藥劑對南美斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza huidobrensis)(雙翅目：潛蠅科) 及其薹潛蠅繭蜂 (Opius caricivorae)(膜翅目：小繭蜂科) 存活與生育力之影響
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(2) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 317. 淨二種劑型則對雌、雄蜂存活率均無顯著抑制影響。致死寄主方面，三種藥劑分 別與薹潛蠅繭蜂併用，各處理組之致死寄主率均達 100%，單用薹潛蠅繭蜂者則 僅 64.8%。生殖力方面，阿巴汀與歐殺滅均顯著各減少 86.2% 與 67.7% 產卵量與 100% 子代成蜂數，賽滅淨二種劑型則僅減少 100% 子代成蜂數。成蜂各接觸三 種藥劑 24 小時後，繼之供以未經藥劑處理之南美斑潛蠅幼蟲，結果僅阿巴汀對 寄生蜂雌、雄蜂壽命及生育力，各顯著減少 80.7、59.0 及 100%；至於歐殺滅與 二種劑型之賽滅淨，無論對薹潛蠅繭蜂之壽命、生育力及子代雌性比均無顯著影 響。綜合考慮藥劑對薹潛蠅繭蜂之直接與亞致死影響，由於賽滅淨二種劑型均對 南美斑潛蠅具高毒性，但對薹潛蠅繭蜂之毒性較低，因而在寄生蜂安全上，建議 在南美斑潛蠅防治中賽滅淨可與薹潛蠅繭蜂配合施用。 關鍵詞：斑潛蠅、南美斑潛蠅、寄生蜂、薹潛蠅繭蜂、藥劑、蟲期。. 前 言 南美斑潛蠅 [Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard)] 屬雙翅目 (Diptera)、潛蠅科 (Agromyzidae)。最早發生於中美洲與南美洲，1980 年 代之後，擴散分布於北美洲 (美國加州)、中 美洲與加勒比海、南美洲、歐洲、非洲、亞 洲及大洋洲 (夏威夷、關島) 等地 (Anonymous 2006, http://www.cabi.org/cpc/)。南美斑潛蠅之. kii (Kamijo)] 及薹潛蠅繭蜂 (Opius caricivorae Fischer) 為台灣地區南美斑潛蠅本地種寄生蜂 (Chien & Chang unpublished data)，其中薹潛蠅 繭蜂因其生物習性與族群內在增殖率，致使 在 15℃、20℃與 25℃時，對南美斑潛蠅族群 分別具有強勢或相當之抑制力 (Chien & Chang 2012a, 2012b, 2012c)。 南美斑潛蠅與薹潛蠅繭蜂之形態、生活史. 食性為高度多食性，為世界性重要之蔬菜、 花卉及糧食作物等之害蟲 (Jiang et al. 1997;. 及生命表等相關研究業已完成 (Wen et al. 2002;. Wen et al. 1998; Zou et al. 1998; Chen & Kang 2002; Luo et al. 2002; Song et al. 2004; Anonymous. 於行政院農業委員會審定植物保護手冊中，並. 2006)。. Chien & Chang 2008, 2012a, 2012b, 2012c)。由 未列有防治南美斑潛蠅之推薦藥劑，所以本 研究參考該手冊中推薦防治番茄斑潛蠅 [Liri-. 台灣於 1998 年 11 月首次在雲林縣林內. omyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)] 藥劑，或在十字. 鄉油菜上發現南美斑潛蠅 (Chien & Chang un-. 花科蔬菜、豆科豆菜類、洋香瓜、茄科果菜、. published data)，2000 年登錄為台灣新侵入種. 茄科、蕹菜、芹菜、菠菜、菊科蔬菜、瓜類及. (Shiao & Wu 2000)，至今已分布於台灣中、南. 蔥科葉菜類等作物推薦防治斑潛蠅類之延伸. 部及澎湖、金門、馬祖，危害 6 科、26 種蔬. 使用藥劑 (Anonymous 2010, http://www.tactri.. 果，偏好溫涼氣候，平地僅在 11 月至翌年 5. gov.tw/htdocs/ppmtable/)，及可有效防治蔬菜. 月發生，危害冬季蔬菜，為斑潛蠅類在菾菜、. 斑潛蠅 (Liriomyza sativae Blanchard) (Chien &. 豌豆、萵苣及茼蒿上之優勢種 (40.4–100%). Chang 2010) 之殺蟲劑中，選擇歐殺滅溶液. (Chien & Chang unpublished data)。. (oxamyl SL)、阿巴汀乳劑 (abamectin EC)、賽. 底比斯釉小蜂 [Chrysocharis pentheus (Walker)]、岡崎釉小蜂 [Closterocerus okaza-. 滅淨溶液 (cyromazine SL) 及賽滅淨可濕性粉 劑 (cyromazine WP)，與各藥劑之推薦濃度，.
(3) 318. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. 於室內進行此等藥劑對南美斑潛蠅及其薹潛蠅. 三齡幼蟲潛食之罐插菜豆苗，供薹潛蠅繭蜂產. 繭蜂未成熟期與成蟲期之藥效與影響，期能將. 卵繁殖。. 結果提供該蠅綜合防治之參考。. 供試藥劑 供試藥劑與濃度係參照農業委員會農藥技. 材料與方法. 術諮議委員會審定植物保護手冊中，推薦防治. 寄主植物之栽培. 番茄斑潛蠅藥劑、或推薦防治斑潛蠅類之延伸. 參照 Chien & Ku (1996) 於溫室內栽培菜豆. 使用藥劑 (Anonymous 2010)、及可有效防治蔬. 苗 (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers). 菜斑潛蠅 (Chien & Chang 2010) 藥劑中之歐殺. 之方法，待菜豆苗發育至株高 15–20 cm，本. 滅溶液、阿巴汀乳劑、賽滅淨溶液及賽滅淨可. 葉 (primary leaf) 葉寬達 7–9 cm 時，即可供室. 濕性粉劑。各藥劑之施用濃度、化學類別及出. 內南美斑潛蠅產卵與以下不帶蟲豆苗浸漬藥劑. 品公司詳見表 1。. 試驗用。. 帶蟲與不帶蟲豆苗之預備 帶有南美斑潛蠅豆苗之預備：參照 Chien. 南美斑潛蠅與寄生蜂之採集 參照 Chien & Chang (2008) 之方法，在雲. & Chang (2010) 之方法，在 25℃定溫下以菜豆. 林縣林內鄉菜豆 (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 上採集. 苗供南美斑潛蠅產卵 4 小時，然後將本葉內帶. 被南美斑潛蠅幼蟲危害之葉片，攜回室內並將. 有蠅卵之菜豆苗移出，並放置於溫度 25℃、. 被害葉放入塑膠盤內，待幼蟲化蛹，將蛹置入. 相對濕度 65–85% 及光週期 14L：10D (上午 5. 一端有紗網覆蓋之壓克力筒內 (直徑 20 cm、. 點至下午 7 點間照光) 下之室內繼續飼養，以. 高 25 cm)。待南美斑潛蠅與薹潛蠅繭蜂羽化，. 供後述藥效試驗，包括帶有蠅卵 (產卵後第二. 供做飼育之蟲源。. 日)、或帶有斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲 (產卵後第六. 南美斑潛蠅與薹潛蠅繭蜂之繁殖. 日) 豆苗之試驗材料。所有供試之帶有南美斑. 參照 Chien & Ku (1996) 飼育非洲菊斑潛 蠅 [Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)] 之方法，在室內. 潛蠅豆苗祇留有 2 片本葉，真葉 (mature leaf) 均摘除。. 25℃定溫下，以株高 15–20 cm、本葉寬 7–9 cm. 帶有薹潛蠅繭蜂豆苗之預備：參照 Chien. 之菜豆苗供南美斑潛蠅產卵繁殖。薹潛蠅繭. & Chang (2011) 之方法，在 25℃定溫下先將. 蜂之繁殖則參照 Chien & Ku (2001) 與 Chien &. 4 至 5 株帶有共約 120 隻南美斑潛蠅三齡幼蟲. Chang (2012a) 之方法，以帶有南美斑潛蠅第. (產卵後第六日) 之豆苗合插於一個盛水塑膠罐. 表 1. 供試藥劑種類、濃度、化學類別及出品公司 Table 1. Chemical insecticides used in this study Common name and formulation. Dilution factor. Chemical group. Activity. Oxamyl 10% SL. 250. Carbamate. Insecticide, acaricide, nematicide. DuPont Taiwan Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Abamectin 2% EC. 1000. Avermectin. Insecticide, acaricide, nematicide. Syngenta Taiwan Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Cyromazine 8.9% SL. 1000. Triazine. Insecticide (insect growth regulator), acaricide. Syngenta Taiwan Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Cyromazine 75% WP. 4000. Triazine. Insecticide (insect growth regulator), acaricide. Syngenta Taiwan Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan. Manufacturer.
(4) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 319. 內 (直徑 4 cm、高 5 cm)，置入內徑 21 cm 之 塑膠圓盤，並罩以上述相同大小之壓克力筒，. 斑潛蠅卵期施藥對其未成熟期存活率之 影響. 各接入 30 隻已交尾且有產卵經驗之薹潛蠅繭. 參照 Chien & Chang (2010) 之方法，於. 蜂雌蜂，2 小時後供試之南美斑潛蠅幼蟲幾全. 25℃定溫下在帶蟲 (南美斑潛蠅卵) 豆苗浸藥. 部被寄生 (Chien & Chang 2012a)，此時將本葉. 處理後之第三日，記錄南美斑潛蠅第一齡幼蟲. 內南美斑潛蠅幼蟲體內帶有蜂卵之菜豆苗移. 數與未孵化蠅卵數，以計算蠅卵之存活率。第. 出，供後述藥效試驗。所有供試之帶有寄生蜂. 四日起，每日記錄南美斑潛蠅各齡幼蟲數、蠅. 蜂卵豆苗祇留有 2 片本葉，真葉均摘除。至於 各供試卵之數量，可藉寄生蜂單員 (solitary)、 幼蟲至蛹內寄生 (larval-pupal endoparasitism) 之特性 (Chien & Chang 2012a)，由每片豆葉上 之南美斑潛蠅幼蟲數先估算寄生蜂之卵數， 待南美斑潛蠅老熟幼蟲鑽出豆葉化蛹後之第 六日，除以立體顯微鏡 (Wild, Heerbrugg, Switzerland，接目鏡 20×、接物鏡 6×) 透過南美斑 潛蠅蛹體計數寄生蜂之前蛹數外，尚解剖已死 之南美斑潛蠅蛹，檢視其體內寄生蜂未孵化之 卵數與死亡幼蟲數，確認實際供試之蜂卵數。 不帶蟲豆苗之預備：參照 Chien & Chang (2010) 之方法，準備未經南美斑潛蠅雌蠅或薹 潛蠅繭蜂雌蜂產卵之相同大小豆苗，做為不帶 蟲豆苗之試驗材料。. 帶蟲或不帶蟲豆苗浸漬藥劑之處理 參照 Chien & Chang (2010, 2011) 之方法， 在 25℃下各將本葉內帶有南美斑潛蠅蠅卵 50–70 粒 (產後第二日) 之單株菜豆苗，或帶有 南美斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲 40–60 隻 (產卵後第六. 蛹數及成蠅數。另設僅浸水處理之帶蟲 (南美 斑潛蠅卵) 豆苗為對照組，其方法與過程與浸 藥處理相同。每處理各做 4–6 重複。. 斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲期施藥對其未成熟期存 活率之影響 參照 Chien & Chang (2010) 之方法，於 25℃定溫下在帶蟲 (南美斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲) 豆苗浸藥處理後之第二日，記錄蠅蛹數與死亡 斑潛蠅幼蟲數，以計算藥劑對南美斑潛蠅第三 齡幼蟲存活率之影響。第十日起，每日記錄羽 化之成蠅數，以計算藥劑對蠅蛹存活率之影 響。另設僅浸水處理之帶蟲 (南美斑潛蠅第三 齡幼蟲) 豆苗為對照組，其方法與過程與浸藥 處理相同。每處理各做 4 重複。. 藥劑對斑潛蠅成蠅之影響 豆苗浸藥後接成蠅 24 小時之處理：參照 Chien et al. (2007a) 與 Chien & Chang (2010) 之 方法，在 25℃定溫下上午 9 點將南美斑潛蠅 二日齡已交尾成蠅 10 對 (羽化後第三日) 置入 壓克力筒內，除供應 2 株已浸藥處理後之不帶 蟲豆苗供其產卵與取食外，另以蜂蜜供應成蠅. 日)、或本葉內南美斑潛蠅幼蟲體內已有薹潛. 食用。24 小時後僅將成蠅移出，記錄雌、雄. 蠅繭蜂蜂卵 30–63 粒 (產後第二日)、或不帶蟲. 蠅之存活數；豆苗仍留在原壓克力筒內，距雌. 之單株菜豆苗，均齊根剪下浸漬藥液 1 分鐘，. 蠅與藥劑接觸後之次日、第四日及第四至六. 再插入盛水試管內，待 30 分鐘豆葉表面之藥. 日，分別記錄原浸藥豆葉上雌蠅之取食刻點. 液自然風乾後，在距豆苗剪口 5 cm 處以海綿. 數、子代蠅卵數及子代第一至三齡斑潛蠅幼蟲. 片束紮，並直插入罐蓋上有圓孔之盛水塑膠. 數。另設僅浸水處理之不帶蟲豆苗為對照組，. 罐底部，供各項試驗用。另設浸水處理之對照. 其方法與過程與浸藥處理相同。每處理各做. 組，其方法與過程與浸藥處理相同，僅豆苗浸. 4–8 重複。. 漬藥劑時，對照組係以水替代之。. 成蠅接觸藥劑 24 小時後存活個體之後續.
(5) 320. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. 觀察：參照 Chien & Chang (2010) 之方法，在. 組，其方法與過程與浸藥處理相同。每處理. 上述南美斑潛蠅成蠅經接觸 24 小時豆苗藥劑. 各做 4 重複。南美斑潛蠅死亡率之公式為 [1 –. 處理後，自存活者中隨機選取 1 對成蠅，置入. (南美斑潛蠅成蠅數 ÷ 供試南美斑潛蠅幼蟲. 另一壓克力筒內，每日供應蜂蜜與未經浸藥處. 數)]。. 理之 1 株不帶蟲豆苗，直至雌蠅死亡為止。然 後記錄該蠅之壽命、生育力及取食刻點數。對. 成蜂接觸藥劑 24 小時後存活個體之後續 觀察：參照 Chien et al. (2007b) 之方法，在上. 照組之雌蠅則是選自藥劑試驗中對照組之存活. 述薹潛蠅繭蜂成蜂經接觸 24 小時帶有南美斑. 者，其方法與過程與浸藥處理相同。每處理各. 潛蠅豆苗藥膜處理後，自存活成蜂中隨機選取. 做 8–28 重複。. 1 對成蜂，釋入另一直徑 20 cm、高 25 cm 壓. 寄生蜂卵期施藥對其未成熟期存活率之 影響. 克力筒內，每日供應蜂蜜與新鮮未經浸藥處理. 於 25℃定溫下，距帶蟲 (南美斑潛蠅幼蟲. 帶有 30–40 隻第三齡南美斑潛蠅幼蟲之單株罐 插豆苗，直至雌蜂死亡為止。然後依 Chien et. 體內有薹潛蠅繭蜂卵者) 豆苗浸藥處理後第二. al. (2007b) 之方法，計數該蜂之壽命、生育力. 天，收集內已有寄生蜂卵之南美斑潛蠅蛹，置. 及子代雌性比。對照組之雌蜂則是選自藥劑試. 入直徑 9 cm、高 1.5 cm 之塑膠培養皿內。依 Chien et al. (2007b) 之方法與薹潛蠅繭蜂之發. 驗中對照組之存活者，其方法與過程與浸藥處. 育 (Chien & Chang 2012a)，7 日後鏡檢記錄各. 統計分析. 理相同。每處理各做 7–12 重複。. 處理組薹潛蠅繭蜂卵之孵化率及其後幼蟲至蛹. 各項處理之試驗資料利用 SAS-EG (SAS. 期之存活率。另設僅浸水處理之對照組，其方. Enterprise Guide) 4.1 版本統計分析軟體先進. 法與過程與浸藥處理相同。每處理各做 4–5 重. 行變方分析 (analysis of variance, ANOVA)，再. 複。. 以最小顯著差異性 (least significant difference,. 藥劑對寄生蜂成蜂之影響. LSD) 測驗，在 5% 顯著水準下比較處理間平. 帶有南美斑潛蠅豆苗浸藥後接蜂 24 小時之 處理：參照 Chien et al. (2007b) 之方法，在 25℃. 均值之差異；若遇百分率時，資料先進行角度. 定溫下，上午 9 點將薹潛蠅繭蜂二日齡已交尾. 轉換 (arcsine transformation)，再進行分析。. 成蜂 10 對 (羽化後第三日) 釋入直徑 20 cm、高. 結 果. 25 cm 壓克力筒內，同時將浸藥後 30 分鐘之. 斑潛蠅卵期施藥對其未成熟期存活率之 影響. 帶蟲 (200 隻第三齡南美斑潛蠅幼蟲) 豆苗供其 產卵，另以細毛筆將蜂蜜塗於壓克力筒內壁，. 供試之三種藥劑與劑型中，以歐殺滅與阿. 供成蜂食用。24 小時後移出成蜂，記錄雌、. 巴汀對南美斑潛蠅卵之藥效最強，存活率為. 雄蜂之存活數，豆苗仍留在原壓克力筒內，二. 0%；其次為賽滅淨，不論是溶液或可濕性粉. 日後收集南美斑潛蠅蛹，置入直徑 9 cm、高 1.5 cm 之塑膠培養皿內，依 Chien et al. (2007b). 劑之劑型，卵存活率各為 75.0% 與 73.0%，各. 之方法與薹潛蠅寄生蜂之習性 (Chien & Chang. 觀察孵化幼蟲在原浸藥處理豆葉上之發育，則. 2012a)，距雌蜂與藥劑接觸後之 7 日鏡檢記錄. 發現賽滅淨二種劑型 (溶液與可濕性粉劑) 均. 寄生蜂卵數，15 日後記錄子蜂數、雌性比、. 使南美斑潛蠅第一齡幼蟲之存活率各銳減為. 南美斑潛蠅死亡率等。另設僅浸水處理之對照. 48.1% 與 52.3%，第二齡幼蟲之存活率均銳減. 藥劑與對照組 (98.3%) 均呈顯著差異。若持續.
(6) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 321. 為 0%，劑型間雖無顯著差異，但均與對照組. 滅與阿巴汀對南美斑潛蠅成蠅之藥效影響一. 呈顯著差異 (表 2)。. 致，二種藥劑不但各對雌蠅 (27.1% 與 25.1%). 斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲期施藥對其存活率之 影響. 與雄蠅 (40.5% 與 38.8%) 具顯著致死率、亦顯. 供試之三種藥劑與劑型均對南美斑潛蠅第. 制 100% 卵之孵化率及各減少 94.6% 與 99.2%. 三齡幼蟲有顯著之藥效，其存活率均為 0%，. 雌蠅之取食刻點數；同時藥劑對雄蠅之致死率. 處理間無顯著差異，但均與對照組 (100%) 呈. 顯著高於雌蠅。賽滅淨二劑型處理組中，成蠅. 顯著差異 (表 3)。. 存活率、產卵數及取食刻點數等，雖均與對照. 藥劑對斑潛蠅成蠅之影響. 組無顯著差異，但其子代第一、二及三齡幼蟲. 著各降低雌蠅之產卵量 (90.3% 與 98.6%)、抑. 豆苗浸藥後接成蠅 24 小時之處理：歐殺. 數卻顯著較對照組各銳減 66.7–75.0、98.6 及. 表 2. 南美斑潛蠅卵經不同藥劑處理後對卵、幼蟲、蛹及卵至蛹期存活率之影響 Table 2. Effect of treatment of eggs of Liriomyza huidobrensis with various insecticides on survival of egg, larval, pupal, and egg to pupal stages z Survival (%) of the stages of Liriomyza huidobrensis Larva Insecticides Oxamyl. Egg 0.0 ± 0.0 c y. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. total. Pupa. –. –. –. –. –. Egg to pupa 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 0.0 ± 0.0 c. –. –. –. –. –. 48.1 ± 2.2 b 52.3 ± 2.1 b. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. –. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. –. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. Cyromazine WP. 75.0 ± 3.2 b 73.0 ± 4.6 b. CK. 98.3 ± 1.7 a. 95.9 ± 1.9 a. 98.3 ± 1.0 a. – 64.9 ± 2.5. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 58.3 ± 3.2 a. Abamectin Cyromazine SL. – 100.0 ± 0.0. 96.3 ± 2.3 a. z. One seedling of field bean infested with 50–70 L. huidobrensis eggs was dipped in an insecticide solution for 1 min. For untreated control, one seedling infested with 50–70 L. huidobrensis eggs was dipped in distilled water. At 30 min after treatment, one seedling was placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height) and kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. y Mean ± standard error (n = 4–6). Means within each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test. Data were transformed to arcsin-square-root prior to ANOVA.. 表 3. 南美斑潛蠅第三齡幼蟲經不同藥劑處理後對幼蟲、蛹及幼蟲至蛹期存活率之影響 Table 3. Effect of treatment of third instar larvae of Liriomyza huidobrensis with various insecticides on survival of larval, pupal, and larval to pupal stages z Survival (%) of the stages of Liriomyza huidobrensis Insecticides Oxamyl Abamectin Cyromazine SL Cyromazine WP CK z. Larva. Pupa. 0.0 ± 0.0 b y 0.0 ± 0.0 b. –. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. –. 100.0 ± 0.0 a. –. Larva to pupa 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. –. 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 79.6 ± 2.9. 79.6 ± 2.9 a. One seedling of field bean infested with 40–60 third-instars of L. huidobrensis was dipped in an insecticide solution for 1 min. For untreated control, one seedling infested with 40–60 third-instars of L. huidobrensis was dipped in distilled water. At 30 min after treatment, one seedling was placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height) and kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. y Mean ± standard error (n = 4). Means within each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test. Data were transformed to arcsin-square-root prior to ANOVA..
(7) 322. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. 100%，二劑型處理間無顯著差異 (表 4)。. 面，各藥劑對子代第三齡幼蟲數、蛹數及成. 成蠅接觸藥劑 24 小時後存活個體之後續. 蠅數之影響，處理間雖均無顯著差異，但卻. 觀察：各藥劑對南美斑潛蠅之雌蠅與雄蠅壽. 均顯著較對照組各減少 84.3–91.5、84.3–91.9. 命均呈顯著減少，就雌蠅壽命而言，以阿巴. 及 85.1–93.3%。子代雌性比方面，僅阿巴汀. 汀藥效最強，歐殺滅次之，賽滅淨之二種劑. 處理組較對照組顯著減少 25.0%，其餘各藥劑. 型最差，各較對照組顯著減少 67.8、50.8 及. 均與對照組無顯著差異。取食刻點數方面，. 26.0–26.6%，處理間呈顯著差異；雄蠅壽命方. 各藥劑對雌蠅取食刻點數顯著較對照組減少. 面則以歐殺滅與阿巴汀藥效最強，賽滅淨之二. 83.9–93.9% (表 5)。. 種劑型次之，各較對照組顯著減少 59.8–71.7% 與 39.4–43.3%，處理間呈顯著差異；同時各. 寄生蜂卵期施藥對其卵與幼蟲至蛹期存活 率之影響. 處理組中雄蠅壽命均顯著較雌蠅短。生育力方. 薹潛蠅繭蜂卵經三種不同藥劑與劑型處理. 表 4. 南美斑潛蠅成蟲經不同藥劑處理 24 小時內之存活率、子代數及取食刻點數 Table 4. Survival, progeny and feeding stipples of Liriomyza huidobrensis adults treated with various insecticides for 24 hours z No. progeny/10 females Larva. Survival of adult (%) Insecticides. n. Oxamyl. 8. Abamectin. Female Male 72.9 ± 2.9 Ab y 57.1 ± 5.2 Bb 74.9 ± 3.1 Ab 58.8 ± 4.0 Bb. 8. 98.0 ± 2.0 Aa Cyromazine WP 4 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa CK 5 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa. Cyromazine SL. 5. Egg 7± 2b. 1st 0±0c. 2nd. 3rd. –. –. Survival of No. feeding stipegg (%) ples/10 females 0.0 ± 0.0 c 66 ± 12 b ± 0.0 0.0 c 10 ± 1 b. 96.0 ± 2.4 Aa 95.0 ± 2.9 Aa. 1± 0b 0±0c 86 ± 11 a 18 ± 3 b 78 ± 9 a 24 ± 5 b. 22.7 ± 5.4 b 29.3 ± 3.5 b. 1129 ± 136 a 1027 ± 81 a. 96.0 ± 2.4 Aa. 72 ± 7 a 72 ± 7 a 72 ± 7 a 72 ± 7 a 100.0 ± 0.0 a. 1215 ± 67 a. –. –. 1±1b 1±1b. 0±0b 0±0b. z. One seedling of field bean was dipped in an insecticide for 1 min. For untreated control, one seedling was dipped in distilled water. At 30 min after treatment, 4–5 seedlings were placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height). Ten pairs of 2-day-old adult flies were released into each cylinder. All the treatments were kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. y Mean ± standard error. Means within a column (in small letter) and within a row of survival rate (in capital letter) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test. Percent survival of adult and egg were transformed to arcsinsquare-root prior to ANOVA.. 表 5. 南美斑潛蠅成蟲經不同藥劑處理 24 小時後之壽命、生育力及取食刻點數 Table 5. Longevity, fertility, female proportion and feeding stipples of Liriomyza huidobrensis adults survived from the insecticide treatment for 24 hours z Longevity (d) n. Oxamyl. 20. Abamectin. 28. 5.7 ± 0.7 Ad. 3.6 ± 0.4 Bc. Cyromazine SL. 9 13.1 ± 1.3 Ab 13 13.0 ± 1.2 Ab. 7.7 ± 1.1 Bb 7.2 ± 1.2 Bb. 25 ± 8 b 29 ± 11 b. 24 ± 8 b 29 ± 11 b. 8 17.7 ± 2.2 Aa. 12.7 ± 0.5 Aa. 248 ± 44 a. 248 ± 44 a. Cyromazine WP CK z. Male 5.1 ± 0.6 Bc. Fertility/female. Female 8.7 ± 1.1 Ac y. Insecticides. No. 3rd instars No. pupae 39 ± 7 b 39 ± 7 b 21 ± 6 b 20 ± 6 b. No. adults 16 ± 3 b 9± 3b 14 ± 5 b 20 ± 7 b 134 ± 25 a. Female No. feeding proportion stipples/female 0.48 ± 0.02 a 555 ± 88 b 0.39 ± 0.04 b 216 ± 45 c 0.57 ± 0.06 a 0.53 ± 0.03 a 0.52 ± 0.03 a. 488 ± 61 bc 570 ± 128 b 3543 ± 466 a. For each replicate, one pair of 3-day-old adults that had survived from the insecticide treatment for 24 hrs was placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height) and kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. One seedling without insecticide treatment was provided daily. y Mean ± standard error. Means within a column (in small letter) and within a row of longevity (in capital letter) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test..
(8) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 323. 後，蜂卵之孵化率均達 97.1–100%，與對照組. 無毒，與對照組間無顯著差異；雄蜂存活率. 間無顯著差異。若持續觀察孵化幼蟲之發育，. 方面，僅阿巴汀具毒害，較對照組顯著降低. 薹潛蠅繭蜂幼蟲至蛹期之存活率均為 0%，與. 46.7%，其餘各藥劑與對照組間無顯著差異。. 對照組間呈顯著差異 (表 6)。. 致死寄主率方面，三種供試藥劑分別與薹. 藥劑對寄生蜂成蜂之影響. 潛蠅繭蜂併用，各處理組之致死寄主率均達. 帶有斑潛蠅豆苗浸藥後接蜂 24 小時之. 100%，處理間無顯著差異，但均較單用薹潛. 處理：薹潛蠅繭蜂成蜂經三種供試藥劑與劑. 蠅繭蜂對照組顯著增加 35.2% (表 7)。生殖力. 型處理 24 小時後，就雌蜂存活率而言，以阿. 方面，阿巴汀與歐殺滅均顯著較對照組各減少. 巴汀最毒，歐殺滅次之，各較對照組顯著降. 86.2% 與 67.7% 產卵數及 100% 子代成蜂數，. 低 90.0% 與 21.4%，而二種劑型之賽滅淨則. 二藥劑處理間均無顯著差異，而二種劑型之賽. 表 6. 薹潛蠅繭蜂卵經不同藥劑處理後對卵、幼蟲至蛹及卵至蛹期存活率之影響 Table 6. Effect of treatment of eggs of Opius caricivorae with various insecticides on survival of egg, larval to pupal, and egg to pupal stages z Survival (%) of the stages of Opius caricivorae Insecticides. n. Oxamyl. 4. Abamectin Cyromazine SL Cyromazine WP CK. Egg 100.0 ± 0.0 a y. Larva to pupa 0.0 ± 0.0 b. Egg to pupa 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 4. 97.1 ± 3.0 a. 4. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 0.0 ± 0.0 b 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 4. 100.0 ± 0.0 a 100.0 ± 0.0 a. 5. 100.0 ± 0.0 a. 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 0.0 ± 0.0 b. 92.2 ± 2.1 a. 92.2 ± 2.1 a. z. One seedling of field bean infested with 30–63 wasp eggs was dipped in an insecticide solution for 1 min. For untreated control, one seedling infested with 30–63 wasp eggs was dipped in distilled water. At 30 min after treatment, one seedling was placed in an individual acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height) and kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. y Mean ± standard error. Means within each column followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test. Data were transformed to arcsin-square-root prior to ANOVA.. 表 7. 薹潛蠅繭蜂成蟲經不同藥劑處理 24 小時內之存活率、致死寄主率及子代數 Table 7. Survival, host killing and progeny of Opius caricivorae adults treated with various insecticides for 24 hours z Survival of adult wasp (%) Treatment Oxamyl + wasp Abamectin + wasp Cyromazine SL+ wasp Cyromazine WP + wasp Water + wasp z. Progeny of wasp/10 females. Male 95.7 ± 4.3 Aa. Host killed (%)/ 10 females 100.0 ± 0.0 a. No. eggs 42 ± 7 b. No. adults 0± 0b. 10.0 ± 3.2 Bc 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa. 53.3 ± 6.7 Ab 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa. 100.0 ± 0.0 a 100.0 ± 0.0 a. 18 ± 2 b 113 ± 10 a. 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa. 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa 100.0 ± 0.0 Aa. 100.0 ± 0.0 a 64.8 ± 7.7 b. 134 ± 25 a 130 ± 15 a. 0± 0b 0± 0b 0± 0b. Female 78.6 ± 6.7 Bb y. 118 ± 12 a. Female proportion – – – – 0.70 ± 0.02. One seedling of field bean infested with 40–50 third-instars of Liriomyza huidobrensis was dipped in an insecticide solution for 1 min. For untreated control, one seedling infested with 40–50 third-instars of L. huidobrensis was dipped in distilled water. At 30 min after treatment, 4–5 seedlings (200 larvae) were placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height). Ten pairs of 2-day-old adult wasps were released into each cylinder. All the treatments were kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. y Mean ± standard error (n = 4). Means within a column (in small letter) and within a row of survival rate (in capital letter) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test. Percent survival of adult and host killed rate were transformed to arcsin-square-root prior to ANOVA..
(9) 324. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. 滅淨雖不減少薹潛蠅繭蜂子代卵數，但 100%. 潛蠅幼蟲之死亡率高達 100% 外，亦對該卵之. 減少薹潛蠅繭蜂子代成蜂數 (表 7)。. 致死率達 23.7–25.7%。其間賽滅淨對蔬菜斑潛. 成蜂接觸藥劑 24 小時後存活個體之後續. 蠅與南美斑潛蠅二種不同蠅卵致死率之差異，. 觀察：供試藥劑中僅阿巴汀對薹潛蠅繭蜂雌蜂. 未明。另外歐殺滅、阿巴汀及賽滅淨等藥劑因. 壽命、雄蜂壽命及生育力有顯著影響，各較對. 其滲透性強，植保手冊 (Anonymous 2010) 在. 照組減少 80.7、59.0 及 100%；至於歐殺滅與. 推薦施用時未建議添加展著劑，因而本試驗均. 二種劑型之賽滅淨，無論對薹潛蠅繭蜂之壽. 未使用展著劑。 綜合三種供試藥劑對南美斑潛蠅各蟲期之. 命、生育力及子代雌性比均無毒害，與對照組 間均無顯著差異 (表 8)。. 防治程度中，歐殺滅與阿巴汀均以卵與幼蟲期 最高，防治率高達 100%，其次者為成蟲期；. 討 論. 而賽滅淨二種劑型間 (溶液與可濕性粉劑) 對. 歐殺滅與阿巴汀因分屬胺基甲酸鹽類 (car-. 南美斑潛蠅之防治程度並無顯著差異，均以幼. bamate) 與土壤微生物代謝產物 (avermectin) 類 型之藥劑，二者對昆蟲主要分別作用在乙醯膽. 蟲期最高，防治率高達 100%，成蟲期次之， 卵期最差。He et al. (2006) 亦證實阿巴汀與賽. 鹼酯酶 (acetylcholinesterase) 與 GABA receptor. 滅淨對南美斑潛蠅第二齡幼蟲之毒力較高，對. 上，具胃毒、接觸毒及神經毒，對蔬菜斑潛. 成蠅毒力較低。. 蠅兼具 100% 殺卵與幼蟲效果 (Chien & Chang. Robb & Parrella (1984)、Chien et al. (2007a). 2010)；而賽滅淨為昆蟲生長調節劑 (insect. 及 Chien & Chang (2011) 曾測試昆蟲生長調節. growth regulator)，會干擾幼蟲之蛻皮與化蛹 (Bel et al. 2000; Kamaruzzaman et al. 2006)，因. 劑施用在非洲菊斑潛蠅與蔬菜斑潛蠅幼蟲或成 蠅後，確對其成蠅之生育力具亞致死之影響. 而對蔬菜斑潛蠅無殺卵效果 (Chien & Chang. (sublethal effect)。本試驗則證實歐殺滅與阿巴. 2010)。本試驗雖亦顯示歐殺滅與阿巴汀對南美. 汀對南美斑潛蠅成蠅具直接致死影響，而賽滅. 斑潛蠅兼具 100% 殺卵與幼蟲效果，但二種劑. 淨二種劑型 (溶液與可濕性粉劑) 則無；但三. 型 (溶液與可濕性粉劑) 之賽滅淨除對南美斑. 種藥劑均對成蠅接觸藥劑 24 小時後之壽命、. 表 8. 薹潛蠅繭蜂成蟲經不同藥劑處理 24 小時後之壽命、生育力及雌性比 Table 8. Longevity, fertility and female proportion of Opius caricivorae survived from the insecticide treatment for 24 hours z Longevity (d) Treatment. n. Oxamyl. 11. Male 21.2 ± 1.9 Aa. Fertility/female No. adults. Female proportion 0.62 ± 0.04 a. 7. 4.9 ± 0.3 Ab. 7.7 ± 2.1 Ab. 221 ± 17 a 0± 0b. Cyromazine SL. 10. Cyromazine WP. 10. 20.0 ± 1.9 Aa 22.2 ± 3.6 Aa. 18.2 ± 2.3 Aa 21.7 ± 2.4 Aa. 228 ± 27 a 194 ± 18 a. 0.64 ± 0.04 a 0.60 ± 0.01 a. CK. 12. 25.4 ± 2.6 Aa. 18.8 ± 1.3 Ba. 242 ± 17 a. 0.57 ± 0.02 a. Abamectin. z. Female 20.1 ± 2.1 Aa y. –. For each replicate, one pair of 3-day-old adult wasps that had survived from the insecticide treatment for 24 hrs was placed in an acrylic cylinder (20 cm diameter × 25 cm height) and kept at 25℃, 65–85% RH and a photoperiod of 14L:10D. Third-instar larvae of Liriomyza huidobrensis on a bean seedling without insecticide treatment were placed in the acrylic cylinder on daily basis, 30–40 larvae/seedling/day. y Mean ± standard error. Means within a column (in small letter) and within a row of longevity (in capital letter) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different at 5% level by LSD test..
(10) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 325. 生育力及取食刻點數等具亞致死影響。薹潛蠅 繭蜂方面，本試驗亦證實三種藥劑中僅阿巴. 其中僅賽滅淨與其二種重要寄生蜂-異角釉小 蜂與華釉小蜂 [Neochrysocharis formosa (West-. 汀與歐殺滅各對雌蜂之存活抑制率 (90.0% 與. wood)] 之相容性大。防治蔬菜斑潛蠅之有效. 21.4%) 與產卵量抑制率 (86.2% 與 67.7%)，及. 藥劑雖亦有三種，但其中僅賽滅淨、歐殺滅與. 阿巴汀對雄蜂之存活抑制率 (46.7%) 具直接影. 岡崎釉小蜂相容性大，賽滅淨與底比斯釉小蜂. 響，而賽滅淨二種劑型則無；同時三種藥劑中. 間相容性大 (Chien & Chang 2011)。本試驗顯. 僅阿巴汀各對雌與雄蜂之壽命抑制率 (80.7%. 示三種藥劑雖對薹潛蠅繭蜂均具毒害，但相較. 與 59.0%) 與生育力抑制率 (100%) 具亞致死影. 下與該蜂相容性最大者為賽滅淨，其次者為歐. 響。另外賽滅淨二種劑型雖不影響薹潛蠅繭蜂. 殺滅，最毒者為阿巴汀。所以在台灣，對斑潛. 在已施藥南美斑潛蠅幼蟲上產卵 (表 7)，三種. 蠅本地重要寄生蜂最安全之藥劑為賽滅淨。. 藥劑與劑型亦不影響該蜂卵之孵化 (表 6)，但. 本試驗顯示賽滅淨對薹潛蠅繭蜂之卵期與. 終因三種藥劑與劑型對南美斑潛蠅幼蟲均具. 成蜂期雖無影響，但其幼蟲期在已施藥寄主幼. 100% 致死率，致使凡在已施藥南美斑潛蠅幼. 蟲上寄生時死亡率達 100%，因此在論及施用. 蟲上寄生之薹潛蠅繭蜂均無成蜂羽化。. 賽滅淨對薹潛蠅繭蜂之保育時，除應考慮該蜂. 植保手冊 (Anonymous 2010) 中雖列有多. 寄生與產卵策略外, 該蜂壽命與賽滅淨殘效期. 種蔬菜作物斑潛蠅類之延伸使用藥劑，但卻未. 之配合更是主要因子。薹潛蠅繭蜂寄生方式. 有明確防治南美斑潛蠅之推薦藥劑。本試驗證. 屬幼蟲至蛹單員內寄生，產卵方式屬共育寄生. 實歐殺滅、阿巴汀及賽滅淨二種劑型 (溶液與. (koinobiont) (Chien & Ku 2001)；雌蜂行單產. 可濕性粉劑) 因對南美斑潛蠅幼蟲具 100% 致. 雄性孤雌生殖，交尾前期短 (僅為 1.1 小時)，. 死率，且各藥劑間無顯著差異，因而此三種藥. 交尾與否對雌蜂生育力無影響，雄蜂一生交尾. 劑均可推薦該蠅防治用。但若考慮成蠅之取食. 次數多達 8–17 次，但 95.5% 雌蜂一生僅交尾. 刻點與幼蟲食痕對寄主植物苗期之影響，則防. 1 次且其子代雌性比即高達 0.62，產卵策略為. 治南美斑潛蠅之最佳藥劑為歐殺滅與阿巴汀，. 應變式產卵 (synovigenic) 型式、雌蜂產卵數、. 其次為賽滅淨。 Poe et al. (1978)、Waddill (1978)、Trumble. 過寄生率及對寄主之利用率均顯著受寄主蔬菜. & Toscano (1983) 及 Trumble (1985) 等曾建議. 蜂可在三種斑潛蠅之不同齡期上產卵，但均. 當使用一種藥劑防治斑潛蠅前，應先測試該藥. 顯著偏好產卵於寄主第二與三齡幼蟲 (Chien &. 劑對其寄生蜂之影響，並據此作為使用該藥劑 之參考。在印尼，Prijono et al. (2004) 證實賽. Chang 2012b)；因此顯示薹潛蠅繭蜂在與寄主. 斑潛蠅密度之影響 (Chien & Chang 2012a)；雌. 長期共同演化中，已發展出其配合寄主發生之. 滅淨對當地寄生蜂–異角釉小蜂 [Hemiptarsenus varicornis (Girault)]、Opius sp.、Gronotoma. 高度適應性。賽滅淨田間不同作物上之施藥方. micromorpha (Perkins)，與源自澳洲之異角釉 小蜂與潛蠅姬小蜂 [Diglyphus isaea (Walker)]. 2010)，由此推估賽滅淨其殘效期為 7–14 日。 至於薹潛蠅繭蜂壽命則深受溫度、寄主體液. 有保育作用，所以賽滅淨可用於斑潛蠅之防治. 及蜂蜜之影響，在無寄主存在、僅供應蜂蜜. 體系，而阿巴汀與殺蟲雙 (dimehypo) 則需小 心施用。Chien et al. (2007a, 2007b) 證實在台. 時，在 10、15、20 及 25℃下，雌蜂壽命各長 達 108.4、100.9、43.0 及 35.9 日，雄蜂壽命各. 灣防治非洲菊斑潛蠅之有效藥劑雖有六種，但. 達 66.2、47.7、21.7 及 27.2 日；無寄主存在、. 式為每 7 日或每 7–14 日施藥一次 (Anonymous.
(11) 326. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. 亦不餵食時，雌蜂與雄蜂壽命在 25℃下僅各 為 3.7 日與 3.5 日；餵水時各為 8.4 日與 3.9 日 (Chien & Chang 2012c)。因而當田間施用賽滅 淨防治南美斑潛蠅時，田間若有蜂蜜供應或蜜 源植物時，薹潛蠅繭蜂成蜂壽命即可獲得延長 並遠超出賽滅淨之殘效期，以致該蜂有機會獲 得良好保育，進而發揮其對南美斑潛蠅之抑 制力。. 引用文獻 (Literature cited) Bel, Y., P. Wiesner, and H. Kayser. 2000. Candidate target mechanisms of the growth inhibitor cyromazine: studies of phenylalanine hydroxylase, puparial amino acids, and dihydrofolate reductase in dipteran insects. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 45:69–78.. of Opius caricivorae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 61:172–185. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Ku. 1996. Morphology, life history and reproductive ability of Liriomyza trifolii. Jour. Agric. Res. China 45:69–88. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Ku. 2001. Instar preference of five species of parasitoids of Liriomyza trifolii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Braconidae). Formosan Entomol. 21:89–97. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C., S. C. Ku, and S. C. Chang. 2007a. The effect of common insecticides on Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Formosan Entomol. 27:195–205. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chen, B. and L. Kang. 2002. Analysis of trends of occurrence and geographic variation of pea leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis. Plant Quarantine 16:138–140. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chien, C. C., S. C. Ku, and S. C. Chang. 2007b. The effect of common insecticides on two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Formosan Entomol. 27:277–292. (in Chinese with English abstract). Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2008. Morphology, life history and life table of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Formosan Entomol. 28: 101–121. (in Chinese with English abstract). He, Y. X., X. J. Yang, M. M. Wang, and Q. Y. Weng. 2006. Toxicity of several insecticides to Liriomyza huidobrenisis and its parasitoid, Opius sp. Entomol. J. East China 15:59–62.. Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2010. Effect of common insecticides on Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Formosan Entomol. 30: 41–50. (in Chinese with English abstract). Jiang, X. L., Y. M. Ding, L. W. Wang, Y. M. Mu, Z. Y. Zhang, Y. P. She, and T. Tao. 1997. The occurrence and control of Liriomyza huidobrensis in Yunan Province. Plant Quarantine 11(suppl.): 20–23. (in Chinese). Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2011. Effect of three insecticides on two parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) of Liriomyza sativae (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 60:185–196. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2012a. Morphology and life history of Opius caricivorae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 61:144–157. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2012b. Effect of host and instar preference on the development and oviposition of the endoparasitoid Opius caricivorae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 61:165–171. (in Chinese with English abstract) Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2012c. Effect of host and temperature on population increase and parasitism. Kamaruzzaman, A. H. M., A. M. S. Reza, K. A. M. S. H. Mondal, and S. Parween. 2006. Morphological abnormalities in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Tribolium confusum Duval due to cyromazine and pirimiphos-methyl treatments alone or in combination. ISJ 3:97–102. Luo, J. C., Y. Y. Liu, and Y. H. Wei. 2002. Threshold temperature and effective temperature sum of Liriomyza huidobrensis. Entomol. Knowledge 39:136–137. (in Chinese with English abstract) Poe, S. L., P. H. Everett, D. J. Schuster, and C. A. Musgrave. 1978. Insecticidal effects on Liriomyza sativae larvae and their parasites on tomato. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 13:322–327. Robb, K. L. and M. P. Parrella. 1984. Sublethal effects.
(12) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 327. of two insect growth regulators applied to larvae of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 77:1288–1292. Prijono, D., M. Robinson, A. Rauf, T. Bjorksten, and A. A. Hoffmann. 2004. Toxicity of chemicals commonly used in Indonesian vegetable crops to Liriomyza huidobrensis populations and the Indonesian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Opius sp., and Gronotoma micromorpha, as well as the Australian parasitoids Hemiptarsenus varicornis and Diglyphus isaea. J. Econ. Entomol. 97:1191–1197. Shiao, S. F. and W. J. Wu. 2000. Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard), a newly invaded insect of economic importance to Taiwan (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Plant Prot. Bull. 42:249–254. Song, T. J., X. M. Chu, B. C. Song, and Y. S. Chu. 2004. Biological and ecological characters of Liriomyza huidobrensis in Yantai district and its control technology. Entomol. J. East China 13: 114–116. (in Chinese) Trumble, J. T. 1985. Integrated pest management of Liriomyza sativae: influence of avermectin, cy-. romazine and methomyl on leafminer ecology in celery. Agric. Ecosystems Environ. 12:181–188. Trumble, J. T. and N. C. Toscano. 1983. Impact of methamidophos and methomyl on populations of Liriomyza species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and associated parasites in celery. Can. Entomol. 115:1415–1420. Waddill, V. H. 1978. Contact toxicity of four synthetic pyrethroids and methomyl to some adult insect parasites. Fla. Entomol. 61:27–30. Wen, J. Z., Z. R. Lei, and Y. Wang. 1998. Survey of Liriomyza huidobrensis in Yumnan and Guizhou provinces. Plant Prot. 24:18–21. (in Chinese) Wen, J. Z., Z. R. Lei, and Y. Wang. 2002. Opiinae parasitoids of the leafminer Liriomyza spp. in China. Entomol. Knowledge 39:14–16. Zou, L., J. N. Wei, and R. P. Kuang. 1998. Biological characteristics and behavior of adult serpentine leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard). Zool. Res. 19:384–388. (in Chinese with English abstract).
(13) 328. 台灣農業研究 第 61 卷 第 4 期. Effect of Insecticides on Survival and Fertility of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and Its Parasitoid, Opius caricivorae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)1 Ching-Chin Chien2,3 and Shu-Chen Chang2 Abstract Chien, C. C. and S. C. Chang. 2012. Effect of insecticides on survival and fertility of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoid, Opius caricivorae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). J. Taiwan Agric. Res. 61:316–329.. Opius caricivorae Fischer is an important species of native parasitoid of leafminer Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) in Taiwan. In this study, seedlings of field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris var. communis Aeschers) treated with insecticides (oxamyl SL, abamectin EC, cyromazine SL, or cyromazine WP) were used to determine effect of insecticides on survival and fertility of leafminer (L. huidobrensis) and its parasitoid (O. caricivorae) at different development stages under laboratory conditions. Results showed that all the insecticides (oxamyl, abamectin, cyromazine SL and cyromazine WP) had significant (P < 0.05) lethal effects on L. huidobrensis and could be used in the control of leafminer. The highest lethal effect of oxamyl and abamectin was at the egg and larval stages with a survival rate of 0%, and the second most effective period was at the adult stage. When adult flies were treated with either oxamyl or abamectin for 24 hours, the female survival rate, male survival rate, number of eggs and number of feeding stipples decreased by 25.1–27.1, 38.8–40.5, 90.3–98.6 and 94.6–99.2%, respectively. The female longevity, male longevity, adult progeny and number of feeding stipples after treatment for 24 hours also decreased by 50.8–67.8, 59.8–71.7, 88.1–93.3 and 84.3–93.9%, respectively. The highest lethal effect of the two cyromazine formulations was at the larval stage with a survival rate of 0% and the second most effective period was at the adult stage. Treatment of adult flies with each of the two cyromazine formulations for 24 hours resulted in no significant reduction in female survival rate, male survival rate, number of eggs, and feeding stipples. However, both formulations reduced female longevity, male longevity, adult progeny and number of feeding stipples after treatment for 24 hours by 26.0–26.6, 39.4–43.3, 85.1–89.6 and 83.9–86.2%, respectively. The two cyromazine formulations had least effect on the egg stage of L.. 1. Contribution No. 2711 from Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute (TARI), Council of Agriculture. Accepted: August 31, 2012. 2. Respectively, Former Senior Entomologist and Assistant Entomologist, Applied Zoology Division, TARI, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC. 3. Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]; Fax: (04)23317600..
(14) 藥劑對斑潛蠅及其寄生蜂之影響 329. huidobrensis with 23.7–25.7% reduction of egg hatching rate and larval mortality rate of 45.5–49.8% for the 1st instar and 100% for the 2nd instar. All the insecticides had no lethal effect on the egg stage of the parasitoid O. caricivora, but they were lethal on larval to pupal stages of this wasp with a survival rate of 0%. Abamectin was the most toxic insecticide on the wasp among the insecticides tested. When adult wasps were treated with insecticide for 24 hours, the survival rates of female and male decreased 90.0% and 46.7%, respectively, for the treatment of abamectin; the survival rate of female decreased 21.4% for the treatment of oxamyl. The percentage of hosts (L. huidobrensis) killed by the combined treatment of insecticide and wasps was 100%, compared to 64.8% killed by the treatment of wasps alone. After the adult wasps were treated with either abamectin or oxamyl, the number of eggs and progeny of adult wasps decreased by 67.7–86.2% and 100%, respectively, compared to the decrease of 0% in number of eggs and 100% of progeny of adult wasps by the treatment of cyromazine. When adult wasps were treated with each of the three insecticides for 24 hours and released on untreated bean seedlings infested with hosts (L. huidobrensis) daily, abamectin caused a reduction in longevity of female and male wasps by 80.7% and 59.0%, and fertility of wasps by 100%. However, no effect was observed on longevity, fertility, and female proportion of wasps when oxamyl and two formulations of cyromazie were used. For the direct and sublethal effects of insecticides on L. huidobrensis and O. caricivorae, cyromazine either in SL (solution liquid) or WP (wettable powder) is highly toxic to leafminer but is least toxic to wasps (O. caricivorae) and, therefore, combined application of cyromazine and wasps in the control program of L. huidobrensis is commended. Key words: Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Parasitoid, Opius caricivorae, Insecticide, Development Stages..
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vs Functional grammar (i.e. organising grammar items according to the communicative functions) at the discourse level2. “…a bridge between
(b) reviewing the positioning of VPET in the higher education system in Hong Kong, exploring the merits of developing professional vocational qualifications at the degree
Wang, Solving pseudomonotone variational inequalities and pseudocon- vex optimization problems using the projection neural network, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks 17
In this paper, we build a new class of neural networks based on the smoothing method for NCP introduced by Haddou and Maheux [18] using some family F of smoothing functions.
Define instead the imaginary.. potential, magnetic field, lattice…) Dirac-BdG Hamiltonian:. with small, and matrix
