車輛破撞之動態反應分析 林智群、梁卓中
E-mail: [email protected]
摘 要
由於國內每年平均車輛肇事率達2.18(件/萬輛)，導致乘員的死亡率高達2.04(人/件)，且乘客車肇事率更高達45.2%，因此本 論文以乘客車之周邊式車架(perimeter frame)及Ford Taurus乘客車做為研究對象，應用美國聯邦機動車輛安全標準法 規(FMVSS208、214、224)之規定，採用有限元素分析軟體LS-DYNA來進行碰撞(前撞、側撞、後撞)模擬分析，首先以圓柱 撞擊實驗及簡易扭力盒車架(toque-box frame)撞擊研究，來評估軟體之碰撞分析能力，其次進行周邊式車架及Ford Taurus乘 客車全車車體結構碰撞分析，研究車架及車體受碰撞之變形、能量吸收、速度、加速度等動態反應。結果顯示，周邊式車 架於前撞時其前端車架轉折處產生摺疊崩潰現象，其能量吸收約佔98%；於側撞時其乘客區車架與前端車架有高低差因素
，當受側向撞擊時會產生嚴重結構潰縮變形，其縱樑能量吸收約佔20.8%；於後撞時乘客區車架與後端車架有高低差因素
，當受後方撞擊時會產生過度摺疊現象，其後端車架之能量吸收約佔12.6%；而全車於前撞時其前潰縮區最主要能量吸收 為前端車架約佔14.66%：於側撞時其乘客區最主要能量吸收為縱樑車架約佔17.69%；於後撞時其後潰縮區最主要能量吸收 為行李箱結構之底板約佔48.3%。此外，本論文並研析彙整世界著名車廠之安全防護設計理念，供設計改善參考；以及車 架及全車碰撞研究成果希能供未來車輛結構設計之參考。
關鍵詞 : 周邊式車架、Ford Taurus汽車、變形、能量吸收 目錄
第一章 緒論 1.1 緣起 ...1 1.2 文獻回顧 ...4 1.2.1 實車碰撞研 究 ...4 1.2.2 數值模擬法 ...7 1.3 本文目標
...13 第二章 撞擊分析軟體LS-DYNA之基本理論 2.1 LS-DYNA 基本理論 ...18 2.1.1 偏微分程式之空間離散法 ...19 2.1.2 運動方程式 ...20 2.1.3 沙漏控制 ...21 2.2 LS-DYNA 程式應用 ...22 2.2.1 前處理器 ...22 2.2.2 LS-DYNA主程式處理
...26 2.2.3 後處理器 ...26 第三章 數值驗證 3.1 實心圓柱撞擊驗證 與分析 ...31 3.1.1 問題描述 ...31 3.1.2 有限元素模型
...31 3.1.3 結果比較與分析 ...32 3.2 扭力盒車架碰撞驗證與分析 ...32 3.2.1 問題描述 ...32 3.2.2 有限元素模型
...33 3.2.3 結果比較與分析 ...33 第四章 周邊式車架結構碰撞分析 4.1 研究對象 ...44 4.2 周邊式車架結構前方碰撞分析 ...44 4.2.1 問題描述 ...44 4.2.2 有限元素模型 ...45 4.2.3 車架撞擊動態分析
...46 4.2.4 不同車架元件截面之抗撞能力 ...48 4.3 周邊式車架結構側向碰撞分析 ...49 4.3.1 問題描述 ...49 4.3.2 有限元素模型
...50 4.3.3 車架撞擊動態分析 ...51 4.3.4不同車架元件截面之抗撞能力 ...53 4.4 周邊式車架結構後方碰撞分析 ...54 4.4.1 問題描述
...54 4.4.2 有限元素模型 ...55 4.4.3 車架撞擊動態分析
...56 4.4.4不同車架元件截面之抗撞能力 ...57 4.5 周邊式車架撞擊結果討論 ...59 第五章 全車車體結構碰撞分析 5.1 Ford Taurus車體結構前方碰撞分析 ...108 5.1.1 問題描述 ...108 5.1.2 有限元素模型 ...109 5.1.3 車體前方碰撞 分析 ...110 5.1.4 改善建議 ...112 5.2 Ford Taurus車體結構側向碰撞 分析 ...113 5.2.1 問題描述 ...113 5.2.2 有限元素模型
...113 5.2.3 車體側向碰撞分析 ...115 5.2.4 改善建議
...117 5.3 Ford Taurus車體結構後方碰撞分析 ...117 5.3.1 問題描述 ...118 5.3.2 有限元素模型 ...118 5.3.3 車體後方碰撞分析 ...119 5.3.4 改善建議 ...120 第六章 結論與未來展望 ...160 參考文獻 ...163 附錄A 世界著名車廠之車體設計理念 ...172 附錄B 車輛碰撞安全(美國、歐洲、日本)法規 ...180
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