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Leadership and
Management in China
Philosophie
s
,
T
heorie
s
, and Practices
Editedby
CHAO -C HUAN CHEN AND Y U EH -TING LEE
Contents
List of figures page ix
List of tables x
List of contributors Xl
Preface xv
.Acknowledgments XVll
Introduction: The diversity and dynamism of Chinese
philosophies on leadership 1
Chao-chuan Chen and Yueh-ting Lee
Part 1 The Confucian foundations
1 The Confucian and Mencian philosophy of benevolent
leadership 31
Xin-hui Yang, Yan-qin Peng, and Yueh-ting Lee
2 Bridging Confucianism and Legalism: Xunzi's philosophy
of sage-kingship 51
Yan-qin Peng, Chao-chuan Chen, and Xin-hui Yang
Part [J Alternative traditional Chinese leadership
philosophies
3 Daoist leadership: theory and application 83
Yueh-ting Lee, Ai-guo Han, Tammy K. Byron, and
HOllg-xia Fa
4 Leadership theory of Legalism and its function in
Confucian society
108
Kwang-kuo Hwang
5 Strategic leadership of Sunzi in the Art of war 143
Hai-fa Sun, Chao-chuan Chen, and Shi-he Zhang
VUl Contenls
Part ill Modern Chinese leadership theories and practices
6 Paternalistic leadership in Chinese organizations: research progress and future research directions Jiillg-lih Farh, Jian Liang, Li-fang Chou, and
Bor-shiu011 Cheng
171
7 The leadership theories and practices of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping
Xm-an Lu and Jie Lu
206
8 Chmese traditions and Western theories: influences on business leaders in China
Zhi-xue Zhang, Chao-chuall Chen, Leigh An7le Uti, and Xl4e-fellg Liu
239
9 Unking Chinese leadership theory and practice to
the world: leadership secrets of the Middle Kingdom George Bear Graen
272
Index 298
Figures
I.1 Chinese and Westem philosophical influences on
modern Chinese leadership
1.1 Confucian model of benevolem leadership 2.1 Xunzi's philosophy of human nature
.i. 1 The Daoist model of waterisric personality
(DaoJst BJg Five)
4.1 The Confucian ethical system of bencvolence
righteousness-propriety for ordinary people 5.1 Sunzi's model of strategic situationalism
6.1 Farh and Cheng'S model of paternaHstic leadership 6.2 A multilevel model of paternalistic leadership 8.1 A SUlnmary model of Chinese business leaders'
Tables
1.1 Major schools of philosophy in Ancient China page 2 4.1 A comparison between five major aspects of
Confucianism and Legalism 128
5.1 Thematic contents of the Art of war 147
5.2 Frequency of keywords in the Art of war 15. 5.3 Examples of the humanist foundation of
strategic leadership 154
6.1 Distributions of ideal leader choices and actual
leaders across the eight types of paternalistic leader 188 6.2 Means of trust in supervisor and satisfaction with
supervision across paternalistic leader types 190 6.3 Revised construct domain of paternalistic leadership
dimensions 194
B.1 Frequencies of management philosophical notions
mentioned by the thirty-five interviewed business leaders 244
9.1 Chronology of competing social structures in China 277
9.2 Leadership in mainland China 281
9.3 Ten limiting characteristics of a traditional SOE 283 9.4 Third-culrure management issues in
Sino-Western ventures 294
x
Contributors
TAMMY K. BYRON
PhD candidate and LectHrer in History
University of Arkansas
CHAO-DIVAN CHEN
Professor of Organization Management
Rutgers University
aOR-SHIUAN CHENG
Professor of Psychology
National Taiwan University
Ll-FANG CHOU
Assistallt Professor ot Management Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
HONG-XlA FAN
PhD candidate and Lecturer in Management
Chillese Academy of Sciences and University of ll/irlois
JilNG-LlH FARH
Professor of Management
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology GWRGE BEAR GRAEN
Emeritus Professor of Organizational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign AT-GUO HAN
Professor of Linguistics
Rowan University
