七、分類處理
Hydrocotyle L., Sp. Pl. 1: 234. 1753.
Herbs perennial. Stem slender, creeping or decumbent, with erect stems
occasionally, rooting at the nodes. Leaves simple, petiolate; petiole not sheathing;
blade cordate, orbicular, or reniform, usually 5-7-lobed, sometimes deeply 3-divided;
stipules membranous, with brown dots sparsely. Inflorescence a simple umbel; umbel capitate, leaf-opposite the leaves or axillary. Peduncles obsolete to longer than leaves;
pedicel short or extended; bracts present or absent. Flowers bisexual; calyx obsolete;
petal entire, ovate, white, greenish, or purplish; stylopodium depressed or conical.
Fruit orbicular to ellipsoid, bilaterally compressed; the ribs slender; mericarp orbicular to triangular in cross-section. Seed face plane to convex.
About 100 species widely distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, more numerous in the southern Hemisphere. Eight species and two varieties in Taiwan.
Key to taxa of Taiwan:
1. Umbel sessile...5. H. pseudo-conferta 1. Umbel pedunculate
2. Several umbels forming a fascicle at node...4. H. javanica 2. Umbel solitary at node
3. Leaves deeply 3-divided, cut at least 1/2 of the way to base
4. Leaves glabrous; peduncles sparsely pubescent ...1. H. batrachium 4. Leaves pubescent; peduncles densely pubescent ...7. H. × ranunculifolia
3. Leaves shallowly 5-7-lobed, cut less than 1/3 of the way to base
5. Stem and petiole glabrous...8. H. sibthorpioides 6. Leaves glabrous, shining on upper surfaces………...
...8a. H. sibthorpioides var. sibthorpioides 6. Leaves pilous on upper surfaces………...
...8b. H. sibthorpioides var. tuberifera 5. Stem and petiole villous
7. Leaves nearly glabrous, less than 10 mm wide...2. H. delicata 7. Leaves pilous, usually more than 10 mm wide
8. Infructescence (all fruits have matured) more than 5 mm wide; leaves usually more than 2 cm; petiole covered with short (<1 mm) hairs……
...6. H. ramiflora 8. Infructescence (all fruits have matured) less than 5 mm wide; leaves
usually less than 2 cm; petiole covered with long (1-2 mm)
hairs…………...3. H. dichondroides 9. Petiole with spreading and long hairs sparsely; leaves about 10 mm wide...3a. H. dichondroides var. dichondroides 9. Petiole with reflexed and twisted long hairs densely; leaves about 15
mm wide...3b. H. dichondroides var. tatunensis
1. Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. Ser. 4(18): 220. 1862; Hara, J. Jap.
Bot. 60(5): 136. 1985; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1024. pl. 512.
1993; Ohba in K. Iwatsuki et al., Fl. Jap. ed. 2c: 279. 1999; Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot.
76(3): 141. 2001.
臺灣天胡荽 (圖 12. A)
Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elmer, Leaflets. Philipp. Bot. 2: 628. 1909. ─Type: Luzon:
Baguio (碧瑤), Mar. 1907, A. D. E. Elmer 8903 (Holotype: NY? n.v.)
Hydrocotyle formosana Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 2: 51. 1930; Liu et al., Quart.
J. Taiwan Mus. 14: 27. 1961; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 954. pl. 883.
1977. ─Type: Taiwan: Taipei (台北), May 16, 1930, G. Masamune s. n. (Type:
TAI!)
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb. var. batrachium (Hance) Chermez., Bull., Soc. Bot.
68: 508. 1921.
Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. var. batrachium (Hance) Hand.-Mazz. ex Shan, Sinensia 7: 480. 1936; Liou in Shan & Sheh, Fl. Reip. Popul. Sin. 55 (1): 18. pl.
7-9. 1979.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping, ascending and rooting at nodes, filiform, glabrous to sparsely hairy. Leaves long-petiolate; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed; petioles 1-6 cm long, sparsely villous; blade palmate, 1-3 cm wide, deeply 3-divided, cut almost to the base, each segment usually shallowly 2-3-lobed, shining and glabrous on upper surfaces, with white long reflexed hairs beneath. Umbels simple, 3-4 mm in diameter, with 10-15 flowers; peduncles 5-15 mm long, with sparse long hairs. Flowers sessile, white, 1.5-2 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute in apex;
stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile or subsessile, about 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
China and the Ryukyus. Taiwan, in brakes and roadsides from low to medium altitudes .
Specimens examined:
KEELUNG: Keeling City, in the ditch, alt. 100-150 m, May 20, 2004, W. C. Huang 287 (TNU).
TAIPEI: Fanlanshan, July, 1908, Y. Shimada s. n. (TAIF); Taipei, Sept. 11, 1911, S.
Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Suigenchi, Apr. 16, 1929, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); same loc., June 2, 1932, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Sizangan, May 14, 1933, T. Nonaka s. n.
(TAI); same loc., Feb. 5, 1936, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Hsinten, June 13, 1936, H. Simizu s. n. (TAI); Taiwan University Campus, May 11, 1959, M. T. Kao k3455 (TAI); same loc., July 8, 1960, M. T. Kao k3623 (TAI); Yangmingshan, Mar. 5, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3301 (HAST); same loc., alt. 800 m, Apr. 18, 1957, M. C. Kao s. n. (TNU); same loc., Erzping (二子坪), climbing road, alt. 600-800 m, June 25, 2004, W. C. Huang 302 (TNU); same loc., alt.
600-800 m, Apr. 18, 2005, W. C. Huang 455 (TAI); near Shinmen, Mar. 29, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3345 (HAST); Taipinlin: rice field dyke, June 26, 1960, M. T. Kao k3583 (TAI) ; Chenmei, May 14, 1961, M. T. Kao k3994 (TAI);
Mt. Ta-tung, June 9, 1961, M. T. Kao s. n. (TAI); same loc., June 9, 1961, M.
T. Kao k4005 (TAI); Campus of T. M. C., May 4, 1968, M. T. Kao s. n. (TAI);
Juifang, Mar. 12, 1962, T. I. Chuang 4847 (TAI, HAST); National Taipei Normal Junior Girl’s College, June 30, 1970, C. S. Kuoh s. n. (TAI); Mt.
Seven-star, June 20, 1973, M. T. Kao 8629 (TAI); National Taiwan Normal University, Mar, 1975, S. F. Lu s. n. (TNU, TAI); Shiting, Apr. 20, 1991, M.
J. Wu 1307 (TAI); Kungliao Hsiang: Tsaolingkudao, alt. 200-300 m, May 7, 1995, K. Y. Wang 1075 (HAST); Ergeshan (二格山), near road, alt. 200-400
m, Jun. 5, 2004, W. C. Huang 294 (TNU).
TAOYUAN: Kung-Ying: Chungli, May 5, 1957, M. C. Kao s. n. (TAI); Taoyuan, Sept.
10, 1909, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Jenmei, Sept. 2, 1975, C. M. Kuo 6275 (TAI).
HSINCHU: Chutaung (竹東), along Yu-lee river, May 6, 1957, M. T. Kao s. n. (TAI);
Hsinfeng Hsiang: Lienhuassu, alt. 700 m, Oct. 16, 1997, Y. C. Kao 95 (HAST).
MIAOLI: Hsintenhu (向天湖), alt. 750 m, July 14, 1986, M. T. Kao 10271 (TAI).
TAICHUNG: Tungshih, May 19, 1926, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI).
NANTOU: Lu-shan, hot spring region, July 13, 1972, C. C. Hsu s. n. (TAI).
PINGTUNG: Suchonchi, Apr. 23, 1978, M. T. Kao 8954 (TAI); Mutan Hsiang: along Hsian Road 199A, from Hsuhai to Mutan, alt. 310 m, May 1, 2001, Y. Y.
Huang 363 (HAST).
TAITUNG: Hotoushan, Apr. 15, 1909, U. Mori s. n. (TAIF); Mt. Seikoo (成廣澳山), Aug. 4, 1931, Y. Yamamoto s. n. (TAI); Tawu, May 27, 1934, N. Fukuyama 4627 (TAI); Kotosyo (蘭嶼), Nov. 12, 1934, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI).
HUALIEN: Yuli, Aug. 29, 1923, Y. Yamamoto 3120 (TAI); Yenliao, July 27, 2000, T. T.
Chen 10759 (TAIF); same loc., July 27, 2000, T. T. Chen 10542 (TAIF);
Kuangfu, alt. 100-200 m, June 26, 2001, T. T. Chen 11342 (TAIF).
ILAN: Tali, May 17, 1979, C. M. Kuo 11075 (TAI); near Chinshih Police Station , alt.
140 m, Nov. 16, 2000, J. J. Chen 579 (HAST); Fushan, alt. 400-600 m, Feb.
17, 2005, W. C. Huang 460 (TNU); Mt. Obi, Suoo-gun, Apr. 23, 1938, G.
Masamune s. n. (TAI); Tsuifenghu, May 14, 2005, W. C. Huang 461 (TNU).
本分類群廣泛分布於東亞地區，在本島低至中海拔區域極為常見。微棲地多 為人為干擾的環境，潮濕而向陽的路邊及草地上。以前的分類學者多半將此類群 處理為 H. sibthorpioides 的變種，Hiroe (1979)甚至將此分類群併入 H.
sibthorpioides 內，但筆者並不贊同。本分類群葉片為明顯地三裂，而 H.
sibthorpioides 不裂，除了在上述形態證據之外，二者之染色體數目不同 (詳見 52 頁)；生態上常見此二分類群共域分布，這些證據也支持此二類群應處理為不同 之分類群。
筆者比對 H. benguetensis 之原始描述 (Elmer,1909)後，其描述與 H.
batrachium 吻合，且 Elmer 亦曾提及臺灣也有採集記錄，因此將 H. benguetensis 處理為 H. batrachium 之同物異名。另外，早期學者將 H. ranunculifolia 併入 H.
benguetensis (Liu et al., 1961 ; Liu & Kao, 1977 ; Kao, 1993)，但 H. ranunculifolia 之模式標本與 H. benguetensis 之描述不一致，應為一錯誤處理。如果從 Liu et al.
(1961)所鑑定之標本推測其分類概念，可知早期臺灣文獻中所指的 H.
benguetensis 其實是 H. ranunculifolia。
臺灣天胡荽在不同的棲地所表現的形態具有差異，在較為乾燥的棲地上，多 為矮小、匍匐，葉柄極短，葉片寬度可縮小至 1 cm，葉片裂的深度約三分之二。
在潮濕的草地上，植株會較大，具斜上之直立莖，葉柄較長，葉片寬度甚至可達 3 cm，裂的深度通常可達基部。
2. Hydrocotyle delicata Elmer, Leafl. Philip. Bot. 2: 629. 1909; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 953. 1977. ─Type: Luzon: Benguet, Buguio, Mar., 1907, A. D.
E. Elmer 8895 (Isotype: NY, photo!)
姬天胡荽 (圖 12. B) Hydrocotyle dichondroides auct. non Makino: Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus.
14(1-2): 27. pl. 5, f. 12. 1961; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1027. pl.
513. 1993.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems filiform, creeping, glabrous, rooting at nodes.
Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 5-7 mm wide, spinulose along nerves of upper surfaces, glabrous beneath; petioles 2-3 mm long; sparsely villous; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, solitary, 1-2 mm in diameter, with 4-8 flowers; peduncles 0.5-1.5 cm long, usually longer than petioles, covered with sparse hairs. Flowers greenish-white, < 1 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute in apex; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile, < 1 mm long, < 1 mm wide.
The Ryukyus. Taiwan, in moist walls, rocky slopes and stream banks at low altitudes.
Specimens examined:
KEELUNG: Heimentenshian (海門天險), alt. 0-100 m, May 20, 2004, W. C. Huang 286 (TNU).
TAIPEI: Taiwan University Campus, in garden, May 26, 1959, M. T. Kao k3475 (TAI, HAST); same loc., July 8, 1960, M. T. Kao 3624 (TAI); same loc., open waste place, Mar. 1, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3298 (TAI, HAST); same loc.,
Mar. 2, 1960, T. I. Chuang (TAI); Ta-chi-chiao, Feb. 6, 1987, M. T. Kao 10355 (TAI); Chimei, Feb. 22, 1987, M. T. Kao 10434 (TAI); Shanchi, Tungshihciao (東勢橋), alt. 50-100 m, Sept. 1, 2004, W. C. Huang 401 (TNU).
姬天胡荽是臺灣產本屬中最小型的種類，葉寬不超過 1 cm，結實數目小於 10 個。主要生長於潮濕的石壁上和溪流邊坡。
本類群最早被 Liu et al.(1961)錯誤鑑定為 H. dichondroides，Liu & Kao (1977) 曾經將本類群處理為 H. delicata，但其描述仍沿用 H. dichondroides 之描述，Kao (1993)又將之處理為 H. dichondroides。筆者比對後發現，Liu 所鑑定之標本不符 合 H. dichondroides 之原始描述 (Makino, 1910)，反而符合 H. delicata 之原始描 述 (Elmer , 1909)，其中最明顯的差異在於本類群葉表無明顯之毛被物，且葉寬 絕不大於 1 cm；而 H. dichondroides 葉表具明顯之毛被物，葉寬 0.5-1.5 cm (H.
dichondroides 與 H. delicata 之比較詳見於表 7)。因此本類群應處理為 H.
delicata。
表 7. 姬天胡荽 (H. delicata)與毛天胡荽 (H. dichondroides var. dichondroides)之比較 H. dichondroides var. dichondroides H. delicata
葉被毛 葉兩面脈上具直立的柔毛 葉近無毛，兩面脈上僅具稀疏的、非 常不明顯的微刺。
葉片大小 5-15 mm 寬 <10 mm 寬 葉柄長 2-35 mm <10 mm
葉
葉表面 晦暗不反光 稍具光澤
總柄長度 5-30 mm，。 5-15 mm，。
總柄被毛 具向下彎的白色柔毛 近光滑無毛 小花數目 7-10 朵花 4-8 朵花 花序
花大小 1 mm 0.8 mm
水平分布 全島 北臺灣地區
垂直分布 海拔 1500-2500 公尺 海拔 500 公尺以下 分布
生育環境 潮濕草地、湖邊沿岸 溪流邊坡、岩壁 附註 Makino (1910)描述：「葉有毛，和
無光澤的表面這兩項特徵，可和日 本一般的類群區分開來。」
Elmer (1909)描述：「密集而平坦地生 長在河邊岩石上。」
3. Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino
3a. Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino var. dichondroides, Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 24:
242. 1910; Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 27. 1961. pro parte excl.
specim.; Hiroe, Umbelliferae World 145. 1979; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1027. 1993. pro parte excl. specim.; Ohba in K. Iwatsuki et al., Fl. Jap.
ed. 2c: 271. 1999; Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 142. 2001. ─Type: Japan:
Kagoshima, Aug., 1909, T. Makino s. n.; Japan: Kagoshima, Sept., 1909, T.
Makino s. n.; Japan: Ibusuki-gori, Aug. 23, 1910, T. Makino s. n. (Syntype: TI, n.
v.)
毛天胡荽 (圖 12. C) Hydrocotyle delicata auct. non Elmer: Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 953.
1977. pro parte excl. specim.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping, slender, glabrous or covered with sparse hairs, rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline,
shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, dull and pilose on the upper surfaces, with white long hairs beneath; petioles 1-6.5 cm long, pilose; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, 3-4 mm in diameter, with 8-10 flowers;
peduncles 4-7 cm long, usually longer than petioles, with sparse long hairs, Flowers greenish-white, 1.5-2 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile or subsessile, about 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
China and Japan. Taiwan, on moist brakes and rocky slopes, from medium to high altitudes.
Specimens examined:
TAICHUNG: Hoping Hsiang: en route from Yunling Lodge to Tuochiatunshan, alt.
2550-2795 m, Jun. 26, 1994, C. M. Wang 1039 (HAST); same loc., alt.
2500 m, July 16, 2002, W. C. Leong 3250 (HAST); same loc., alt. 2750 m, July 9, 2002, W. C. Leong 3034 (HAST).
NANTOU: Jenai Hsiang: on the way from Yuanfeng to Hsinjenkang, alt. 2350-2756 m, Sept. 4, 1997, C. H. Chen 2186 (TNU).
CHIAYI: Mt. A-li, May 27, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3964 (TAI); same loc., Aug. 2, 1961, M. T. Kao k4233 (TAI); Chaoping Station, Aug. 6, 2004, W. C. Huang 372 (TNU).
TAITUNG: Mt. Dabu, Dec. 27, 1930, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); South Cross Island Highway, alt. 1500-1700 m, July 22, 2004, W. C. Huang 325 (TNU).
PINGTUNG: Hsiaokueihu, alt. 2070 m, May 11, 1998, S. Y. Lu s. n. (TAIF)
HUALIEN: Hsiulin Hsiang: Tailuko National Park Military, Skiing Training Center, W of Prov. Hwy 14 甲 at road marker 33 km, alt. 3100 m, C. I. Peng 17379 (HAST); Ta-yu-ling, Aug. 7, 1966, C. C. Chuang 4428 (TAI).
ILAN: Taipingshan, July 16, 1929, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); Nanao Hsiang: around Tsuifenghu, alt. 1790 m, Aug 19, 1993, Y. R. Lin 67 (HAST); same loc., alt.
1500-1700 m, May 14, 2005, W. C. Huang 464 (TNU); Songlohu, alt. 1230 m, July 20, 2000, C. C. Chen 7470 (TAIF); same loc., alt. 1200-1300 m, July 10, 2004, W. C. Huang 324 (TNU); Chialohu, alt. 1900-2300 m, Aug. 22, 2000, S.
Y. Tseng 179 (TAIF); Tatung Hsiang: en route from the hiking entrance to Chialohu, near Chetuichih, alt. 2230 m, May 10, 2002, C. I. Huang 816 (HAST).
Liu et al. (1961)在台灣博物館季刊上所描述的 H. dichondroides 其實是一個 錯誤鑑定，Liu et al. (1961)所鑑定的 H. dichondroides 其實是 H. delicata (筆者已
於前文討論過，不再贅述，請參見 67 頁)，其後第一版及第二版台灣植物誌皆 沿用此一處理。上述三份文獻皆沿用原始描述，且鄰近地區如日本、中國大陸 皆有 H. dichondroides 之記錄，因此若未仔細比對 Liu et al.所鑑定之標本，這項 錯誤並不容易被發現。
本類群分布在臺灣中高海拔地區，因為植株明顯被毛，與 H. setulosa 有相 似之處，且兩者有共域分布之情形。因此以往的採集紀錄經常將本類群錯誤鑑 定為 H. setulosa。
3b. Hydrocotyle dichondroides var. tatunensis var. nov.
─Type: Taiwan: Yangmingshan National Park: Tatunshan, alt. ca. 900 m, Apr. 18, 2005, W. C. Huang 457 (Holotype: TNU; isotype: TNU)
大屯山天胡荽 (圖 12. D)
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping, slender, densely covered with twisted and reflexed hairs, creeping, rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 1-2 cm wide, pubescent on both surfaces;
petioles 2-3 cm long, villous; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed.
Umbels simple, solitary, 1-2 mm wide, with 10-15 flowers; peduncles 2-6 cm long, densely covered with reflexed hairs, usually longer than petioles, Flowers
greenish-white, 1.5-2 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile, 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
Endemic, on moist rocky slopes and brakes at low altitudes.
Paratypes:
TAIPEI: Mt. Yamingshan, May 7, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3914 (TAI, HAST); same loc., Aug. 11, 1960, M. T. Kao 3728 (TAI, HAST); Mt. Seven-star
(Chi-shing-shan), alt. 1000 m, May 9, 1959, T. I. Chuang k3454 (TAI, HAST); same loc., May 16, 1959, M. T. Kao k3463 (TAI, HAST); same loc., July 4, 1960, M. T. Kao k3610 (TAI); same loc., Mar. 11, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3316 (TAI); same loc., May 27, 1960, T. I. Chuang 4102 (TAI, HAST);
same loc., alt. 800 m, May 4, 1969, C. C. Hsu 5320 (TAI); Mt. Ta-tung (大 屯山), June 9, 1961, M. T. Kao k4004 (TAI); Wuchishan, alt. 500 m, May 7, 2000, S. C. Wu 2515 (TAI).
大屯山天胡荽在植株型態上十分類似毛天胡荽。相較於毛天胡荽來說，
本類群葉片較大、較厚、頂裂片裂的深度較深 (約裂至葉片深度的四分之 ㄧ)、葉表面被毛較短較密，葉柄具捲曲而貼伏的長毛 (詳細比較請參見表 8)。兩類群的各特徵的差異不大，但這些差異通常是穩定的，可以區分的。
且此二類群在地理分布上具有一定之區隔，且就水平分布來說，大屯山天胡 荽僅限於北部，毛天胡荽泛全島分布，就垂直分布而言，大屯山天胡荽分布 於海拔 1000 公尺以下，而毛天胡荽分布範圍為海拔 1500 至 2500 公尺。綜合 以上所述，筆者將此類群發表為毛天胡荽的變種。
表 8. 毛天胡荽 (H. dichondroides var. dichondroides)與大屯山天胡荽 (H. dichondroides var. tatunensis)之比較
形態特徵 毛天胡荽 (H. dichondroides) 大屯山天胡荽 (H. dichondroides var. tatunensis)
顏色 多為褐色，具光澤 多為褐色，不具光澤
莖
被毛形態 近無毛，偶而具毛 密被毛
葉大小 5-15 mm，通常小於 10 mm 10-18 mm，通常為 15 mm
葉片形態 5 淺裂，深度約五分之ㄧ，裂片之間通常不重疊 5 淺裂，深度約四分之ㄧ，裂片之間經常重疊
葉被毛 葉兩面脈上具稀疏的毛 葉兩面脈上具極濃密的毛
葉柄長度 纖細，10-65 mm 略粗壯，20-30 mm
葉柄顏色 多為草綠色 多為褐色
葉柄被毛 具平展或下垂的直長毛，分布稀疏 具貼伏葉柄的捲曲長毛，極為濃密 葉
葉質地 膜質 薄革質
花序總柄長度 40-70 mm 20-60 mm
花序總柄被毛 具長而稀疏的毛 具短而密的毛
花
小花數目 8-10 朵 10-15 朵
水平分布 全島分布 僅分布於北臺灣
分布
垂直分布 海拔 1500-2500 公尺之間 海拔 1000 公尺以下
4. Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb, Diss. Hydroc. n. 17, pl. 2. 1798; Hayata et al., Enum. Pl. Formos. 170. 1906. Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 2: 50. 1912; Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 28. 1961. pro parte; Hiroe, Umbelliferae World.
1: 152. 1979. pro parte; Ohba in K. Iwatsuki et al., Fl. Jap. ed. 2c: 271. 1999.
pro parte; Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 142. 2001.
爪哇天胡荽 (圖 12. E) Hydrocotyle polycephala Wight, Ic. Pl. Ind. Orient. 1: 366. 1834. ─Type : India:
Penisula Ind. Orientalis., R.Wight 1187. (Holotype: NY, photo!)
Hydrocotyle javanica var. polycephala (Wight) Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4:
300. 1932.
Hydrocotyle nepalensis auct. non Hook.: Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 956.
1977. pro parte; Liou in Fl. Reip. Popul. Sin. 55 (1): 14. pl. 1. 1979; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1029. 1993. pro parte.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems succulent, glabrous, creeping to ascending,
rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 2.5-6 cm wide, with spinule-like hairs along veins of the upper surfaces, glabrous beneath; petioles 1-6.5 cm long, pubescent; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, several umbels forming a fascicle at node, 4-5 mm in diameter, with 20-30 flowers; peduncles 2-3 cm long, pubescent. Flowers greenish-white, 1-1.5 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile, about 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
China and Japan. Taiwan, in brakes and rocky slopes at medium altitudes.
Specimens examined:
TAIPEI: Wulai Hsiang: Mt. A-yi (阿玉山), Aug. 3, 1957, M. T. Kao 3045 (TAI).
MIAOLI: Tahu, Aug. 1, 1909, T. Kawakami s. n. (TAIF); same loc., alt. 250-1406 m, Jan. 20, 1973, Y. C. Chen 40 (TAI); Malapangshan To Hsuehchien 1 km, alt.
800-900 m, Nov. 4, 2002, C. H. Yu 354 (TAIF, HAST).
NANTOU: Rengechi, Nov. 2, 1932, Y. Yamamoto s. n. (TAI); Ching-shui-kou (清水 溝), Feb. 15, 1959, T. C. Huang 769 (TAI); Lienhuaoshih, the Lienhuachih Branch of the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, alt. 600-700 m, Aug. 25, 1963, T. Shimizu s. n. (HAST); Chi-tou (His-tou), Oct. 7, 1965, C. C.
Chuang 4012 (TAI); same loc., Feb. 9, 1971, C. S. Kuoh 10327 (TAI);
same loc., Oct. 7, 1979, C. L. Huang 1002 (TAI); Chi-tou, Forest
Recreation Area, alt. 1780 m, Sept. 20, 1997, Y. C. Kao 19 (TAIF); same loc., alt. 1100m, Oct. 31, 1998, S. D. Shen 491 (TNU); same loc., alt. 1200 m, Nov. 13, 2004, W. C. Huang 418 (TNU); Kuang Tuo Chi, Sept. 6, 1972, C. F. Hiseh 1475 (TAI); Shemu, along trails of secondary forest, alt.
1350-1550 m, June 30, 1987, C. I. Peng 10972 (HAST); Luku Hisang:
Fenghuangku, on the way from Fenghuan Hostel to Fenghuang Waterfall, alt. 600-800 m, Sept. 9, 1994, K. Y. Wang 107 (TAIF, HAST).
TAICHUNG: Taichung, Oct. 12, 1930, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI).
CHIYAI: Chuchi Hsiang: Shihcho, Lungyunshanchuang (龍雲山莊) to
Shihpalohantung (十八羅漢洞), alt. 1700m, K. Y. Wang 777 (TNU);
Fenshihu, Dec. 5, 1992, K. H. Wang 862 (TAI); Alishan Hsiang : at entrance of Tatungshan, Jan. 10, 1996, C. C. Liao 1671 (HAST); Mt. A-li, Yushan logging tract, Dec. 22, 2001, Y. H. Tzeng 955 (TAIF).
KAOHSIUNG: Neiyinshan, Dec. 18, 1908, Y. Shimada s. n. (TAIF); Tenchi, Aug. 14, 1939, Y. Yamamoto s. n. (TAI); Liukuei, Dec. 18, 1961, J. M. Chao 691 (TAI); Nan-fong-shan, alt. 1300 m, Feb. 7, 1965, C. C. Chuang 3275
(TAI) ; Maolin Hsiang: Shanping Forest Recreation Area, alt. 675 m, Dec.
2, 1996, Y. H. Lai 61 (TAIF).
PINGTUNG: Wutai Hsiang: Forest trail from Ali to Hsiaokueihu, alt. 1315-1490 m, Sept. 28, 1992, C. C. Liao 658 (TNU).
本類群與 H. pseudo-conferta 外部形態上的確有若干相似之處，故 H.
javanica 在以往的分類處理中，經常與 H. pseudo-conferta 混淆。但花序生長方 式和葉片被毛情形是兩個穩定而可以區分此兩類群的特徵。本類群經常多個 (3-5 個)花序集中生長在一個節上，而 H. pseudo-conferta 則是單一無柄的花序生 長於一個節點上。這個差異早在 Hayata (1912)便曾經提出，最近日本學者 Yamazaki (2001)也提出相同的看法。另外，本類群葉片厚，上表面具光澤，僅 脈上具刺毛；H. pseudo-conferta 葉片薄，葉面不具光澤，表面經常被覆極密的 短柔毛。必須注意的是，本類群的花序初生尚未抽長時，花序看起來類似單生 無柄型的花序，易誤認為 H. pseudo-conferta。
學名使用方面，Hayata 最早使用 H. javanica，並且將 H. nepalensis 處理為 H. javanica 的異名。然而第一版臺灣植物誌 (Liu & Kao, 1977)卻將 H. javanica 處理為 H. nepalensis 的異名。由於 H. javanica 為 1798 年發表，而 H. nepalensis 為 1823 年發表。若此二學名皆合法，且為同物異名，依據優先權原則，應使用 較早發表的 H. javanica。雖然以筆者目前研究結果尚無法判明 H. nepalensis 與 H. javanica 是否為同物異名，然而第一、二版臺灣植物誌的處理卻是一個明顯 的錯誤，故筆者暫時認同 Hayata 的處理，待證據齊全後，作出更適當的處理。
Masamune (1932)發表的 H. javanica var. laxa 被 Liu et al. (1961)併入 H.
javanica，但是此類群採集地點不是在臺灣，亦沒有引證採自臺灣的標本，描述 之分布地點亦不包含臺灣，且 Masamune 所著之臺灣植物目錄未提及此類群 (Masamune, 1954)。故筆者不贊同 Liu et al.的處理，且認為臺灣並沒有 H.
javanica var. laxa。
5. Hydrocotyle pseudo-conferta Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 300. 1932;
Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 142. 2001; Liou in Shen & Sheh, Fl. Reip. Popul.
Sin. 55 (1): 14. Pl. 2: 1-3. 1979.─Type: Taiwan: Taiheizan (太平山), Aug. 19, 1925, S. Suzuki s. n. (Type: TAI!)
乞食碗 (圖 12. F) Hydrocotyle conferta auct. non Wright.: Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 2: 50. 1912.
Hydrocotyle javanica auct. non Thunb.: Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 28.
1961. pro parte.
Hydrocotyle nepalensis auct. non Hook.: Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 956.
1977. pro parte; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1029. 1993. pro parte.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping with erect branches, succulent, covered with white or red hairs, rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly crenate 5-7-lobed, 2-5 cm long, 2-4 cm wide, pubescent on the upper surfaces, glabrous or with sparse hairs beneath; petioles 1-3 cm long, pubescent;
stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, sessile, 3-5 mm in diameter, with 20-30 flowers, pubescent. Flowers greenish-white, 1-1.5 mm wide;
petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile or subsessile, about 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
China and Japan. Taiwan, in brake, rocky slope and drainage ditch along roadsides, from low to high altitudes.
Specimens examined:
KEELUNG: Nuan-nuan, His-shih reservoir, broad-leaved forest, alt. 100-200 m, Mar.
14, 1997, J. C. Wang 10271 (TNU, HAST); same loc., May 17, 1930, S.
Suzuki s. n. (TAI); Keelung City, Anzhong road, May 16, 2004, W. C. Huang 288 (TNU); Heimentenshian (海門天險), alt. 100-200 m, May 30, 2004, W.
C. Huang 291 (TNU).
TAIPEI: Muchishan, Dec. 25, 1934, H. Shimizu s. n. (TAI); Wenshan, Apr. 26, 1936, H. Shimizu s. n. (TAI); Shan-tzu-hou, July 3, 1959, M. T. Kao k3505 (TAI);
Kwan-yin-shan, July 9, 1959, M. T. Kao 2186 (TAI); Yangmingshan, Mar. 5, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3302 (TAI); same loc., Apr. 15, 1983, M. T. Kao 79 (TAI);
same loc., Apr. 15, 1983, C. L. Chang 79 (TAI); same loc., alt. 900 m, May 31, 1996, J. L. Panero 6415 (HAST); She-men (石門), June 30, 1960, M. T.
Kao k3599 (TAI); Mt. Ta-tung, July. 4, 1960, M. T. Kao 3611 (TAI); same loc., Apr. 11, 1961, M. T. Kao k3930 (TAI); same loc., June 9, 1961, M. T.
Kao k4006 (TAI); Pihu, alt. 500 m, May. 8, 1985, S. F. Huang 2792 (TAI);
Huantiden, May 12, 1973, J. U. Hwang 23 (TAI); Menghuahu, July 4, 1974, C. M. Kuo 5502 (TAI); Pingdunli, Apr. 27, 1978, C. M. Kuo 9706 (TAI);
Wulai Hsiang: Hsiaoyi, along the stream, alt. 300 m, Mar. 31, 2000, S. C. Liu 275 (TNU); Wulai Hsiang: Hsiaoyi, alt. 250-300 m, Mar. 7, 2000, C. H. Chen 3051 (TNU); Houshanyue, alt. 250-350 m, Apr. 13, 2000, Y. L. Huang 425 (TAIF); Shuanghsi Hsiang: Ting-Tzu-Lan-Keng, broad-leaved forest, on exposed slope besides trail, alt. 400-500 m, June 10, 2000, C. H. Chen 3295 (TNU); Pinglin, Pi-hu, alt. 400 m, Aug. 26, 2000, C. L. Huang 39 (HAST, TNU); Hsintien, Shulangjian (薯榔尖), alt. 250-350 m, May 16, 2004, W. C.
Huang 283 (TNU); Waishangchi, alt. 100-200 m, July 30, 2004, W. C. Huang 339 (TNU).
TAOYUAN: Fushing, Mar. 25, 1911, U. Mori s. n. (TAI); Pa-ling to Ssu-leng, provincial road, roadside, alt. 700-1000 m, Aug. 14,1997, J. C. Wang 10494 (TNU).
HSINCHU: Wufeng, near Hoping bridge, alt. 380 m, Apr. 27, 1994, C. M. Wang s. n.
(HAST); Cinsbu, alt. 1600-1650 m, July 19, 1999, S. C. Wu 1870 (TAI).
MIAOLI: Shitan Hisang: en route from Shihtan to Tatungshih, Tali coal mine, alt. 600 m, May 11, 1992, C. I. Peng 15065 (HAST).
TAICHUNG: Piluchi, Nov. 15, 1984, S. F. Huang 2162 (TAI); Chiayan, alt.
1400-1500 m, Dec. 21, 1996, W. Y. Li 19 (TAIF).
NANTOU: Nengkaoshan, Aug. 25, 1929, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Ho-she, Mar. 29-31, 1961, T. C. Huang 2186 (TAI); Feng-huang-shan, alt. 1650-1750 m, Sept. 3, 1969, C. C. Hsu 6200 (TAI); same loc., alt. 750 m, Aug. 26, 1997, W. F. Ho 1245 (TAIF); same loc., May 16, 2004, W. C. Huang 281 (TNU); Sanlinchi, Sept. 23, 1983, S. F. Huang 85 (TAI); Jenai Hisang: on the mountain road side gravelly slope of Powanghsintsun (博望新村), alt. 2050 m, July 7, 1991, C. H.
Chen 975 (TNU); en route from Tungpu to Patungkuan, alt. 1700 m, Aug. 16, 1963, M. Tamura 21883 (TAI); Meifeng, alt. 2200 m, Aug. 11, 2004, W. C.
Huang 375 (TNU).
CHIAYI: Chungho Village, Lungyun Forest Resort, alt. 1595 m, Dec. 1, 1996, Y. H.
Lai 26 (TAIF); New Central Highway, near road marker 120 km, alt. 1500 m, Aug. 5, 2004, W. C. Huang 371 (TNU).
KAOHSIUNG: Liukuei: Tengchi, alt. 1600 m, Aug. 29, 1969, T. Yamazaki s. n. (TAI);
She-shan (石山), alt. 2760-200 m, Nov. 14, 1972, M. T. Kao 6518 (TAI);
Tengchih, alt. 1640-1700 m, July 24, 2002, J. C. Wang 11656 (TNU);
Fengkaug logging road, alt. 600-800 m, Aug. 3, 2001, K. Y. Wang 1510 (TNU);
same loc., alt. 1600 m, July 4, 2000, H. L. Chiang 1289 (TAIF); same loc., alt.
600-800 m, Aug. 3, 2001, K. Y. Wang 1510 (TAIF); Taoyung Hsiang :
Tengchih, Shih-shan logging tract, on the shady moist slope, alt. 1500 m, July 7, 1997, J. C. Wang 10371 (TNU, HAST); Taoyung Hsiang : along the road
from Tengchih lodging area to Shihshan, alt. 1875 m, Feb. 5, 1994, Y. R. Lin 400 (TNU); Taoyuan Hsiang: Tengchih, alt. 1640-1700 m, July 24, 2002, J. C.
Wang 11656 (HAST, TNU), same loc., a parking area, alt. 1700 m, Aug. 11, 2004, W. C. Huang 376 (TNU); Meishankou, at road marker 112 km on Prov.
Hwy 20, alt. 1100 m, Oct. 6, 2000, C. I. Peng 18100 (HAST).
PINGTUNG: Nanjenshan, Apr. 28, 1987, M. T. Kao 10571 (TAI); same loc., Dec. 13, 1987, Y. M. Hsu 443 (TAI); Shiaokueihu forest trail, Aug. 27, 1998, C. K.
Liao 846 (TAIF); Chinshuiying Hardwood Forest Nature Protected Area, alt.
1000 m, June 23, 1999, K. F. Chuang 1308 (HAST); Shouka, alt. 100-150 m, July 30, 2004, W. C. Huang 341 (TNU).
TAITUNG: Koui-hu, alt. 1600 m, July 29, 1967, C. C. Hsu 3342 (TAI); Shehshan to Wushan, Aug. 20, 1932, T. Hosokawa s. n. (TAI); Lichia logging trail, May 23, 1998, H. J. Lai 237 (TAIF); along trail to Sanchashan, alt. 2430 m, Jan. 26, 2001, Y. Y. Huang 227 (HAST); South Cross Island Highway: road marker 160 km, July 22, 2004, W. C. Huang 327 (TNU); same loc., road marker 168 km, alt. 1500-2000 m, July 22, 2004, W. C. Huang 329 (TNU).
HUALIEN: Hualienkang (花蓮港), Mar. 5, 1925, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); en route from Panpien to chilai, Mar. 3, 1951, T. Shimizu s. n. (TAI); Mt. Muh-kwa, Aug. 16, 1956, M. T. Kao s. n. (TAI); same loc., July 24, 1961, M. T. Kao k4113 (TAI);
Hohuanshan, Nov. 14, 1976, C. M. Kuo 6946 (TAI); Fengping, June. 18, 1989, T. C. Huang 14135 (TAI); Yueh-wang-ting to Yen-hai logging tract, alt.
100-1100 m, Apr. 3, 1991, J. J. Wang 6792 (HAST); Hsiulin Hsiang: Taroko National Park, on the way from Tali to Tatung, alt. 950-1100 m, Apr. 20, 1996, C. H. Chen 1684 (TNU); Hopping Forest Tract, alt. 880 m, Aug. 22, 1996, S.
M. Liu 353 (TAIF); Hsiulin Hisang, alt. 510 m, May 9. 2001, Y. Y. Huang 373 (HAST); Fuyuan, alt. 0-50 m, May 26, 1996, C. S. Chen s. n. (TAIF); Central
Cross Island Highway, May 16, 2004, W. C. Huang 284 (TNU); Nanan, waterfall, July 21, 2004, W. C. Huang 332 (TNU); Walami, July 21, 2004, W.
C. Huang 333 (TNU); Su-hua Coast Highway, alt. 1500-2000 m, July 21, 2004, W. C. Huang 334 (TNU); Kuanyuan, alt. 2000-2500 m, July 30, 2004, W. C.
Huang 338 (TNU).
ILAN: Taipingshan, Aug., 1928, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); same loc., Apr. 25, 1930, S.
Sasaki s. n. (TAI); same loc., Aug. 3, 1958, M. T. Kao k3151 (TAI);
Nanhutashan, Oct. 30, 1928, Y. Yamamoto s. n. (TAI); same loc., May 26-29, 1974, C. M. Kuo 4982 (TAI); Tsaopei, Apr. 9, 1977, C. M. Kuo s. n. (TAI);
Fushan Botanical Garden, alt. 600 m, July 30, 1996, C. K. Liou 256 (TNU);
Nanao Hsiang: Hsinliao Waterfall, alt. 80 m, May 22, 2000, C. H. Lin 325 (HAST); Tatung Hsiang, alt. 510 m, May 9, 2001, Y. Y. Huang 377 (HAST);
Chituan, July 10, 2004, W. C. Huang 320 (TNU).
此類群在直立莖上的花序總柄 (peduncle)極短幾近無柄，接近直立莖基部的 花序偶有較明顯的柄，約 1-3 cm 左右。另外，本類群的果實存在著從有刺到無 刺連續性的變化 (請參見圖 8-2. C, E)，並且在同一個體上便可採集到有刺與無刺 兩種類型的果實，因此將此特徵視為普遍的變異。
學名使用方面，乞食碗在臺灣分類文獻中最早被 Hayata 所記錄，當時 Hayata 將之鑑定為 H. conferta Wright。Masamune (1932)則認為這是一個新的類群，將之 發表為 H. pseudo-conferta。然而自 Liu et al. (1961)將 H. pseudo-conferta 併入 H.
javanica 後，第一、二版臺灣植物誌皆沿用此一處理。筆者於前文 (請參照 34 頁及 40 頁)已提出果實表面微細構造、花粉形態等證據皆支持 H. javanica 與 H.
pseudo-conferta 為不同之分類群，不再贅述。
6. Hydrocotyle ramiflora Maxim., Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. 31: 46. 1887; Liou in Shan & Sheh, Fl. Reip. Popul. Sin. 55 (1): 26. pl. 7: 6-10. 1979; Hiroe,
Umbelliferae World. 1: 162. 1979; Ohba in K. Iwatsuki et al., Fl. Jap. 2nd ed. 2c:
269. 1999; Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 140. 2001.
阿里山天胡荽 (圖 13. A) Hydrocotyle laxiflora auct. non DC: Masamune, J. Soc. Trop. Agric. 4: 300. 1932.
(1830)─Type: Taiwan: Taiheizan, Aug. 19, 1925, S. Suzuki s. n. (Type: TAI!) syn.
nov.
Hydrocotyle masamunei Hiroe, Umbelliferae World. 1: 162. 1979. syn. nov.
Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata, J. Coll. Sci. Univ. Tokyo. 25: 102. 1908; Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 30. 1961; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3:
956. 1977; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1029. 1993. ─Type: Taiwan:
Arizan, Nov., 1906, G. Nakahara s. n. (Holotype: TI, Photo!)
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping, slender, with many branches, pubescent, rooting at nodes. Leaves long petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 3-5 cm wide, pilose on the upper surfaces, glabrous or pilous beneath; petioles 2-8 cm long; pubescent; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels solitary, 7-8 mm in diameter, with 25-30 flowers; peduncles 2-10 cm long, usually longer than petioles, with short and reflexed hairs. Flowers
greenish-white, with pedicels, 1-1.5 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamen 5; styles 2. Fruits 2 mm long, 2-2.5 mm wide; pedicels long, 1-1.5 mm.
China and Japan. Taiwan, in brakes and rocky slopes from medium to high altitudes .
Specimens examined:
TAIPEI: Roppeizan (樂培山), alt. 1500 m, Aug. 27, 1935, T. Suzuki st18964 (TAI) TAOYUAN: Chatienshan, May 15, 1910, T. Kawakami s. n. (TAIF); Lalashan, alt.
1500 m, June 8, 1996, H. L. Chiang 27 (TAIF); Litungshan, Aug. 5, 2004, W. C. Huang 368 (TNU); Tamanshan, Aug. 6, 2004, W. C. Huang 369 (TNU).
HSINCHU: Yuanyang Lake Nature Reserve, alt. 1880 m, Aug. 1, 2001, W. C. Leong 2323 (HAST); same loc., alt. 1860 m, Aug. 1, 2001, W. C. Leong 2329 (HAST); Kuanwu, Aug. 1, 2004, W. C. Huang 340 (TNU); same loc., Aug.
13, 2004, W. C. Huang 391 (TNU).
MIAOLI: Lo-shan: Lu-chang-ta-shan to Kwan-wu, alt. 2000-2300 m, July 24, 1987, J.
C. Wang 4681 (TAI).
NANTOU: Chiyuanshanchuang, rainfall, alt. 2000 m, Nov. 17, 1984, W. S. Tang s. n.
(TAI); Jenai Hsiang: en route from Yunhai to Tienchi, alt. 2360-2860 m, Oct. 13, 1992, H. L. Ho 584 (HAST); same loc., alt. 2000-2400 m, May 20, 1993, C. C. Liao 1309 (HAST); Wushe, Aug. 26, 1929, S. Sasaki s. n.
(TAI); Jui-yi Reserved Area, alt. 2300, sept. 25, 1993, M. F. Kao 1866 (TNU); Tsuifen, alt. 2300 m, May 26, 2001, T. T. Chen 11274 (TAIF).
TAICHUNG: Hassen-zan (八仙山), Aug. 18, 1927, R. Kanemra s. n. (TAIF); same loc., Aug. 6, 1959, T. I. Chuang 2692 (TAI, HAST); same loc., Aug. 6, 1959, T. I. Chuang 2692 (TAI); Ammashan, alt. 2300 m, Oct.11, 1957, T. S.
Liu 235 (HAST); same loc., Logging Station, alt. 2300 m, Oct. 11, 1957, T.
S. Liu 235 (TAI); Hsuehshan, Wuling to Chika, alt. 1700-2400 m, June 11, 1987, J. C. Wang 4410 (TAI); Hoping Hsiang: en route from Yuling lodge to Tuochiatunshan, alt. 2500 m, July 16, 2002, W. C. Leong 3256 (HAST);
same loc., Sept. 3, 2004, W. C. Huang 403 (TNU); Tasuehshan logging tract, road marker 28 km, Apr. 30, 2005, W. C. Huang 465 (TNU).
CHIAYI: Wansueshan, 1913, B. Hayata s. n. (TAIF); Minyuen, Apr. 8, 1915, B.
Hayata s. n. (TAIF); Mt. A-li, Nov. 5, 1932, Y. Yamamoto s. n. (TAI);
same loc., Sept. 15, 1960, T. C. Huang 1702 (TAI); same loc., Aug. 2, 1961, M. T. Kao k4232 (TAI); same loc., between Alishan station and Mienyuan station by railroad, alt. 2300 m, Mar. 20, 1983, C. I. Peng 4631 (HAST);
Monroo Cliff to Tungpu, alt. 2400-2800 m, May 19, 1969, C. C. Hsu 5370 (TAI); Li-shan, July 7, 1977, C. M. Kuo 8827 (TAI); Tashan, alt. 2500m, July 3, 1989, J. F. Chen 5510 (TNU); Chushan, Aug. 6, 2004, W. C. Huang 370 (TNU); Yushan, Sept. 2, 2004, W. C. Huang 402 (TNU).
KAOHSIUNG: Taoyuan Hsiang: Pacshan village, en route from shelter to
Chuyunshan, alt. 2225-2324 m, Dec. 29, 1992, H. L. Ho 885 (HAST);
Taoyuan: Tengchih, inside the recreation area, alt. 1500, July 7, 1997, C. T.
Lu 10327 (TNU, HAST); same loc., alt. 2000-2300 m, Jan. 23, 1972, C. C.
Hsu 13827 (TAI); same loc., Aug. 7, 2004, W. C. Huang 374 (TAI).
PINGTUNG: en route to Tawushan, July 16-17, 1988, T. C. Huang 13654 (TAI);
same loc., alt. 1600-2200 m, Feb. 8-11, 1992, W. P. Leu 1317 (TNU, HAST); same loc., alt. 2000 m, Oct. 10, 1998, H. J. Lai 305 (TAIF); same loc., alt. 2000 m, Oct. 10, 1998, H. J. Lai 306 (TAIF); same loc., alt. 2000 m, Oct. 10, 1998, H. J. Lai 309 (TAIF).
TAITUNG: Kiriyama(霧山), Aug. 30, 1932, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); Koui-hu, alt. 1600 m, July 29, 1967, C. C. Hsu 3342 (TAI); same loc., alt. 2100 m, Oct. 7, 1986, H. L. Chiang s. n. (TAIF); Wuling to Chika, alt. 1700-2400 m, June 11, 1987, J. C. Wang 4410 (TAI); South Cross Island Highway, road marker 158.5 km, July 22, 2004, W. C. Huang 326 (TNU); same loc., road marker 185 km, July 22, 2004, W. C. Huang 331 (TNU); same loc., Oct. 9, 2004, W. C. Huang 417 (TNU).
HUALIEN: Mt. Tarokotaisan, Jun. 12, 1933, S. Sasaki s. n. (TAI); Fong-shan Brach Station, alt. 1950 m, Aug. 9, 1956, T. S. Lin s. n. (TAI); Mt. Muh-kwa, Aug.
15, 1956, T. S. Lin s. n. (TAI); same loc., July 25, 1961, M. T. Kao k4172 (TAI); Hsiulin Hsiang: en route from Kuailin to Wuchiapengshan, alt.
2000-2100 m, May 22, 1993, C. C. Liao 1417 (HAST); Hsiunlin Hsiang:
Taroko Sancha caming site, alt. 2950 m, Sept. 10, 2001, Y. Y. Huang 673 (HAST); Roinshanzhuang, June 9, 2004, W. C. Huang 297 (TNU).
ILAN: Taiheizan (太平山), Aug. 10, 1928, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); same loc., July 16, 1929, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); same loc., July 17, 1929, S. Suzuki 512 (TAI);
same loc., alt. 1950 m, June 8, 1985, C. I. Peng 7867 (HAST);
Nanhutashan, Sept. 21, 1969, T. Yamazaki s. n. (TAI); Taitung Hsiang:
Ssuchi, along Chiaping forest road, near waterfall, alt. 2500 m, Aug. 20, 2000, C. H. Lin 598 (HAST); same loc., alt. 1690 m, May 13, 2002, C. I.
Huang 882 (HAST); Chituan, July 10, 2004, W. C. Huang 311 (TNU);
Ssuyuanyakou, alt. 2200 m, July 10, 2004, W. C. Huang 321 (TNU);
Tsuifenhu, 1000-1500 m, May 14, 2005, W. C. Huang 463 (TNU).
本種之學名，長久以來一直使用 H. setulosa Hayata，Hiroe (1979)將其併入 H. ramiflora。根據 Maximowicz (1887)的原始描述記載，H. ramiflora 模式採自北 海道的函館 (Hakodate)。對照 Hiroe 對本類群之描述、Liou 在中國植物誌上的記 載和第二版日本植物誌，筆者認同 Hiore 的看法，H. setulosa 應併為 H. ramiflora 的異名。
Masamune (1932)曾發表一新種 H. laxiflora，但此學名為一晚出同名，Hiroe (1979)將之更名為 H. masamunei，筆者仔細比對原始描述並檢視 Masamune 指定 之模式標本後，認為與 H. ramiflora 相同，故將其處理為後者之異名。
本類群廣泛分佈於台灣 1500 公尺以上的中高海拔，葉形及葉被毛之變化很
大，為連續性的變異。本類群的小花柄 (pedicel)明顯，因此花序直徑通常大於 5 mm，且花序總柄長於葉柄，此二特徵為穩定的分類特徵。但此特徵限用於成熟 已綻放的花序，故使用時務必小心。
7. Hydrocotyle × ranunculifolia Ohwi, Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 2: 151. 1933. ─ Type: Taiwan: Chihsingshan (七星山), May 17, 1933, J. Ohwi 2018 (Type: TAI!) 毛茛葉天胡荽 (圖 13. B) Hydrocotyle benguetensis auct. non Elmer：Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2):
29. 1961; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 953. 1977; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1027. 1993.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems slender, creeping, ascending, densely covered with white hairs, rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, stipules membranous,
orbicular-reniform in outline, deeply 3-divided, cut 1/3-2/3 of the way to base, 1-3 cm wide, dull and pilous on the upper surfaces, with white long reflexed hairs beneath; petioles 2-8 cm long, villous; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, 3-4 mm in diameter, with 10-15 flowers; peduncles 15-25 mm, less than or as long as petioles, with sparse long hairs. Flowers greenish-white, 1.5-2 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile or subsessile, about 1mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
Endemic, Taiwan, in brakes and rocky slopes, from meadows at low to medium altitudes.
Specimens examined:
TAIPEI: Mt. Taiton (大屯山), Nov. 30, 1930, S. Suzuki s. n. (TAI); same loc., June 9, 1961, M. T. Kao k4010 (TAI); same loc., Mar. 6, 1962, T. I. Chuang 4839 (HAST); Mt. Seven-star (七星山), May 16, 1959, M. T. Kao k3457 (TAI); same loc., open grass land, alt. 1000 m, May 5, 1959, C. C. Hsu k3454 (TAI); same loc., open grass land, May 16, 1959, M. T. Kao k3463
(TAI); same loc., Mar. 5, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3303 (TAI); same loc., May 12, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3955 (TAI); same loc., July 4, 1960, M. T. Kao k3608 (TAI); same loc., June 20, 1973, M. T. Kao 8630 (TAI); Mt.
Yamingshan (陽明山), road side, May 7, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3914 (TAI);
same loc., Erzping (二子坪), climbing road, Apr. 18, 2005, W. C. Huang 456 (TNU); Pinglin, alt. 400 m, Mar. 18, 1987, S. Y. Lu 21228 (TAIF); Mt.
Erge (二格山), a parking area, alt. 100-200 m, June 5, 2004, W. C. Huang 293 (TNU).
ILAN: Chituan, near lake, alt. 1000-1200 m, July 10, 2004, W. C. Huang 313 (TNU).
H. benguetensis 之原始描述 (Elmer, 1909)中所述「莖光滑」與「葉上表面 光滑」，這兩個特徵皆明顯與 H. ranunculifolia 之模式標本不一致，因此 Liu et al.
(1961)將 H. ranunculifolia 併入 H. benguetensis 的處理並不合理。故本類群學名 應使用原來的 H. ranunculifolia，而 H. benguetensis 此學名經比對後，應為 H.
batrachium 之異名 (請參見 65 頁)。日本學者 Hiroe (1979)曾經記錄日本也有 H.
benguetensis，但 Hiroe 對 H. benguetensis 的描述與 Liu et al. (1961)類似，推測 Hiroe 並未比對 H. benguetensis 之原始描述，而沿用 Liu et al.的描述。近年來的 日本分類學者都同意日本沒有 H. benguetensis (Shimabuku, 1997; Ohba, 1999;
Yamazaki, 2001)，不支持 Hiroe 的看法。
毛茛葉天胡荽的外部形態介於臺灣天胡荽與大屯山天胡荽之間 (詳見表 9)，葉片形態上具有從五淺裂到三深裂的連續變化，花粉母細胞不分裂，花粉 稀少 (成熟的花藥無花粉)。上述特徵均為雜交種的特性。另外從地理分布而 言，毛茛葉天胡荽與大屯山天胡荽共域分佈在台灣北部。從以上證據顯示，此 類群可能為台灣天胡荽與大屯山天胡荽雜交所產生之天然雜交。
筆者除了在陽明山地區採集到毛茛葉天胡荽外，亦於南港中研院、二格山、
宜蘭明池地區採集到本類群。然而除了在陽明山地區有穩定的自然族群外，其 餘地點均為人工栽植的草皮。加之天胡荽屬植物皆可藉由匍匐莖進行營養繁 殖，因此不排除人為夾帶的可能性。
表 9. 臺灣天胡荽 (H. batrachium)、毛茛葉天胡荽 (H. × ranunculifolia)、大屯山天胡荽 (H. dichondroides var. tatunensis)之比較
H. batrachium H. × ranunculifolia H. dichondroides var. taitonensis
被毛 光滑無毛 被貼伏且捲曲的長柔毛。 密被貼伏且捲曲的長柔毛
顏色 草綠色 褐色 褐色
莖
直立莖 具直立莖 具直立莖 不具直立莖
裂片深度 三深裂，深度超過葉寬二分之ㄧ，經 常裂至葉基部。
三深裂，深度為葉寬三分之ㄧ，不會 裂至葉基部。
五淺裂，頂裂略深，深度為葉寬四分 之ㄧ，不會裂至葉基部。
葉片被毛 葉上表光滑無毛 葉上表具稀疏的毛 葉上表具密集的毛
葉
葉柄 具極稀疏的毛 密被貼伏的長柔毛 密被貼伏的長柔毛
總柄長度 花序總柄長 5-10mm 花序總柄長 15-25mm 花序總柄長 15-25mm，
總柄被毛 光滑 疏被貼伏長柔毛 密被貼伏長柔毛
花 序
小花數目 10-15 朵花 10-15 朵花 10-15 朵花。
花藥發育 正常，成熟之花藥具大量花粉。 不正常，成熟之花藥不具花粉。 正常，成熟之花藥具大量花粉。
花粉可染性 >95% 0% >95%
地理分布 全島泛分布，海拔 1500m 以下。 分布在台灣北部，海拔 1000m 以下。 分布在台灣北部，海拔 1000m 以下。
8. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides
8a.Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. var. sibthorpioides, Encycl. Meth. Bot. 3: 153.
1789; Shan, Sinensia 7: 479. 1936; Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 30.
1961; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 957. 1977; Liou in Shan & Sheh, Fl.
Reip. Popul. Sin. 55 (1): 17. pl. 2: 7-9. 1979; Kao in Huang et al., Fl. Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1029. 1993; Hiroe, Umbelliferae World. 1: 156. 1979; Ohba in K. Iwatsuki et al., Fl. Jap. ed. 2c: 270. 1999; Yamazaki in J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 141. 2001.
天胡荽 (圖 13. C)
Hydrocotyle rotundifolia Roxb., Fl. Ind. Ed. 2: 88. 1832.; Hayata, Ic. Pl. Formos. 2:
50. 1912; Hara, J. Jap. Bot. 60 (5): 7. 1985.
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems creeping, glabrous, rooting at nodes. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 1.5-2 cm wide, shining and glabrous on the upper surfaces, glabrous beneath; petioles 1-2 cm long, glabrous; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, solitary, 4-5 mm wide in diameter, with 4-15 flowers; peduncles 0.5-1 cm long, glabrous, usually shorter than petioles. Flowers greenish-white, 1-1.5 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5, styles 2. Fruits sessile, about 1mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
China and Japan. Taiwan, in brake and rocky slope, from low to medium altitudes.
Specimens examined:
KEELUNG: Keelung City, near seashore, Mar. 12, 1962, T. I. Chuang 4848 (HAST);
TAIPEI: Taiwan University Campus, Mar. 2, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3300 (HAST); same
loc., Apr. 13, 1960, M. T. Kao k3576 (TAI); same loc., Jun. 12, 1967, C. C.
Hsu 3126 (TAI); Chinmei tract, May 12, 1959, M. T. Kao k3456 (TAI, HAST); same loc., May 14, 1961, M. T. Kao k3993 (TAI); Campus of T. M.
C., May 5, 1968, M. T. Kao s. n. (TAI); Nankang, Campus of Academia Sinica, alt. 50 m, Oct. 12, 1991, C. C. Wang 792 (HAST); Songshan, Hushan, alt. 50-150 m, Sept. 9, 1998, S. C. Liu 48 (TNU).
NATOU: Sun-moon Lake, Mar. 4, 1968, M. T. Kao 7154 (TAI).
CHIAYI: Chiayi city, Apr. 29, 1987, M. T. Kao 10530 (TAI).
TAITUNG: Taitung, in garden, Feb. 26, 1987, M. T. Kao 10429 (TAI).
HUALIEN: Taroko, July 22, 1961, M. T. Kao k4097 (TAI).
ILAN: Fushan, alt. 600-800 m, Feb. 17, 2004, W. C. Huang 459 (TNU).
天胡荽廣泛分佈於全省中低海拔地區，潮濕的路邊或水溝。在較乾燥的生育 地，葉子會較小，結實的數目也會較少；在潮濕的生育地，葉子會較大，葉表 面光滑，並且十分光亮，結實數目也會較多。在第一及第二版的臺灣植物誌中，
以結實數目多寡區分天胡荽 (結實數目為 6-10 個)與基隆天胡荽 (結實數目為 4-6 個)。實際觀察的結果顯示，此二類群結實數目之範圍有重疊，並不適合區 分天胡荽和基隆天胡荽。
8b. Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides var. tuberifera (Ohwi) Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 69: 112.
1994; Yamazaki, J. Jap. Bot. 76 (3): 141. 2001.
基隆天胡荽 (圖 13. D) Hydrocotyle tuberifera Ohwi, J. Jap. Bot. 26: 232. 1951. ─Type: Ryukyus: Okinawa,
July 26, 1894, T. Ito 60356 (Holotype: TNS, n. v.)
Hydrocotyle keelungensis Liu et al., Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 14 (1-2): 29. pl. 6, f. 15.
1961; Liu & Kao in Li et al., Fl. Taiwan 3: 954. 1977; Kao in Huang et al., Fl.
Taiwan 2nd ed. 3: 1027. pl. 513. 1993. ─Type: Taiwan: Keelung, May 15, 1960, T.
I. Chuang 3980 (Holotype: TAI!)
Prostrate perennial herbs. Stems glabrous, creeping, rooting at nodes, nodes often swollen. Leaves petiolate, orbicular-reniform in outline, shallowly 5-7-lobed, crenate, 1.5-2 cm wide, sparsely pilose on the upper surfaces, glabrous beneath, base with a tuft of hairs; petioles 1-2 cm long; glabrous; stipules membranous, ovate, usually 2-3-lobed. Umbels simple, solitary, 4-5 mm in diameter, with 4-8 flowers; peduncles 0.5-1 cm long, glabrous, usually shorter than petioles. Flowers greenish-white, 1-1.5 mm wide; petals 5, ovate, acute; stamens 5; styles 2. Fruits sessile, about 1 mm long, 1.5-2 mm wide.
The Ryukyus. Taiwan, in brakes and rocky slopes near seashore at low altitudes.
Specimens examined:
TAIPEI: Keelung: near seashore, May 15, 1960, T. I. Chuang 3980 (TAI); same loc., July 8, 1961, C. E. DeVol 4086 (TAI); same loc., Aug. 2, 1962, M. T. Kao 4620 (TAI). Hopingtao (和平島), July 15, 2004, W. C. Huang 322 (TNU);
Wanli, July 15, 2004, W. C. Huang 323 (TNU).
自 Liu (1961)發表 Hydrocotyle keelungensis 後，將近三十年，台灣各大標本 館未曾再採集 Hydrocotyle keelungensis 的標本，而且因其形態與天胡荽相似，使 後人懷疑本類群是否存在，或僅為少數個體之變異。筆者於基隆和平島採集到此 類群，比對 Liu 的描述和模式標本，確定其為 H. keelungensis。
Ohwi (1932)發表一產於琉球之植物─H. tuberifera 時，曾描述葉上有稀疏的
毛和莖節肥大的特徵 (種小名「tuberifera」字根意指莖節膨大的現象)，筆者檢視 H. keelungensis 的模式標本後，認為與 H. tuberifera 描述之特徵相同，支持二者 為相同類群。
筆者觀察到莖節膨大之特徵會隨環境變動 (通常自野外採回時較為明顯，在 溫室栽植一段時間後，有些膨大現象會變得不明顯)。Yamazaki (2001)認為莖節 膨大現象是一個異常 (abnormal)的現象，然而筆者並不贊同此一看法，本類群在 特徵上顯示出對乾燥環境的適應，譬如葉表面幾乎沒有氣孔，因此推測莖節膨大 也與適應乾旱環境有關。另外，此特徵雖然受到環境影響，然而天胡荽不會有莖 節膨大之現象，因此在區分天胡荽與基隆天胡荽時，可以作為辨識之參考。
本類群與天胡荽形態之差異雖然不大，但穩定。本類群的葉表面具稀疏的長 柔毛，葉裂片較為圓鈍，僅分布於沖繩群島南部和台灣北部，微棲地偏好乾燥之 環境。除了上述特徵外，其餘皆與天胡荽十分相似。故贊同 Yamazaki 的分類處 理，將此類群處理為天胡荽變種階級。
圖 12 臺灣產天胡荽屬植物 (一)
A. H. batrachium; B. H. delicata; C. H. dichondroides var. dichondroides; D. H.
dichondroides var. tatunensis; E. H. javanica; F. H. pseudo-conferta
A B
C D
E F
圖 13 臺灣產天胡荽屬植物 (二)
A. H. ramiflora; B. H. ranunculifolia; C. H. sibthorpioides var. sibthorpioides; D. H.
sibthorpioides var. tuberifera.
A B
C D
