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綠色供應鏈可回收商品之存貨模式

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Abstract

Due to recent worldwide environmental and green products consciousness, a systematic analytical process to evaluate various alternative courses of action with the objective of developing an efficient way to employ scarce resources is critical. The pressures from WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substance) and European Union have played an important part in enhancing the greening of products. After December 31, 2006, each person of WEEE main members has to recovery at least 4 kilograms recycling quantities every year. Therefore, each enterprise must achieve the recovery system in order to conform to the WEEE instruction.

Increasing environmental consciousness, limited of natural resources to manufacture new products, recovery quotas to avoid disposal, manufacturers assigned to be responsible for used products, and materials value of components included in returned products are incentives for product recovery. Reuse of products and materials is not a new phenomenon. Waste paper recycling, metal scrap brokers, and deposit systems for soft drink bottles are the examples that have been around for a long time. In these cases recovery of the used products is economically more attractive than disposal.

In this study we discuss the newly procured and reusable items that have imperfect quality. The model assumes that a fixed proportion of the used products are collected from customers and later recovered for reuse. The recovered products are regarded as perfectly new ones. The object is to obtain the economic order quantity (EOQ) for procurement and the optimal inventory level of recoverable items to start the recovery process simultaneously. The formulation treats the two inventories as interdependent parts of a total system, and jointly determines the optimal lot sizes for the recovery and the procurement process. A mathematical model and program are developed to derive the minimal cost, and finally numerical example and sensitivity analysis are given to analyze the key factors in the system.

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表目錄

表格 1 搜尋成本最低之整數n...20

表格 2 搜尋成本最低之整數n...21

表格 3 敏感度分析之變異表...22

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1. 前言

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,無法繼續使用而被直接報廢丟棄,這些廢棄不用的產品,所造成的垃圾問題, 及同時所使用的製造材料與製程,不但污染了空氣、河川、土壤等,也破壞地球 的生態環境。面對此一問題,目前世界各國政府已積極的推動環境法規,並鼓勵 民眾購買具環保標章之商品;企業也朝向環境化設計,提供大眾綠色產品,同時 也減少國際間之綠色貿易障礙,希望藉此能將降低環境衝擊,保護自然生態之平 衡。 目前國際上對於電子電機設備回收再利用之法規,以及其他相關環保法規發 展十分迅速,早在 1993 年歐洲就已提出「製造商責任制」,由製造商負責廢舊家

電回收解體處理,也就是延長生產者責任(Extend Producer Responsibility, EPR);德國制定「電子電機廢棄物管制法案」,及歐盟(European Commission) 的「廢電子電機設備指令」(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment, WEEE ) 和 「 電 子 電 機 設 備 中 危 害 物 質 禁 用 限 制 」 (Restriction on Hazardous Substances,RoHS);日本也早已公佈並實施了「家用電器資源回收法」,明確規 定家電製造商和進口商對電冰箱、電視機、洗衣機、冷氣機四種家電有回收的義 務和實施再商品化的義務;而我國政府也積極並鼓勵企業進行「綠色生產」、「 綠色設計」,以及「資源再生」,在 2003 年七月正式實施「資源回收再利用法」 ,其目的除了要求企業提供綠色商品給社會大眾外,也要求企業在產品設計時, 須同時考量未來產品為回收而設計(Design for Recycling),以達到省能源及省 資源的目標。

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3. 成本之預估困難:產品之回收與拆解的方法,將會影響回收的成本,數 量,品質,以及獲利率。 4. 企業與政府配合度不佳:企業主要以經濟效益層面為考量,政府即是以 環境化觀點為目標,因此企業對政府所採取之相關法令無法完全配合。 資源回收的議題在環保意識高漲的年代逐漸被重視著,如何控制可回收 產品與修復後產品之間的存貨問題便油然而生。Richter(1996)首先探討一個 EOQ 模式中顧客的需求是由本身生產的產品與廢棄物的修復共同來滿足,此模式 在固定的回收週期中,以最小成本為目的去求出最佳的修復次數與生產次數。其 後,Richter(1996)又擴充之前的模式,將固定回收週期擴充為變動的回收週期 ,以最小成本為目的去求出最佳的修理次數、生產次數與最佳的回收週期長度。 Richter 和 Dobos(1999)利用整數規劃來分析 EOQ 模式中含有廢棄物修復與本 身生產的問題。Kiesmuller(2003)研究單一物品的回收存貨系統,可提供顧客需 求的產品來自兩部份︰一是回收再製部份,另一部分是自己本身生產出來的產品 ,同時在考慮缺貨與不缺貨與動態需求及回收率的情況下,求得系統最佳的總成 本。Kleber 等(2002)應用 Pontryagin's Maximum Principle 去探討多物品之 回收存貨系統之最佳生產與再製之策略。Koh et al.(2002)主要探討一個 EOQ 與 EPQ 聯合模式,在固定的需求、與回收率的情況下,研究可回收性產品與外購 新產品之間的最佳訂購數量、訂購次數與回收品修復次數。Wee and Jong (1988) 、Wee and Chen (2002)發展外購商品多批量及多階供應鏈之存貨模式

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表格 4 敏感度分析之變異表 -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% p -30.76 -19.83 -9.64 0% 9.23 18.15 26.82 Cx2 -12.49 -8.33 -4.16 0% 4.16 8.33 12.49 b 7.63 4.83 2.32 0% -2.17 -4.23 -6.21 Ch1 -5.18 -3.45 -1.73 0% 1.73 3.45 5.18 Ch2 -4.83 -3.22 -1.61 0% 1.61 3.22 4.83 Cx1 -3.06 -2.04 -1.02 0% 1.02 2.04 3.06 Cs -2.91 -1.94 -0.97 0% 0.97 1.94 2.91 a -2.75 -1.82 -0.91 0% 0.91 1.81 2.71 Co -1.53 -1.02 -0.51 0% 0.51 1.02 1.53 r 0.98 0.83 0.51 0% -0.69 -1.57 -2.63 θ -0.34 -0.22 -0.11 0% 0.11 0.23 0.34 δ 0.1 0.07 0.03 0% -0.03 -0.07 -0.1 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 -30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% P Cx2 b Ch1 Ch2 Cx1 Cs a Co r θ δ 圖表 8 相關參數之變異圖 依據此數值範例來看,p、Cx2、b 是影響單位總成本 TCU 的主要原因。當 p 增大或減少 30%時,單位總成本 TCU 也會增大或減少約 30%;當 Cx2增大或減少 30%時,單位總成本 TCU 也會增大或減少約 12%。b、Ch1、Ch2是影響單位總成本

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參考文獻

1. 施勵行與賴義芳,「跨國綠色供應鏈管理的型態及策略出探」,永續性 產品與產業管理研討會,台南成功大學,2003。

2. Rice, F., “Who Scores Best on the Environment?” Fortune, July 26, pp.59-60, 1993.

3. Richter, K., “The EOQ repair and waste disposal model with variable setup numbers,” European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 96, pp. 313-324, 1996.

4. Richter, K. and Dobos, I., “Analysis of the EOQ repair and waste disposal problem with integer setup numbers,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 45, pp. 443-447, 1999.

5. Kiesmuller, G. P., “Optimal control of a one product recovery system with lead times,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 81-82, pp. 333-340, 2003.

6. Kleber, R., Minner, S. and Kiesmuller, G.P., “A continuous time inventory model for a product recovery system with multiple options,” International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 79, pp. 121-141, 2002.

7. Koh, S. G., Hwang, H., Sohn, K. I. And Ko, C.S., “An optimal ordering and recovery policy for reusable items,” Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 43, pp. 59-73, 2002.

8. Wee, H. M. and Jong, J.F., “An integrated multi-lot-size production inventory model for deteriorating items,” Journal of Management and Systems, Vol.5 No 1, pp.97-114, 1988.

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96 年度

明新科技大學 96 年度 研究計畫執行成果自評表

計 畫 類 別 : □任務導向計畫 □整合型計畫 v 個人計畫 所 屬 院 ( 部 ) : □工學院 v 管理學院 □服務學院 □通識教育部 執 行 系 別:工管 系(中心) 計畫主持人:黃 文 昌 職 稱:副教授 計 畫 名 稱 :綠色供應鏈可回收商品之存貨模式 計 畫 編 號 : MUST-97-工管-09 計 畫 執 行 時 間 : 97 年 1 月 1 日 至 97 年 9 月 30 日 教 學 方 面 1.對於改進教學成果方面之具體成效:加強品質意識:因為設置全檢系統。減少資源 浪費:回收制度建立。符合世界潮流:綠色環保與 WEEE 公約。 2.對於提昇學生論文/專題研究能力之具體成效:導出最佳可回收整合性存貨總成本 最低。最佳回收與新品存貨數量。找出對總成本最敏感度參數。

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96 年度

綠色供應鏈的建置

綠化地球 綠色“設計、生 產、回收、再製" 整合製造,“環 保"為首要之選 生命週期 分析 環保意識 公約制定 各國配合 減少污染與浪費 WEEE, RoHS, EuP

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