Course overview

Course overview

Introduction to Computer p Yung-Yu Chuang

with slides by Nisan & Schocken (www.nand2tetris.org)

Logistics

• Meeting time: 2:20pm-5:20pm, Tuesday Classroom: CSIE Room 104

• Classroom: CSIE Room 104

• Instructor: 莊永裕 Yung-Yu Chuang T hi i t t TBD

• Teaching assistant: TBD

• Webpage:

http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cyy/introcs

id / password p

• Mailing list: introcs@cmlab.csie.ntu.edu.tw Please subscribe via

Please subscribe via

https://cmlmail.csie.ntu.edu.tw/mailman/listinfo/introcs/

Textbook

The Elements of Computing Systems Noam Nisan

Systems, Noam Nisan,

Shimon Schocken, MIT Press

References (TOY)

Princeton’s Introduction to CS,

htt // i t d /i t

http://www.cs.princeton.edu/intro cs/50machine/

http://www.cs.princeton.edu/intro

cs/60circuits/

References

CODE: The Hidden Language of

C t H d d S ft

Computer Hardware and Software, Charles Petzold, Microsoft Press.

Digital Design and Computer Digital Design and Computer

Architecture, 2 ^nd Edition, David

Harris and Sarah Harris Morgan

Harris and Sarah Harris, Morgan

Kaufmann.

Grading (subject to change)

• Assignments (n projects, 60%) from the accompanying website

accompanying website

• Class participation (4%)

• Midterm exam (16%)

• Final project (20%) p j ( )

Early computers

Early programming tools

First popular PCs

Early PCs

• Intel 8086 processor processor

• 768KB memory

• 20MB disk

• Dot-Matrix

printer (9-pin)

GUI/IDE

More advanced architectures

• Pipeline SIMD

• SIMD

• Multi-core

• Cache

More advanced software

More “computers” around us

My computers

Desktop

(Intel Pentium D 3GHz Nvidia 7900)

VAIO Z46TD

(I l C 2 D P9700 2 8GH ) 3GHz, Nvidia 7900)

(Intel Core 2 Duo P9700 2.8GHz)

iPhone 5

iPad 2 ARM Cortex-A15?) (A6, iPad 2

(dual-core A5 1GHz)

Goal of the course

The course at a glance

Objectives:

U d t d h h d d ft t

• Understand how hardware and software systems are built and how they work together

• Learn how to break complex problems into simpler ones

• Learn how to break complex problems into simpler ones

• Learn how large scale development projects are planned and executed

planned and executed

• Have fun

Methodology:

B ild l t l d ki

• Build a complete, general-purpose and working computer system

Play and experiment with this computer at any level of

• Play and experiment with this computer, at any level of

interest

TOY machine

TOY machine

• Starting from a simple construct

TOY machine

• Build several components and connect them together

together

TOY machine

• Almost as good as any computers

TOY machine

A DUP 32

int A[32]; 10: C020

lda R1, 1 lda RA, A

20: 7101 21: 7A00 lda RC, 0

d ld RD 0 FF i=0;

Do {

RD tdi

22: 7C00 23 8DFF read ld RD, 0xFF

bz RD, exit add R2 RA RC RD=stdin;

if (RD==0) break;

23: 8DFF 24: CD29 25: 12AC add R2, RA, RC

sti RD, R2 add RC, RC, R1 A[i]=RD;

i=i+1;

25: 12AC 26: BD02 27: 1CC1 bz R0, read

it jl RF i t } while (1);

i t ()

28: C023 29 FF2B exit jl RF, printr

hlt

printr(); 29: FF2B

2A: 0000

From NAND to Tetris

• The elements of computing systems C

• Courses

• Software

• Cool stuffs

Pong on the Hack computer

Pong, 1985 Pong, 2011

Pong, on our g,

computer

Theme and structure of the book

abstract interface

Software

Human Abstract design

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

abstract interface

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator Vi t l

abstract interface

hierarchy

Thought

Chapters 9, 12

VM Translator

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Assembler

Chapter 6

abstract interface

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic Machine

Language

abstract interface

H d

abstract interface

Gate Logic

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Hardware Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

hierarchy

(Abstraction–implementation paradigm)

Application level: Pong (an example)

Ball

abstraction Bat Bat

abstraction

The big picture

H.L. Language

&

abstract interface

Compiler

abstract interface

Software hierarchy

Human Thought

Abstract design

Chapters 9, 12

Operating Sys. Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly

abstract interface

Assembler Ch t 6

Assembly Language

Chapter 6

Computer Architecture Machine

L

abstract interface

abstract interface Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

H d

Language

Hardware Platform

Chips &

abstract interface

Engineering

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Chips &

Logic Gates

High-level programming (Jack language)

/** A Graphic Bat for a Pong Game */

class Bat {

field int x, y; // screen location of the bat's top-left corner field int width, height; // bat's width & height

// The class constructor and most of the class methods are omitted

/** Draws (color=true) or erases (color=false) the bat */

method void draw(boolean color) { do Screen.setColor(color);

do Screen.drawRectangle(x,y,x+width,y+height);

Typical call to OS th d

g ( ,y, ,y g );

return;

}

/** Moves the bat one step (4 pixels) to the right. */

an OS method

/ Moves the bat one step (4 pixels) to the right. / method void moveR() {

do draw(false); // erase the bat at the current location let x = x + 4; // change the bat's X-location

// but don't go beyond the screen's right border // but don t go beyond the screen s right border

if ((x + width) > 511) { let x = 511 - width;

}

do draw(true); // re draw the bat in the new location

Ball abstraction

Bat abstraction

do draw(true); // re-draw the bat in the new location return;

} }

Operating system level (Jack OS)

/** An OS-level screen driver that abstracts the computer's physical screen */

class Screen {

static boolean currentColor; // the current color static boolean currentColor; // the current color

// The Screen class is a collection of methods, each implementing one // abstract screen-oriented operation. Most of this code is omitted.

/** Draws a rectangle in the current color. */

// the rectangle's top left corner is anchored at screen location (x0,y0) // and its width and length are x1 and y1, respectively.

function void drawRectangle(int x0, int y0, int x1, int y1) { var int x, y;

let x = x0;

while (x < x1) { while (x < x1) { let y = y0;

while(y < y1) {

do Screen.drawPixel(x,y);

let y = y+1;

}

let x = x+1;

}

Ball abstraction

Bat abstraction

} } }

The big picture

abstract interface

Software

hi h

Human Th ht

Abstract design

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator Virtual

abstract interface

hierarchy

Thought

Chapters 9, 12

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Assembler

Chapter 6

abstract interface

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic Machine

Language

Hardware

abstract interface

g

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Hardware Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

hierarchy

A modern compilation model

Some Other language

Jack language

. . .

Some

language

. . .

Proj. 12: building the OS

Projects Some

compiler Some Other compiler

Jack compiler

VM language

10-11

VM implementation

over CISC platforms

VM imp.

over RISC platforms

VM imp.

over the Hack platform

VM emulator

Projects 7-8

RISC machine

Hack hi CISC

machine

written in a high level

. . .

machine language

machine language machine

language

. . .

language

. . .

. . .

RISC machine

other digital platforms, each equipped with its VM implementation

Hack computer

CISC machine

Any computer

1-6

Compilation 101

Source code push x

Intermediate code

>

parsing Code

generation Source code

(x + width) > 511

push x

push width add

push 511

+ 511

push 511 gt

width x

Abstraction Syntax Implementation

Analysis Parse

Tree Semantic

Synthesis

Observations:

 Modularity

 Abstraction / implementation interplay

 The implementation uses abstract services from the level below.

The virtual machine (VM modeled after JVM)

if ((x+width)>511) {

let x=511-width; ₇₅

memory (before)

...

// VM implementation

let x 511 width;

}

75 450

450

x width

75

...

push x // s1 push width // s2 add // s3

75

...

s4 s5 s9

push 511 // s4 gt // s5 if-goto L1 // s6

525 511

1

511 450

goto L2 // s7 L1:

push 511 // s8 _s10

memory (after)

push width // s9 sub // s10 pop x // s11

61

sp

450

...

width

...

memory (after)

L2:

...

x 61

...

The big picture

abstract interface

Software

hi h

Human Th ht

Abstract design

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator Virtual

abstract interface

hierarchy

Thought

Chapters 9, 12

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Assembler

Chapter 6

abstract interface

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic Machine

Language

Hardware

abstract interface

g

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Hardware Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

hierarchy

Low-level programming (on Hack)

Virtual machine program

...

push x push width p add

push 511 gt

gt

if-goto L1 goto L2 L1:

L1:

push 511 push width

sub sub pop x L2:

...

Low-level programming (on Hack)

Virtual machine program

...

push x push width p add

push 511 gt

Assembly program

VM translator gt

if-goto L1 goto L2 L1:

// push 511

@511

D=A // D=511 L1:

push 511 push width

sub

D A // D 511

@SP A=M

M=D // *SP=D push 511

sub pop x L2:

M D // SP D

@SP

M=M+1 // SP++

...

Low-level programming (on Hack)

Virtual machine program

...

push x push width p add

push 511 gt

Assembly program

VM

translator gt

if-goto L1 goto L2 L1:

// push 511

@511

D=A // D=511 L1:

push 511 push width

sub

//

@SP A=M

M=D // *SP=D ^Assembler Executable

push 511

sub pop x L2:

M D // SP D

@SP

M=M+1 // SP++

0000000000000000 1110110010001000

@SP

M=M+1 // SP++

...

The big picture

abstract interface

Software

hi h

Human Th ht

Abstract design

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator Virtual

abstract interface

hierarchy

Thought

Chapters 9, 12

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Assembler

Chapter 6

abstract interface

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic Machine

Language

Hardware

abstract interface

g

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Hardware Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

hierarchy

Machine language semantics (Hack)

Instruction code

Code semantics

Code syntax

Instruction code

(0=“address” inst.) Address

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0000000000000000

1111110111001000

@0 M=M-1

ALU operation code

Destination Code

Jump Code Instruction code

(1=“compute” inst.) operation code (M-1)

Code (M)

Code (no jump) (1 compute inst.)

• We need a hardware architecture that realizes this semantics

• The hardware platform should be designed to:

o Parse instructions, and ,

o Execute them.

Computer architecture (Hack)

instruction

Data Memory

(M)

ALU

Instruction

Memory A

D

data out (M)

M

data out

address of next instruction

Program Counter

instruction

data in RAM(A)

• A typical Von Neumann machine

The big picture

Software

Human Abstract design

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

abstract interface

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

abstract interface

Software hierarchy

Human Thought

g

Chapters 9, 12

p g y

VM Translator

Chapters 7 - 8

Virtual Machine

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Assembler Chapter 6

Language

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Machine Language

abstract interface

abstract interface

Gate Logic

Chapters 1 - 3 Electrical

Engineering

Physics

Hardware

Hardware Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

y

hierarchy

Logic design

• Combinational logic (leading to an ALU) S i l l i (l di RAM)

• Sequential logic (leading to a RAM)

• Putting the whole thing together (leading to a computer)

Using … gate logic

Gate logic

 Hardware platform = inter-connected set of chips

 Chips are made of simpler chips, all the way down to elemantary logic gates h ps are made of s mpler ch ps, all the way down to elemantary log c gates

 Logic gate = hardware element that implements a certain Boolean function

 Every chip and gate has an interface specifying WHAT it is doing and an

 Every chip and gate has an interface , specifying WHAT it is doing, and an implementation , specifying HOW it is doing it.

Interface

a

Implementation

Xor a

b

out ^And

O t

a

Not

0 0 0

0 1 1

a b out

And Not

Or out

0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

b And

Hardware description language (HDL)

And

a

And

Or out

Not

And Not

b _{CHIP Xor { CHIP Xor {}

IN a,b;

OUT out;

PARTS PARTS:

Not(in=a,out=Nota);

Not(in=b,out=Notb);

And(a=a,b=Notb,out=w1);

And(a=Nota,b=b,out=w2);

Or(a=w1,b=w2,out=out);

}

The tour ends:

Interface One implementation option (CMOS)

out a

b Nand

0 0 1

a b out

b

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

The tour map, revisited

Compiler

abstract interface

Software

hierarchy

Human Thought

Abstract design

Ch 9 12

H.L. Language

&

Operating Sys.

Compiler

Chapters 10 - 11

VM Translator Virtual

abstract interface

hierarchy

abstract interface

g Chapters 9, 12

Operating System

Assembly Language

abstract interface

Course overview:

Assembler Chapter 6

Computer

abstract interface

Course overview:

Building this world, from the ground up

C t A hit t

Computer Architecture

Chapters 4 - 5

Gate Logic Machine

Language

Hardware

abstract interface

abstract interface

Di it l S t D i

Computer Architecture

Physics

Hardware hierarchy

Platform

Chips &

Logic Gates

abstract interface

Electronics

Digital System Design

What you will learn

• Number systems C bi i l l i

• Combinational logic

• Sequential logic

• Basic principle of computer architecture

• Assembler

• Assembler

• Virtual machine Hi h l l l

• High-level language

• Fundamentals of compilers

• Basic operating system

• Application programming

• Application programming

In short