古漢語同源異形詞研究──以《經典釋文》「二反」、「三反」、「二音」、「三音」字為對象

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୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢЎᏢଣύ୯ЎᏢس!

ᅺγፕЎ!

Department of Chinese Literature College of Liberal Arts National Taiwan University

master thesis

!

ђᅇᇟӕྍ౦׎ຒࣴز!

ˇˇаȠ࿶ڂញЎȡȨΒϸȩǵȨΟϸȩǵȨΒॣȩǵȨΟॣȩӷࣁჹຝ!

A Study on Old Chinese Doublets:

the Case of Two Phonetic Annotations and Three Phonetic Annotations in The Annotation of Classics

!

! ߋၲᆢ^! Ta-Wei Chiou

!

ࡰᏤ௲௤ȅ৪ޱ௵!Ӄғ^!

Professor Hsu Fang-Min

!

ύ๮҇୯!΋႟Β!ԃ!Ύ!Д!

July, 2013

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ᖴᜏ!

ଈ٣૞ტ᝔ݺऱئᘣΔൕԫၲࡨ༉֭਍ݺऱެࡳΔࠀᨃݺ൓א೚٤៭ᖂس۟

վΖءᓵ֮౨ജݙګΔტ᝔ਐᖄඒ඄ஊ॑ඕ۔ஃΔڇᅃ᥽९ڣॎఐڇݩऱئᘣհ 塒Δ௽ܑᐸנழၴ֨ԺΔᔹᦰॣᒚא֗ಘᓵΖࠀტ᝔ࠟۯՑᇢࡡ୉Δڇլٵֱ૿Δ

੡ء֮ऱݙګΔ੷۟ݺऱᖂ๬ီມΔ༼ࠎᾄࣹΖ

ტ᝔壆ۯஃ९ऱ༼᥋Ζࠡխ௽ܑტ᝔ᄘߐ॑Εࣥ૎੍ࠟۯ۔ஃΔ޲ڶ܃ଚΔ ݺլᄎሖߠᖵ׾፿ߢᖂΖტ᝔ԫሁյઌ֊ᒒऱٵ࿗ΖᖂݬᏥمᆢΔߠᢞԱݺൕྤ

ࠩڶऱޢԫޡΔᨃݺवሐᖂ๬ऱሁՂࠀլࡰ໢Ζ᝔᝔८ঊߐᖂ९Δ༓׏ޢ֚ၞ۩

ऱ᥯ᓵΔࠌݺᙟழ۞ݺ֘ઊΔਢݺլឰၞޡऱ೯ԺΖ

ტ᝔ݺࢬڶऱ୮Գא֖֗ࣛΔڇլٵऱழࠥΔאլٵऱֱڤΔᚥܗԱլٵ֨

ቼऱݺΖ່৵Δ܀ࠀॺ່֟Δ᝔᝔٣ඕΔڂ੡܃ऱݿ਍Δݺ෼ڇթ౨ీڇຍᇙΖ

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ύЎᄔा!

ٵᄭฆݮဲਢଡܑ፿ߢխΔࠐ۞ൕছٵԫଡဲۯΔ፿ᄭڶᣂऱݮڤΖٵᄭฆ ݮဲऱઔߒΔਢփຝዌᚵऄፖֺለֱऄऱٌᄎ๠ΖڂڼΔײዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲऱઔ ߒΔլ׽ਢছՂײዧ፿ऱઔߒΔՈਢ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ઔߒऱԫຝ։Ζڂ੡ല᠏ངፖ๵

ঞኙᚨီ੡ԫଡᖞ᧯Δطֺለֱऄዌᚵऱ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ߓอΔ൓אشࠐᇞᤩײዧ፿

ٵᄭฆݮဲΖ

รԫີਢݧᓵΔࡳᆠԱٵᄭฆݮဲΔࠀᎅࣔء֮ऱಘᓵ௃ਮΖรԲີಘᓵπᆖ

ࠢᤩ֮ρऱ๬፿ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωΖطຍࠄ๬፿ᑑಖऱԫڗฆ ᦰՕຝ։ࠀլܑᆠΔ᧩ق،ଚਢٵᄭฆݮဲΖຍࠄٵᄭฆݮဲإਢء֮ಘᓵऱኙ

ွΖ

รԿີ۟รԮີಘᓵຍࠄٵᄭฆݮဲ᠏ངΔطչᏖଃ᧢ທګΖࠉݧಘᓵᜢئ ऱ࿇ᜢΕᜢئऱᓳଃΕտଃΕ׌૞ցଃΔא֗ᣉݠΖรԶີঞਢ࿨ᓵΔ٨נছ༓

ີಘᓵऱࢬڶଃ᧢Ζ

ᣂ᝶ဲΚٵᄭฆݮဲΕփຝዌᚵऄΕֺለֱऄΕছՂײዧ፿Ε଺ࡨዧ៲፿Ε᠏ངΕ

๵ঞኙᚨΖ

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Abstract

Doublets (or triplets) are etymologically related forms derived from the same original morpheme in a given language. The study on etymological doublets is the interface of internal reconstruction and comparative method. Therefore, the study on Old Chinese doublets is not only a study on Pre-Old Chinese, but also a part of Proto-Sino-Tibetan studies.

Viewing alternations and correspondences as a whole, it is therefore possible to apply the Proto-Sino-Tibetan system reconstructed by comparative method to the interpretation of Old Chinese doublets.

Chapter 1 is the introduction. The definition of doublets and the scope of the present study are illustrated.

In chapter 2, I discussed the terms “two phonetic annotations”(Բ֘ΕԲଃ) and

“three phonetic annotations”(Կ֘ΕԿଃ) in The Annotation of Classics. The different pronunciations of the same characters annotated by these terms mostly have the same meanings. It indicates that they are doublets. And these doublets are which the present study aims to discuss.

In chapter 3 to 7, I tried to discuss the sound changes, which have brought the alternations of these doublets into existence. The chapters are arranged in the following order: phonation types of onsets, articulations of onsets, medials, nuclear vowels, and codas.

Chapter 8 is the conclusion. All the sound changes discussed in the previous chapters are illustrated.

Keywords: doublets, internal reconstruction, comparative method, Pre-Old-Chinese, Proto-Sino-Tibetan, alternation, correspondence.

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Ҟᒵ!

Ցᇢࡡ୉ᄎᐉࡳ஼ i

᝔᢯ ii

խ֮ኴ૞ iii

૎֮ኴ૞ iv

Յࠏ ʳ ix

รԫີʳ ፃᓵ 1

1.1.

ઔߒᒴದ 1

1.2.

ઔߒᒤ໮ 4

1.3.

ઔߒֱऄ 7

1.3.1. ᙅ༛ٵᄭฆݮဲऱࢤᔆ 7

1.3.2. ᇞᤩऱ଺ঞ 9

1.3.3. ઎ৱ፿ଃࢤޗறऱኪ৫ 13

1.4.

ቃཚګ࣠ 16

1.5.

଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᆏ࿨ዌ 18

รԲີ πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ֗ࠡԲ֘ΕԿ֘ΕԲଃΕԿଃڗᄗ૪ 21

2.1.

πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ១տፖठء 21

2.2.

ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱݮڤ௽ᐛ 23

2.2.1.֧ߢ 23

2.2.2.ڗᙰΕڗڻΕࣹࠏΕࣹႈ 24

2.2.3.ଈଃΕԾଃΕࢨଃΕԫଃΕଃ׌ 26

2.2.4.ࣹີΕࣹ؁ 28

2.3.

ڍᑇψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱࢤᔆņņٵᆠฆᦰ 33

2.4.

֟ᑇॺٵᄭฆݮဲऱψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωհԫ

ņņņņฆᆠฆᦰ 39

2.5.

֟ᑇॺٵᄭฆݮဲऱψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωհԲ

ņņņņٵଃ֘֊ 42

รԿີ ᜢئऱ࿇ᜢ 47

3.1.

ᜢئ᜔ᓵ 47

3.2.

ᜢئऱ࿇ᜢ᜔ᓵ 52

3.2.1. ࿇ᜢፖᓳଃ 52

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3.2.2. ଺ࡨዧ៲፿଺سऱᜢئ h(w)- 53 3.2.3. ײዧ፿ڻ堚Ε٤ᖼΕh-Εg-ᜢئհၴऱ᠏ང 56 3.2.4. ײዧ፿ຝ։ڻ堚Ε٤ᖼᜢئ؆ףऱಬ௛ګ։ 62

3.2.5. ՛࿨ 66

3.2.6. ছᆜ᎖ଃ’-ፖຝ։ᖼᜢئ 67

3.2.7. ছᆜ᎖ଃ s-ፖຝ։ಬ௛堚ᜢئ 70

3.3.

ՂײᖼႾଃΕႾᚴଃፖլಬ௛堚ႾଃΕႾᚴଃऱ᠏ང 71

3.3.1. ᜔ᓵ 71

3.3.2. Ղײ୏ଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 75

3.3.3. ՂײۡڞႾଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 76

3.3.4. ՂײۡڞႾᚴଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 78

3.3.5. Ղײۡ௅ଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 80

3.4.

ՂײᖼႾଃΕႾᚴଃፖಬ௛堚ႾଃΕႾᚴଃऱ᠏ང 82

3.4.1. ᜔ᓵ 82

3.4.2. Ղײ୏ଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 84

3.4.3. ՂײۡڞႾଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 85

3.5.

Ղײլಬ௛堚ႾଃΕႾᚴଃፖಬ௛堚ႾଃΕႾᚴଃऱ᠏ང 90

3.5.1. ᜔ᓵ 90

3.5.2. Ղײ୏ଃᜢئऱ᠏ང 92

ร؄ີ ᜢئऱᓳଃ 95

4.1.

ᜢئऱᓳଃ᜔ᓵ 95

4.2.

ႾଃΕႾᚴଃΕᚴଃհၴऱ᠏ང 97

4.2.1. ۡڞႾଃፖႾᚴଃऱ᠏ང 97

4.2.2. ۡڞႾᚴଃፖᚴଃऱ᠏ང 100

4.3.

Ⴞଃፖ h-ऱ᠏ང 103

4.4.

ᖼႾଃፖᏗଃऱ᠏ང 105

4.5.

รԲᓳଃຝۯऱ᠏ང 106

4.6.

ছᆜ᎖ଃທګऱᜢئ᠏ང 107

4.6.1. Ղײᜢئ -ፖۡ௅Ⴞଃऱ᠏ང 107

4.6.2. Ղײᜢئ s-ፖۡ௅Ⴞଃऱ᠏ང 110

4.6.3. խײࠐئΕᆢئڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 112

4.7.

տଃ-j-௣؈ທګऱᜢئ᠏ང 114

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รնີ տଃ 117

5.1.

տଃ᜔ᓵ 117

5.2.

Ղײዧ፿-r-ፖ-Ø-ऱ᠏ང 120

5.2.1. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛ΕԲ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 120 5.2.2. խײዧ፿ૹోԿ࿛ΕॺૹోԿ࿛ڇՂײऱ᠏ང 121

5.3.

Ղײዧ፿-j-ፖ-Ø-ऱ᠏ང 123

5.3.1. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛ΕԿ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 123 5.3.2. խײዧ፿Բ࿛ΕԿ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 125 5.3.3. խײዧ፿Կ࿛Ε؄࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 127

5.4.

Ղײዧ፿-i-ፖ-Ø-ऱ᠏ང 128

5.4.1. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛Ε؄࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 128 5.4.2. խײዧ፿լٵऱԲ࿛ᣉڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 129 5.4.3. խײዧ፿լٵऱԿ࿛ᣉڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 129

5.5.

ٵழፖՂײዧ፿-r-Ε-j-ઌᣂऱ᠏ང 130 5.5.1. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛ΕԿ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 130 5.5.2. խײዧ፿Բ࿛ΕԿ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 131 5.5.3. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛ΕԿ࿛Ε؄࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 132

5.6.

ٵழፖՂײዧ፿-r-Ε-i-ઌᣂऱ᠏ང 133

5.7.

ٵழፖՂײዧ፿-r-Ε-j-Ε-i-ઌᣂऱ᠏ང 134 5.7.1. խײዧ፿ԫ࿛ΕԿ࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 134 5.7.2. խײዧ፿Կ࿛Ε؄࿛ڇՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ང 135

รքີ ׌૞ցଃ 137

6.1.

׌૞ցଃ᜔ᓵ 137

6.2.

Ղײዧ፿խցଃፖ܅ցଃऱ᠏ང 139

6.3.

Ղײዧ፿೏ցଃፖխցଃऱ᠏ང 147

6.3.1. Ղײዧ፿ցଃ iΕԥ հၴऱ᠏ང 147 6.3.2. Ղײዧ፿ցଃ uΕԥ հၴऱ᠏ང 151

6.4.

Ղײዧ፿೏ցଃፖ܅ցଃऱ᠏ང 156

6.4.1. Ղײዧ፿ցଃ iΕa հၴऱ᠏ང 156 6.4.2. Ղײዧ፿ցଃ uΕa հၴऱ᠏ང 162

รԮີʳ ᣉݠ 167

7.1.

ᣉݠ᜔ᓵ 167

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7.2.

Ղײዧ፿ٵຝۯႾଃᣉݠΕᏗଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 169

7.3.

Ղײዧ፿ੌଃᣉݠΕᏗଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 173

7.4.

Ղײዧ፿ฆຝۯ᎖ଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 175

7.4.1. Ղײዧ፿ۡڞଃᣉݠΕۡ௅ଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 175 7.4.2. Ղײዧ፿୏ଃᣉݠΕႽ୏ۡ௅ଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 182 7.4.3. Ղײዧ፿Ⴝ୏ۡ௅ଃᣉݠΕۡ௅ଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 185 7.4.4. Ղײዧ፿୏ଃᣉݠΕۡ௅ଃᣉݠհၴऱ᠏ང 187

รԶີ ࿨ᓵ 191

8.1.

ء֮ࢬಘᓵऱٵᄭฆݮဲऱݝຝࢤଃ᧢ 191

8.2.

ፖรԫ଺ঞઌᣂऱዝ᧢ᣊী 194

8.3.

ፖรԲ଺ঞઌᣂऱዝ᧢ᣊী 197

8.4.

ፖรԿ଺ঞઌᣂऱዝ᧢ᣊী 199

8.5.

৵ಖፖآࠐઔߒ୶ඨ 200

೶ە֮᣸ 203

ॵᙕ 209

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Υٯ!

ԫΕ፿ߢټጠኙᅃ।

PST ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ΰProto-Sino-Tibetanα PTB ଺ࡨ៲ᒱ፿ΰProto-Tibeto-Burmeseα PLB ଺ࡨឦᒱ፿ΰProto-Lolo-Burmeseα MC խײዧ፿ΰMiddle Chineseα

OC Ղײዧ፿ΰOld ChineseαΔլ௽ܑ೴։ழፖছՂײዧ፿ઌٵ PC ছ(Ղײ)ዧ፿ΰPre-(Old) ChineseαΔࢨ଺ࡨዧ፿ΰProto-Chineseα WT ஼૿៲፿ΰWritten TibetanαΔլ௽ܑ೴։ழፖײ៲፿ઌٵ

OT ײ៲፿ΰOld Tibetanα

WB ஼૿ᒱߋ፿ΰWritten BurmeseαΔլ௽ܑ೴։ழፖײᒱߋ፿ઌٵ OB ײᒱߋ፿ΰOld Burmeseα

Tangut ۫୙፿

ԲΕ๬፿ኙᅃ।

ء֮๬፿ ਐ௫ኙွ

ۡ௅ଃ ຌᠳଃΰvelarα

ۡ૿ଃ ᠳ֏ଃΰpalatalizedα Ⴝ୏ଃ ୏֏ଃΰlabializedα

२ଃ approximant Δԫ౳ਐתցଃ

ᔲଃ acuteΔܛۡᕡଃ

ၬଃ graveΔܛ୏׃໫ଃ

ᓤᜢئ ᓤ᎖ଃᜢئ

ᓤ᎖ଃ ᎖ଃۭΰconsonant clustersα ᓤցଃ ցଃۭΰvowel clustersα ԿΕ।௑ፖዝ᧢ڤᎅࣔ

1.।௑խऱଃᣉچۯࠉᖕπײᣉຏᖠρΔՂײᣉຝԫ᥏ࠉᜢฤऱᣉຝΖ

2.।௑ଃᣉچۯխऱ AΰBαΔ।قଃࣹشڗڇπᐖᣉρऱଃᣉچۯ੡ AΔ܀ࠉᖕ πᤩ֮ρױ෗֊ऱᒤ໮Δء֮ᎁ੡ױ౨ଃᣉچۯኔᎾਢ BΖ

3.।௑ଃᣉچۯխऱ A / BΔ।قଃࣹشڗڇπᐖᣉρऱଃᣉچۯڶ AΕB ࠟጟױ ౨Δء֮ࠟᎅࠀژΖ

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4.।௑խऱխײଃΔࠉᖕᆖޕֱெଥإऱ೏ءዧߓอΔࠀઊฃᓳᇆΖ 5.ዝ᧢ڤխऱ A > B ࢨ Aĺ%Δ।ق A ዝ᧢੡ BΖ

6.ዝ᧢ڤխऱ A < B ࢨ Aĸ%Δ।ق A ࠐ۞ BΖ

7.ዝ᧢ڤխऱ Aļ%Δ।ق A ፖ B ੡ဲග᧢᧯Δࠀ׊լ౨ᒔࡳ۶ृ੡ዝ᧢ದរΖ 8.ዝ᧢ڤխऱ A׽BΔ।ق A ፖ B ੡۞ط᧢᧯Ζ

9.।௑ࢨዝ᧢ڤխऱ P ।قࢬڶ୏ଃΔT ।قࢬڶۡڞႾଃΔTS ।قࢬڶۡڞႾ ᚴଃΔK ।قࢬڶۡ௅ଃΔKw ।قࢬڶႽ୏ۡ௅ଃΖ

؄Εଃᑑᎅࣔ

ء֮଺ࡨዧ៲፿௅ᖕ᧍ᅇৄߓอΙ଺ࡨ៲ᒱ፿௅ᖕ್ᆳ౉֛ߓอΙՂײዧ፿

௅ᖕᆖ᧍ᅇৄଥإऱޕֱெߓอΔࠀઊฃᓳᇆΙ៲֮᠏ᐊࠉᖕ Wylieΰ1959αΙ ᒱߋ֮᠏ᐊࠉᖕ Benedictΰ1976aαΙ۫୙፿ࠉᖕ᧍ᅇৄߓอΖ

ΰԫαٺ፿ߢຏشฤᇆፖഏᎾଃᑑኙᅃ।

ฤᇆ ഏᎾଃᑑ

WĞ t

GĨ d

Ğ

Ĩ

ng ƾ

·

-h-

ΰԲα଺ࡨዧ៲፿ΕՂײዧ፿ฤᇆፖഏᎾଃᑑኙᅃ।

ฤᇆ ഏᎾଃᑑ

-w- ΰԿα଺ࡨ៲ᒱ፿ฤᇆፖഏᎾଃᑑኙᅃ।

ฤᇆ ഏᎾଃᑑ

-w- -w-ࢨ-u- -y- -j-ࢨ-i- ΰ؄α۫୙፿ฤᇆᎅࣔ

-j ᠳ֏ցଃ

-r ൴ۡ֏ցଃ

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ΰնα៲֮ڗئΕ᠏ᐊፖഏᎾଃᑑኙᅃ।

៲֮ڗئ ᠏ᐊ ഏᎾଃᑑ

ķ k k

ĸ kh k

Ĺ g ܂ᜢئழgΔ܂ᣉݠழk

Ļ ng ƾ

ļ c t

Ľ ch t

ľ j d

Ŀ ny

Ņ t t

ņ th t

Ň d ܂ᜢئழdΔ܂ᣉݠழt

ŉ n n

Ŋ p p

ŋ ph p

Ō b ܂ᜢئழbΔ܂ᣉݠழp

Ŏ m m

ŏ ts ts

Ő tsh ts

ő dz dz

œ w ܂ᜢئழΔ܂տଃழ w

Ŕ zh

ŕ z z

Ŗ ’ Δ܂ছᆜ᎖ଃழ੡ছগᏗଃ

ŗ y ܂ᜢئழ˽Δ܂տଃழ j

Ř r r

ř l l

Ś sh

Ŝ s s

ŝ h h

Ş

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ΰքαᒱߋ֮ڗئΕ᠏ᐊፖഏᎾଃᑑኙᅃ।

ᒱߋ֮ڗئ ᠏ᐊ ഏᎾଃᑑ

i k k

j NK k

k J J

l JK g

m QJ

n F WV

o FK ts

p M G]

q MK dz

s Q\

t

u h

v

w h

x

y W W

z WK t

{ G G

| GK d

} Q Q

~ S S

SK p

E E

EK b

P P

\ j

U U

O O

Z Z

V V

K K

ᒱߋ֮Հףऱ-h-ػঅᢅᐊڇᜢئհছΔء֮อԫᐊڇᜢئհ৵

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ಃ΋ക! ᆣፕ!

1.1.

ઔߒᒴದ

լ ٵ ፿ ߢ հ ၴ ଃ ᆠ ڶ ᣂ ऱ ဲ ψ ڶ ๵ ৳ ऱ ଃ ᣉ ஁ ฆ ω ጠ ੡ ψ ๵ ঞ ኙ ᚨ ΰcorrespondenceαωΔଡܑ፿ߢփຝଃᆠڶᣂऱဲψڶ๵৳ऱଃᣉ஁ฆωঞጠ੡ψ᠏

ངΰalternationΔٍױ៬᤟੡ٌཙαωΖվֲլٵ፿ߢհၴऱ๵ঞኙᚨΔᚨࠐ۞ൕছ ऱዝ᧢Δਚױط๵ঞኙᚨዌᚵ࿇سዝ᧢հছऱ፿ߢψ଺ࡨ፿ΰproto-languageαωΔ ڼֱऄጠ੡ψֺለֱऄΰcomparative methodαωΙվֲଡܑ፿ߢփຝऱ᠏ངΔᚨࠐ

۞ൕছऱዝ᧢Δਚױط᠏ངዌᚵ࿇سዝ᧢հছऱ፿ߢψছ፿ߢΰpre-languageαωΔ ڼֱऄጠ੡ψփຝዌᚵऄΰinternal reconstructionαωΖ¹

ᖵ׾ֺለ፿ߢᖂط՗፿ߢհၴऱ๵ঞኙᚨዌᚵ଺ࡨ፿ऱଃᣉߓอΔࠀ៶ط଺

ࡨ፿ଃۯհၴऱ஁ฆᇞᤩ՗፿ߢ֘ਠऱ೴ܑΖאઌኙᣤ௑ᎁࡳऱٵᄭဲ੡ഗ៕Δ אֺለֱऄዌᚵ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᣉߓอՈբᛧ൓᠆ጚऱګ࣠ΰ᧍ᅇৄ 2011bΚ 1-414αΖڇ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᣉߓอբՕીᒔمऱছ༼ՀΔڶழ՗፿ߢհၴऱٵᄭဲ

ܧ෼ࠀլ֜๵ঞऱኙᚨΔࢨृڇଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝٵᄭဲڶଃᣉ᠏ངΖଃᣉ๵৳ྤ

ࠏ؆Δڕڶࠏ؆ؘ׼ڶ๵৳Ζڂڼᖂृଚᇢቹᇞᤩຍࠄࠏ؆෼ွΖ

ࢬڶऱ᠏ངຟڶψڶ๵৳ऱଃᣉ஁ฆωΔڇڼছ༼հՂڕ࣠ᝫڶψڶ๵৳ऱ፿

ᆠ஁ฆωΔঞጠ੡ዌဲऄΖዌဲऄڇٱᑛ፿ᖵ׾ֺለ፿ߢᖂऱႚอխ۾ڶૹ૞چ ۯΔ٥ڶऱዌဲऄਢٱᑛ፿ٵᄭᣂএૹ૞ऱᢞߢΖڂڼΔലዧ៲፿՗፿ߢၴऱլ

๵ঞኙᚨࢨ՗፿ߢփຝऱଃᣉ᠏ངΔီ੡֘ਠଡܑ՗፿ߢࢨ଺ࡨ፿ऱዌဲऄΔᚨ

1 ᣂֺ࣍ለֱऄፖփຝዌᚵऄΔ೶઎ Foxΰ1995αΕ᧍ᅇৄΰ1992αΖ

(14)

ᇠਢ۞ྥ׊ٽൣ෻ऱΖዌဲऄೈԱଃᣉ૞ڶ๵৳ऱ஁ฆΰଃᣉ᠏ངαΔ፿ᆠՈ૞ڶ

๵৳ऱ஁ฆΖڕ࣠፿ᆠྤऄބࠩ๵৳ऱ஁ฆΔܛঁڶଃᣉ᠏ངΔսྤऄᎁ੡ਢዌ

ဲऄΖዌဲऄਢ᠏ངऱԫጟΔ܀᠏ངլԫࡳਢዌဲऄΖ²

್ᆳ౉֛ኙψဲጺωऱࢤᔆ઎൓ᄕ੡ຘኧΰMatisoff 1978Κ13αΚ

The fact that a given affixational process is productive in a particular daughter language is by no means a guarantee that it was already productive at an earlier stage. Prefixation is very much a living process in TB. Old prefixes which had been used in a sporadic or unsystematic manner may later be generalixed and regularized both in meaning and in “privilege of occurrence.”

Some scholars have objected to the term “prefix” in cases where the pre-initial element does not have a clearcut meaning. While we might be tempted to call some of these semantically vague entities “prefixal formatives”, or simply

“formatives”, there seems little point in making a sharp distinction between

“meaningful” and “meaningless” pre-initial elements. Even the most ancient prefixes with the clearest meanings often occur in words where it is hard to see what semantic increment they provide. On the other hand, those prefixes which have the most transparent meanings in a given daughter language are

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likely to be of relatively recent origin.

ڕהࢬᎅΔ՗፿ߢխ๺ڍဲጺΔ଺ء׽ਢೝ࿇ऱΕॺߓอࢤऱଃᣉ෼ွΔ৵ ࠐթංᐖࠀ൓ࠩ፿ᆠփොΖٍܛ෼ڇऱዌဲऄΔ଺ءױ౨ࠀॺዌဲऄΔۖਢొଃ

ᣉ෼ွΖڂڼהࠀլ೴։ছᆜ᎖ଃΰᇡ§1.5.αխڶ፿ᆠऱছጺፖ޲ڶ፿ᆠऱॺছ ጺΔႛီ੡ଃᆏ࿨ዌխԫଡۯ࣍ᜢئհছऱۯᆜΔࠀࠌشᦨอܶ෗ऱຏጠΖছᆜ

᎖ଃਢଃᆏ࿨ዌխऱԫଡۯᆜΔਢᓤ᎖ଃᜢئऱԫຝ։ΔࠡխڶዌဲΕ؁ऄפ౨ ऱጠ੡ছጺΖছጺਢছᆜ᎖ଃऱԫጟΔ܀ছᆜ᎖ଃլԫࡳਢছጺΖڼ๠್ᆳ౉֛

ᎅऱ prefix ઌᅝ࣍ছᆜ᎖ଃΔץܶছጺፖॺছጺΖ

ڕ࣠ଃᣉᣂএթਢຍᣊٵᄭဲऱءᔆΔ،ଚऱዌဲᣂএ֘ۖױ౨৵ದΔঞݺ ଚ ઔ ߒ ழ ױ א ඈ ೈ ዌ ဲ ऄ ऱ ګ ։ Ζ ଡ ܑ ፿ ߢ խ Δ ࠐ ۞ ٵ ԫ ଡ ଺ ࡨ ဲ ۯ ΰproto-morphemeΔ଺ࡨ፿խऱဲۯαऱլٵ᧢᧯Δጠ੡ٵᄭฆݮဲΰdoubletsαΖ Matisoffΰ1978Κ16αΚ

In traditional historical linguistic terminology, as applied to, e.g., Indo-European, etymologically related variants of the same proto-morpheme in a given language are referred to as doublets.

ڂ੡ࠐ۞ٵԫଡ଺ࡨဲۯΔٵᄭฆݮဲհၴ޲ڶዌဲऄऱᣂএΖ³ء֮඿ઔߒ ຍᣊࠏ؆෼ွ֘ਠऱଃᣉ๵৳Δ׊אొଃᣉऱီߡထณΔ⁴

3 ױ೶ەዧ፿ֱߢऱ֮ػฆᦰΔ֮ػฆᦰڍլܑᆠΔڕܑ࣠ᆠՈਢ֮ػᤁञऱ࿨࣠Δࠀॺ๵৳Ε౨ ขऱዌဲ֫੄Ζ

ਚᙇشڼᣊٵᄭဲխࠀ լܑᆠऱψٵᄭฆݮဲω੡ઔߒኙွΖ

4 ᣂ࣍ψొଃᣉီߡωऱᚌរፖآࠐ୶ඨΔᇡ§8.5.Ζ

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1.2.

ઔߒᒤ໮

ψဲගΰword familyαωፖψ᠏ངΰalternationαωࠟଡဲნ଺ءຟ׽ش࣍ਐ௫ ଡܑ፿ߢփຝऱ෼ွΖ್ᆳ౉֛ΰMatisoff 1978Κ16-21αലψဲගωፖψ᠏ངω

ࠟଡဲნऱփොឩՕΔլ׽ץਔଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝΔᝫץਔ՗፿ߢհၴٵᄭဲऱᣂ এΖֺದࣹૹٵගဲհၴऱ፿ᆠ஁ฆΔהޓףૹီٵගဲհၴଃᣉ᧢᧯ऱ᠏ངᣂ এΖהڂڼ۞໌Ա๺ڍ๬፿Δലྤᓵ՗፿ߢհၴΔࢨଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝٵᄭဲऱᣂ এΔຟጠ੡ψٵගᣂএωΰallofamyαΙٵဲගխऱ᧢᧯ጠ੡ψဲග᧢᧯ωΰԾጠٵ ග ဲ Δ allofam αΙ⁵଺ ࡨ ፿ խ ऱ ဲ ග ጠ ੡ ψ ଺ ࡨ ဲ ග ωΰ proto-word family ࢨ proto-familyαΙ଺ࡨ፿խऱဲග᧢᧯ঞጠ੡ψ଺ࡨဲග᧢᧯ωΰproto-allofamαΖٵ ගဲऱ᠏ངࠉψଡܑ፿ߢփຝࢨ؆ຝωΕψ଺سࢨڻ࿇ωױ։ᣊڕՀΚ

ԫΕଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝऱ᠏ང

ΰԫαଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝ଺سऱ᠏ངΰIntra-lingual primary alternationsα ΰԲαଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངΰIntra-lingual secondary alternationsα ԲΕ՗፿ߢհၴऱ᠏ང

ΰԫα՗፿ߢհၴ଺سऱ᠏ངΰInter-lingual primary alternationsα ΰԲα՗፿ߢհၴڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངΰInter-lingual secondary alternationsα

ڇ଺ࡨဲගᅝխբᆖژڇ᠏ངᣂএΔ଺ࡨဲගᅝխ۟֟ࠟଡڶٵගᣂএऱဲ

ග᧢᧯ط՗፿ߢࢬᤉࢭΔጠ੡଺سऱ᠏ངΙ଺ࡨဲගᅝխլژڇ᠏ངΔ଺ءဲග խٵԫଡဲග᧢᧯Δዝ᧢Ե՗፿ߢګ੡۟֟ࠟଡڶٵගᣂএऱဲග᧢᧯Δঞጠ੡

ڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངΖࠡխψ՗፿ߢհၴڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངωΔܛԫ౳ᎅऱψ๵ঞኙᚨωΔڼᣊဲ

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ග᧢᧯ٍܛᣤ௑რᆠऱψٵᄭဲΰcognateαωΖࠡהԿጟ᠏ངΰଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝ଺

سऱ᠏ངΕଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངΕ՗፿ߢհၴ଺سऱ᠏ངαঞຟױ౨ݮګ լ֜๵ঞऱኙᚨΖ՗፿ߢհၴ଺سऱ᠏ངΔਢ଺ࡨ፿խբڶ۟֟ࠟଡဲග᧢᧯Δ ຍࠄ۟֟ࠟଡဲග᧢᧯։ܑ੡լٵऱ՗፿ߢࢬᤉࢭΖଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝ଺سऱ᠏

ངΔՈਢ଺ࡨ፿խբڶ۟֟ࠟଡဲග᧢᧯Δ܀ຍࠄ۟֟ࠟଡဲග᧢᧯੡ٵԫଡ՗

፿ߢࢬᤉࢭΖଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝڻ࿇ऱ᠏ངΔঞਢ՗፿ߢ։୮৵Δթڇଡܑ՗፿ߢ փຝݮګऱ৵ದ᠏ངΖ⁶

ኔᎾՂΔݺଚྤऄᒔवԫଡ᠏ང੡଺سࢨڻ࿇Ζψ๵ঞኙᚨωՈլؘྥܛ੡ڻ

࿇Ζڕ࣠՗፿ߢհၴऱ๵ঞኙᚨݙ٤޲ڶࠏ؆Δ׊ଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝݙ٤ߠլࠩᣊ ۿऱ᠏ངΔݺଚթߩאᎁ੡ਢڻ࿇ࢤऱΖڕ࣠ڇଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝױߠࠩፖڼψ๵

ঞኙᚨωᣊۿऱ᠏ངΔঞڼ๵ঞኙᚨৰױ౨Ոਢ଺سऱΖ଺ࡨ፿փຝՈڶֱߢΔ⁷଺ ࡨ፿փຝऱֱߢ஁ฆΔ৵ࠐৰױ౨ګ੡՗፿ߢၴऱ๵ঞኙᚨΖ

್ᆳ౉֛ኙ᠏ངऱ։ᣊխΔࠀլ೴։ܑᆠፖլܑᆠऱ᠏ངΖ೶ፖ᠏ངऱࠟଡ

ဲග᧢᧯հၴڕܑ࣠ᆠΔ༉ਢࠟଡլٵऱဲΙ೶ፖ᠏ངऱࠟଡဲග᧢᧯ڕ࣠լܑ

ᆠΔঞਢԫଡဲऱࠟଡݮڤΔՈ༉ਢٵᄭฆݮဲΖڂ੡ዌဲऄڇءᔆՂՈਢጟ᠏

ངΔۖ᠏ངլᏁ૞ਢዌဲऄΖڂڼዌဲऄऱଃᣉ஁ฆױشࠐᇞᤩॺዌဲऄऱ᠏ངΔ

܀լױଙመࠐᎁ੡ፖዌဲऄٵᣊীऱ᠏ངઃ᥆࣍ڼዌဲऄΰᇡ§3.3.1.αΖ

ଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝΔ೶ፖ᠏ངऱࠟଡဲග᧢᧯ڕ࣠լܑᆠΔ༉ਢٵᄭฆݮဲΖ ٵᄭฆݮဲױאᐊ܂լٵऱڗݮΙՈױאᐊ܂ઌٵऱڗݮΖڕ࣠ᐊ܂ઌٵऱڗݮΔ ঞᄎਢլܑᆠऱԫڗฆᦰΖء֮אπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρխ൅ڶψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕ ψԿଃω؄ଡ๬፿ऱڗ܂੡ײዧ፿փຝٵᄭฆݮဲऱᒤ໮Ζڂ੡ຍ؄ଡ๬፿ऱڗ

6 אՂᇡ Matisoffΰ1978αΖ

7 dialectΔױ៬᤟੡፿ߢ᧢᧯Ζ

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ຟਢԫڗฆᦰΔࠉࠡ᧯ࠏԾᅝլܑᆠΖπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρխऱψԾଃਬωΕψԾਬਬ֘ω ழൄܑᆠΔᔞٽ܂ઔߒዌဲऄऱޗறΔ܀ء֮إ૞ᕣၦᝩ܍ޗறխڶٚ۶৵ದዌ

ဲऄኾԵΖإړψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωਢπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρਝڶऱ๬፿Δ ԾፖψԾଃਬωΕψԾਬਬ֘ωլٵΔࢬאਢଡৰᔞٽઔߒऱᒤ໮ΖΰᇡรԲີα

(19)

1.3.

ઔߒֱऄ

1.3.1. ᙅ༛ٵᄭฆݮဲऱࢤᔆ

ٵᄭฆݮဲਢٵᄭဲΰٵගဲαऱԫጟΔٵᄭဲ٥ٵऱࢤᔆਢΚڶ٥ٵࠐᄭΔ ٵᄭဲհၴऱ஁ฆΔؘႊط଺ࡨݮڤࠩ۟֟ࠟଡٵᄭဲऱዝ᧢๵৳ᇞᤩΖ᧍ᅇৄ

ൎᓳΰ2011bΚ65αΚ

ʳ ܝᜩᆶᒋᖂӷёӢॣ߈ԶวғǴӕྍӷࠅόૈѝӢॣ߈ԶӕྍǶ!

ٵᄭฆݮဲऱࠐᄭڶԿΖรԫጟ଺੡՗፿ߢၴऱ๵ঞኙᚨΔܛ۟֟ࠟଡ՗፿

ߢհၴऱ᠏ངΔᆖطฝଗၞԵࠡխԫଡ՗፿ߢ৵Δթګ੡ڼࠡխԫଡ՗፿ߢփຝ ऱ᠏ངΰᇡ Hock 1991Κ385, 410, 415-417, 424αΙรԲጟਢଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝڻ࿇ऱ

᠏ངΔᆖطᣊංࢨဲნឩཋݮګΰᇡ Hock 1991Κ169αΙรԿጟ଺੡଺ࡨ፿ऱֱߢ

஁ฆΔط՗፿ߢࢬᤉࢭΖڂ፿ߢፖֱߢਢઌኙऱᄗ࢚ΔรԿጟٍױီ੡รԫጟऱ ԫଡ՛ᣊΖ

طՂױवΔٵᄭฆݮဲឈྥ່৵ຟਢଡܑ՗፿ߢփຝऱ᠏ངΔࠡࠐᄭኔᎾՂ ץਔٵගဲࢬڶऱࠐᄭΖྤᓵࠐᄭ੡۶Δ٥ڶऱ௽ۥܛਢψլܑᆠωΔፖܑᆠऱዌ

ဲऄઌኙΖ

ᅝԫଡଃ᧢࿇س࣍ࢬڶฤٽٵԫଃᣉයٙऱဲნΔຍਢ٤૿ࢤΕ๵ঞࢤऱଃ

᧢Ζຍᑌऱଃ᧢ګڂਢයٙ։֏Δࢬאޢଡݮڤڇ଺ࡨݮڤ༉լݙ٤ٵଃΔ଺ࡨ ݮڤբᆖژڇऱ։֏යٙΔທګ৵ࠐऱዝ᧢Ζٵᄭฆݮဲऱଃ᧢Δࠀآ࿇س࣍ࢬ

(20)

ڶฤٽٵԫଃᣉයٙऱဲნΔਢݝຝࢤΕೝ࿇ࢤऱଃ᧢Ζමᐖΰ1994Κ10αΚ

җܭ㒹ᦠکᝋᠯȐаϷ⧸⧶ȑϐ໔Ӹӧ๱ॣကᜢ߯ǴךॺԖкϩߞЈᇡۓ ѬॺࢂӕྍຒǶՠࢂ㒹ᦠک⧸⧶ޑᄽᡂԖ΋ᗺख़ाޑϩձόૈ۹ຎǶ⧸⧶

ޑᄽᡂӧᅇᇟϣ೽ࢂೕ߾ޑȐregularȑǾǾ㒹ᦠޑ௃׎όࢂ೭ኬǶҗܭ㒹ᦠǵ ᝋᠯΒ᠐٠ӸǴ㒹ᦠᡉฅόࢂ΋ᅿೕ߾܄ޑॣᜩᄽᡂΠޑ่݀Ƕӝ౛ޑှ

ញ ᔈ ࢂ Ǻ ೭ ࢂ ΋ ঁ Б ق ౦ ᠐ ౜ ຝ Ǵ ࢂ ֽֽ ೽ ޑ Ǵ ࣗ Կ ᗋ ё ૈ ࢂ ଽଽ ว ޑ ȐsporadicȑǶ೭ၟ੮Ӹӧᜩਜ္ޑ೚ӭ౦᠐ӷࢂ΋ኬޑ܄፦Ƕ!

׽ڶ٤૿ࢤΕ๵ঞࢤऱଃ᧢Δݺଚթ౨ᎁ੡ࠐ۞යٙ։֏ΔՈթڶዌᚵ։֏

යٙऱ෻طΖٵᄭฆݮဲࠐ۞ઌٵऱ଺ࡨݮڤΔݺଚլ౨੡،ଚዌᚵ։֏ऱයٙΔ ޓլᇠ੡Աᇞᤩ،ଚۖᏺףԫଡߓอխ଺ءլژڇऱᚵଃΖʳ

ጵٽՂ૪ΔٵᄭฆݮဲऱԿႈࢤᔆڕՀΚ 1.ٵᄭဲؘႊشଃ᧢ᇞᤩΖ

2.լܑᆠΔլਢዌဲऄΖ 3.ڼଃ᧢ਢݝຝࢤଃ᧢Ζ

ᙅ༛ٵᄭฆݮဲऱࢤᔆΔঞݺଚؘႊ੡ԫิٵᄭฆݮဲዌᚵԫଡઌٵऱ଺ࡨ ݮڤΔࠟृڇ଺ࡨݮڤլ౨ڶ։ܑΖ

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1.3.2. ᇞᤩऱ଺ঞ

ء֮ਊᅃאՀ଺ঞၞ۩ᇞᤩΔࠉᚌ٣ڻݧඈ٨ڕՀΚ

1. ౨ٵழᇞᤩ؄ᣊ᠏ངխყڍᣊऱᎅऄყᚌ٣Κ

ء֮אψײዧ፿փຝऱ᠏ངωΕψ៲ᒱ፿փຝऱ᠏ངωΕψዧ៲፿հၴऱ๵ঞኙ ᚨωΕψዧ៲፿հၴլ֜๵ঞऱኙᚨω؄ृյ೶Δڕ࣠ࠡխ༓ႈڶᣊۿऱ᠏ངᣂএΔ ঞڼ᠏ངᣂএৰױ౨ױאՂං۟଺ࡨዧ៲፿Δٍܛৰױ౨ਢ଺سऱ᠏ངΖײዧ፿

փຝ᠏ངऱઔߒՈڂڼթ౨ڶዧ៲፿ऱრᆠΖ

८ᐜිڇઔߒπᐖᣉρ֘ਠऱٵᄭฆݮဲழΔམڍڻ೶ᅃൕ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ࠩ៲ ᒱ፿࿇سऱዝ᧢ΔංྒྷՂײֱߢՈڶٵᣊীऱ᧢֏ΖࠏڕΚ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱ-ԥ ցଃ

ዝ᧢ࠩՂײዧ፿অ਍լ᧢Δዝ᧢ࠩ៲ᒱ፿ঞ᧢੡-aΖ८ᐜිΰ1993Κ240αᖕڼᎁ

੡հູΕ፣ၺΕპผΕ֮ցΕ৩ୱல᠏ਢٵᣊীऱ-ԥ > -a ዝ᧢Ζ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱ-ԥgwΕ -ԥkw ࠩՂײዧ፿অ਍լ᧢Δዝ᧢ࠩ៲ᒱ፿ঞ᧢੡-ugΕ-ukΖ८ᐜිΰ1993Κ241α ᖕڼᎁ੡৩ঀΕխࣟல᠏ਢٵᣊীऱ-ԥgwΕ-ԥkwΕ-ԥngw > -ugΕ-ukΕ-ung ዝ᧢Ζ මᐖΰ1994Κ14-15αݙ٤ᢥٵ८ᐜිຍᑌऱᓵ૪ֱڤΚ

ךॺ௢ෳϡॣҬඹ౜ຝёૈӧচۈᅇᇟ൩ς࿶р౜ΑǶߎቼలਥᏵᠭྦྷࠤ ޑࣴزΰGong 1980αΔࡰрচۈᅇᙒᇟԖϡॣ[ԥ]ᡂ[a]ޑೕࡓǴᅇᇟޑϡॣ

Ҭඹ౜ຝᡉҢ೭చೕࡓӧᅇᇟЍޑϣ೽Ψමࢲ៌ၸǴᗨฅѝࢂֽ೽܄ࣗԿ

ࢂଽว܄ޑǶǾǾᕴϐǴᙒ጑ᇟޑѧϡॣ౽୏کђᅇᇟѧϡॣޑ౽୏Ǵځ วғచҹջ٬όࢂֹӄ΋ኬǴΨԖى୼ޑ࣬ӕᗺёаᘐۓΒޣޑᜢ߯Ƕҗ

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Ԝٰ࣮Ǵѧϡॣޑ౽୏౜ຝࡐёૈӧᅇᙒᇟسᅇᇟЍԋҥޑਔය൩ς࿶р

౜ΑǶ

ᅝᘣ᥆፿ߢڶյઌᣊۿऱ᠏ངΔܛਢॻᏁᇞᤩऱ෼ွΖۖ׊ڼψॻᏁᇞᤩω ऱႉۯ່੡ᚌ٣Ζ

ೈԱ៲ᒱ፿Δء֮ࠌشऱᘣ᥆፿ߢࢨֱߢᝫץਔػ፿Δא֗Ꮈ፿࿛তֱዧ፿

ֱߢΖػ፿ऱߓ᥆آࡳΔڶࠄᖂृΰڕᔤ്ࡸ॑ 2012Κ754-807αᎁ੡᥆࣍ዧ፿ග ΰࢨጠዧػ፿ගαΖ௅ᖕޫᔴऱઔߒΔػ፿װೈଗဲ৵ໍՀऱ່۔ᐋڻΔᚨፖዧ፿

ਢٵᄭဲۖॺଗဲΖطޫᔴ٨ᜰऱኙᚨᣂএΔء֮ᎁ੡଺ࡨػ፿֘ਠֺՂײዧ፿

࿑ඡऱ௑ݝΔڂڼᚨᒔኔ᥆࣍ዧ፿ගΔፖዧ፿ࢨዧ፿ֱߢ։֏ऱழၴᅝڇՂײዧ

፿հ৵ΰᣂ࣍ዧػֺለΔᇡߠ Wang 2006Κ125-165αΖ

2. ౨ٵழᇞᤩყڍଃ᧢ऱᎅऄڻᚌ٣Κ

ڕ࣠༓ଡଃ᧢౨ิګؓ۩ዝ᧢ࢨृᢸฝΔঞٺଡଃ᧢ऱᢞᖕயԺຟᄎՂ֒Ζ

᧍ᅇৄڇૹ৬אՀຍࠄዝ᧢๵৳ழΔೈԱ᠏ངΔᝫழൄ಻ٽψؓ۩ዝ᧢ωऱᢞᖕΖ ࠏڕΚଈ٣ਢ-angw > -an ፖ-ԥngw > -ԥn ऱؓ۩ዝ᧢Ζୱցኙ᠏ΰGong 1976Κ34-56αΚ ຝ։ցຝڗΰ-anαፖୱຝΰ-agwΕ-akwα᠏ངΔڕലୱຝႽ୏ګ։ጩԵᣉݠΔঞ ୱຝցଃፖցຝઌٵΔᚨਢٵຝۯᣉݠ᎖ଃऱ᠏ངΖፖୱຝઌ಻ऱ-angw Ծإړਢ Ղײዧ፿ߓอऱ़౒Ζਚᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ-angw ۟Ղײ࿇سԱ-angw > -an ऱ٤૿ࢤ ዝ᧢Δګ੡Ղײዧ፿ցຝऱԫຝٝΔڂڼ-angw ګ੡़౒Ζ৩֮ኙ᠏ΰGong 1976Κ 63-69αΚຝ։֮ຝڗΰ-ԥnαፖ৩ຝΰ-ԥgwΕ-ԥkwα᠏ངΔڕല৩ຝႽ୏ګ։ጩԵ ᣉݠΔঞ৩ຝցଃፖ֮ຝઌٵΔᚨਢٵຝۯᣉݠ᎖ଃऱ᠏ངΖਚᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ -ԥngw ۟Ղײ࿇سԱ-ԥngw > -ԥn ऱዝ᧢Δګ੡Ղײዧ፿֮ຝऱԫຝٝΖୱΕ৩ࠟຝ

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ऱψؓ۩ዝ᧢ωΔףൎԱ-ngw > -n ڼዝ᧢๵৳ऱױॾ৫Ζ

൷ထਢ-ing > -inΕ-ung > -unΕ-ԥng > -ԥn ऱؓ۩ዝ᧢Ζ᧍ᅇৄΰGong 1976Κ79α ጠאՀऱ᠏ང੡ψֱߢ᧢֏ωΰdialektische LautverschiebungαΖݺଚवሐΔছԳࢬ ᎅऱֱߢ᧢֏Δਐऱ༉ਢٵᄭฆݮဲऱዝ᧢๵৳Ζటౙல᠏ΰGong 1976Κ80-85αΚ ຝ։టຝڗΰ-inαፖౙຝΰ-ingα᠏ངΔటຝፖౙຝցଃઌٵΖױᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ -ing࿇سԱছՂײҏ-ing > Ղײ-inΰ > խײ -ienαऱֱߢ᧢֏Δګ੡Ղײዧ፿టຝ ऱԫຝٝΖঀցኙ᠏Εࣟցல᠏ΰGong 1976Κ85-91αΚຝ։ցຝٽՑڗΰ-uanα ፖঀΕࣟຝΰ-ugΕ-ukΕ-ungα᠏ངΖፖছՂײ-ing > Ղײ-inΰ > խײ-ienαऱ๵

৳ٽ઎Δױᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ-ung ࿇سԱছՂײ -ung > Ղײ-un > -uan ऱֱߢ᧢֏Δ ګ੡Ղײዧ፿ցຝऱԫຝٝΖհ֮ኙ᠏ΰGong 1976Κ91-93αΚຝ։֮ຝۡڞᜢئ ڗΰ-ԥnαፖհຝΰ-ԥgα᠏ངΖፖছՂײ-ing > Ղײ -inΰ > խײ-ienαऱ๵৳ٽ

઎Δױᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ -ԥng ࿇سԱছՂײ -ԥng > Ղײ-ԥnΰ > խײ-uԥnαऱֱߢ

᧢֏Δګ੡Ղײዧ፿֮ຝऱԫຝٝΖ

ছՂײ-ing > Ղײ-inΰ > խײ-ienα ছՂײ-ung > Ղײ-un > -uan

ছՂײ-ԥng > Ղײ-ԥnΰ > խײ-uԥnα

Կृऱψؓ۩ዝ᧢ωΔףൎԱ-ng > -n ڼዝ᧢๵৳ऱױॾ৫ΔٵழՈ᧩ق-i-Ε-u- ցଃዌᚵऱإᒔΖ

່৵ਢ-ԥgw > -ԥdΕ-ԥkw > -ԥt ፖ-ԥngw > -ԥn ऱؓ۩ዝ᧢Ζ৩პல᠏ΰGong 1976Κ7-10αΚຝ։პຝڗΰ-ԥdΕ-ԥtαፖ৩ຝΰ-ԥgwΕ-ԥkwα᠏ངΔ৩ຝցଃፖპ ຝઌٵΖፖՂ֮৩֮ኙ᠏-ԥngw > -ԥn ऱ๵৳ٽ઎Δױᎁ੡ਢছՂײऱ-ԥgwΕ-ԥkw

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࿇سԱ-ԥgw > -ԥdΕ-ԥkw > -ԥt ऱֱߢ᧢֏Δګ੡Ղײዧ፿პຝऱԫຝٝΖ-ԥgw > -ԥdΕ -ԥkw > -ԥtΕ-ԥngw > -ԥn ਢψؓ۩ዝ᧢ωΖ

ছࠟଡࠏ՗᧩قΔઌٵऱᣉݠΔڇլٵऱ׌૞ցଃ৵ৰױ౨࿇سؓ۩ऱዝ᧢Ι

່৵ԫଡࠏ՗ঞ᧩قΔઌٵऱ׌૞ցଃ৵ΔອΕၺΕԵᣉݠৰױ౨࿇سؓ۩ऱዝ

᧢Ζ

ࠡխΔ-angw > -an ਢ٤૿ࢤዝ᧢Δۖݝຝࢤዝ᧢-ԥngw > -ԥn ঞፖհؓ۩Ζຍ ਢലਝڶ๵৳ऱᔞشᒤ໮Δط-a ցଃឩՕࠩԱ-ԥ ցଃΖ௅ᖕؓ۩ዝ᧢଺ঞΔݺଚ ױא៶طբवऱዝ᧢๵৳Δᇞᤩآवऱ෼ွΔڂ੡ਢឩՕբव๵৳ऱᔞشᒤ໮Δ լشᏺף๵৳Δᝩ܍ທګߓอऱ૤ᖜΖ

3. ଃ᧢ᣊীყཏሙऱᎅऄԾڻᚌ٣Κ

ഗ࣍፿ߢऱ٥ຏࢤΔܛঁլਢᘣ᥆፿ߢΔՈױ౨࿇سઌٵऱዝ᧢ΖOhalaΰ1989Κ 194αᎁ੡Δڕ࣠ઌۿऱଃ᧢Δ၌။ழ़ڇլٵழၴऱլٵ፿ߢΔ੷۟ਢ޲ڶᘣ᥆ ᣂএऱլٵ፿ߢխנ෼Δঞᚨڶ፿ଃՂऱཏሙࢤΔਢཏሙژڇऱዝ᧢ᣊীΖء֮

൷࠹ڼऑழᓵऱ઎ऄΖ

ᅝԿଡ଺ঞᓢડழΔא଺ঞ 1.ᚌ٣࣍ 2.Ε3.Δ଺ঞ 2.Ծᚌ٣࣍ 3.Ζڕ଺ঞ 1.

֘ਠऱዝ᧢إړڇᣊীՂൄߠΔঞ଺ঞ 3.ױ܂੡଺ঞ 1.ऱᇖךΖڕ଺ঞ 1.֘ਠऱ ዝ᧢ڇᣊীՂլൄߠΔս൓ᎁ੡࿇سڼዝ᧢Ζڂᘣ᥆፿ߢ؄ᣊ᠏ངխլ׽ԫᣊנ

෼ٵԫᣊীऱ᠏ངΔֺದ޲ڶᘣ᥆ᣂএऱլٵ፿ߢΔޓףլױ౨ਢೝྥΖԾࠉᖕ ٵᄭဲऱࢤᔆΔݺଚؘႊشଃ᧢ᇞᤩΖڕ଺ঞ 2.֘ਠऱዝ᧢إړڇᣊীՂൄߠΔ ঞ଺ঞ 3.ױ܂੡଺ঞ 2.ऱᇖךΖڕ଺ঞ 2.֘ਠऱዝ᧢ڇᣊীՂլൄߠΔս൓ᎁ੡

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࿇سڼዝ᧢ΖڂᣊীՂऱൄߠ׽ਢଡႜٻΔ܀ؓ۩ዝ᧢ࢨृᢸฝऱᣂএথؘᏁᇞ

ᤩΖ

1.3.3. ઎ৱ፿ଃࢤޗறऱኪ৫

ٵᄭဲڇࢤᔆՂؘྥ֘ਠଃ᧢ΖॺٵᄭဲऱޗறΔঞױ౨׽।ق٥ழ፿ଃઌ २ऱᣂএΔլԫࡳ౨֘ਠᖵழଃᣉዝ᧢ΖڂࢤᔆՂ֘ਠଃ२ᣂএΔۖॺٵᄭᣂএΔ ࠀլԫࡳ൓ዌᚵ଺ࡨݮڤΖຍᣊޗறΔء֮อጠ੡ψ፿ଃࢤޗறωΖ

፿ଃࢤޗற౨ܡ֘ਠଃ᧢Δጤ઎ݺଚ೗๻ଡܑޗறψଃ२ωऱ࿓৫ڶڍ೏Ζ ۦપᅖΰEdkins 1874Κ110αᎁ੡ٵຝۯլٵ堚ᖼΕಬ௛ऱյᘫՈ֘ਠଃ᧢Δڼ઎

ऄឆܶထψᘫᜢؘႊٵଃωऱ೗๻Ζᅝݺଚኙਬᣊޗறψଃ२ωऱ࿓৫೗๻൓ყ

܅Δঞݺଚᎁ੡ڼᣊޗறઌኙլ౨֘ਠଃ᧢Ιᅝݺଚኙਬᣊޗறψଃ२ωऱ೗๻

ყ൷२ۦપᅖΔٍܛଃ२࿓৫ყ൷२ٵଃΔঞݺଚᎁ੡ڼᣊޗறઌኙ֘ਠଃ᧢Ζ

إڂ੡፿ଃࢤޗறψᏁ૞೗๻ࠩਬጟ࿓৫թױ౨֘ਠଃ᧢ωऱ௽ࢤΔຬݳଁ

ΰ1999Κ189-230αၲࡨലอૠሎشڇ፿ଃࢤޗறՂΖAΕB ࠟଡႃٽऱψઌນᖲ ሖᑇωױطڼֆڤ൓נΚA*BЯΰN-1αΖAΕB ։ܑਢࠟଡႃٽऱഗᑇΔN ਢئ᧯

ऱഗᑇΔψઌນᖲሖᑇωਢ AΕB ࠟଡႃٽڇᙟᖲणኪՀױ౨ઌນऱڻᑇΖڕ࣠ AΕ BࠟଡႃٽऱψኔᎾઌນᑇωՕ࣍ψઌນᖲሖᑇωΔঞࠟृऱ൷ᤛࠀॺᙟᖲΔᚨᇠ ղאᇞᤩΖڕ࣠ AΕB ࠟଡႃٽऱψኔᎾઌນᑇωլՕ࣍ψઌນᖲሖᑇωΔঞอૠ Ղ޲ڶ෻ᖕᎁ੡Ꮑ૞ᇞᤩΖء֮ආ౏ڼႚอऱ઎ऄΖ

ڂ੡፿ଃࢤޗறψଃ२ωऱࢤᔆΔڇψ೗๻ࠩਬጟ࿓৫ωࢨृψኔᎾઌນᑇ

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Օ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωऱছ༼ՀΔࡨ౨֘ਠψࠟଡଃᣊյઌ᠏ངΔڼ᠏ངױ౨ࠐ۞ଃ

᧢ωΖٵᄭဲڂ֘ਠᖵழऱႚࢭᣂএΔࢬא᠏ངᣂএ׽૞ژڇΔܛؘႊشଃ᧢ᇞᤩΔ թ౨ฤٽٵᄭဲऱഗءࢤᔆΖٍܛΔ፿ଃࢤޗறڇψ೗๻ࠩਬጟ࿓৫ωࢨृψኔ ᎾઌນᑇՕ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωऱছ༼ՀΔࡨ౨֘ਠፖٵᄭဲٵ࿛ऱ෼ွΖ

፿ଃࢤޗற׽౨֘ਠψଃωऱᣂএΔ፿ଃࢤޗறᅝխऱᘫᜢ౨֘ਠψݮωΕψଃω ऱᣂএΔٵᄭဲঞ֘ਠψଃωΕψᆠωऱᣂএΖ፿ଃࢤޗறڇψ೗๻ࠩਬጟ࿓৫ω ࢨृψኔᎾઌນᑇՕ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωऱছ༼ՀΔՈ౨֘ਠଃ᧢Ζࠡ෻ᓵഗ៕إਢΚ ψଃωڶᣂএऱࠏ՗ᅝխΔࠡխڶຝ։ψଃωΕψᆠωຟڶᣂএΙψݮωΕψଃωڶᣂ এऱࠏ՗ᅝխΔࠡխڶຝ։ψݮωΕψଃωΕψᆠωຟڶᣂএΖٍܛΔڂ੡፿ଃࢤޗ றᅝխץܶຝ։ٵᄭဲΔࢬאຘመຍࠄٵᄭဲΔ፿ଃࢤޗற൓א֘ਠଃ᧢ΖԾڂ

੡፿ଃࢤޗறᅝխڶ๺ڍࠀॺٵᄭဲΔڂڼᏁ૞ψ೗๻ࠩਬጟ࿓৫ωࢨृψኔᎾ ઌນᑇՕ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωΔඈೈ໢ొଃ२܀ࠀॺٵᄭऱຝ։Ζ

ء֮ᙅ༛ٵᄭฆݮဲऱࢤᔆΰᇡ§1.3.1.αΔڂڼψࠟଡଃᣊյઌ᠏ངΔڼ᠏ང ױ౨ࠐ۞ଃ᧢ω׽ਢছ༼Δء֮૞ၞԫޡಘᓵψڼଃ᧢੡۶ωΖೈԱࠌشٵᄭฆݮ

ဲΔء֮א്ࠅፚΰ2011αኙπᎅ֮ρᘫᜢऱอૠᑇᖕΔ܂੡፿ଃࢤޗறऱז।Ζ ڂ੡πᎅ֮ρᘫᜢڶࣔᒔऱئ᧯ΔᔞٽࠌشอૠऄΖ്ࠅፚࠌشอૠऄԾለ᠃შΔ

׽ᇞᤩψኔᎾઌນᑇՕ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωऱൣउΔࠀ׊ࣹრรԫᐋᘫᜢፖรԲᐋᘫ ᜢऱլٵΖء֮׽ڇψኔᎾઌນᑇՕ࣍ઌນᖲሖᑇωழΔթ֧ش്ࠅፚऱอૠᑇ ᖕΔ܂੡ፖٵᄭฆݮဲ֘ਠઌٵ᠏ངऱ׼ԫጟޗறΖء֮ऱૹរਢᇞᤩψڼଃ᧢

੡۶ωΔٵᄭဲለ౨֘ਠଃ᧢ऱֱٻΔڂڼਢ່׌૞ऱޗறΔᇞᤩऱ଺ঞբߠ

§1.3.2.Ζ

ᅝٵᄭฆݮဲܧ෼ऱ᠏ངΔઌٵऱ൷ᤛڇᘫᜢլژڇΔࢨृৰ֟Δຍᇠڕ۶

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઎ৱΛ፿ଃࢤޗறڂ੡֘ਠ٥ழऱઌۿᣂএΔ׌૞֘ਠ֮ڗ࿇سא৵ऱ෼ွΖ፿

ߢ։֏ழऱዝ᧢ڂழזፖ፿ଃࢤޗறઌװբ᎛Δࠟृࠀլ٥ழΔڂڼլࠠڶ٥ழ ઌۿᣂএऱഗ៕ΖڂڼΔء֮ᎁ੡ٵᄭฆݮဲፖᘫᜢऱլٽΔ֘ਠଃ᧢࿇سऱழ

ၴለڰΖٵᄭฆݮဲऱࠟଡݮڤ֘ਠ፿ߢ։֏ழऱଃ᧢Δᘫᜢঞ֘ਠທڗழᜢฤ ፖ๯ᘫڗऱଃ२Ζ֮ڗऱᖵ׾ઌኙ࣍፿ߢऱᖵ׾ழၴ࿍Ա๺ڍΔڕ࣠ԫଡՂײࠩ

խײհၴ࿇سऱଃ᧢ΔᚨᅝڇᘫᜢᅝխՈᄎڶጤଧΖࢬאΔᅝٵᄭฆݮဲܧ෼ऱ

᠏ངΔઌٵऱ൷ᤛڇᘫᜢլژڇΔࢨृৰ֟Δ֘ۖ᧩قڼଃ᧢࿇سऱழၴለ൷२

଺ࡨዧ៲፿Δ۟Ղײழբᆖ᝟࣍ೖַΙᅝٵᄭฆݮဲܧ෼ऱ᠏ངΔઌٵऱ൷ᤛڇ ᘫᜢխለڍΔঞ᧩قຍਢଡለ੡ඡ२ऱଃ᧢ΔՂײழזଃ᧢սྥ੒ᥬΰᇡߠรք

ີαΖ⁸

8 ࢨृൕ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऴࠩՂײழזଃ᧢ઃ੒ᥬΖ

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1.4.

ቃཚګ࣠

ছԳኙ࣍ײዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲઔߒ੷֟Ζץਔ᧍ᅇৄΰGong 1976αڇփΔຟא ψٵᄭဲω੡ಘᓵᒤ໮Ζലಘᓵᒤ໮ૻᜍ࣍ٵᄭฆݮဲृΔႛ८ᐜිԫԳΖ८ᐜ

ිΰ1993αբ੡ײዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲऱઔߒ໺ࡳԱ᠆দऱഗ៕Ζء֮ឈڇ८ᐜිᓵ

֮ऱഗ៕հՂᐊګΔ܀ፖڔऱᓵ֮սڶլٵհ๠Ζ

ଈ٣ΔਢထณរऱլٵΖ८ᐜිኙ࣍ٵᄭฆݮဲऱփොࠀآڍףထᕠΔۿא ψٵᆠԾଃڗਢٵᄭฆݮဲω੡ਝࡳࠃኔΔ׌૞ထณរਢٵᄭฆݮဲࢬ֘ਠऱֱ

ߢ෼ွΖء֮ঞထณ࣍ൕψছ፿ߢωΰڼ๠ਐψছՂײዧ፿ωαࠩٵᄭฆݮဲհၴ

ࢬ࿇سऱݝຝࢤዝ᧢๵৳Δਢᖵ׾፿ߢᖂψଃ᧢๵৳ྤࠏ؆ωऱՕ㞵ՀΔലࠏ؆

౏Եਝڶ๵৳ऱ࿨࣠ΖൕٵᄭฆݮဲऱࢤᔆױवΔࠀլਢࢬڶٵᄭฆݮဲຟ֘ਠ ԱֱߢΔݺଚࠀ޲ڶֱऄᒔᎁ۶ृؘ੡ֱߢΔڼٍࠀॺء֮ऱؾऱࢬڇΖء֮ڇ ழၴՂΔطՂײዧ፿ऱ᠏ངٻՂං۟ޓײऱψছՂײዧ፿ωΙ़ၴՂΔٍലՂײլ ٵֱߢ࣋ԵψছՂײዧ፿ωऱՕ֡৫ࠐ઎ΖطψছՂײዧ፿ωאՀऱݝຝࢤዝ᧢Δ ױኙٵᄭฆݮဲ༼ࠎݙᖞऱᇞᤩΖຍଡᇞᤩ౨ץܶࠐ۞ֱߢ஁ฆऱٵᄭฆݮဲΔ Ծլૻ࣍،ଚΖೈԱڂᘣ᥆፿ߢΰֱߢαհၴฝଗທګऱٵᄭฆݮဲΔᝫױ౨ץ

ܶڇଡܑ፿ߢփຝᆖᣊංࢨဲნឩཋທګऱٵᄭฆݮဲΖֱߢ஁ฆࠀॺٵᄭฆݮ

ဲऱഄԫࠐᄭΖ

ࠡڻΔ८ᐜිۿא༈ބՂײֱߢរ੡ૹ૞ऱؾᑑΖء֮ᎁ੡ٵᄭฆݮဲឈྥ

ຝ։֘ਠֱߢଃ᧢Δຝ։থৰױ౨ࠀॺψՂײωֱߢΔۖਢ᎛ֺՂײޓڰऱ଺ࡨ ዧ፿੷۟଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱֱߢଃ᧢ΖڂڼΔუ૞אਞટᖏഏऱچ෻։೴༈ބՂײֱ

ߢរΔஎࢢᣄڶګயΖ

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່৵Δ८ᐜිଈ٣ലψײዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲऱ᠏ངωፖψዧ៲፿հၴऱ๵ঞኙ ᚨωԫದಘᓵΖ܀ਢΔԫ౳ࠐᎅψ᠏ངω᥆࣍փຝዌᚵΔψ๵ঞኙᚨω᥆ֺ࣍ለֱ

ऄΖ଺ءۿ׏޲ڶࠟृ౨ജյઌᇞᤩऱ෻ᓵഗ៕Ζ್ᆳ౉֛ലٵගဲऱࡳᆠឩՕΔ ࠌଡܑ፿ߢփຝٵᄭဲऱ᠏ངΔ࠷൓ፖᘣ᥆፿ߢ๵ঞኙᚨ༓׏ઌᅝऱچۯΰ§ᇡ 1.2.αΖݦඨ៶طء֮ऱቫᇢΔױאڇڼီߡՀΔലዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲऱઔߒፖዧ៲

፿ऱઔߒઌຑ࿨Δࠌዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲլ٦׽ਢଡܑ፿ߢփຝऱ᠏ངΔޓਢዧ៲፿

ٵගဲ᠏ངऱԫຝ։Ζ

אՀ§1.5.٣១տ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᆏ࿨ዌΔ܂੡אՀٺີಘᓵኙွऱጼᏆΖร ԲີലᓵᢞΚπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڗΔᣊܑࠠڶ৞ຨ ࢤΔࠀ׊Օຝ։ਢٵᆠฆଃΔࢬאױီ੡ٵᄭฆݮဲΖรԿ۟รԮີࠉݧಘᓵٵ ᄭฆݮဲऱ᠏ངࢬ֘ਠψᜢئऱ࿇ᜢωΕψᜢئऱᓳଃωΕψտଃωΕψ׌૞ցଃωΕψᣉ ݠωऱଃ᧢Ζڂء֮ऱؾऱΔڇᇞᤩٵᄭฆݮဲऱࠟଡࢨԿଡݮڤհၴऱ᠏ངࠐ

۞չᏖଃ᧢Δ೶ፖ᠏ངऱݮڤؘႊ੡բवႈΖઌᅝ࣍խײዧ፿ψᜢᓳωऱଃᣊΔ

ࠡ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ࠐᄭ੡۶ΔؾছսڶञᤜΖլव೶ፖ᠏ངऱݮڤ੡۶Δ༉ྤൕಘᓵ ທګڼ᠏ངऱଃ᧢੡۶ΖڂڼΔء֮ᑉլಘᓵᜢᓳऱ᠏ངΔٍڇᚵଃխઊฃᓳᇆΔ

ႛڇ।௑խ٨נխײᓳᣊΖ

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1.5.

଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᆏ࿨ዌ

ءᆏ٣ᢅ٨଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᆏ࿨ዌΔא֗ױᖜٚٺۯᆜऱګ։Δᇡาտฯᇡ ઌᣂີᆏΖ଺ࡨዧ៲፿ऱଃᆏ࿨ዌڕՀΚ

ڼ๠ࢬش๬፿ࠉᖕڹᖠልΰ2012Κ38-77αΖଃᆏΰSΔsyllableα։੡ؘ૞ऱᜢ ئΰOΔonsetαፖᣉ᧯ΰRΔrimeαΔא֗ॺؘ૞ऱտଃΰMΔmedialαΖᜢئط່

ڍ؄ଡ᎖ଃΰCΔconsonantαิګΔࠡխO3 ੡ؘ૞ऱᜢიΔᜢიհছॺؘ૞ऱ᎖

ଃO1ΕO2 ጠ੡ছᆜ᎖ଃΰpre-initialαΔᜢიհ৵ॺؘ૞ऱ᎖ଃO4 ܛψᓤᜢئรԲ ګ։ωΖտଃطᄶଃΰGΔglideαᖜٚΖᣉ᧯։੡׌૞ցଃΰNuΔnuclearα⁹ፖᣉݠ ΰCoΔcodaαΔࠟृઃؘ૞Ζ׌૞ցଃط່ڍࠟଡցଃΰVΔvowelαิګΔ׌૞ց

ଃ੡໢ցଃழ۾ᖕNu2Δ੡ᓤցଃழঞ۾ᖕNu1 ፖNu2Ζᣉݠط່ڍࠟଡ᎖ଃิګΔ ᣉݠ੡໢᎖ଃழ۾ᖕCo1Δॺؘ૞ऱ᎖ଃCo2 ጠ੡৵ॵᣉݠΰpost-codaαΖᜢئऱ O3ፖᣉݠऱCo1 ઃؘ૞ΔլژڇሿᜢئΔՈլژڇሿᣉݠΖ

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ءᆏ壆।א᧍ᅇৄΰ2004Κ52-53α੡ࢍءଥޏۖګΖ ছᆜ᎖ଃΰO1ΕO2αױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ

b- m-

d- s- r- g- ’-

ຍ༓ଡګ։ઃױᖜٚO2Δؾছբव౨ᖜٚO1 ۯᆜऱڶb-ፖs-Ζ¹⁰

ᜢიΰO3αױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ p- ph- b- m-

t- th- d- n- r- l- hl- ts- tsh- dz- s-

k- kh- g- ng- kw- khw- gw- ngw-

- h-

w- hw-

ᓤᜢئรԲګ։ΰO4αױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ -r- -l-

տଃΰMαױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ -j-

׌૞ցଃΰNu1+Nu2αױڶאՀิٽΚ -i -u -ԥ -a

10 ೶઎ψԶω*b-r-jatΕψๅω*s-g-luatΰᇡ᧍ᅇৄ 2011Κ109Ε211αΖҫ1 ፖҫ2 ԫᑌױץਔছጺࡉ ॺছጺΖ

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-ia -ua -iԥ

ᣉݠΰCo1αױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ -p -b -m

-t -d -n -r -l -k -g -ng

-kw -gw -ngw

৵ॵᣉݠΰCo2αؾছᒔࡳױطאՀګ։ᖜٚΚ -s

ᜢᓳऱࠐᄭࡸڶञᤜΔڂڼઌᅝ࣍խײዧ፿ᜢᓳऱଃᣊΔء֮լ௽ܑڜ࣋ڇ

ଃᆏ࿨ዌխΖ

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ಃΒക! Ƞ࿶ڂញЎȡϷځΒϸǵΟϸǵΒॣǵΟॣӷཷॊ!

2.1.

πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ១տፖठءʳ

πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρਢאπࡌ࣐ρΕπࡸ஼ρΕπֻᇣρΕπࡌ៖ρΕπᏚ៖ρΕπ៖ಖρΕπਞ ટּؐႚρΕπਞટֆےႚρΕπਞટᒜඩႚρΕπݕᆖρΕπᓵ፿ρΕπ۔՗ρΕπ๗՗ρΕ πዿႁρԼ؄ຝ஼ऱᆖ֮ፖࣹ֮੡ኙွΔኴ໢ڗ܂ࣹऱଃᆠ஼Ζ

πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρႚ׈ࠥءΔאஊ೓ᖂπຏݳഘᆖᇞρءπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΰאՀጠψຏ ݳഘءωαፖᗝ֮᱋ࣄᆖഘءπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΰאՀጠψࣄᆖഘءωα່੡ຏ۩Ζࠟृ

ઃאࣔأᆺࣥࡲᐙݻء੡ࢍءΙᆺࣥࡲءঞᖕᙒᝐ墿࿲ႆᑔࢬ៲Δ൓۞ࣔז֮ෘ

ᎹऱݚءΖ࿲ႆᑔՕ־ΔݚءྡᄤΔஊ೓ᖂঁᖕᆺࣥࡲᐙݻءࠥຏݳഘءΖ৵ࠐΔ

๺ڍ堚ᕢຟீ೮ຏݳഘءΖڶऱঞսאᆺࣥࡲᐙݻء੡ࢍءΔڕ੄دဪΕፔ㐦Ε

׆ᆐΰאՂ௅ᖕᢅൄഛ 1939Κ139-147αΖᗝ֮᱋ᖕᆺࣥࡲᐙݻءீ೮Δࠀאீ೮ ءࠥګࣄᆖഘءΖ߼ցঞڇπԼԿᆖࣹงρխڶπᆖࠢᤩ֮ீ೮ಖρΖ

෼៲קࠇቹ஼塢ऱݚࠥݚցᎠଥءπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΰאՀጠψݚցᎠଥءωαΔਢ ؾছױवπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ່ڰऱߩءΖ႓ဎੴΰ2011Κ301αճΚψڶᣂᇷற᧩قΔ Ꭰଥء଺៲堚୰Δَ߬଀ࡎא৵ੌᆵاၴΔऴࠩԫ԰؄քڣࡉԫ԰؄԰ڣթ։ࠟ

ڻΰรԫڻ࠴ԫ۟࠴քΔรԲڻ࠴Ԯ۟࠴ԿԼαូԵקࠇቹ஼塢塢៲Ζωऴࠩ 1985 ڣΔՂ௧ײᤄנठषല،ᜍٱנठΔ׈Գթ൓ߠݚցᎠଥءऱ૿ᎎΖ

႓Ⓥπᆖࠢᤩ֮ნீρΰ1980αΔאຏݳഘء੡ࢍءΔشݚցᎠଥءΕାفᆖΕ ཉᅇנՒାᐊءፖհኙ೮Ζࠀආᙕ۶ᅇΕ׆ᆐΕ༡རΕፔ㐦ഘΕᚮᔼΕᗝ֮᱋Ε

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᥽ᐖ݆Ε୪ਣ૜Ε႓׉௺Ε߼ց࿛堚ᕢீ፿Δא֗ܦࢭדπᆖᤄ៱ଃᙃᢞρΕ႓ࠑ πᆖᤄ៱ଃᙃᢞጧᢝρհᎅΔႃছԳᎅऄ࣍ԫ஼Ζ

്८ੈΕ๺৬ؓπཉᅇଃᆠႪەρΰ1996αگᙕፖπᤩ֮ρઌᣂऱାᐊءྲྀ࠴Δ

׌૞ڶπࡌ࣐ᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΰ܄ 2617 ཎ 5735αΕπࡸ஼ᤩ֮ρΰ܄ 3315αΕπ៖ಖᤩ֮ρ ΰ௚ 44αΕπֻᇣଃρΰ܄ 3383ʳ ཎ 2729αΕπ៖ಖଃρΰཎ 2053αΕπᓵ፿ᔤࣹଃᆠρ ΰ௚ 42αΕπ๗՗ᤩ֮ρΰ܄ 3602α࿛Ζࠡխπࡸ஼ᤩ֮ρྲྀ࠴ٍگᙕ࣍πොख़ᑔ ఽᤄρΖڼ؆Δֲء࡜ߜᘋ壂ڝ៲ײၧءπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρྲྀ࠴Δگᙕ࣍πࠇຟ০ഏՕ ᖂ֮ᖂຝནٱ៱ၧءρΔ৵ڶ੭ມऴ໛ீಖΙ႓ဎੴπֲء࡜ߜᘋ壂ڝ៲ࠟጟײၧ

ءઔߒρΰ2011αॵڶᇠྲྀ࠴஼ᐙΖ

႓ࡗ໯Εᔥדᑚπᄅீ౉֧ᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΰ1988αΔ஼৵ڶ႓ࡗ໯πᆖࠢᤩ֮ᇖ

ீρΖ႓ࡗ໯ڇ႓Ⓥഗ៕Ղ܂ၞԫޡऱீ೮ΔೈԱփீΔ֗ፖႚ׈ठءኙ೮א؆Δ ᝫ೶ەԱཉᅇାᐊءྲྀ࠴Δא֗πࠇຟ০ഏՕᖂ֮ᖂຝནٱ៱ၧءρࢬ៲ྲྀ࠴Ζ

ೈڼհ؆Δࡸڶ堚Գऄ೛ഘऱπᆖࠢᤩ֮ீಖρΖڼ஼ீ೮լૻ࣍ڶठء੡ᢞ

ृΖឈྤठءฆ֮Δսழൄࠉଃ෻ீհΖڇࠡה堚ᕢհ؆Δܑࠠԫ௑Ζπऄ೛ഘᆖ

ࠢᤩ֮ீಖᙊᒚρΔ2010 ڣࡨط३ዊख़ᒳீנठΖ

ءີࢬ֧πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρઃऴ൷֧۞ݚցᎠଥءΔլףூ፿Ζઌᣂீ೮ࢨಘᓵ ᓮᇡߠτॵᙕυΖ

(35)

2.2.

ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱݮڤ௽ᐛ

2.2.1.֧ߢ

ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωਢπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ؄ଡࢤᔆઌۿऱ๬፿Δ ٺᜰԫࠏڕՀΚ

༉

༉ᛟ

ᤕڰΕ٣ߌԲ֘Ζΰءᓵ֮τॵᙕυᒳᇆ 2-1α

ᰢ

௻૴Ε௻᤻Ε௻௡Կ֘Ζπᎅ֮ρճΚՖԳጠݺֳᰢΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 29-4α

ዒ

ڃΕᡖԲଃΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 11-3α

⚱⚱

ພᤵΕ౻ΕᘕԿଃΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 29-23α

ษ႕᧯੡ᆖΕࣹ଺֮Δॺษ႕᧯੡πᆖࠢᤩ֮ρኙᆖΕࣹऱࣹᇞΖڼ๠ψԲ֘ωΕ ψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱࢍᒵ੡ء֮ࢬףΖࣹᇞᅝխ൅ڶψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕ ψԲଃωΕψԿଃω؄ଡ๬፿ऱڗΔء֮ጠ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω ڗΖ

ء֮ൕπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρࣹᤩऱ᧯ࠏထณΔᎁ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω

؄ଡ๬፿Δڇ᧯ࠏՂܛ᝟ٻ֘ਠٵᆠฆᦰΖ֮᣸խऱٵᆠฆᦰΔ֘ਠ፿ߢխऱٵ ᄭฆݮဲΖڂڼΔψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڗՕڍ֘ਠٵᄭฆݮဲΖ

ء֮ᎁ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڇࣹᤩխऱݮڤ௽ᐛΔႊൕࣹᤩ

ᅝխऱᐋڻψࣹີωΕψࣹ؁ω੡ီߡ֊ԵΖψࣹີωΕψࣹ؁ωࠟଡ๬፿ԾᏁطࠡה

(36)

๬፿ࡳᆠΖڂڼΔ§2.2.2.១տڗᙰΕڗڻΕࣹࠏΕࣹႈ࿛๬፿Δ§2.2.3.១տଈଃΕ ԾଃΕࢨଃΕԫଃΕଃ׌࿛๬፿Δ§2.2.4.٦אຍࠄ๬፿੡ഗ៕ΔࡳᆠψࣹີωΕψࣹ

؁ωࠟଡࣹᤩऱᐋ్ΔࠀਐנψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω௽௘ऱݮڤ௽

ᐛΖ

2.2.2.ڗᙰΕڗڻΕࣹࠏΕࣹႈ

ᆖ֮ࢨࣹ֮խΔπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρࢬࣹᤩऱڗጠ੡ψڗᙰωΖਬଡڗᖜٚऱޢڻڗᙰΔ ጠ੡ڼψڗᙰωऱԫψڗڻωΖᆄ᣸ॣΰ2004Κ33αΚψπᤩ֮ρڇլٵᒧؾխ੡ٵ ԫ๯ࣹڗ܂ࣹΔլᓵ։ၲࣹڍ֟ڻΔຍଡ๯ࣹڗጠԫଡόڗᙰύΙٵԫଡڗᙰڇٺ

๠ऱנ෼ڻᑇጠ੡όڗڻύΖωאڗᙰψ༿ω੡ࠏΚ

ԯ

ԯ༿

ࠡ٨ΕࠡᘮԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗ΘՕࡲஃΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 26-4α

༿

ࠡᘮΕࠡ٨Բ֘Ζΰ๗՗ΘầⲂΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 27-1α

֛༿

ࠡ٨ΕࠡᘮԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗Θ֚ሎΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 27-3α

༿

ࠡ٨ΕࠡᘮԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗Θ՞ֵΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 27-5α

༿

ࠡ٨ΕࠡᘮԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗ΘࢊௌΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 28-1α

༿

ࠡ٨ΕࠡᘮԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗Θ؆ढΔτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 28-2α

ڼքࠏઃנ۞πᆖࠢᤩ֮Θ๗՗ଃᆠρΔπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρຟࣹᤩψ༿ωڗΔڼψ༿ω ڗܛψڗᙰωΖڼքࠏխऱքଡψ༿ωΔጠ੡ڗᙰψ༿ωऱքଡψڗڻωΖ

(37)

ψࣹࠏωਢኙԫڗڻࣹᤩऱ່Օ໢ۯΔψࣹႈωঞਢψࣹࠏωխऱ່՛໢ۯΖ ᆄ᣸ॣΰ2004Κ33-34αΚψπᤩ֮ρ࿯ԫଡڗڻࢬ܂ऱԫයݙᖞऱࣹᤩጠ੡ԫයόࣹ

ࠏύǾǾԫයࣹࠏխࢬ܂ऱଃࣹΕฆ֮Εᆠಝጠ੡ԫڻόࣹႈύΔԫයࣹࠏխױ౨ ڶڍڻࣹႈΖωࠏڕΚ

ኻ

ኻݺ

᱐ڃ֘ΔऊՈΖࢨ܂ႝΔଃٵΖឌπᇣρ܂ ΔଃՏॷΕ՗ॷԲ֘Δ༉

ՈΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 5-3α

ڼࠏڗᙰ੡ψኻωΖψ᱐ڃ֘ΔऊՈΖࢨ܂ႝΔଃٵΖឌᇣ܂ ΔଃՏॷΕ՗

ॷԲ֘Δ༉ՈΖωᖞ੄੡ԫψࣹࠏωΔψ᱐ڃ֘ωΕψऊՈωΕψࢨ܂ႝωΕψଃ

ٵωΕψឌᇣ܂ ωΕψଃՏॷΕ՗ॷԲ֘ωΕψ༉Ոω։ܑຟਢԫψࣹႈωΖ

ࠡխψ᱐ڃ֘ωΕψଃٵωΕψଃՏॷΕ՗ॷԲ֘ωਢଃࣹࣹႈΔψࢨ܂ႝωΕ ψឌᇣ܂ ωਢฆࣹ֮ႈΔψऊՈωΕψ༉ՈωঞਢᆠಝࣹႈΖ

(38)

2.2.3.ଈଃΕԾଃΕࢨଃΕԫଃΕଃ׌

ࣹࠏխรԫଡଃࣹࣹႈጠ੡ψଈଃωΙࠡהऱଃࣹࣹႈጠ੡ψԾଃωΙψԾଃω խπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρࣔߢψࢨଃωࢨψԫଃωऱଃࣹࣹႈΔጠ੡ψࢨଃωࢨψԫଃωΖ πᆖࠢᤩ֮ΘݧᙕρΚ

Ϟϐ܌ኗǴ༾уཤଜǶऩڂᝤதҔǴ཮౛ӝਔǴߡջᒥ܍Ǵ኱ϐܭ२Ƕځॣ

൐ϕҔǴကё㬑ՉǴ܈ӷԖӭॣǶ౲ৎձ᠐ǴवԖ܌ڗǴᜧό౥ਜǴӚᚒМ ۉǴа࣬ᅩ၂Ƕက١ܭ࿶Ǵҭό஼૶Ƕځ܈ॣ΋ॣޣǴᇂрܭభ߈ǴҢ໺ᆪ ـǴំޣჸځ૱ోǶ!

ʳ

ʳ ԫڗڶڍଃΔਢৰൄߠऱ෼ွΖڇڗᙰઌٵऱլٵࣹࠏխΔᙇ܂ψଈଃωऱ

ଃࣹࣹႈױאլٵΔᙇشऱᑑᄷਢψᄎ෻ωፖψٽழωΖᅝฆᦰܑᆠΔฆᦰਢլٵ ऱဲΔױ౨ਢዌဲऄ૜سऱٵᄭဲΔױ౨ਢຏ೗Δ੷۟ױ౨׽ਢฆ֮Ζڂπᆖࠢ

ᤩ֮ρ੡ᇞᤩᆖࠢۖ܂Δڼழ٨੡ψଈଃωऱଃࣹࣹႈΔױ౨֘ਠ֮ءڼ๠ऱࠌ شᆠΔڼܛψᄎ෻ωΖᅝฆᦰլܑᆠΔฆᦰਢઌٵऱဲऱլٵݮڤΔܛਢٵᄭฆݮ

ဲΖڼழ٨੡ψଈଃωऱଃࣹࣹႈΔױ౨ਢຬᐚࣔᎁ੡່ൄߠऱᦰଃΔڼܛψٽ ழωΖ!

ʳ

ʳ ڇψᄎ෻ωࢨψٽழωऱەၦՀΔآᙇ੡ଈଃऱଃࣹࣹႈΔܛਢԾଃΖឈլ ਢ່ψᄎ෻ωࢨψٽழωΔڂ੡ψଃ໰յشΔᆠױ㲱۩ωΔਚ٨נฆଃܑᦰΖࠡխ ऱψࢨଃωΕψԫଃωΔຬᐚࣔឈለլٵრΔս٨נเໂԫᎅΔܛψ።נ࣍෍२Δق

ႚፊߠΔᥦृኘࠡ಑෫ωΖאՀᜰࠏᎅࣔΚʳ ʳ

(39)

ྤ

ྤ⡋

࣍٤֘ΔԾ࣍㧜֘ΖޕԾ௻ׅΕ௻خԲ֘Ζࢨ؎㧜֘Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 9-4αʳ

ʳ

ʳ ψ࣍٤֘ω੡ψଈଃωΙψԾ࣍㧜֘ωΕψޕԾ௻ׅΕ௻خԲ֘ωΕψࢨ؎

㧜֘ωຟਢψԾଃωΙࠡխψࢨ؎㧜֘ωԾਢψࢨଃωΖʳ

ছԳଃࣹऱנ๠ጠ੡ψଃ׌ωΖՂ֧֮πᆖࠢᤩ֮ΘݧᙕρΚψฒ୮ܑᦰΔ૕ڶ ࢬ࠷Δᣇլฅ஼ΔٺᠲּࡩΔאઌጉᇢω࠷۞ছԳऱଃࣹΔڍڇଃࣹছগՂנ๠Ζ ڕ࠷۞ಝဴ஼ᤄΔᠲ܂ृࡩּΙڕ࠷۞ڗ஼Δঞᠲ஼ټΖאՀᜰࠏᎅࣔΚ

ʳ

᱿

ާඝ፠ࣨ֘ΔڼࠉπᇣρᦰՈΖ୪Εພֱየ֘Ζπڗࣥρֱ܀Εֱ؟Բ֘Ζ ਜ೓፠የ֘Ζ᥽ଃࣨΔԾཏ৕ΕཏᒭԲ֘Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 29-1Ε29-2α ʳ

ʳ ψ፠ࣨ֘ωऱଃ׌੡ާඝπႃࣹዿႁρΙψֱየ֘ωऱଃ׌੡୪ङπዿႁࣹρΔ

֗ພᗖπዿႁଃᆠρࢨπዿႁࣹρΙψֱ܀Εֱ؟Բ֘ωऱଃ׌੡ܨݵπڗࣥρΙ ψଃࣨΔԾཏ৕ΕཏᒭԲ֘ωऱଃ׌੡᥽ມ׆πዿႁଃρΖڶଃ׌ऱଃࣹࣹႈլ׽

܂ԾଃΔٍױ܂ଈଃΖՂࠏխψާඝ፠ࣨ֘ωܛ܂ଈଃΖʳ

(40)

2.2.4.ࣹີΕࣹ؁

ʳ

ڇࣹࠏΕࣹႈհၴᚨᅝᝫڶψࣹີωΕψࣹ؁ωࠟጟ᧯ࠏΖԫයࣹࠏՀऱࣹ

ႈࠀլ٤אڗᙰ੡ऴ൷ࣹᤩऱኙွΖٵԫଃ׌ኙٵԫڗݮऱࣹᤩΔء֮ጠ੡ԫψࣹ

ີωΔٺࣹີࣹᤩऱڗݮΔጠ੡ψࣹີಝڗωΖ

ٵԫࣹີऱଃ׌ઌٵΔڂڼψᙀ܊ω່౨ኦ᧩ψࣹີωຍԫᄗ࢚Ζء֮ψࣹ

ີωऱ੺ૻΔ௅ᖕ១ඔᔃኙπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρխπڗࣥρ܊֮ऱᙇ࠷ᑑᄷΔࠀطπڗ

ࣥρ࣋Օ੡ຏঞΔᔞش࣍ࢬڶଃ׌Ζ¹¹១ඔᔃऱഗءᙇଃ଺ঞڶࠟයΰ2003Κ35αΚ

΋ǵȨȠӷ݅ȡॣ Yȩ܈ȨȠӷ݅ȡYY ϸȩǴ೭ᜪॣݙࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣݙǴѬ ॺӧךॺޑᒧڗϐӈǶӵȠᅟ໡ǸញЕញЎȡǺȨ⁕ǺȠӷ݅ȡॣჶǶȩ Ƞᘶ૶Ǹ॓੝࣊ញЎȡǺȨୈǺΫ৖ϸǴȠӷ݅ȡΫ៏ϸǶȩ!

ΒǵȨȠӷ݅ȡȩࡕޑȨ܈ॣȩǵȨ΋ॣȩǴόࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣݙǴךॺ΋

ࡓόڗǶӵǺȠᅟ໡ǸញᛌញЎȡǺȨ⤜Ǻॣ⛋ǴȠӷ݅ȡէᙇϸǶ܈

ᎩۑǵᎩНΒϸǶȩࡕΒॣόࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣݙǶ!

!

รԲයऱࠏ՗Δπڗࣥەၝρܛᙀ܂ψ⪼Δ܇៧֘ωΔࠀլץਔ৵ֱऱψࢨ塒

ࡱΕ塒ֽԲ֘ωΖೈԱഗءᙇଃ଺ঞΔ១ඔᔃᝫڶאՀ࠷ඍ଺ঞΰ2003Κ36-37αΚ

(41)

΋ǵȠӷ݅ȡញကࡕޑॣёڗǴӵȠڬܰǸᛠᜏញЎȡǺȨᵳǾǾȠӷ݅ȡ ϓǺ᎒ΨǴѥмϸǶȩȨѥмϸȩࣁȠӷ݅ȡॣǴӢࣁȠᘶ૶Ǹҏᝯ ញЎȡΨԖǺȨᵳǾǾȠӷ݅ȡѥмϸǶȩ೭ኬޑٯηᇻόЗ΋ঁǴ ךॺ೭္όӭᖐǶ!

ΒǵȠӷ݅ȡȨբ YȩࡕޑॣёڗǴӵȠᘶ૶ǸҏᝯញЎȡǺȨۯǾǾȠӷ

݅ȡբ⣈Ǵχ๓ϸǶȩȨχ๓ϸȩࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣǴӢࣁȠѰ໺ǸਤϦ 3 ԃញЎȡΨԖǺȨ⣈ǾǾȠӷ݅ȡχ๓ϸǴ߷΢ᙟǶȩ!

ΟǵȠӷ݅ȡॣݙࡕᆙၟ๱ޑȨΞॣȩёڗǴӵȠЛ၃ǸڔߓញЎȡǺȨ᫟ǾǾ Ƞӷ݅ȡБՠϸǴΞБѿϸǶȩȨБѿϸȩࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣǴӢࣁȠᅟ

໡ǸញດញЎȡǺȨ᫟ǾǾȠӷ݅ȡБՠǵБѿΒϸǶȩȠӷ݅ȡόё

ૈؒԖӭॣӷǴԶЪ೭٤ӭॣӷޑӚঁॣԖ٤ᗋёૈ٠ό୔ϩཀကǶ!

ѤǵȠӷ݅ȡញကࡕޑȨΞॣȩёڗǴӵȠᅟ໡ǸញقញЎȡǺȨ㔟ǾǾ Ƞӷ݅ȡբๆǴϓ₍ᕧΨǴΞᆶϤϸǶȩȨᆶϤϸȩࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣǴ ӢࣁȠᘶ૶Ǹୢ഼ញЎȡΞԖǺȨๆǾǾȠӷ݅ȡᆶϤϸǴϓ₍ᕧΨǶȩ!

ϖǵȠӷ݅ȡȨӕȩ߻य़܌ЇϐॣǴךॺᆀϐࣁȨӕॣȩǶӵ݀Ȩӕॣȩ ϐ߻ࣺԖ΋ঁॣǴȠӷ݅ȡॣ྽ฅ൩ࢂԜॣǶӵȠЛ၃Ǹ䄹ញЎȡǺȨᷟǺ

ॣॿǴֈוӕǶȩӵ݀Ȩӕॣȩϐ߻ԖӭঁॣǴ߾Ȩӕॣȩᔈ၀ӕ

߻΋բॣΓޑಃ΋ॣǴȠᅟ໡ǸញດញЎȡǺȨִǺ৊Ȑݹȑд݀ϸǴ

೾ȐᐶȑдӣϸȐ೸ԪȑǴΞд࿾ϸȐ೸ၙȑǴቅܱےॣȠሺᘶȡӕǴ Ƞӷ݅ȡҭӕǶȩԶȠሺᘶǸγဤᘶញЎȡǺȨִǺд݀ϸǴቅȐܱ

ےȑ෯ӣϸȐ೸ԪȑǴ֤ӼΨǶȩӢԜǴȠӷ݅ȡᔈ၀Ȩӕȩ೾ᐶޑ

ಃ΋ॣջȨдӣϸȩǶ!

ǾǾ!

ϤǵȠӷ݅ȡញကࡕޑॣݙӵ݀ຯᚆȨȠӷ݅ȡȩϼᇻǴόёڗǴӵȠಷ

(42)

ηǸ೮ᇿၯញЎȡǺȨȠӷ݅ȡϓǺ㐘ǴࣃОΨǴηєϸȐᆒઢȑǶ⳯Ǵ

܌аฅ࡭ОޣǴηऊϸȐᆒᛰȑǶȩԶȠሺᘶǸε৔ញЎȡǺȨ⳯Ǵቅ ȐܱےȑࠌऊϸȐᆒᛰȑǴȠӷ݅ȡηІϸȐᆒቖȑǶȩ܌а߻΋చύ ޑȨηऊϸȩᔈ၀ࢂቅܱےॣԶόࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣǶ!

ΎǵȠӷ݅ȡȨӕॣȩࡕޑȨΞॣȩόёڗǶӵȠᅟ໡ǸញϺញЎȡǺȨ᎛Ǻ ২΍ϸȐۓߙȑǴȠӷ݅ȡӕǶΞ২ՓȐۓ৩ȑǵ২ഗȐۓॎȑΒϸǶȩ ೭ٿঁȨΞॣȩ೿όࢂȠӷ݅ȡॣǴӢࣁȠڬܰǸᛠᜏញЎȡǺȨ᎛Ǻ Ц๘ǵֈוॣ৥ȐۓߙȑǴ৪ȐᙳȑΞ২ႳϸȐۓॎȑǴΞॣۓȐۓ ৩ȑǶȩёـǴ߻΋చ׷਑ޑȨΞॣȩࢂ৪ᙳޑǶ!

!

طאՂኙࣹີऱࡳᆠΔא֗១ඔᔃኙπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρխπڗࣥρ܊֮ऱᙇ࠷ᑑ ᄷΔء֮ኙψࣹີω੺ૻऱܒឰᑑᄷڕՀΚ

ԫΕٵԫࣹࠏխΔᑑࣔଃ׌ΔܛޓངࣹີΖψࢨଃωΕψԫଃωီ੡׼ԫଃ

׌Δآᑑࣔଃ׌ऱψԾଃωঞီ੡ٵԫଃ׌Ζ

ԲΕٵԫࣹࠏխΔڇଃࣹΕᆠಝࣹႈհ৵Δנ෼ฆࣹ֮ႈΔࢨृ᠏ۖᇞᤩբ נ෼ऱฆ֮ΔܛޓངࣹີΖ

ԿΕٵԫࣹࠏխΔψଃٵωࢨψٵωհ৵ΔܛޓངࣹີΖ

!

១ඔᔃᎁ੡ױ࠷ऱᒤ໮Δܛءࣹ֮ີऱᒤ໮Ζࠡխ១ඔᔃऱψٵଃωᚨܛψଃ

ٵωΖ១ඔᔃ࠷ඍ଺ঞรԫ۟؄යઃڇԫψࣹີωհփΔਚֳױ࠷Ζรնයᇞᤩψଃ

ٵωࣹີऱಝڗፖছԫࣹີऱᣂএΔڼ๠ψଃٵω।قڼଃ׌༼ࠎऱଃᆠፖছࣹ

ີऱଃ׌ઌٵΖรԮයڂࣹີሖψଃٵωঞַΔਚࠡ৵ψԾଃωբ᥆լٵࣹີΖ รքයࢬᘯ၏ᠦ֜᎛Δᚨਢሀመࣹີऱ੺ૻΔࢬᜰࠏ՗ڕՀΚ

(43)

㖸

㖸ءٍ܂⺏ΔଃᛤΖພ᱐ᢆ֘Ζ׹್ճΚྥՈΖٻճΚԳࢬྥ־ՈΖԫճ㙨

־ᘯ՛־ՈΖπڗࣥρճΚ㖸Δ੣־ՈΙ՗״֘Ζ⺏Δࢬאྥ਍־ृΙ՗પ֘Ζ

πڗࣥρࢬڇࣹີ੡ψπڗࣥρճΚ㖸Δ੣־ՈΙ՗״֘ΖωΔࣹີಝڗਢڗ ᙰψ㖸ωΖՀԫࣹີψ⺏Δࢬאྥ਍־ृΙ՗પ֘Ζω᠏ۖᇞᤩբנ෼ऱฆ֮ψ⺏ωΔ ਚጩ܂լٵࣹີΖࢍՀ٦ᜰ༓ࠏᎅࣔψࣹີωऱ੺ૻΚ

⍁⍁

հၱΕհ⍁Բ֘Ζࢨ܂ᓬΔଃٵΖ᥽ॐԳճΚኄኄΕ⍁⍁ΕᅀΕឧΔ႖ ՈΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ ˅ˌˀ˅ˈαʳ

ʳ

ʳ ψհၱΕհ⍁Բ֘ω੡ԫࣹີΔรԫࣹີऱಝڗܛਢڗᙰΖψࢨ܂ᓬΔଃٵΖω

੡ԫࣹີΔڂ੡ڇଃࣹࣹႈψհၱΕհ⍁Բ֘ω৵Δנ෼ฆࣹ֮ႈψࢨ܂ᓬωΔ ࢬאޓངࣹີΔԾࣹີሖψଃٵωঞַΖ๬፿ψଃٵωլ׽।قڼࣹີಝڗψᓬω ፖছࣹີಝڗψ⍁ωଃٵΔٍ।قψᓬωΕψ⍁ωԲಝڗψဲٵωΔࠟृ׽ਢψڗ ฆωΖψ᥽ॐԳճΚኄኄΕ⍁⍁ΕᅀΕឧΔ႖ՈΖω੡ԫࣹີΔ޲ڶฆࣹ֮ႈऱ

ࣹີΔԫ౳ܛאڗᙰ੡ࣹີಝڗΖψଃٵωױ១܂ψٵωΚʳ ʳ

ᡉ

઺ᎩΕײ੅Բ֘ΔػՈΖءٍ܂ ΔٵΖπᐖႁρ܂ Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ

˅ˌˀˉˉαʳ ʳ

ʳ ᅝխऱψٵωፖψଃٵωԫᑌΔ।قڼີಝڗψ ωፖছີಝڗψᡉωဲٵ

ۖڗฆΖʳ ʳ

(44)

ٵԫࣹີᅝխآᑑࣔଃ׌ऱψԾଃωΔ੡լٵψࣹ؁ωΖא§2.2.3.ψ᱿ωऱࣹ

ࠏ੡ࠏΖڼࠏڶնଡࣹີΚψާඝ፠ࣨ֘ΔڼࠉπᇣρᦰՈωΕψ୪Εພֱየ֘ωΕ ψπڗࣥρֱ܀Εֱ؟Բ֘ωΕψਜ೓፠የ֘ωΕψ᥽ଃࣨΔԾཏ৕ΕཏᒭԲ֘ω ޢޓངԫڻଃ׌ΔܛޓངԫڻࣹີΖٵԫࣹີᅝխآᑑࣔଃ׌ऱψԾଃωΔ੡լ ٵψࣹ؁ωΖڂڼψ᥽ଃࣨΔԾཏ৕ΕཏᒭԲ֘ωԫࣹີΔԾ։੡ψ᥽ଃࣨωፖ ψԾཏ৕ΕཏᒭԲ֘ωࠟଡࣹ؁Ζ

ʳ

ʳ طψࣹີωΕψࣹ؁ω੡ီߡΔױ઎נψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω ऱݮڤ௽ᐛਢΚۯ࣍ٵԫࣹີΕٵԫࣹ؁խऱࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹΖʳ

(45)

ʳ

2.3.

ڍᑇψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱࢤᔆѧѧٵᆠฆᦰ ʳ

ࠉπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ᧯ࠏΔڕ࣠ψଃ׌ωࢨψڗωլٵΔᅝ։੡լٵࣹີΙڕ࣠

ڕ࣠ψڗωٵψဲωլٵΔঞᅝ։੡լٵࣹ؁ΖψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿ

ଃωڇٵԫࣹີΕٵԫࣹ؁խΔথڶࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹΖڂڇٵԫࣹີΔ෻ᓵՂլ ᇠਢψڗωऱլٵΔٍࠀॺଃ׌ऱ஁ฆΙڕ࣠૞।قዌဲऄΔᚨאψԾଃω।قΔ ਚ෻ᓵՂՈլਢዌဲऄທګऱܑᆠฆᦰΖᆄ᣸ॣᎁ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕ ψԿଃωਢٵᆠฆᦰΰ2012Κ319αΚ

ȠញЎȡ໣ᒵޑȨΒॣȩǵȨΟॣȩکȨΒϸȩǵȨΟϸȩΨԖཱུϿኧࢂ૶ᒵॣ

ᡂᄬຒޑձက౦ॣޑǴՠ :6&а΢೿ࢂӕက౦ॣǶ!

ء֮ലࠌشψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωᅝխऱٵᆠฆᦰΔ܂੡ಘᓵ ײዧ፿ٵᄭฆݮဲऱᒤ໮Ζڂڼؘႊඈೈլ᥆࣍ٵᆠฆᦰऱൣउΖאՀࠟࠏΔվ ءπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρ੡Բ֘ڗΚʳ

ʳ

ဎ

ဎᚣ

㡭֏Ε㡭ذԲ֘Δءٍ܂՞ᚣΖΰ៖ಖΗխ൉αʳ

ࢬଘ

ࠉጽΕ࣍ബԲ֘ΔࣹٵΖΰ៖ಖΗխ൉α ʳ

܀௅ᖕπࠇຟ০ഏՕᖂ֮ᖂຝནٱ៱ၧءρΔรԫࠏ܂ψ֪֏֘ΔԾ֪क़֘Δ ءٍ܂՞ᚣωΔรԲࠏঞ܂ψࠉጽ֘Δஊ࣍ബ֘ΔࣹٵΖωױߠࠟࠏ଺լਢψԲ֘ω ڗΖรԫࠏऱࠟଡ֘֊଺ء᥆࣍լٵࣹ؁ΔรԲࠏऱࠟଡ֘֊ঞ଺ء᥆࣍լٵࣹ

ີΖլٵࣹີΕࣹ؁ऱଃࣹհၴऱᣂএΔءױ౨ਢψဲωऱլٵΔڂڼء֮լආ

(46)

شڼࠟࠏΖ ʳ

ʳ ء֮ڱڇᇞᤩψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωխΔࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹհၴ

ऱᣂএΔᝩ܍ሀࣹີΕሀࣹ؁ऱಘᓵΖٵᄭฆݮဲਢԫଡဲऱࠟଡࢨԿଡऱݮڤΔ ڂڼ׽૞ᒔঅψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωխࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹٵဲܛױΖ

ဲᆠط๯ࣹᤩऱ፿ቼᒔᎁΔڗᙰΕࣹີಝڗऱڗݮਢܡ੡ຍଡဲऱءڗΔլڇಘ ᓵᒤ໮փΖฆ֮ࢨຏ೗ऱಘᓵ᥆࣍ဲऱ؆ຝΔຍႈಘᓵױ౨෰ވڍଡဲհၴऱଃ

ᆠᣂএΔঞբॺٵᄭฆݮဲऱᒤ໮Ζء֮׽ಘᓵԫଡဲऱ۟֟ࠟଡݮڤհၴऱᣂ এΔڗᙰΕࣹີಝڗऱڗݮฃฆኙء֮ऱᐙ᥼լՕΖπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρࢬᖕᆖࠢठء ፖفᆖࢨࠡהႚءլؘઌٵΔᅝீृᖕฆ֮ீޏπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρΔء֮ઃլޏΰᇡߠ τॵᙕυαΖ

ʳ

ຝ։ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωխऱࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹΔڇࠡה፿ቼ Հױ౨ਢܑᆠฆᦰΔ܀ڇψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω๯ࣹᤩऱ፿ቼխڕ

࣠޲ڶࣴᆠΔսီ੡ٵᆠฆଃΖᆄ᣸ॣΰ2012Κ316αΚ ʳ

ȨӳȩࢂڂࠠޑᡂፓᄬຒǺ׎৒ຒ᠐΢ᖂǴ୏ຒ᠐ѐᖂǴՠ၀ᇟნύޑȨӳȩ

ࢂ஑ҔӜຒȐҏᏔޑϾȑǴ܌аѬޑȨΒϸȩϝࢂӕက౦ॣǶ!

ʳ ଺ءլܑᆠऱ᠏ངΔױ౨ڂ੡֮ػ։ՠ๯ᎄᎁ੡ዌဲऄΖڂڼء֮ऱᑑᄷፖ ᆄ᣸ॣઌٵΔ׽ڶᅝ፿ቼ୲๺ࣴᆠழΔթᎁ੡ਢܑᆠฆᦰΰᇡ§2.5.αΖʳ

ء֮Օીආॾπᐖᣉρፖπႃᣉρኙπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρऱᇭᤩΖڕ࣠ԫଃࣹڇπᐖ ᣉρࢨπႃᣉρ౨ބࠩኙᚨऱ֘֊Δܛࠌீृ֧ฆ֮੡ᢞΔء֮սᎁ੡ࠡլᎄΖ ڕ࣠ԫଃࣹشڗڇπᐖᣉρڶࠟጟאՂױ౨ऱଃᣉچۯΔאπႃᣉρኙᚨऱ֘֊

(47)

ᒔᎁࠡଃᣉچۯΰᇡߠτॵᙕυαΖ ʳ

ʳ πᐖᣉρլٵଃᣊڇπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρխڶ෗֊ऱ෼ွΔױ෗֊ᒤ໮ࠉᖕᆄ᣸ॣ

ΰ2012Κ171αΚ ʳ

ᆕӝٰ࣮Ǵᖂ҆ޑషϪӭӝమаٰ΢ђᖂફࣴزޑ่ፕǺᔅߚషϪջȨђ คᇸযȩǴᆄޕషϪջȨђคՁ΢ȩǴേպషϪջȨേΟᘜպȩǴাВష ϪջȨাВᘜݝȩǴᄇऀషϪࢂȨ҅ᏁᘜՁᓐȩǹԶவٕǵ஖ᕝޑషϪࢂ

ӕ೽Տӄᐜ༞ᔔॣᆶᔔॣޑషٳǴЈ᐀షϪࢂᎃ߈೽ՏޑమᔔॣషٳǴॣ

౛ΑฅǶᜩޑషϪ௃ݩၨࣁፄᚇǴ๤ᖂᜩȐаѳၝ΢ѐȑǺЍિϐΟޣ҂

ϩࢂȠញЎȡॣϪ೯ٯǴΟᜩΞ܈ᆶ༾షϪǴϿኧᆶሸషϪǹ٫ࣣǵ੿ᑪǵ Ӄиǵᑵ৑ǵ۪હǵమߙǵЀࡉషϪࢂதٯǴܿᗛǵԪᩤǵᩤޫǵϡиǵ

੿਺ǵᑪ਺ǵЀߠϷࠍឪύፋᡶబࠍሒᝄΥϐ໔ޑషϪҔٯϿ٤ǴќԖѐ ᖂԿ౼ǵ᠚౼ǵ܁ᢿǵᢿ⫗ޑϿኧషϪǶΕᖂ፦ೌǵࢇ҃ǵᗄ䏀ǵ৕ᖙǵ ढ़ഝǵᒴܯǵယ཰ޑషϪࢂதٯǴࡂؔǵࡂᕀǵؔ៕ǵ᝺ᛰǵ፦ᆶᙍᔢّ

ᖙǵᖙᆶД৕ۥǵᙍ៕ǵယۥǵࢳބޑషϪౣϿ٤Ƕʳ ʳ

ʳ ڼ෗֊ᒤ໮ء֮ႛڶයٙࠌشΖڕ࣠ԫଃࣹࠉπᐖᣉρଃᣊΔڇπᐖᣉρࢨ πႃᣉρྤऄބࠩኙᚨऱ֘֊Δ܀ᆖطՂ૪෗֊ױބࠩኙᚨ֘֊ृΔආشᆖط෗

֊ބࠩऱኙᚨ֘֊Ζڕ࣠ԫଃࣹڇπᐖᣉρࢨπႃᣉρ౨ބࠩኙᚨऱ֘֊Δܛࠌ ፖ׼؆ԫଃࣹڇ෗֊ᒤ໮հփΔլᎁ੡ࠟृٵଃΖڕ࣠ԫଃࣹڇπᐖᣉρࢨπႃ

ᣉρྤऄބࠩኙᚨऱ֘֊Δ܀ፖ׼؆ԫଃࣹڇ෗֊ᒤ໮հփΔڼழթᎁ੡ࠟृٵ

ଃΰאՂઃᇡߠτॵᙕυΔࠀᇡ§2.6.αΖʳ ʳ

ʳ ڕ࣠ԫଃࣹڇπᐖᣉρࢨπႃᣉρ޲ڶݙ٤ኙᚨऱ֘֊Δ܀ڶࠡהګٝઌٵΔ

(48)

ႛᜢئ堚ᖼΕಬ௛լٵΔࢨृᜢᓳլٵऱ֘֊Δء֮սྥլᎁ੡ࠟृઌኙᚨΖψԲ

֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωऱࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹءࠐଃ२Δڕ࣠شᐈᠾऱᑑᄷ

઎ৱ෗֊Δঞ୲࣐൓נࠟृٵଃऱ࿨ᓵΔၞ࢙ۖီᅝխٵᄭฆݮဲऱ᠏ངᣂএΖʳ ʳ

ʳ ᆖطאՂ։࣫Δீ೮৵ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڗ٥ڶ 219 ଡ

ࣹີಝڗΔࠡխڶ 4 ଡױ౨ਢܑᆠฆᦰΰᇡ§2.5.αΔ12 ଡױ౨ਢٵଃ֘֊ΰᇡ§2.6.αΔ

ໍՀ 93%ؐ׳ᚨਢٵᆠฆଃΖ

ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃω65%ش࣍ଈଃΔ71%נ۞πዿႁρΔ 27%ᑑࣔଃ׌Ζ65%ش࣍ଈଃΔז।ڼࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹٵᑌψᄎ෻ωፖψٽழωΔ ਚৰױ౨ਢٵᆠฆᦰΖ71%נ۞πዿႁρΔז।ࢬࣹᤩऱڍ੡ײזټढऱټጠΖຬ ᐚࣔᠦՂײբڶԫ੄ழၴΔ๺ڍറټڼழբᣄ։ᙃ۶ृψᄎ෻ωࢨψٽழωΔױ ౨׽ړᅃᙕছԳଃࣹΖԾڂࢬࣹᤩऱڍਢټဲΔֺದ೯ဲለױ౨լਢዌဲऄΖ27%

ᑑࣔଃ׌Δଃ׌ץਔஊ᠓Εޕ૩Ε୪ङΕພᗖΕਜ೓Ε᝔⮙Ε᥽ມ׆Επᎅ֮ρΕ πڗࣥρΕπدᒧρΕڗ஼٥ 11 ୮Δ᧩ق،ଚױ౨ছڶࢬࢭΔࠀॺຬᐚࣔᗑ໌Ζ ᆄ᣸ॣΰ2012Κ319-320αΚ

ȠញЎȡ໣ᒵޑȨΒॣȩǵȨΟॣȩکȨΒϸȩǵȨΟϸȩΨԖཱུϿኧࢂ૶ᒵॣ

ᡂᄬຒޑձက౦ॣޑǴՠ :6&а΢೿ࢂӕက౦ॣǶѬॺԖ 86&೏ഌቺܴᒧۓբ २ॣǴ߾߄ܴдᇡࣁࢌ೏ݙӷ᠐ B ॣǵC ॣ܈ D ॣ೿ჹǴόѸϩ҅ᇤ܈ЬԛǶ ೭ᇥܴђΓӷຒޑ᠐ॣԖ΋ۓޑᒿཀ܄کኳጋࡋǴഌቺܴਔжᅇᇟ᠐ॣޑ಍

΋܄کೕۓ܄ᗋόࡐமǶȠቶᜩȡޑϿኧȨΞॣȩΨϸࢀΑ೭ᅿ౜ຝǴՠȠញ ЎȡӅԏԖ 325 చϐӭǴ໣߻Γ၀ᜪॣݙϐεԋǴ೭ࢂॣကਜୃܭ໣ᒵᙑॣ

ޑ܄፦܌،ۓޑǶ၀ᜪॣݙӭբ२ॣǴΨᇥܴࢂഌቺܴԖཀ٬ҔޑݙॣБݤ ϐ΋Ǵό໻໻ࢂࣁΑᒵӸ߻Γ܌ݙॣϪаഢ΋ᇥǶ!

(49)

ȨΟॣǵΟϸȩӄ೽ـܭȠᅟ໡ȡǴȨΒॣǵΒϸȩ81&а΢ـܭȠᅟ໡ȡǴ೭

ࢂӢࣁ၀ᜪॣ᠐ӭр౜ܭ৒ܰౢғӕက౦ॣ౜ຝޑ஑ҔӜຒύǶȠᅟ໡ȡࢂ૽

ດᝪ໣ǴӜނຒനӭǴΞคᇟნज़ۓǴ܈ђϞॣ᠐ӕ౜Ǵ܈ٰԾБقॣ᠐Ǵ

܈Ӛৎৣ᠐όӕǶᗨฅഌቺܴؒԖ؂ॣ೿኱рݙॣޣǴՠ೭٤ॣϪᔈ೿ЇԾ

߻Γǵ߻ਜǴдԾρόёૈΨόѸाࣁ΋ঁӷᓐբΟঁόӕޑॣϪǶ೭٤հ ሻޑ஑ӜҔӷǴӧдޑਔжӭѝـܭਜय़ᇟԶόـܭαᇟǴ߻Γ੮Πޑ᠐ਜ

ॣӵ݀ԖӭঁǴ൩ᜤۓ܈όѸۓব΋ঁ኱ྗ܈҅ዴǴࡺд࠼ᢀӦྣჴᒵӸǴ ӭॣ٠ӈǴόϩЬԛǴόуຊۓǶӕ׎ӕကຒΠ᠄࿼๱όӕਔޜٰྍޑ౦ॣǴ ೭ჹᅇᇟўޑӚϩЍࣴز೿཮Ԗख़ाሽॶǶ!

ࢬߢᄕਢΔ܀ء֮อૠᑇڗፖᆄ᣸ॣฃڶլٵΔբߠՂ֮Ζء֮ᎁ੡πᆖࠢ

ᤩ֮ρψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڍ֘ਠٵᄭฆݮဲΔ෻طڶԿΚΰԫα

᧯ࠏऱݮڤ௽ᐛ᧩قψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωᚨլܑᆠΖΰԲαطՂ૪ ψᇠᣊଃࣹڍ܂ଈଃωΕψߠ࣍πዿႁρृ੡່ڍωऱ։ؒ௽រΔױאᎁ੡ਢຬᐚ

ࣔࠌشऱ๬፿ΰԿαطψ93%ਢٵᆠฆଃωΕψߠ࣍πዿႁρृ੡່ڍωΔױאᎁ੡

ਢፖψ୲࣐ขسٵᆠฆଃ෼ွऱറشټဲωയ֊ઌᣂऱ๬፿Ζ

׽૞ਢٵᆠฆᦰڗΔ༉ৰױ౨ਢٵᄭฆݮဲΖছԳઔߒ່ڶಥ᣸ृΔᅝං८ ᐜිΖڔലπᐖᣉρٵᆠԾଃڗီ੡ٵᄭฆݮဲΔࠀᎁ੡֘ਠԱՂײֱଃΰ1993Κ 3αΚ

ȨӕကΞॣӷȩࢂ܌ᒏޑȨӕྍ౦׎ຒȩȐdoubletȑǴдॺ܌ϸࢀޑࢂឦܭ Бॣ౜ຝǶ!

ڼֱऄ۞ྥױش࣍ࠡה֮᣸խΖπᆖࠢᤩ֮ρڶထ᠆༄ऱฆᦰΔࠡխٵᆠฆᦰ

(50)

ڗٍᅝլ֟ΔլᗑψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڗ੡ྥΖ܀ሀࣹີࢨሀࣹ

؁ऱฆᦰΔٍڶ֘ਠዌဲऄऱױ౨Δൕխބנٵᆠฆᦰڗྫڕࢶޥ༵८ΔԾኔڇ ᝫ޲ڶ෻ᖕ౨ᒔࡳ۶ृؘॺዌဲऄΖء֮ءထኑ౒֎ᛒऱ壄壀ΔႛאψԲ֘ωΕψԿ

֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڗ੡ᒤ໮ΖڂψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωਢڶ৞

ຨࢤऱ๬፿Δೈװ֟ᑇࠏ؆Δڇڼᒤ໮հփီ܂ٵᄭฆݮဲᚨᇠױ۩Ζ

(51)

2.4.

֟ᑇॺٵᄭฆݮဲऱψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωհԫѧѧฆᆠฆᦰ

ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωڍش࣍ଈଃΔڂ੡ڼࠟଡࢨԿଡଃࣹٵ ᑌψᄎ෻ωፖψٽழωΔࢬאৰױ౨ਢٵڗΕٵဲऱٵᆠฆᦰΖڂψଈଃωऱᑑᄷ ਢψᄎ෻ٽழωΔڕ࣠ࠟଡࢨԿଡլٵऱဲΔڇڼ፿ቼઃױຏΔࠟृࢨԿृઃψᄎ

෻ωΔսڶױ౨ګ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωΖՀࠏԲଃڗᆄ᣸ॣᎁ੡

ࠀլٵᆠΚ

ޗ

թΕবԲଃΖΰᓵ፿Θֆ܏९αʳ

ᆄ᣸ॣճΰ2012Κ311αΚ

Ȩ׷ȩҁ᠐ȨωȩॣࣁӜຒǴӵ݀ઇ᠐೯Ȩࠌȩ߾ࣁᇟ਻ຒǴԖΓ౛ှࣁ Ȩค܌ڗ׷ȩǴΨԖΓ౛ှࣁȨค܌ڗࠌȩǴഌቺܴᇡࣁ൩Ўཀٰᇥٿޣࣣ

ё೯Ǵ܌аݙȨΒॣȩԶӸٿ᠐Ƕ!

ψޗωऱԲଃ։ܑਢψޗωΕψবωࠟଡլٵऱဲΖאՀࠟࠏঞ੡Բ֘ڗΚ

ႚԼԲڣޅۖ

ཏಮ֘ΔԾ፠ل֘ΖڗࣥճΚᚰՈΔ׀ಮΕ׀ᆏԲ֘Ζΰؐ

ႚΘ๗ֆԼԲڣα

ޅ

ໂ࿨֘Δԫଃᔮಮ֘ΖڗࣥճΚᚰՈΔ׀ಮΕ׀ᆏԲ֘Ζΰ๗՗Θ塄س׌α

ᆄ᣸ॣճΰ2012Κ316αΚ

(52)

ȨץȩȠቶᜩǸሸᜩȡȨץǺᔐΨǵ௢ΨǵᙯΨǵҢΨǵϰ଎Ϫȩྌ҆ǵሸ ᜩǵѳᖂǴԶȠಷηȡȨץεࠅȩ೾ຝݙբȨԖሞϐೀǴӢԶץԶзᚆȩǴ

ࢂȨ௹ቄȩကǴࡺഌቺܴᒧȨഢ่ϸȩ٠҆ǵ৕ᜩǵΕᖂբ२ॣࢂӸॣᡂ ᄬຒޑձက౦ॣǴȨР଎ϸȩᆶȨϰ଎ϸǵᎎ଎ϸǵද଎ϸȩӕကԶԖȨྌ

҆ȩᆶȨ٠҆ȩޑమᐜϐձǴȨР࿯ϸǵᇀҤϸȩᆶȨഢ่ϸȩॣကӄӕǶ!

ψޅωऱࠟᦰױ౨ڶዌဲऄऱᣂএΔڇ๯ࣹᤩऱ፿ቼՀฆᆠऱࠟᦰԾઃױຏΖ אՂԿࠏΔࠟᦰױ౨।قլٵऱࠟଡဲΔڂڇ፿ቼխઃױຏΔթګ੡ψԲ֘ωΕψԲ

ଃωڗΖڼ؆ΔՀࠏٍױ౨ਢլٵऱဲΚ

⻘

ພՓߡ֘ΔԾ஦Ε༔ԲଃΖΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 29-46α ʳ

ψ༔ωݮᎄΔᖕຏݳഘء܂ψኢωΖψ⻘ωڇπႃᣉΘᤚᣉρڶψೡߡ֊ω ፖψ஦ωઌᅝΔڇπႃᣉΘ᥵ᣉρڶψខ㚣֊ωፖψኢωઌᅝΖ܀Բଃᜢئઌ஁

੷᎛Ζ׆஼ᔕΰ2006Κ126αᎁ੡Κʳ ʳ

ΞॣȨᄂȩǴࢂ᠐ȨⴸȩࣁȨ ȩǶȠᇥЎȡԮ೽ǺȨ Ǵ࿽ങޣΨǶ㚸Ԯǵ㗤 ᖂǶ㓕Ǵ ܈࣪ǶⴸǴ ܈㚸䤋ȩǶȨ࿽ങޣȩᆶ೾ᐶݙȨਂങ᠈ȩက߈ӕǶ ȠቶᜩȡȨ㓕ȩǵȨᄂȩΒӷӕॣȨध೾ϪȩȐྛફ៕ᜩȑǴȨ㓕ȩӷញϓǺȨȠᅟ

໡ȡݙϓȬਂങ᠈ȭǴҭբⴸǴΞгفϪǶȩࢂȨ ȩӷҭԖȨγفȩ΋ॣ

Ȑγгᖂફ࣬ӕȑǶࡪȨⴸȩϐᖂફឦᏁॣǴȨ ȩϐᖂફឦУॣǴ࣬႖ࣗ

ᇻǴόёϕ೯ǶᅪȨⴸȩǵȨ ȩΒӷҁӚԾԖॣǴࡕӢΒӷ׎ကॿ߈ǴԾ

೚཈ȠᇥЎȡջᇤࣁख़ЎǴԶॣҭϕё೯ҔǶ!

(53)

ψ⻘ωऱᜢฤψ ω᥆ୱຝΔψ ωऱᜢฤψ㞄ω᥆ູຝΖء֮ᑉழ൷࠹׆஼

ᔕᎅΔᎁ੡ψ⻘ωΕψ ωԲڗ଺լٵଃΔڂਢ२ᆠဲΔڗݮԾ२Δଃթઌ෗Ζʳ

(54)

2.5.

֟ᑇॺٵᄭฆݮဲऱψԲ֘ωΕψԿ֘ωΕψԲଃωΕψԿଃωհԲѧѧٵଃ֘֊

ᆄ᣸ॣΰ2012Κ317αբᎁ੡ຝ։Բ֘ڗ੡ٵଃ֘֊ΔࢬᜰࠏڕՀΚ

ֺ

ஊݿݳΕ੆ݳԲ֘Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 4-1α

ڼԲ֘Հڗ᥆ݳᣉΔڂ֭౟հԿृآ։ਢπᤩ֮ρଃ֊ຏࠏΔኔᎾՂױ౨ז।

۟ᣉΔܛऄீࢬᘯψᅝࠉτْಝυޏ੡੆۟֘Δஊݿ۟֘ωΖڂऄ೛ഘڶٵ஼յ ߠհࠏΔױᢞຬ੡෗֊Ζᆄ᣸ॣᎁ੡ݿΕ੆ઃᦰࠀئΔ܀πᐖᣉρψݿωڶᚥئΕ ࠀئࠟᦰΔڼ๠ψݿݳωױ౨ז।ᚥئԫᦰΖψݿݳωઌᅝ࣍πᐖᣉΘ۟ᣉρΕ πႃᣉΘ۟ᣉρऱψؘ۟֊ωΙψ੆ݳωઌᅝ࣍πᐖᣉΘ۟ᣉρΕπႃᣉΘ۟ᣉρ ऱψ੆۟֊ωΖࢬאڼԲ֘ױ౨ࠀॺٵଃ֘֊Ζء֮᠃შΔսࠉ଺֮܂ٵᆠฆଃΖʳ

ء֮ឈྥլᢥٵᆄ᣸ॣऱࠏ՗Δ܀Ոᎁ੡ຝ։Բ֘ڗױ౨ਢٵଃ֘֊Κ

ԫΕπᐖᣉρٵଃऱ֘֊

⏭

ءࢨ܂ ΔٵΔࠀ仆֮䆃ڗՈΖᇋটΕழᘾԲ֘Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 29-35α

ڼࠏ੡πᐖᣉρٵଃऱ֘֊Δݺଚ׽౨ᑉழᎁ੡ڇπᤩ֮ρՈٵଃΖՀࠏࠉ ᅃπᐖᣉρऱଃᣊՈਢٵଃ֘֊Κ

墊

࣍ᕧ֘ΖπڗࣥρճΚ堩႞ᑷᄳՈΔ؇ 㷾Ε؇ᕧԲ֘Ζΰτॵᙕυᒳᇆ 24-1α