an 立. entrepreneur, Imre Kiralfy who first proposed holding the Japan-British Exhibition.. ‧ 國. 學. Imre Kiralfy (1845-1919), a Hungarian Jewish émigré, had already become one of the. ‧. most prominent exhibition organizers in Britain by the turn of the century.70 By the. y. sit. Nat. time of the Japan-British Exhibition, Kiralfy had already organized a number of The records suggest. io. er. exhibitions on a purely commercial basis in America or Britain.. that he had been involved inaorganizing exhibitions since the 1880s and started to. n. iv l C n upon imperial which h e n gthemes, chi U. produce spectacles based. was his specialty, from. 1890s.71 In 1895, Kiralfy established the London Exhibition Ltd., purchased lots in London and organized successful exhibitions having an imperial feature such as the Empire of India Exhibition at Earls Court in London in 1895 or the Greater Britain Exhibition of 1899.72 ‘Kiralfy’s ideas had outgrown their halls, and he began to erect his own great pleasure ground at Shepherd’s Bush.’73 Kiralfy, in 1903, purchased a Ito, p. 171 Ito, p. 172 70 Hotta-Lister, p. 39 71 Hotta-Lister, p. 39 72 Ito, p. 173 73 MacKenzie, John. 1986. Imperialism and Popular Culture. Manchester and Dover: Manchester University Press. p.104-105 38 68 69.