Contents
Preface ix
About the Author xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Basics of CDMA Communications 9
2.1 CDMA Codes and Their Properties 12
2.1.1 CDMA Codes . . . 12
2.1.2 Properties of CDMA Codes 13
2.2 Direct Sequence CDMA Techniques . 17
2.3 Frequency Hopping CDMA Techniques . 34
2.4 Time Hopping CDMA Techniques . . . . 42
2.5 Spread Spectrum or Time? . . . 44
2.6 Characteristic Features of CDMA Systems 45
2.6.1 Processing Gain . . . 46
2.6.2 Pseudo-Noise Sequences . . . 46
2.6.3 Multiple Access Capability . . . . 48
2.6.4 Protection against Multipath Interference 50
2.6.5 Interference/Jamming Rejection 54
2.6.6 Privacy . . . 56 2.6.7 Low Probability of Interception . . . 56 2.6.8 Overlay with Existing Radio Systems versus Cognitive Radio 57 2.6.9 Low Power Emission to Reduce Health Risk . 59
2.7 Multi-Code and M-ary CDMA Techniques 60
2.7.1 Orthogonal Code System . . . 60
2.7.2 Multi-Code System. . . 62
2.7.3 Parallel Combinatorial System. 63
2.7.4 BPSK M-ary CDMA System 63
2.8 Multi-Carrier CDMA Systems 68
2.9 OFDM CDMA Techniques . . . 70
3 CDMA-Based 2G and 3G Systems 75
3.1 EIA/TIA IS-95 System . . . 76
3.1.1 IS-95A Network Configuration . . 78
3.1.2 Walsh, Short and Long PN Codes . 80
3.1.3 Forward Channel . 80
vi
3.1.5 Power Control 3.1.6 Handover . . . . 3.2 ETSI WCDMA System .
3.2.1 History of UMTS WCDMA . 3.2.2 ETSI UMTS versus ARIB WCDMA 3.2.3 UMTS Cell and Network Structure 3.2.4 UMTS Radio Interface .
3.2.5 UMTS Protocol Stack . . . . 3.2.6 UTRA Channels . . . .
3.2.7 UTRA Multiplexing and Frame Structure . . . . 3.2.8 Spreading and Carrier Modulations . . .
3.2.9 Packet Data .. 3.2.10 Power Control . . . . 3.2.11 Handovers . . . . 3.3 Discussion: Lessons to Learn
4 Technical Limitations of Traditional CDMA Technology 4.1 Problems with Traditional CDMA Codes
4.1.1 Orthogonal CDMA Codes . . . . 4.1.2 Quasi-Orthogonal CDMA Codes .. 4.1.3 Other CDMA Codes and Sequences 4.2 Spreading Modulations . . . .
4.2.1 DS Spreading Modulation .. 4.2.2 Problems with DS Spreading 4.3 Scrambling Techniques . . . . 4.4 Near-Far Effect . . . .
4.5 Asynchronous Transmissions in Uplink Channels . . . . 4.6 Random Signs in Consecutive Symbols
4.7 Multipath Interference . . . 4.8 High-Speed Bursty-Type Traffic . . . . 4.9 Rate-Matching Problems . . . . 4.10 Asymmetric Data Rate in Up- and Down-Links 4.11 Sensitivity to Time-Selective Fading .. . 4.12 Impaired Power-Efficiency Due to MAl .. . S What is Next Generation CDMA Technology?
5.1 Application Scenarios .. 5.1.1 Mobile Cellular. 5.1.2 Wireless LANs . 5.1.3 Wireless PANs 5.1.4 Cognitive Radio 5.1.5 Cooperative Communications 5.2 Innovative Spreading Modulations ..
5.2.1 OS Spreading Modulation ..
5.2.2 Two-Dimensional Spreading Modulation 5.2.3 Space-Time-Frequency Spreading Modulation 5.3 Isotropic MAl-Free and MI-Free Operation .. 5.4 Bandwidth Efficiency Versus Power Efficiency . . . .
5.4.1 OS-Spreading-Based CDMA . . . . 5.5 High Speed Burst Data Access and Next Generation CDMA
CONTENTS 92 93 95 100 104 106 108 112 114 119 122 125 127 128 131 135 135 136 143 149 150 151 153 156 157 159 161 162 164 165 166 167 168 177 184 185 189 191 193 195 200 201 204 212 213 218 219 222
CONTENTS vii
5.6 Integration of MIMO and CDMA Technologies . . . 225
5.7 M-ary CDMA Technologies . . . 227
6 Complementary Codes 229 6.1 Magic Power of Complementary Codes 230 6.2 Different Types of Complementary Codes . 230 6.2.1 Primitive Complementary Codes 232 6.2.2 Complete Complementary Codes 236 6.2.3 Extended Complementary Codes 238 6.2.4 Super Complementary Codes . . 240
6.2.5 Pair-wise Complementary Codes 240 6.2.6 Column-wise Complementary Codes 241 6.3 Generation of Complementary Codes . . . . 245
6.3.1 Generation of Complete Complementary Codes 246 6.3.2 Generation of Extended Complementary Codes 248 6.3.3 Generation of Super Complementary Codes . . 249
6.3.4 Generation of Generalized Pair-wise Complementary Codes . 254 6.3.5 Algebra Approaches: The REAL Approach . . . 263
7 CDMA Systems Based on Complementary Codes 275 7.1 Direct Sequence Spreading and DS/CC-CDMA Systems . . . 276
7.1.1 System Architecture . . . 276
7.1.2 Isotropic MAl-Free Operation . . . 278
7.1.3 Isotropic MI-Free Operation . . . 279
7.1.4 Analytical Performance Study of DS/CC-CDMA System 283 7.1.5 Properties of DS/CC-CDMA System . . . 291
7.2 Offset Stacking Spreading and OS/CC-CDMA Systems . . . 297
7.2.1 Orthogonal Complementary Codes for OS Spreading 298 7.2.2 OS Spreading with MAl-Free Property . . . 301
7.2.3 OS-Spreading Signal Reception in Multipath Channels . . . 302 7.2.4 Discussions
7.2.5 Summary . . . . . . 8 Integration of Space-Time Coding with CC-CDMA Technologies
8.1 Motivations . . . . 8.2 STCC DS/CC-CDMA System Model . . . .
8.3 Properties of Orthogonal Complementary Codes . . . . 8.4 Dual Transmitter Antennas . . . .
8.5 Arbitrary Number of Transmitter Antennas . . . 8.6 Results and Discussions on STCC DS/CC-CDMA 8.7 Summary on STCC DS/CC-CDMA .
8.8 Why STCC OS/CC-CDMA? . . . . . 8.9 STCC OS/CC-CDMA System Model
8.9.1 Channel Model . . . .
8.9.2 Generalized Pair-wise Complementary Codes 8.9.3 Space-Time Complementary Coding 8.10 Slow Flat Fading Channels . . . . 8.11 Frequency-Selective Fading Channels . . . . 8.12 Results and Discussions on STCC OS/CC-CDMA 8.13 Summary on STCC OS/CC-CDMA . . . . 309 310 313 314 314 318 322 325 327 331 331 333 333 333 335 336 340 343 346
viii CONTENTS
9 M-ary CDMA Technologies 349 350 352 355 356 361 363 366 9.1 BPSK M-ary CDMA System Model . . . .
9.2 BPSK M-ary CDMA Constellation Optimization . 9.3 Preliminaries for Performance Analysis . . . . 9.4 MAl Analysis . . . .
9.5 BER Analysis for BPSK M-ary CDMA . . . . 9.6 Results and Discussion . . . . .
9.7 Summary . . . . 10 Next Generation Optical CDMA Communications
10.1 Peculiarities in Optical Communications . . . . 10.2 Previous Research on OCDMA Communications . 10.3 Existing Sequences for Optical CDMA
10.3.1 Optical Orthogonal Codes 10.3.2 Prime Codes . . . . 369 369 371 373 373 376 10.3.3 Multi-Length Codes . . . 376 10.4 Complementary Codes for OCDMA . 379 10.4.1 Parameters of Optical Complementary Codes . 380 10.4.2 Correlation Properties of Optical Complementary Codes . . . 382 10.4.3 Generation of Optical Complementary Codes . . . 386 10.4.4 Performance Comparison . . . 392 A Relation between Periodic and Aperiodic Correlation Functions 401 A.1 Aperiodic Correlation Functions . . . 401 A.2 Periodic Correlation Functions . . . 403 A.3 Proof . . . 404 B Proof of Flock-wise Orthogonality of CC Codes 409 C Proof of n-Chip Orthogonality of CC Codes 415 C.1 Single Chip (n
=
1) Orthogonality of a CC Code Set 416 C.2 N-Chip (n=
N) Orthogonality of a CC Code Set 416 D Proof of Equation (8.27) 419 E List of Complete Complementary Codes (PG=
8 ~ 512) 421 F List of Super Complementary Codes (PG=
4 ~ 64) 427References 439
