最自由與最啟蒙：跨大西洋論辯術與美國例外主義的發展

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行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告

最自由與最啟蒙：跨大西洋論辯術與美國例外主義的發展

研究成果報告(精簡版)

計畫類別：個別型計畫編號： NSC 100-2410-H-004-118- 執行期間： 100 年 08 月 01 日至 101 年 07 月 31 日執行單位：國立政治大學歷史學系計畫主持人：周一騰計畫參與人員：碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：許哲瑋報告附件：國外研究心得報告公開資訊：本計畫可公開查詢

中華民國 101 年 10 月 01 日

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中文摘要：過去這一年，在國科會的補助之下，我的研究已經取得了積極的成果。我能夠完成一本書，並且在此基礎上推動我在 2011 年夏季結束以前，完成了第二本專著手稿：《英美紙上戰爭》。此一著作，討論 1800 黏到 1825 年美國與英國之間的辯論，預計被安排在英國和世界系列叢書之中，於今年（2012 年）底出版。今年的夏天我也在國科會的補助之下，前往紐約完成我的研究旅行，也取得了為數甚豐的第一手美國早期共和史相關檔案。我現在的工作，最自由與最啟蒙計畫，將進行更大幅度的展開。在過去一年之內，我已經完成了大衛．貝利．溫爾登在 1810 年對於 Gregoire’1808 年的文件翻譯上的歧異度分析。我對此非常興奮，因為傳統歷史學者的認知 Gregoire 和美國人們（包括湯瑪斯．傑佛遜）的緊張關係，因此我已經有在溫爾登的翻譯上找到了需要加強說明的切入點。下一本書，我將持續我的研究，英美文學和文化關係。過去一年我以美國作家約翰尼爾的著作為分析文本，並以獲得英國期刊的刊登。雖然尼爾的著作受到英國文人好評，但我這就是我第一個要去研究的方向，去探討尼爾的著作的問題以捍衛美國文化。總而言之，我認為他的著作與努力並沒有成功。中文關鍵詞：新共和辯論，美國例外主義，大衛貝利溫爾登，約翰尼爾，費城

英文摘要： This past year has been productive for my research and writing. The NSC grant has played a big part in my progress.

I was able to complete a book and advance my work on a second book. I completed the manuscript of The Anglo-American Paper War: Debates about the New Republic, 1800-1825 in the late summer of 2011 and after review and some final edits, the book (~ 240 pages, 92,000 words) is scheduled to appear in the Britain and the World Series, Palgrave Macmillan, this November (2012). In July and August of last year, I was able to incorporate primary source

materials gained during my New York City NSC research trip.

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My present work, working title of ’Freest and Most Enlightened: American Exceptionalism in a European World,’ will be made more substantial due to the research and writing done over the past year. I am extremely excited at finding some substantive differences between David Bailie Warden’s 1810 translation of Abbe Henri Gregoire’s De la litterature des negres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultes intellectuelles, leurs qualites morales et leur litterature (1808). Historians have understood the tensions between Gregoire and Americans

(including Thomas Jefferson), but I have found remarkable problems with Warden’s translation, including omissions and additions that need explaining.

For the next book, I have continued my work on Anglo-American literary and cultural relations,

specifically examining, during the past year, the involvement of American writer John Neal in British journals. While Neal’s British venture is often praised by literary scholars, my work is the first to examine Neal’s problematic efforts to defend

American culture within the context of broader, ongoing controversies. In conclusion, I find that Neal’s efforts were not as successful as judged by our contemporaries.

英文關鍵詞： Debates about the New Republic, American

Exceptionalism, David Bailie Warden, John Neal, Philadelphia , Baltimore

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Final report, 2011-2012

This past year has been productive for my research and writing. The NSC grant has played a big part in my progress.

I was able to complete a book and advance my work on a second book. I completed the manuscript of The Anglo-American Paper War: Debates about the New Republic, 1800-1825 in the late summer of 2011

and after review and some final edits, the book (~ 240 pages, 92,000 words) is scheduled to appear in the Britain and the World Series, Palgrave Macmillan, this November (2012). In July and August of last year, I was able to incorporate primary source materials gained during my New York City NSC research trip.

Since last fall, I have moved ahead with a new book project. My present work, working title of “Freest and Most Enlightened: American Exceptionalism in a European World,” will be made more

substantial due to the research and writing done over the past year. I am extremely excited at finding some substantive differences between David Bailie Warden’s 1810 translation of Abbé Henri

Grégoire’s De la littérature des nègres, ou Recherches sur leurs facultés intellectuelles, leurs qualités morales et leur littérature (1808). Historians have understood the tensions between Grégoire and Americans

(including Thomas Jefferson), but I have found remarkable problems with Warden’s translation, including omissions and additions that need explaining.

The research trip to Philadelphia and Baltimore in July 2012 allowed for access to primary source documents that I would be unable to find in Taiwan (and many not available on any database that I know of either. In fact, without actually being able to see the documents, this would have been nearly to navigate through the difficult print, the 1790s characters being difficult for OCR to

ascertain.). In particular, the newspapers I found in the Library Company in Philadelphia will help to understand the debate over Washington’s final State of the Union Address (the “freest and most enlightened” debate). I will be able to contextualize the congressional and popular reaction to Washington’s final state of the union address in December 1796. At the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University libraries, I was able to accumulate selections from relevant secondary source material, especially out-of-print materials and books not yet arrived in Taiwanese libraries. At the Maryland Historical Society I found many positive surprises in collections of letters (David Bailie Warden and Robert Goodloe Harper) mostly regarding early 19th_{century American “image in the}

world” and debates on the future of slavery. The Warden papers were especially fruitful for the diversity of topics and wide range of Americans and Frenchmen who corresponded with Warden. I found evidence of a newspaper polemic regarding Warden’s 1819 book on the United States and also of some creative editing/interpretation that Warden gave American images of the US in France. Given these findings, Freest and Most Enlightened will based on more “exclusive” materials than even The Anglo-American Paper War, and should provide positive insight into forgotten and neglected

episodes of Atlantic history. During my trip, I was able to discuss my research with librarians at the large collections and also with other historians of the early American republic.

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For the next book, I have continued my work on Anglo-American literary and cultural relations, specifically examining, during the past year, the involvement of American writer John Neal in British journals. While Neal’s British venture is often praised by literary scholars, my work is the first to examine Neal’s problematic efforts to defend American culture within the context of broader, ongoing controversies. In conclusion, I find that Neal’s efforts were not as successful as judged by our contemporaries.

The trip to the Britain and the World, British Scholar Society conference in Edinburgh was helpful for the feedback I received on my paper (“The cleverest fellow in America”: John Neal’s Invasion of Britain and the Writing of American Culture, 1824-27) and for the professional connections that I could establish and strengthen. The conference sponsor, the British Scholar Society, also oversees the book series that my first book will appear, which is beneficial for promoting my book. I continued my work on 20th_{century Sino-American cultural relations. With the help of my research}

assistant, I added depth to my essay on Abraham Lincoln’s image in Taiwan. I also did preliminary work on a paper that I will present at the April 2013 Organization of American Historians

Conference in San Francisco, titled “The New Republic in the Youngest Republic: Chinese Images of American History, 1911-31.” An additional article – “The Edinburgh Review and America, 1802-1829” will appear in a forthcoming issue of Britain and the World journal.

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Report: National Science Council, Philadelphia & Baltimore research trip, July 2012

The trip to Philadelphia and Baltimore was vital for both the primary and secondary sources accumulated and the professional contacts that were established and reinvigorated.

At the University of Pennsylvania, I used the tremendous secondary source collection in the Van Pelt Library. I also visited the Philomathean Society (founded 1813) to talk to their officers and examine the early records of this oldest American university intellectual society.

My time looking for primary sources at the Library Company and Pennsylvania Historical Society libraries was especially productive. I was particularly interested in how George Washington’s final state of the union address and the response of the House of Representative was reported in the press, especially newspapers. These libraries have perhaps the best collection of early American newspapers, all the more relevant given that Philadelphia was the US’s capital during the time that I was examining. I am not able to access any US historical newspaper database in Taiwan. In fact, it was necessary to look at the collection in the Library Company/PHS first hand, rather than use a database at another US library. Given the difficulty in scanning (OCR) late 18th_{century text, it is}

likely that ordinary search engines would miss important key terms. It was necessary that I actually look through the newspapers during the weeks that the relevant debates occurred. Several of the newspapers, including the important political newspaper the Philadelphia Gale’s Independent Gazette

and the short-lived but interesting Philadelphia New World, do not seem to be available in any US

historical newspaper database.

At Temple University in Philadelphia, I was able to copy relevant pages of the index to the Chinese Students’ Monthly topical index, a work that was apparently not available in Taiwan. Use of the index should help me proceed with my work on that important early 20th_{century source into}

Sino-American cultural relations. I also was able to copy relevant pages from 19th_century

medical/dental histories, background for my writing on the importance of trans-Atlantic polemics to the growth of American medicine.

At the Library Company, an institution founded in the 1740s by Benjamin Franklin, I spoke at length with the chief librarian, James Green, who I have not spoken to in several years. Mr. Green provided important insight into how I might proceed with my research and suggest the work of another historian. Given Green’s connections with researchers in the field of the early American republic – many researchers use the collection that he supervises – I anticipate learning of others’ work in the future (and vice versa).

In Baltimore, I spent much of two days at the Maryland Historical Society. Of particular help were the extensive papers of two important Americans with connections with Maryland – David Bailie Warden and Robert Goodloe Harper. The Warden and Harper papers will be of great use as a write about trans-Atlantic connections. These sources are priceless to my research, extensive in volume yet unavailable anywhere else. As the librarians told me (and as confirmed by my reading in secondary sources), these collections have been underutilized by historians. In these collections, I also accessed original letters from Robert Walsh, Jr., an important subject in my research. All of

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these men had important trans-Atlantic connections. In Baltimore, I also spent time at the Museum of the History of Dentistry at the University of Maryland, Baltimore. The research library director, Dr. Scott Swank, was encouraging of my use of the collection and pointed to relevant indexes and primary sources. I examined and copied articles on the history of dentistry from the Bulletin of the History of Dentistry and also found important primary sources on the history of dentistry, which I believe advanced in the United States as partially as a nationalistic reaction to European slanders. Given the multiple collections researched and experts consulted, these two weeks of research given by the National Science Council should enable to me to have a productive year of writing.

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國科會補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表

日期:2012/10/01

國科會補助計畫

計畫名稱: 最自由與最啟蒙：跨大西洋論辯術與美國例外主義的發展計畫主持人: 周一騰計畫編號: 100-2410-H-004-118- 學門領域: 世界史

無研發成果推廣資料

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100 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表

計畫主持人：周一騰計畫編號： 100-2410-H-004-118-計畫名稱：最自由與最啟蒙：跨大西洋論辯術與美國例外主義的發展量化成果項目實際已達成數（被接受或已發表）預期總達成數(含實際已達成數) 本計畫實際貢獻百分比單位備註（質化說明：如數個計畫共同成果、成果列為該期刊之封面故事 ... 等）期刊論文 0 0 100% 研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 研討會論文 0 0 100% 篇論文著作專書 0 0 100% 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件件數 0 0 100% 件技術移轉權利金 0 0 100% 千元碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國內參與計畫人力（本國籍）專任助理 0 0 100% 人次期刊論文 1 1 100% ’ ’ The Edinburgh Review and America, 1802-1829 ’ ’ 一文，將於下一期不列顛與世界（ Britain and the World ）期刊出刊。研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 國外論文著作研討會論文 1 1 100% 篇 ’ ’ The cleverest fellow in America ’ : John Neal ’ s Invasion of Britain and the Writing of American

Culture,

1824-27 ’ ’ 一文在今年六月於英

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表。專書 1 1 100% 章/本《 The Anglo-American Paper War: Debates about the New Republic, 1800-1825 》一書已於 2011 年 11 月正式出版。申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件件數 0 0 100% 件技術移轉權利金 0 0 100% 千元碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 參與計畫人力（外國籍）專任助理 0 0 100% 人次其他成果

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無法以量化表達之成果如辦理學術活動、獲得獎項、重要國際合作、研究成果國際影響力及其他協助產業技術發展之具體效益事項等，請以文字敘述填列。) 無成果項目量化 名稱或內容性質簡述 測驗工具(含質性與量性) 0 課程/模組 0 電腦及網路系統或工具 0 教材 0 舉辦之活動/競賽 0 研討會/工作坊 0 電子報、網站 0 科教處計畫加填項目計畫成果推廣之參與（閱聽）人數 0

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最自由與最啟蒙：跨大西洋論辯術與美國例外主義的發展

行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告