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含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂之合成及物性研究

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工程科技與教育學刊 第三卷 第二期 民國九十五年六月 第 133~149 頁

Received : Apr. 22, 2006 ©2006 National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, ISSN 1813-3851 Accepted : May 16, 2006

含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂之合成及物性研究

何宗漢教授*1、林烈利副教授**、吳効謙碩士*、鄭錫勳副教授* * 國立高雄應用科技大學化學工程與材料工程系 ** 正修科技大學化工與材料工程系 *1 Correspondence author: T. H. Ho E-mail: [email protected]

摘 要

本研究主要為發展新穎反應型非鹵型低應力難燃劑,首先合成芳烷基酚醛樹脂,再進ㄧ 步改質,可得含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂。將含磷芳烷基樹脂作為環氧樹脂之硬化劑,無須再添加 其他難燃的物質,即可達到難燃的效果。利用FTIR、GPC、MS、1H-NMR 和31P-NMR 進行 產物之結構鑑定,並利用DSC、TGA、DMA、UL-94V 及 LOI 探討含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂作為 環氧樹脂硬化劑之物性。實驗結果顯示,經含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂硬化之環氧樹脂硬化物,由 於含芳烷基使得其玻璃轉移溫度(Tg)與彈性儲存模數較低,但在焦炭殘餘量上皆較未添佳 者明顯的提升許多。在UL-94V 燃燒測試上,環氧樹脂硬化物含磷量僅需約 3%左右時便可達 到V-0 級且都無發煙現象與垂滴物產生,且 LOI 測試結果顯示皆能達到難燃等級。 關鍵詞:芳烷基酚醛樹脂、含磷難燃劑、環氧樹脂、硬化劑

ABSTRACT

The goal of this research is focused on the preparation of novel phosphorus-containing phenol aralkyl novolac resin (PAR) and epoxy resin compositions, which can be used in preparing prepregs and copper-clad laminates for printed circuit boards. The structure of phosphorus-containing novolac and epoxy was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (EA), mass spectroscopy (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Thermal properties of cured epoxy resins were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). These data were compared with those of the commercial epoxy system. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 vertical test were used to characterize the flammability and combustion behavior. The cured

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何宗漢、林烈利、吳効謙、鄭錫勳

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phosphorus-containing epoxy resins showed higher char yield than that of control epoxy resin. UL-94 V-0 rating could be achieved with phosphorus content of as low as 3% in the cured epoxy resins, and no fume and toxic gas emission were observed. The limiting oxygen index as well as excellent UL-94 vertical burn test results of phosphorus-containing aralkyl resin indicated the flame retardancy of the phosphorus-containing epoxy resin.

Keywords: aralkyl novolac resin; phosphorus-containing flame retardant; epoxy resin; curing agent

1. 前 言

隨著科技的發展,高分子材料於人類生活中應用相當的廣泛,例如:公共營業場所和一 般住宅為求美觀,常採用易燃性材料的裝潢傢俱或物品,加以電器、電子資訊產品的普及化, 一旦這些可燃性材料著火燃燒,火焰迅速蔓延而造成巨大損傷是可想而知的,由新聞中,常 常可以看到,由於電線走火或人為疏失,因而造成熊熊烈火吞噬了一般住宅、工廠或公共營 業場所的悲劇,造成財物嚴重的損失以及人員的傷亡,因此針對易燃或可燃的材料加以進行 難燃的處理以減低它的危害到最低的限度,便成為現今研究的重要課題。 為了因應全世界的環保意識抬頭,以及環保問題對於電子產業造成的衝擊,目前印刷電 路板將朝多層化、高耐熱、低介電、低熱膨脹性和無鹵型材料等方向發展。除了技術層次及 附加價值提升之外,在環保意識的抬頭下,綠色環保產品已不再是口號或道德訴求而已,而 變成一種商業行為,其中潛藏著無限商機。近年來歐、美、日等世界大廠都積極研究開發, 將無鹵、無鉛甚至無磷的環保材料運用於印刷電路板材料及製程中。台灣為了因應加入WTO 及繼續維持在世界印刷電路板領先的地位,應往高品質、高功能、高附加價值方面來進行研 究開發,以提昇台灣競爭力並擺脫原料掌握於外國大廠之窘境。 環氧樹脂因具有優良的電氣性質、形狀安定、耐高溫、耐溶劑、耐酸鹼與化學品,且對 金屬、矽晶片等有極佳的接著性,其成本低廉及質量輕盈等眾多優點,因此廣用於電子/資訊 用材料[1],如:印刷電路板、半導體封裝材料等。但是環氧樹脂容易燃燒,可能引起火災, 進而危害到人類生命安全,故全世界對電子產品的難燃特性均有相當嚴格的要求(需完全符

合UL-94 標準)。利用 Tetrabromobisphenol A(TBBA)當作是一種反應型難燃劑來使用,導

入環氧樹脂系統內形成溴化環氧樹脂,除了難燃效果佳,亦擁有良好的機械性質及電氣特性, 因此廣泛用在耐燃的印刷電路板(FR-4 基板)製造上[2-6]。而由於含溴的難燃劑基材在高溫

裂解下產生的化學物質對人體有害,會產生致癌性的毒氣(如Dioxin)[7-12],因此各國為避

免電氣產品之材質,在高溫中對環境造成危害起見,歐盟對於在 2006 年 7 月 1 日全面禁止

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含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂之合成及物性研究 135 使用;並期望於2008 年前逐步淘汰所有含鹵素的難燃劑在電子或電氣設備中的使用。 引起燃燒的條件,必須同時具有可燃性物質(燃料)、氧氣、熱源此三個基本條件,一般 稱為「燃燒三要素」,若缺少其中任何一項,燃燒即將終止或不發生。一般而言,高分子材料 燃燒時,其阻燃機制可分為物理性與化學性兩大類。在難燃劑加入配方後,藉由物理方式減 緩難燃機制,例如添加型難燃劑。而化學性機制乃是高分子材料與難燃劑的基本結構間產生 化學性結合,成為分子鏈中的一部分,因此會改變分子受熱的反應速率,此為反應型難燃劑 的主要難燃機制。此化學性機制大致可分為固相及氣相兩種形式作用,一般而言,此兩者機 制同時並存,產生相乘作用。目前PCB 中使用之難燃劑以含溴或磷為主[13-17],不同型態之 難燃劑阻燃原理各有不同,一般而言,阻燃方法可分成下列幾種: (1)改良高分子的結構,增加高分子本身的耐熱性及熱安定性。 (2)產生不可燃的氣體稀釋氣相中可燃性氣體的濃度。 (3)增加高分子燃燒表面的熱與質量的損失,如加入其他的物質,使得材料滴垂性增加,減 少燃燒時火焰停留的時間。 (4)促使凝結相與氣相之間的能量轉換減慢,讓熱裂解速率趨於減緩。 (5)使熱裂解過程中產生大量的吸熱物質,使熱回饋的熱量無法再回到高分子上。 (6)自由基的捕捉,將熱裂解所產生活性很大的 H‧與 OH‧予以捕捉,終止燃燒的循環繼 續下去。 本研究主要為發展新穎反應型非鹵難燃劑,首先合成低應力的芳烷基酚醛樹脂,再與 Diphenyl chlorophosphate(DPC)進行反應,得到含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂,所得含磷芳烷基樹脂 不但可作為環氧樹脂的硬化劑,再配合含氮硬化劑的使用,具氮磷相乘之耐燃效果無須再添 加其他難燃的物質即可達到難燃的效果。本研究得到的低應力、高焦炭殘餘率、具難燃性的 無鹵含磷環氧樹脂硬化物,可以滿足半導體封裝材料或印刷電路板基材在環保及技術上的要 求。

2. 實 驗

2.1 芳烷基酚醛樹脂之合成 在裝有溫度控制指示裝置的加熱包,數字型機械攪拌棒和連接冷凝管之 Dean-stark trap 的500 毫升四頸分離式圓底反應瓶中加入 69.1 克(0.5 莫耳)的 p-xylylene glycol、141.2 克(1

莫耳)的Phenol 及 150 毫升的 1-butanol。先以氮氣沖流 10 分鐘後,於室溫下將 1.0 克 PTSA

加入上述的溶液中。反應在溫度115~120℃及壓力 200mmHg abs.之下充分攪拌反應 10 小時,

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含磷芳烷基酚醛樹脂之合成及物性研究 141

系列、B 曲線為 AR/PAR 系列,結果顯示兩系列的 LOI 值皆隨著含磷量的增加而跟著提升,

而DDM/PAR 系列之 LOI 值些微高於 AR/PAR 系列,主要歸因於 DDM 與 PAR 之氮磷共乘效

應所影響。

4. 結 論

本研究將合成之低應力芳烷基酚醛樹脂,藉由含磷基團的導入得到含磷芳烷基酚醛樹 脂。依配方製備DDM/PAR 與 AR/PAR 兩種系列硬化劑之環氧樹脂組成物。物性測試結果顯 示,由於含磷基團的導入,使得環氧樹脂硬化物需較高的溫度硬化反應才能完成。含磷芳烷 基酚醛樹脂中芳烷基酚醛樹脂結構上部分的氫氧基被含磷基團所取代,使得含磷芳烷基酚醛 樹脂與環氧樹脂熱硬化後交鏈密度下降,導致E’和 Tg無可避免的下降許多。隨著環氧樹脂硬 化物中含磷量的增加,能有效的提升環氧樹脂硬化物的char yield,且都具有兩階段裂解溫度; UL-94V 燃燒測試顯示,環氧樹脂硬化物中含磷量僅需約 3%左右即可達 V-0 級,而 LOI 測 試結果亦屬於難燃範圍內。

5. 參考文獻

[1] Lee, H. and K. Noville, Handbook of Epoxy Resins, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1982. [2] Gentzkow, W. V., J. Huber. H. Kapitza, and W. Rogler, “Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant

Plastics for Electronic Applications,” J. of Vinyl & Additive Technology, Vol. 3, 1997, pp. 175. [3] Weil, E. D. and S. Levchik, “A Review of Current Flame Retardant Systems for Epoxy

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[4] Liu,Y. L., “Epoxy Resins from Novel Monomers with a Bis-(9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- oxide-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-yl-) Substituent,” J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., Vol. 40, 2002, pp. 359.

[5] Liu, Y. L., “Phosphorous-Containing Epoxy Resins from a Novel Synthesis Route,” J. Appl.

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[6] Wang, C. S. C., H. Lin and C. Y. Chen, “Synthesis and Properties of Phosphorus- Containing Polyesters Derived from 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz-c,e-1,2-oxaphosphorin-6-yl)-1,4-Hydroxyethoxy Phenylene,” J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., Vol. 36, 1998, pp. 3051.

[7] Tange, L. and D. Drohmann, “Environmental Issues Related to End-of-life Options of Plastics Containing Brominated Flame Retardants,” Fire and Mater., Vol. 28, 2004, pp. 403.

[8] Kiuchi, Y. and M. Iji, “Development of Environmentally Safe Flame-Retarding Epoxy Resin Compounds without Halogen and Phosphorous Derivatives and their Application to Printed Wiring Boards,” NEC Res. & Develop., Vol. 44, 2003, pp. 256.

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142

Retardants a Review,” Environment International, Vol. 29, 2003, pp. 801.

[10] Wang, C. S. and C. H. Lin, “Synthesis and Properties of Phosphorus-Containing Epoxy Resins by Novel Method,” J. Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem., Vol. 37, 1999, pp. 3903.

[11] Wang, C. S. and C. H. Lin, “Synthesis and Properties of Phosphorus Containing Copoly(bismaleimide),” Polymer, Vol. 40, 1999, pp. 5665.

[12] Wang, T. S., J. F. Yeh and M. D. Shau, “Syntheses, Structure, Reactivity, and Thermal Properties of Epoxy-Imide Resin Cured by Phosphorylated Triamine,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 59, 1996, pp. 215.

[13] Lin,C. H., J. M. Huang, and C. S. Wang , “Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Tetramethyl Stilbene-Based Epoxy Resins for Electronic Encapsulation,” Polymer, Vol. 43, 2002, pp. 2959.

[14] Wang, C. S. and J. Y. Shieh, “Phosphorus-Containing Epoxy Resin for an Electronic Application,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 73, 1999, pp. 353.

[15] Wang, Y. Z. et. al, “Thermal Behaviors of Flame-Retardant Polycarbonates Containing Diphenyl Sulfonate and Poly(sulfonyl phenylene phosphonate),” J. Appl. Polym .Sci., Vol. 89, 2003, pp. 882.

[16] Hussain, M., R. J. Varley, M. Zenka, and G. P. Simon, “Synthesis, Thermal Behavior, and Cone Calorimetry of Organophosphorus Epoxy Materials,” J. Appl. Polym.Sci., Vol. 90, 2003, pp. 3696.

[17] Liu, Y. L., C. S. Wu, K. Y. Hsu and T. C. Chang, “Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resins from O-cresol Novolac Epoxy Cured with a Phosphorus-Containing Aralkyl Novolac,” J. Polym. Sci.

Part A: Polym. Chem., Vol. 40, 2002, pp. 2329.

[18] Shieh, J. Y. and C. S. Wang, “Effect of the Organo-Phosphate Structure on the Physical and Flame-Retardant Properties of an Epoxy Resin,” J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., Vol. 40, 2001, pp. 369.

[19] Ho, T. H. and C. S. Wang, “Modification of Epoxy Resins by Hydrosilation for Electronic Encapsulation Application,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 54, 1994, pp. 13.

[20] Ho, T. H. and C. S. Wang, “Synthesis of Aralkyl Novolac Epoxy Resins and their Modification with Polysiloxane Thermoplastic Polyurethane for Semiconductor Encapsulation,” J. Appl.

Polym. Sci., Vol. 74, 1999, pp. 1905.

[21] Zhang, J., S. Feng and Q. Ma, “Kinetics of the Thermal Degradation and Thermal Stability of Conductive Silicone Rubber Filled with Conductive Carbon Black,” J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Vol. 89, 2003, pp. 1548.

[22] Wang, C. S. and J. Y. Shieh, “Synthesis and Properties of Epoxy Resins Containing Bis(3-hydroxyphenyl) Phenyl Phosphate,” Eur. Polym. J., Vol. 36, 2000, pp. 443.

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