壹、 緒
論
一、問題背景
會比隨機出現的SP 效應大。這結果說明 SP 效應的最後的大小取決於參與者能 為目標出現的時間作準備的程度。二段式投球就是試圖以改變反應前期來達到干 擾注意力的目的。而多長的反應前期可以有效的干擾注意力，就是一個值得研究 的議題。 在腦波研究方面，科技進步的今日，陸續可從自主神經系統的範圍（HR、 B.P）、身體神經系統範圍（EMG、EOG）、中樞神經系統範圍（EEG、ERP），甚 至是昂貴的MRI（Andreassi, 1995）等去做精確的檢測。科學家更希望能在主宰 人類的大腦中，找到一些心理歷程的蛛絲馬跡。因此，從1960 年左右，人類研 究腦中所發出的腦波至今，已發展出對腦波有高時間解析度的能力，並運用先進 科技如多頻道紀錄、生物物理與數學方法讓空間解析度大幅改善（high resolution EEG），利用這樣的測量方法同步地紀錄運動情境下運動選手的心智狀態，相信 比過去傳統事後回溯的方法較為客觀（洪聰敏，2000）。腦波中主要的判斷數據 大致分為Beta 波（beta rhythm）、Alpha 波（alpha rhythm）、Theta 波（theta rhythm）、Delta 波（delta rhythm）以及事件關聯電位（event-related potential， 簡稱ERP）等，每一種數據分別且科學的解釋一些心理狀態及行為、表現的依據。 對於α 波的產生源，目前尚未有一個定論，一個被廣被接受的看法是，α 波是大 量位於大腦皮質的錐狀細胞 (pyramidal cells) 的影響 (Andersen ＆ Andersson, 1968)。根據對腦 α 波的事件關聯去同步(event-related desynchronization, ERD)分 析，α 波幅度會因感官刺激、自主動作、以及認知活動而降低(Pfurtscheller ＆ Klimesch, 1992)，因此，較高的 α 波幅度可以推論是腦部相對放鬆的指標，而 α 波幅度的降低則表示腦部處於激發狀態（洪聰敏，2000）。
表2 實驗參與者基本資料表（M ± SD） 組別 人數 平均年齡（歲） 平均身高（公分） 平均體重（公斤） 網球運動員 30 19.8±0.7 173.4±5.6 68.4±7.1 羽球運動員 30 19.4±0.5 171.3±4.3 67.5±6.1 桌球運動員 30 19.5±0.6 170.2±5.1 63.4±6.8 控制組 30 19.6±0.4 171.9±4.9 64.5±5.9 四、研究工具 （一）電腦：主機為Asus-D325桌上型電腦，CPU為celeronI 2.6GHz，使用的軟 體為研究者自行請程式設計師設計之簡單反應時間應用程式。 （二）腦波儀：
提示方向和目標字母出現的方向相反：向右的箭頭，目標字母出現在左邊。採傳 統的正向和反向線索80%-20%比例 (Castiello & Umilta, 1992) 來做盈虧分析，以 分析實驗參與者的注意力與注意力百分比。 （二）腦波資料 1. 切段（Epoch）： 當實驗參與者根據不同視野角度下之刺激方向，進行判斷、評估，產生放鍵 與按鍵所產生之反應時間與動作時間。而腦波擷取之切段則以反應時間（刺激燈 亮出現至手放開按鍵瞬間）為依據。 2. 基準值校正（Baseline Correction）： 以整段（Entire Sweep）為參考區段，將原本跳動、漂浮不定的腦波資料移 回參考的基準線，以利作業時比較與避免資料誤差。 3. 拒絕偽訊（Artifact Rejection）： 在擷取資料前必須先行的清潔工作。偽訊如眼動、動作偽訊或其他非腦電產 生的訊號，先用電腦將超過±50HZ 的腦波資料加以去除，最後可以人工的方式 再檢查，找出波動奇特的腦波資料，若有則去除以確保資料的正確性及品質。
4. 快速扶立葉轉換（Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT）：
引用文獻
吳建霆、洪聰敏（2006）。反應時間快慢與腦波連貫性關係之研究。台灣運動心 理學報，8，1-15。 吳高讚（1997）。排球運動員注意力因素之研究。體育學報，23，311-322。 洪聰敏（2000）。籃球罰球時左右腦α波的活動研究。體育學報，28，193-202。 洪聰敏、豐東洋（2003）。運動員與非運動員訊息處理之研究。體育學報，35， 117-126。 洪聰敏。(2001)。事件關聯電位（ERP）在運動心理學研究的應用。大專體育學 刊，3(1)，191-200。 馬啟偉、張力為（1996）。運動心理學。台北市，東華書局。 溫卓謀（1996）。視覺範圍注意資源分配能力之探討。未出版碩士論文，國立台 灣師範大學，台北市。 溫卓謀、林清和（2000）。不同技能層次羽球運動員不同時間壓力情境視覺注意 力分配之比較。體育學報，28，213-222。 鄭財富（2008）。運動訓練與不同反應前期對國小學童注意力的影響之研究。未 出版碩士論文，國立屏東教育大學，屏東市。 劉一民（1991）。運動哲學研究。台北市：施大書苑。 戴尉珊、林耀豐（2005）。不同刺激速度下知覺預期表現與左、右腦α波平均功率 比值之相關研究。未出版碩士論文，國立屏東師範學院體育研究所，屏東市。Albert, M. S. (1981). Geriatric neuropsychology. Journal of consulting and Clinical psychology, 49, 835-850.
Andrersen, P., ＆ Andersson, S. (1968). Physiological basis of the alpha rhythm. New York：Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Bausenhart, K., Rolke, B., Hackley, S. A., & Ulrich, R. (2006). Thelocus of temporal preparation effects: Evidence from the psychological refractory period paradigm. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 13, 536-542.
Bird, E. I. (1987). Psychophsiological processes during rifle shooting. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 9-18.
Castiello, I., & Umilta, C. (1992). Orienting of attention in volleyball players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 23, 301-310.
Collins, D., Powell, G., ＆ Davies, I. (1989). An electroencephalographic study of hemispheric processing patterns during karate performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12, 223-234.
Crews, D. J., ＆ Landers, D. M. (1993). Electroencephalographic measures of attentional patterns prior to the golf putt. Medicine and Science In Sport and Exercise , 25, 116-126.
non-conscious priming. Perception & Psychophysics, 69 (1), 9-22 Hatfield, B. D., Landers, D. M., ＆ Ray, W. J. (1987). Cardiovascalar-CNS
interactions during a self-paced, international attentive state：elite marksmanship performance. The Society for Psychophysiological Research, 24(5), 542-549. Hatfield, B. D., Landers, D. M., & Ray, W. J. (1984). Cognitive processes during
self-paced motor performance: An electroencephalographic profile of skilled mark men. Journal of Sport Psychology, 6, 42-59.
Hillman, C. H., Apparies, R. J., Janelle C. M., ＆ Hatfield B. D. (2000). An
electrocortical comparison of executed and rejected shots in skilled marksmen. Biological Psychology, 52(1), 71-83.
Kahneman. D. (1973). Attention and effort. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Kimura, D. (1977). Acquistion of motor skill after left hemisphere damage. Brain,
100, 527-542.
Kudo, K., Miyazaki, M., Kimura, T., Yamanaka, K., Kadota, H., Hirashima, M., Nakajima, Y., Nakazawa, K., & Ohtsuki, T.（2004）.Selective activation and deactivation of the human brain structures between speeded and precisely timed tapping responses to identical visual stimulus: an fMRI study. Neuroimage, 22(3), 1291-1301.
La Berge, D., & Brown, V. R. (1989). Theory of attentional operations in shape identification. Psychological Review, 96, 101-124.
Loze, G. M., Collins, D., & Holmes, P. S. (2001). Pre-shot EEG alpha-power
reactivity during expert air-pistol shooting: a comparison of best and worst shots. Journal Sports Science, 19(9), 727-733.
Magill, R. A. (2004). Motor learning and control: Concepts and applications (7 th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Naccache, L., Blandin, E., & Dehaene, S. (2002). Unconscious masked priming depends on temporal attention. Psychological Science, 13, 416-424. Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1975). On data-limited and resource-limited
processes. Cognitive Psychology,7, 44-64.
Nougier, V., Ripoll, H., & Stein, J. F. (1989). Orienting of attention with highly skilled athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 20, 205-223.
Nougier, V., Stein, J. F., & Bonnel, A. M. (1991). Information processing in sport and orienting of attention. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 22, 307-322. Pesce, C., Tessitore, A., Casella, R., Pirritano, M., & Capranica, L. (2007). Focusing
of visual attention at rest and during physical exercise in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1259 – 1270.
Posner, M. I., Snyder, C. R., & Davidson, B. J. (1980). Attention and detection of signals, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 109, 160-174.
Salazar, W., Landers, D. M., Petruzzello, S. J., Han, M., Crews, D. J., ＆ Kubitz, K. A. (1990). Hemispheric asymmetry, cardiac response, and performance in elite archers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 61(4), 351-359.
The effects of exercise training intervention of ball athlete
on attention and brain cortical hemispheric EEG activity
(α-Asymmetry)
Lin, Yaw-FengNational Pingtung University of Education
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ball athlete on attention, α-Asymmetry. The participants in the tertiary institutions for tennis, badminton and table tennis athlete and the control group of 30 boys targeted. The experimental group must accept for 12 weeks, three times per week, for 60 minutes, each time static and activity state psychomotor ability training the hand eye
coordinated, the control group does not involve any training. After the first pilot study to determine the response of 5 foreperiod (300ms, 600ms, 1000ms, 2000ms, 4000 ms), the focus of research is designed Posner, Snyder and Davidson (1980), forward - reverse the ratio of 80% -20%, to amend the design of simple reaction time, in order to make cost-benefit analysis for the attention of the quantitative tools, and recorded EEG activity in the same time. The EEG was recorded at F3、F4、F7、F8、C3、C4、 T3、T4、P3、P4、O1、O2, and observed varied correlation between simple total response time and brain cortical hemispheric EEG activity (α- Asymmetry) on
foreperiod . Experiment is divided into six sections, the first section of practice, there are 60 operations, in the second to sixth for the experimental section, each section there are 120 operations, which prompted the neutral 40 trials, the valid prompt 64 trials, the invalid prompt 16 trials, a total of 660 trials of the six operations. By doing this, mixed design three-way ANOVA, simple interaction and simple simple main effect were utilized for the statistical analysis from the obtained data. This study significant level were α= .05. In the different category's attention, the tennis, the badminton and the table tennis athlete contestant obviously surpass the control group. In examines in differently other attention, post-test obviously surpasses pre-test. In the different response foreperiod attention, responded that foreperiod 600ms the attention surpasses response foreperiod 4000ms. But in different category, different
pre-test, demonstrated has the training effect. In the different response foreperiod, in pre-test not obvious different; But in post-test when responded that foreperiod 600ms the attention is best, is smaller than 600ms, the foreperiod is shorter, the attention is smaller. But is bigger than 600ms to be more, the attention is also lower, the
foreperiod time is longer, the attention is smaller, moreover reduces the spoke is big. 2. In C34 brain cortical hemispheric EEG activity (α-Asymmetry), post-test the brain cortical hemispheric EEG activity obviously surpasses pre-test, About other F78, P34, T34 and O12 in main effect and interaction had no significant.
