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(1)

ύ

ύђਔයᜢܭதόᇸ๦ᙓՉޑЬ஭ᆶჴ፬!

㢍⦾㶠

୯ҥѠ᡼εᏢᐕўᏢࣴز܌റγংᒧΓ!

㗧嬐

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 埴 ↢ 冒 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 Ʉ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ ˫炻 嫃 徘

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⮵ 㕤 䛦 䓇 䘬 ン ⹎ 炻 ᷎ ㍸ ⇘ 䛦 䓇 ⮯ Ἦ 䔞 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ ˤ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 䁢 ỽ 炻 ẍ ⍲ ⛐ ỽ ➢ 䢶 ᶲ 炻 娵 䁢 䛦 䓇 ⮯ Ἦ 䔞 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ 烎 ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ⤪ ỽ 䎮 妋 冯 ㍸ ↢ ᶵ ⎴ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 炻 ⍰ 㗗 ⤪ ỽ ⮎ 嶸 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 烎

ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 䎮 妋 㚱 ᶵ ⎴ 䘬 昶 㭝 冯 㕡

⎹ 炻 椾 ⃰ 㗗 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㛔 幓 ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 姀 庱 炻 䛦 䓇

⮯ Ἦ 䔞 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ 䘬 ⍇ ⚈ ⛐ 㕤 埴 厑 啑 忻 炻 䔞 ᷕ ᷎ 䃉 ἃ ⿏ ᷳ 婒 炻 Ṏ ⎗ 夳 㕤 忻 䓇 冯 㱽 暚 ⮵ ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 䘬 㲐 䔷 烊˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ẍ ἃ ⿏ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 炻 ἃ ⿏ ㆸ 䁢 䛦 䓇 ⮯ Ἦ 䔞 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ 䘬 ⍇ ⚈ 炻 ⼨ ⼴ 䘬 ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ ὅ ⽒ 㬌 ᶨ 妋 慳 炻 ⊭ ㊔ 㘢 柿 ˣ ⎱ 啷 ˣ 䩢 ➢ ˣ ᾉ 埴 䫱 ˤ ẍ ἃ ⿏ 䎮 妋 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 冯 䛦 䓇 ⮯ Ἦ 䔞

⼿ ㆸ ἃ 䘬 ➢ 䢶 ᶲ 炻 ⎬ ᾳ 㚱 ᶵ ⎴ 䘬 ⶖ 䔘 冯 叿 慵 溆 炻 ⤪ ᾉ 埴

⻟ 婧 ⮎ 嶸 炻 ᷎ ≈ ℍ 冒 幓 䘬 ら 㬌 ᶨ ᷣ ⻝ ˣ 䩢 ➢ ⇯ ⮯ ἃ ⿏ 䓙

㇨ 㚱 䛦 䓇 旸 ⇞ 䁢 ℟ 㚱 䈡 ⭂ 䧖 ⿏ 侭 ˤ

(2)

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䁢 ᶱ 昶 㔁 ẋ 堐 ⿏ 䘬 ⮎ 嶸 ᷳ ᶨ 炻 Ữ ⌣ ⼰ ⮹ 夳 ⇘ ᾳ⇍ᶱ昶₏὿埴ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬姀庱ˤ䚖⇵㇨夳埴ⷠᶵ庽埴侭

㚱⽟伶冯䪗䓓炻⽟伶䁢ᶱ昶㔁⼺炻⛐ᶱ昶㔁䘬⁛䴙ᷕ⮎嶸ⷠ

ᶵ庽埴ˣ䪗䓓⇯⎗傥⛐Ⓒ䌬⬿䤩㭨䃉䚉啷冯ᶱ昶昊炻ἧ⼿ᶱ 昶㔁冯℞Ṿ㔁⛀ˣ₏὿䓊䓇㚜⣂Ḻ≽炻ᶱ昶㔁䎮冯⮎嶸㕡⺷

㒜㔋䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⍿⇘Ḯ⼙枧侴㚱ⷠᶵ庽ᷳ埴ˤ

斄 挝 娆 烉ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ˣ 㘢 柿 ˣ ⎱ 啷 ˣ 䩢 ➢ ˣ ᾉ 埴 ˣ ᶱ 昶 㔁

(3)

ᶨˣ⇵妨

ⷠᶵ庽厑啑埴炷ẍᶳ䯉䧙ⷠᶵ庽埴炸↢冒˪㱽厗䴻Ʉⷠ

ᶵ庽厑啑⑩˫炻1䁢娚䴻㇨姀庱媠⣂厑啑埴ᷳᶨ炻嫃徘ⷠᶵ庽 厑啑炷ẍᶳ䯉䧙ⷠᶵ庽炸⮵㕤䛦䓇䘬ン⹎炻㍸⇘䛦䓇⮯Ἦ䔞

⼿ἄἃ炻⊭㊔恋ṃ⾺伝冯㓣㑲Ṿ䘬Ṣˤ

㛔㔯ᷣ天妶婾ⷠᶵ庽䁢ỽ炻ẍ⍲⛐ỽ➢䢶ᶲ炻娵䁢䛦䓇

⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ἄἃ烎㗪攻ᶲẍᷕ⎌㗪㛇䁢ᷣ炻⌛櫷㗱⋿⊿㛅⇘昳

Ⓒ攻炻ẍ㛔㔯㇨㍸⍲₏Ṣ䘬㗪攻Ἦ婒炻⌛ 5 ⇘ 8 ᶾ䲨ˤẍᶳ

↮䁢⸦ᾳ悐↮炻椾⃰婒㖶䴻℠㇨庱ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬ℏ⭡䁢ỽˤ䫔 Ḵ悐↮婯⇘ᷕ⚳₏Ṣ⤪ỽ䎮妋ⷠᶵ庽埴᷎㍸↢ᶵ⎴䘬ᷣ⻝炻

⊭ ㊔ 㶐 ⼙ ㄏ 怈 炷 ẍ ᶳ 䯉 䧙 䁢 ㄏ 怈 炸ˣ 㘢 柿 ˣ ⎱ 啷 冯 䩢 ➢ 炻 忁 ṃᷣ⻝⣏⣂夳㕤娚₏Ṣ⮵㕤˪㱽厗䴻˫㲐䔷ᷕ斄㕤˨ⷠᶵ庽 厑啑⑩˩䘬悐↮ˤ䫔ᶱ悐↮䁢⮎嶸䘬悐↮炻ᾉ埴晾㚱斄㕤ⷠ

ᶵ庽䘬ᷣ⻝炻Ữ䓙㕤ᾉ埴⍲℞ᶱ昶㔁⛀冯ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬⮎嶸㚱 斄炻⚈㬌⮯ᾉ埴䘬悐↮㓦⛐妶婾⮎嶸炻侴朆斄㕤ⷠᶵ庽ᷣ⻝

䘬⮷䭨ᷕˤ斄㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬⮎嶸炻昌Ḯᶱ昶㔁ᷳ⢾炻䓂⮹夳

⇘炻䓂军忋ᶱ昶㔁㛔幓ḇ㰺㚱䔁ᶳ⣒⣂斄㕤娚⮎嶸䘬姀庱 ˤ

⛐㬌ね㱩ᶳ炻㛔㔯婯⇘䘬⮎嶸炻昌Ḯᶱ昶㔁⼺ᷳ⢾炻䘤䎦 䪗䓓炻℞㳣≽㗪攻䘮⣏䲬⛐ 8 ᶾ䲨ⶎ⎛ˤ

㛔㔯⽆㔁䎮䘬ᷣ⻝冯⮎嶸䘬㳣≽Ἦ妶婾ⷠᶵ庽埴炻啱ẍ

⽆ᶵ⎴朊⎹䎮↢ⷠᶵ庽埴⛐ᷕ⎌㗪㛇䘬朊尴炻ᶨ㕡朊奨⮇ᷕ

⚳₏Ṣ⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬䎮妋冯䔞㗪䘬ἃ㔁㔁䎮䘤⯽攻䘬斄Ὢ 䁢ỽ炻⎎ᶨ㕡朊⎗夳˪㱽厗䴻˫厑啑埴ᷳᶨ䘬ⷠᶵ庽⤪ỽ塓

⮎嶸ˤ

1 㛔㔯㇨ὅ˪㱽厗䴻Ʉⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˫ẍ伭Ṩ嬗㛔䁢ᷣ炻劍䃉䈡⇍婒 㖶炻⇯䘮⺽冒伭Ṩ嬗㛔ˤ

(4)

Ḵˣ䴻℠↢嗽

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 Ἦ 冒 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 Ʉ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ ˫炻 䴻 ᷕ ㍸ ⇘ 㚱 ᶨỵ⎵⎓ⷠᶵ庽䘬厑啑㭼᷀炻ᶵ嬨婎䴻℠炻⎒埴䥖㊄ᷳḳˤ

ⷠᶵ庽⎒天夳⇘㭼᷀ˣ㭼᷀⯤ˣ⃒⧮⠆ˣ⃒⧮⣟⚃䛦炻悥㚫

⎹ṾᾹ䥖㊄ˣ孂▮炻᷎ᶼ⎹ṾᾹ婒忻炻ㆹ㶙㶙⛘⮲㔔ἈᾹ炻 ᶵ㔊㚱㇨庽ㄊ炻忁㗗䁢ỽ烎⚈䁢ἈᾹ埴厑啑忻炻⮯Ἦ⮯㚫ㆸ ἃˤ忁㗗ẍ厑啑幓↮炻⮵℞ṾṢ婒⮯Ἦ⮯㚫ㆸἃᷳḳ炻䁢厑 啑 ㌰ 姀 炻 㚱 ⇍ 㕤 ᶨ 凔 ⷠ 夳 䘬 ἃ ㌰ 姀 ˤ2ẍ ᶳ 忚 ᶨ 㬍 婒 㖶 忁 ᶨ 㭝䴻㔯䘬ℏ⭡ˤ

˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩ᷕⷠᶵ庽⮵㇨忯⚃䛦婒忻ˬㆹ㶙㔔㰅 䫱炻ᶵ㔊庽ㄊˤ㇨ẍ侭ỽ烎㰅䫱䘮埴厑啑忻炻䔞⼿ἄἃ˭炻3 㬌䁢沑㐑伭Ṩ炷344-413炸嬗㛔烊䪢㱽嬟炷3 ᶾ䲨炸嬗㛔˪㬋 㱽厗䴻˫ᷕⷠᶵ庽⮵⚃䛦㇨婒䁢ˬ媠岊䃉⼿ㄵㄊ冒檀炻㇨ẍ 侭ỽ烎媠岊⽿嵋炻䔞⯂厑啑炻⤪Ἦ军䛇䫱㬋奢炻ẍ㗗㕡ὧ炻 ヶ ㇨ 䶋 婤 ˤ ˭4䔞 㗪 㭼 ᷀ ⣂ ㄵ ㄊ 冒 ⣏ 炻 㗗 ẍ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ⮵ ⚃ 䛦 婒 忻⊧⼿ㄵㄊ炻ㅱ埴厑啑忻炻ẍ⤪Ἦ䫱㬋奢䁢䚖㧁ˤ㡝㔯㛔㇨

嬗䁢ˬ⮲侭Ᾱ炻ㆹᶵ庽夾ἈᾹ炻ἈᾹᶵ㚫塓庽夾炻䎮䓙ỽ⛐

␊ 烎 Ἀ Ᾱ 䘮 ⮎ 嶸 ἄ 䁢 厑 啑 ㅱ 埴 䘬 ᾖ 埴 炷 厑 啑 忻 炸炻 Ἀ Ᾱ ⮯ 㚫

2 ᶾ奒炷Vasubandhu炸䘬˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻ㄪ㲊㍸况˫㍸⇘㚱ἃ㌰䲨炻 㚱厑 啑㌰ 姀 炻㬌 嗽䁢 厑 啑㌰ 姀 ˤ 夳 ᶾ奒 叿 炻 ⊿ 櫷 Ʉ 厑㍸ 䔁 㓗䫱 嬗炻˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻ㄪ㲊㍸况˫⌟ 2炻˨嬔╣⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 26炻 枩 9 ᶲˤ

3 ⼴䦎Ʉ沑㐑伭Ṩ嬗炻˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻˫⌟ 6炻˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋 啷˫Ⅎ 9炻枩 50 ᶳˤ

4 大㗱Ʉ䪢㱽嬟炻˪㬋㱽厗䴻˫⌟ 9炻˨庽ㄊ⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 9炻枩 122ᶳˤ

(5)

ㆸ䁢⬴ℐ奢ぇ侴⍿⇘⮲㔔䘬⤪Ἦˤ˭5℞ᷕ䘬慵溆⛐㕤ⷠᶵ庽ᶵ 庽夾⚃䛦炻⚈℞埴厑啑忻炻⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ἄἃᷳ㓭ˤ

娚⑩㍍叿㍸⇘ˬ侴㗗㭼᷀炻ᶵ⮰嬨婎䴻℠炻Ữ埴䥖㊄ˤᷫ

军怈夳⚃䛦炻Ṏ⽑㓭⼨䥖㊄孂㫶炻侴ἄ㗗妨烉ˮㆹᶵ㔊庽㕤㰅 䫱炻㰅䫱䘮䔞ἄἃˤ˯˭6㍸⇘ⷠᶵ庽ᶵ埴嬨婎䴻℠炻㇨埴䁢䥖

㊄ˤ劍㗗夳⇘⚃䛦炻ὧ⇵⼨䥖㊄孂▮炻婒忻ㆹᶵ㔊庽夾ἈᾹ炻 ἈᾹ䘮䔞ἄἃ烊㱽嬟㇨嬗䁢ˬ䁢媠㭼᷀嫃厑啑埴炻ᶵ⍿㇨婐炻 ᶵ偗媟婎ˤ态夳⚃悐ṵ媪ᷳ㚘烉ˮㆹ幓䳪ᶵ庽ㄊ媠岊Ṣ炻㘖䔞⬠

厑啑檀埴炻⼿军⤪Ἦ军䛇䫱㬋奢ˤ˯˭7ⷠᶵ庽䁢媠㭼᷀嫃婒厑 啑埴炻Ữ媠㭼᷎᷀ᶵ⍿㔁婐炻Ṏᶵ埴媟婎䴻℠ᷳḳˤỮⷠᶵ庽 ṵ⮵⚃䛦婒忻ㆹᶵ庽夾媠ỵ岊Ṣ炻ἈᾹ䔞⬠厑啑ᷳ埴炻⼿ㆸ⯙

⤪Ἦ㬋奢烊㡝㔯㛔忁ᶨ悐↮䁢ⷠᶵ庽ᶵ䁢ṾṢ妋婒㔁䎮炻冒幓 Ṏᶵ⬠佺䴻℠ˤ⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻⚃䛦ᶵ婾怈役炻ⷠᶵ庽䘮⼨奒役炻 侴⏲ᷳ㚘ˬㆹᶵ庽夾ἈᾹ炻ἈᾹᶵ㚫塓庽夾炻䎮䓙ỽ⛐␊烎Ἀ Ᾱ䘮⮎嶸ἄ䁢厑啑ㅱ埴䘬ᾖ埴炷厑啑忻炸炻ἈᾹ⮯㚫ㆸ䁢⬴ℐ奢 ぇ侴⍿⇘⮲㔔䘬⤪Ἦˤ˭8

ⷠᶵ庽晾䥖㔔忯⇘䘬⚃䛦炻Ữ㬌ᶨἄ䁢⍵侴⍿⇘ᶨṃ⚃䛦 妨婆ᶲ䘬但彙冯埴䁢ᶲ䘬㓣㑲炻ⷠᶵ庽䘬䧙␤⌛㗗忁ṃ⚃䛦㇨

䧙ˤⷠᶵ庽⛐冐䳪⇵炻㕤䨢ᷕ倥倆⦩枛䌳ἃ㇨婒˪㱽厗䴻˫῰

婎炻⮵㕤῰婎䘮傥⍿㊩炻侴⼿ℕ㟡㶭㶐ẍ⍲⢥␥⺞攟ˤ冒㬌ⷠ

ᶵ庽⺋䁢ṾṢ婒˪㱽厗䴻˫炻᷎⼿ῤ忯媠⣂䘬ἃˤⷠᶵ庽冯⍿℞

5 䫮侭㇨ὅ䁢㢵㛐晭ὲ䘬㡝㻊␴⮵䄏侣嬗炻㔯ᷕᷕ㔯䘬悐↮䁢䫮侭㟡 㒂㢵㛐␴嬗侴嬗炻夳㢵㛐晭ὲ 2008炻枩 367ˤ

6 ˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻˫⌟ 6炻˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 9炻枩 50 ᶳˤ

7 ˪㬋㱽厗䴻˫⌟ 9炻˨庽ㄊ⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 9炻枩 122 ᶳ-123 ᶲˤ

8 ᷕ㔯䘬悐↮䁢䫮侭㟡㒂㢵㛐␴嬗侴嬗炻夳㢵㛐晭ὲ 2008炻枩 367- 369ˤ

(6)

㔁⊾侭䘮⚈⍿㊩ˣ嬨婎ˣ婒䣢˪㱽厗䴻˫侴⼿ỷ㕤旧俐⣂伭ᶱ 啸ᶱ厑㍸炻䳪农ㆸἃˤ

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ᶨ 娆 䘬 㡝 㔯 䁢 Sadaparibhuta 炻 シ 佑 䁢 ⷠ 塓 庽 ㄊ 炷sadā-paribhūtaȑ冯ⷠᶵ庽炷sadā-aparibhūtaȑḴ䧖炻9䪢㱽嬟

㇨嬗˪㬋㱽厗䴻˫ᷕ炻娚⑩⑩⎵䁢˨ⷠ塓庽ㄊ⑩˩炻厑啑ᷳ⎵

䁢ⷠ塓庽ㄊ炻⌛⍾⇵侭䘬シ佑烊沑㐑伭Ṩ㇨嬗˪㱽厗䴻˫ᷕ炻

⇯ẍ˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩䁢⎵炻厑啑ᷳ⎵䁢ⷠᶵ庽炻㇨⍾䁢⼴侭 䘬 シ 佑 烊 敵 恋 ⳃ ⣂ 炷 523-600 炸 侣 嬗 䘬 ˪ 㶣 ⑩ ⥁ 㱽 咖 厗 䴻 ˫

ᷕ炻⑩⎵䁢˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻厑啑ᷳ⎵䁢ⷠᶵ庽炻冯伭Ṩ嬗 㛔䚠⎴炻Ṏ䁢⼴侭䘬シ佑ˤ

˪㬋㱽厗䴻˫䘬ⷠ塓庽ㄊ炻㗗㊯娚厑啑ⷠ塓℞Ṿ⚃䛦㇨庽 ㄊ◚䪹炻㗗ẍẍ㬌䁢⎵烊˪㱽厗䴻˫ˣ˪㶣⑩⥁㱽咖厗䴻˫䘬ⷠᶵ 庽ᷳ⎵䁢◚䪹娚厑啑䘬⚃䛦㇨⍾炻㚱◚媟䘬シ␛炻⌣ḇ溆↢娚 厑啑䘬埴䁢䈡岒炻⌛ᶵ庽夾ảỽṢ炻⊭㊔◚䪹Ṿ䘬⚃䛦ˤ10ℑ䧖 嬗⎵䘬埴䁢侭冯⮵尉ᶵ⎴炻ˬⷠ塓庽夾˭䘬埴䁢侭炻⌛庽夾ṾṢ 侭炻㗗◚䪹娚厑啑䘬⚃䛦烊⮵尉⇯䁢塓庽夾侭炻⌛娚厑啑ˤˬⷠ

ᶵ庽˭䘬埴䁢侭炻⌛ᶵ庽夾ṾṢ侭炻㊯䘬㗗娚厑啑烊⮵尉䁢ᶵ 塓庽夾侭炻㗗⊭⏓◚䪹娚厑啑䘬⚃䛦⛐ℏ䘬㇨㚱Ṣˤ11

9 㢵㛐晭ὲ㍸⇘⯙娆シᶲἮ婒㗗ⷠ塓庽夾ˣⷠᶵ塓庽夾炻厑啑㗗塓≽

䘬烊劍⯙㔯佑Ἦ婒炻⇯䁢ⷠᶵ庽ˤ侣嬗ᶲἮ婒炻䪢㱽嬟㇨嬗㗗ὅ㒂 娆シ炻伭Ṩ㇨嬗⇯㗗ὅ㒂㔯佑炻夳㢵㛐晭ὲ 1998炻枩 435-431ˤ

10 卭慶⌂⎚ 2003炻枩 49-50ˤ卭慶⌂⎚㬌㔯㗗⮹㔠⮰攨妶婾ⷠᶵ庽 厑啑埴⛐ᷕ⚳䘬婾㔯炻ᷣ天妶婾ㄏ⿅ˣᾉ埴ˣ㶐⼙ㄏ怈ˣ㘢柿冯

⎱啷炻᷎⎴㗪㍸⍲⛐㖍㛔䘬ね㱩ˤ㛔㔯⛐㬌➢䢶ᶲ炻忚ᶨ㬍妶婾

ⷠᶵ庽埴⛐ᷕ⚳䘬䘤⯽冯朊尴ˤ

11 㢵㛐晭ὲ德忶娆シ冯㔯佑⮯ Sadaparibhuta 䘬シ⿅↮䁢⚃䧖炻炷1炸厑 啑ⷠ㚱ᶵ庽⽫炻⌛⚃䛦ᶵ塓庽夾炻厑啑㇨埴䁢ⷠᶵ庽烊炷2炸厑啑䘬 埴䁢炻ἧ⼿⚃䛦奢⼿冒⶙⍿⇘庽夾炻厑啑㇨埴䁢ⷠ庽烊炷3炸厑啑⍿

⇘⚃䛦らシ䘬埴䁢炻侴ⷠ塓庽夾炻⚈㬌厑啑䁢ⷠ塓庽烊炷4炸⼴Ἦ⍿

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ⷠᶵ庽ᶨ⑩䘬⇵㭝㍸⇘ⷠᶵ庽埴䥖㊄炻ᶵ埴嬨婎烊⛐倥倆

⦩枛䌳ἃ䁢婒˪㱽厗䴻˫⼴炻㔁⊾䛦䓇㗪炻⊭㊔ᷳ⇵◚䪹ˣ㓣㑲 冒⶙䘬⚃䛦炻㇨埴⶚ᶵ夳䥖㊄炻侴㗗⍿㊩ˣ嬨婎ˣ婒䣢˪㱽厗 䴻˫炻⺞临叿˨㱽ⷓ⑩˩ẍἮ⍿㊩ˣ嬨婎ˣ妋婒˪㱽厗䴻˫䘬⁛

䴙ˤ12ḇ⯙ⷠᶵ庽㇨埴↮䁢⇵⼴ℑ昶㭝炻㇨埴⎬ᶵ䚠⎴炻㛔㔯㇨

“慵䘬㗗⇵㭝䘬埴䁢ˤ

䁢ỽⷠᶵ庽婒忻䛦䓇⎗ẍㆸἃ烎忁冯˪㱽厗䴻Ʉ㕡ὧ⑩˫㇨婒㚱 斄炻ἃ⎹⻇⫸Ᾱ婒㖶℞⮎㚱ᶨἃḀ炻䛦䓇德忶埴厑啑忻炻ὧ⎗

ẍㆸἃ炻㊯↢䛦䓇䘮㚱ㆸἃ䘬⎗傥⿏ˤỮ⚈㬌婒⣒忶㶙怈炻劍ᶨ 攳⥳ὧ䚜㍍婒㬌㱽炻叔ᶨ䛦䓇ᶵ傥ᾉ⍿炻忚侴㭨媿㇨婒ᷳ㱽䘬 娙炻⍵侴ᶵ⤥ˤ㗗ẍ⃰ὅ㒂䛦䓇㟡㨇侴婒ᶵ⎴䘬㱽炻㕡㚱ᶱḀ㱽

ᷳ婒炻⌛㗗ὅ㒂倚倆ˣ䶋奢ˣ厑啑ᶵ⎴㟡㨇侴婒ˤ˨㕡ὧ⑩˩ᷕ

㇨婒⃰⇵ᷳᶱḀᷳ㱽炻㗗䁢䛦䓇ㇻᶳ㟡➢炻ἧ傥㍍⍿⼨⼴ἃ㇨婒 ᶨἃḀᷳ㱽炻Ṏἧ䛦䓇Ḯ妋冒幓℞⮎〱䔞ἄἃˤ

˨嬔╣⑩˩ˣ˨ᾉ妋⑩˩ᷕ忚ᶨ㬍婒㖶ἃᷳ⻇⫸Ᾱ㛔埴⣏Ḁ炻

⼨㖼ẍἮ倥倆ἃ嫃婒⣏Ḁ炻Ữ⶚⾀⣙炻⚈㬌ἃ⛐˨嬔╣⑩˩ᷕ㍸

⇘ˬㆹṲ怬㫚Ẍ㰅ㅞ⾝㛔栀㇨埴忻㓭炻䁢媠倚倆婒㗗⣏Ḁ䴻˭炻 㗗ἧ⻇⫸Ᾱㅞ崟⼨㖼㛔栀㇨埴ᷳ忻炻⌛ἃ忻炻⌛埴厑啑ᷳ忻ˤᶨ 㖎⻇⫸ㅞ崟⼨㖼䘬㛔栀炻䞍忻冒⶙㗗䁢ἃ⫸炻ἃὧ徸ᶨ䁢⻇⫸Ᾱ

㌰姀炻⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ㆸἃ炻⤪⎴˨ᾉ妋⑩˩㇨婒攟侭䩖⫸╣ᶨ凔炻攟 侭㚨䳪天⮯⭞䓊ℐ悐Ṍ冯䩖⫸ˤ

ẍᶲ䁢䴻℠ᷕⷠᶵ庽䘬㓭ḳ冯シ佑炻ẍᶳ⮯妶婾ᷕ⚳₏Ṣ斄 㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬ᷣ⻝冯⮎嶸ˤⷠᶵ庽埴䁢˪㱽厗䴻˫䘬ᶨ悐↮炻⚈

㬌⮵㕤娚埴䘬妋慳冯⮵㕤˪㱽厗䴻˫䘬䎮妋㚱斄ˤ

厑啑㔁⊾炻侴ㆸ䁢晐⽆䘬⚃䛦炻⮵㕤厑啑䘬ン⹎廱嬲䁢ⷠᶵ庽夾炻 㬌㗪厑啑⇯䁢ⷠᶵ塓庽ˤ夳㢵㛐晭ὲ 1998炻枩 432-431ˤ

12 ᷭᾅ两ㆸ 1987炻枩 542-543ˤ

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ᶱˣᷕ⚳₏Ṣ䘬ᷣ⻝ġ

˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 冒 忻 䓇 炷 355-434炸 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 䔷 ˫ ⶚ 旵 㚱 媠

⣂㲐䔷㛔炻Ữ⮵㕤˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩䘬妋慳⎬ᶵ䚠⎴炻⛐攳

⥳ 妶 婾 ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ 䘬 㲐 䔷 ⇵ 炻 ⃰ Ἦ 䚳 6 ᶾ 䲨 嬗 ↢ 䘬 ᶾ 奒 炷 Vasubandhu 炸˪ ⥁ 㱽 咖 厗 䴻 ㄪ 㲊 ㍸ 况 ˫炷 ẍ ᶳ 䯉 䧙 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾˫炸⤪ỽ妋慳ⷠᶵ庽埴炻娚婾䘬妋慳㗗ᶨᾳ斄挝ˤ

ᶾ奒⛐˪㱽厗婾˫㍸↢ˬ䥖㊄孂㫶炻ἄ⤪㗗妨炻ㆹᶵ庽 㰅炻㰅䫱䘮䔞⼿ἄἃ侭炻䣢䎦䛦䓇炻䘮㚱ἃ⿏㓭ˤ˭13ᶾ奒 娵䁢ⷠᶵ庽䥖㊄ˣ孂▮䛦䓇炻᷎⮵䛦䓇婒⇘ἈᾹ䘮⎗ㆸἃ䫱 埴䁢炻㬋⎗堐䎦↢䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏ˤ14ḇ⯙㗗婒䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃ 昌Ḯ埴厑啑忻ᷳ⢾炻㚜㶙⇣䘬⍇⚈⛐㕤䘮㚱ἃ⿏ᷳ㓭ˤ ˪㱽厗婾˫䘬侣嬗㗪攻⛐ 6 ᶾ䲨⇅炻㚱厑㍸䔁㓗炷5-6 ᶾ䲨炸䘬Ḵ⌟㛔冯≺恋㐑㍸炷5-6 ᶾ䲨炸䘬ᶨ⌟㛔炻ẍ厑㍸

䔁㓗嬗㛔庫䁢㳩忂ˤ15厑㍸䔁㓗嬗㛔䔞ᷕ炻ἃ⿏ᶨℙ↢䎦⚃

㫉炻昌Ḯ妋慳˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩㚱斄䘬悐↮炻㍸⇘䣢䎦䛦䓇 䘮㚱ἃ⿏ᷳ⢾烊Ḵ㫉㍸⇘ἃ⿏㱽幓烊ᶨ㫉ἄ䁢嬔╣炻㍸⇘ἃ

⿏㯜ˤ≺恋㐑㍸嬗㛔Ṏ⎴ˤ

昌Ḯἃ⿏炻劍ẍἧ䓐⤪Ἦ啷ᶨ娆䘬㫉㔠Ἦ婒炻厑㍸䔁㓗 嬗㛔ᶨℙ↢䎦⚃㫉炻昌Ḯ妋慳ᶱ䓴䚠㗪炻㍸⇘ᶵ暊䛦䓇䓴㚱

⤪ Ἦ 啷 ᷳ ⢾ 炻 ℞ Ṿ ᶱ 㫉 ↮ ⇍ 䁢 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 㱽 幓 ˣ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ⿏ 㶐 㴭 㥫ˣ⤪Ἦ啷䛇⤪ᷳ橼ˤ≺恋㐑㍸嬗㛔Ṏ⎴ˤ

13˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻ㄪ㲊㍸况˫⌟ 2炻˨嬔╣⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 26炻枩 9ᶲˤ

14 喌ḽ㔁℔ˣ㰈怲⬷㗕䫱 2003炻枩 32-33ˤ

15 喌ḽ㔁℔ˣ㰈怲⬷㗕䫱 2001炻枩 21-22ˤ

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˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ℑ 嬗 㛔 ᷕ 炻 ㍸ ⇘ ἃ ⿏ 冯 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ᷳ 嗽 ⣂ 冯 㱽 幓 ˣ 䛇 ⤪ 䫱 ㍷ 徘 䨞 䪇 ⬀ ⛐ 冯 䉨 ン 䘬 娆 ⼁ 䚠 忋 炻 冯 䛦 䓇 㚱 斄 䘬 ㍷ 徘 䚠 ⮵ 庫 ⮹ 炻 ⎬  㚱 ᶨ 㫉 炻 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 悐 ↮ ↢ 䎦 ⛐ 妋 慳

˨ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ ˩ 䘬 悐 ↮ 炻 ㍸ ⇘ 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 烊 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 䘬 悐 ↮ ⌛ 嫃 ⇘ 䛦 䓇 䓴 㚱 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˤ

⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 嬗 ↢ ⇵ 炻 ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ ⶚ 㚱 斄 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 䘬 㲐 䔷 炻 䚖 ⇵ ⶚ 䞍 㚱 忻 䓇 炷 355-434炸 䘬 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 䔷 ˫ 冯 㱽 暚 炷 467-529 炸 䘬 ˪ 㱽 厗 佑 姀 ˫ ˤ16Ḵ 䔷 ⛐ ˨ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑

⑩ ˩ ᶨ ⑩ ᷕ 炻 㛒 夳 ẍ ἃ ⿏ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ˤ ⛐ 忻 䓇 冯 㱽 暚 䘬 㗪 ẋ 炻 ˪ 㴭 㥫 䴻 ˫ ⶚ 䴻 嬗 ↢ 炻 Ḵ ỵ ₏ Ṣ ⮵ 㕤 ἃ ⿏ 婒 䚠 䔞 䅇 〱 炻 ⚈ 㬌 㛒 ẍ ἃ ⿏ 婒 Ἦ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 ⍇ ⚈ ᶵ ⛐ 㕤 ἃ ⿏ 婒

⯂ 㛒 嬗 ↢ 炻 ㆾ 侭 Ḵ Ṣ ⮵ 㕤 ἃ ⿏ 婒 䘬 ᶵ 䅇 〱 ˤ 侴 㗗 ⛐ 㕤 Ḵ Ṣ

⮵ 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 ˫ ˣ ˪ 㴭 㥫 ˫ Ḵ 䴻 ℏ ⭡ ᶲ 䘬 ⶖ 䔘 冯 ⛘ ỵ ᶲ 䘬 ↮

⇌ 㚱 ㇨ ᶵ ⎴ 炻 ⎗ ⽆ 忻 䓇 䘬 ⇌ 㔁 ᷕ 䚳 ↢ ˤ17⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 嬗

↢ ⼴ 䘬 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㲐 䔷 ᷕ 炻 䘮 ẍ ἃ ⿏ Ἦ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ˤ 忁

16 㱽 暚 䘬 ˪ 㱽 厗 佑 姀 ˫ 㗪 攻 㖑 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 䘬 嬗 ↢ 炻 夳 㛶 ⸠ 䍚 2008炻枩 132-133ˤ㔯ᷕ㍸⇘䎦⬀䘬㔎䃴㛔˪㱽厗佑姀˫↮⇍㚱⌟

ᶨ⍲⌟ᶱᷳ㭀⌟ˤ℞ᷕ炻⌟ᶱ椾㭀⯦⬀炻㈬⮓䘬⸜ẋ庫㖑炻⬀㚱 Ḵ嘇烉㕗 2733 ⍲㕗 4102炻⯦柴㚱⌟㫉⍲㈬䴻侭⥻⎵ˤὅ⌟㛓柴姀

㇨妨炻↮⇍䓙柴䁢㭼᷀よ㤕⍲㭼᷀㱽枮㇨姀ˤよ㤕㇨姀ᷳ㕗 2733 嘇炻㈬⮓⸜ẋ䁢⊿櫷㬋⥳ 5 ⸜炷508炸ˤ508 ⸜Ṏ䁢≺恋㐑㍸嬗↢

˪㱽厗婾˫䘬㗪攻炻⎗夳㕤≺恋㐑㍸嬗↢娚婾ᷳ⇵炻㱽厗䘬˪㱽 厗佑姀˫⶚䴻㳩忂炻ᶼ⶚⇘忼㔎䃴ˤ⚈㬌˪㱽厗佑姀˫䘬⬴ㆸ㖑 㕤˪㱽厗婾˫䘬嬗↢ˤ

17 慳忻䓇炻˪㱽厗䴻䔷˫⌟ 1烉ˬᶱ侭䛇⮎㱽廒炻媪䟜ᶱᷳ‥炻ㆸ ᶨᷳ伶 炻媪 ᷳ䛇⮎ ˤ⚃ 侭䃉检 㱽廒 炻㕗⇯ 㚫㬠 ᷳ婯炻 ᷫ婒 ⷠỷ

⥁㖐炻媪䃉检ḇˤ˭炷CBETA, X27, no. 577, p.1, b22-24炸ˤ䛇

⮎㱽廒䁢˪ 㱽厗˫炻 䃉检 㱽 廒 䁢 ˪ 㴭 㥫 ˫炻Ḵ 䴻䘬 ℏ⭡冯⛘ỵ ᷎ ᶵ䚠⎴ˤデ 嫅⋧⎵⮑㞍 Ṣ⮵㕤忻䓇 斄㕤 ˪㱽厗 ˫ˣ˪㴭㥫 ˫Ḵ 䴻

↮⇌䘬㍸愺ˤ

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⇵ ⼴ 䘬 ⶖ ⇍ ⿸ ⾽ ᶵ ⛐ ἃ ⿏ 婒 炻 ⚈ ⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 嬗 ↢ ⇵ ἃ ⿏ 婒 ⶚ ↢ 䎦 炻 ㅱ 娚 冯 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 䘬 嬗 ↢ 㚱 斄 炻 娚 婾 㖶 䡢 ⛘ ẍ ἃ ⿏ Ἦ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ˤ Ữ 忁 ᷎ ᶵ 㗗 婒 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 䚜 ㍍ ⛘ 䁢

˪ 㱽 厗 ˫ 冯 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 䳸 ⎰ ㍸ ὃ ᶨ ᾳ 㕘 㕡 ⎹ 炻 侴 㗗 䁢 ᷕ ⚳ ₏ Ṣ 㚫 忂 ˪ 㱽 厗 ˫ 冯 ἃ ⿏ 忁 ᶨ ⿅ ゛ ᶲ 䘬 㕘 崘 ⎹ ㍸ ὃ ᶨ ᾳ 䴻 婾 ᶲ 䘬 㟡 㒂 炻 冒 䃞 ḇ ⼙ 枧 ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 䎮 妋 ˤ

ẍ ᶳ ⮯ 憅 ⮵ ⎬ ᾳ ₏ Ṣ 攻 炻 斄 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 䎮 妋 ᶨ ᶨ 妶 婾 ˤ 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ ᷳ 婒 ⛐ 䔞 㗪 ⶚ 塓 ㍍ ⍿ 炻 ℞ ᷕ 䘬 䛦 䓇 ㊯ 䘬 㗗 ㇨ 㚱 䘬 䛦 䓇 ˤ ⛐ 䌬 ⤀ 侣 嬗 媠 ⣂ ⓗ 嬀 䴻 婾 ᷳ ⼴ 炻 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 䛦 䓇 ㊯ 䘬 㗗 䛦 䓇 ᷳ ᶨ 婒 㱽 ⍿ ⇘ ㊹ ㇘ 炻 ⎗ ⽆ 䌬 ⤀ ⻇ ⫸ 䩢 ➢ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ ᷕ 䚳 ↢ ˤ ẍ ᶳ ↮ 䁢 ℑ 悐 ↮ Ἦ 忚 埴 炻 ᶨ 䁢 ᷣ ⻝ ἃ ⿏ 䁢 㘖 念 䘬 ₏ Ṣ 炻 ⌛ 娵 䁢 ἃ ⿏ 䁢 ㇨ 㚱 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 烊 ᶨ 䁢 ᷣ ⻝ ἃ ⿏ 朆 㘖 念 䘬 ₏ Ṣ 炻 娵 䁢 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 㗗 䈡 ⭂ 炻 侴 朆 ㇨ 㚱 䘬 䛦 䓇 ˤ

炷ᶨ炸㘖念䘬ἃ⿏

1.㶐⼙ㄏ怈

㶐 ⼙ ㄏ 怈 炷 523-592炸 㚱 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㲐 䔷 ᶫ ⌟ 炻 Ữ 䎦 ⶚ ἂ⣙炻18㗗ẍㄏ怈斄㕤ⷠᶵ庽䘬妋慳枰⽆℞Ṿ叿ἄᷕ⮳㈦ˤ

⛐˪⣏Ḁ佑䪈˫斄㕤䛦䴻䘬↮⇌ᷕ炻⎗䘤䎦⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬 妋慳炻

ऩقȠݤ๮ȡ҂ᇥՕ܄ǴభܭȠ੓ᄷȡǴ ࢂက ό ฅǶӵ࿶ᇥ܄Ǵջࢂ΋४ǶȠ ݤ๮ ࿶ ȡ ύ Ǵᒣ ܴ

΋४Ǵଁࣁߚ܄ǶΞȠݤ๮ȡύǴόᇸ๦ᙓǴऩ ـѤ౲ǴଯᖂୠقǴԟ྽բՕǴךόᇸԟǶаޕ

18 Tanaka 1990炻枩 29-30ˤ

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౲ ғ Ԗ Օ ܄ Ǵ ࡺ ᆀ ق ࣣ բ Ƕ ՠ ق ࣣ բ Ǵ ջ ᡉ Ԗ ܄ Ƕ19

椾⃰ㄏ怈⃰㟡㒂˪㴭㥫˫䘬ἃ⿏冯˪㱽厗˫䘬ᶨḀ忚埴㚫忂炻

㍸⇘ᶵ⎗⚈˪㱽厗˫㰺㚱婯⇘ἃ⿏炻ὧ娵䁢㔁䎮ᶲ庫˪㴭㥫˫

㶢旳ˤ˪㴭㥫˫㇨婒ἃ⿏炻⮎䁢ᶨḀ炻侴ᶨḀ䁢˪㱽厗˫䘬⬿㖐

ᷳᶨ炻寰傥婒㰺㚱㍸⇘ἃ⿏ˤ˪㱽厗˫㍸⇘ⷠᶵ庽劍夳⚃䛦⇯埴 䥖㔔炻檀倚ⓙ妨ἈᾹ⭂䔞ἄἃ炻ㆹᶵ庽夾ἈᾹˤ䓙㕤Ḯ妋䛦䓇 㚱ἃ⿏炻⚈㬌ⷠᶵ庽㕡婒䔞ἄ烊⍵ᷳ炻䓙䔞ἄ⌛⎗䞍㚱ἃ⿏ˤ ㄏ怈㬌ᶨ㭝娙㚱ℑᾳ慵溆炻ᶨ䁢˪㴭㥫˫ᷕ㇨婒ἃ⿏炻⮎

⌛䁢ᶨḀ炻⎗夳㕤娚䴻ˬ䨞䪇䔊䪇侭炻ᶨ↯䛦䓇㇨⼿ᶨḀˤᶨ Ḁ侭⎵䁢ἃ⿏炻ẍ㗗佑㓭炻ㆹ婒ᶨ↯䛦䓇〱㚱ἃ⿏炻ᶨ↯䛦䓇 〱㚱ᶨḀˤ˭20䨞䪇䔊䪇㇨㊯䁢䛦䓇㇨⼿ᷳᶨḀ炻ᶨḀ⌛㗗ἃ

⿏炻⚈㬌婒䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏ˣ㚱ᶨḀˤ忁㗗ᶨḀ䁢ἃ⿏炻ἃ⿏䁢ᶨ Ḁ䘬䴻℠ὅ㒂ˤ

ἃ⿏䁢˪㴭㥫䴻˫㇨婒炻ᶨḀ䁢˪㱽厗䴻˫㇨婒炻ᷕ⚳₏

Ṣ娎⚾㚫忂˪㴭㥫䴻˫冯˪㱽厗䴻˫Ḵ䴻炻ἃ⿏冯ᶨḀ䘬斄Ὢ ㆸ䁢忋䳸Ḵ侭䘬㧳㦹ˤ˪㱽厗䴻˫㍸⇘ᶱḀ⮎䁢ᶨḀ炻ᶨḀ䁢ἃ Ḁ炻䛦䓇劍埴厑啑忻炻䘮⎗ㆸἃˤ㖊䃞䛦䓇䘮⎗ㆸἃ炻㗗⏎堐 䣢˪㱽厗䴻˫㘿䣢叿䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏ˤ忁墉㚱ᶱᾳ朊⎹炻ᶨ䁢㰺 㚱ᶱḀ炻㚱ᶨḀ烊℞㫉䁢䛦䓇ὅᶨḀ炻䘮⎗ㆸἃ烊ᶱ䁢㖊䃞 䘮⎗ㆸἃ炻⇯㚱ἃ⿏ˤ

19 慳ㄏ怈炻˪⣏Ḁ佑䪈˫⌟ 1炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 44炻枩 466 ᶲˤ

20 㙯䃉嬾嬗炻˪⣏凔㴭㥫䴻˫⌟ 27炻˨ⷓ⫸⏤厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 12炻枩 524 ᶳˤ

(12)

沑㐑伭Ṩ䘬⻇⫸₏⎉炷355-439炸㚦⓷忶伭Ṩ斄㕤䛦䓇䘮⎗

ㆸἃ䘬⓷柴炻伭Ṩ婒忻ˬ˪㱽厗˫攳ἃ䞍夳炻Ṏ⎗䘮㚱䁢ἃ⿏ˤ 劍㚱ἃ⿏炻⽑ỽ䁢ᶵ⼿䘮ἄἃ俞烎Ữ㬌˪㱽厗˫㇨㖶炻㖶℞ⓗ

㚱ἃḀ炻䃉Ḵ䃉ᶱˤᶵ㖶ᶨ↯䛦䓇炻䘮䔞ἄἃˤ䘮䔞ἄἃ炻ㆹ 㛒夳ᷳ炻Ṏᶵ㈹妨䃉ḇˤ˭21⯙伭Ṩ䘬⚆䫼⎗䞍炻˪㱽厗䴻˫㇨

婒ˬ攳ἃ䞍夳˭⎗ẍ㍐婾䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏ˤ劍忚ᶨ㬍婒炻㖊㚱ἃ

⿏炻䁢ỽ䛦䓇䘮⎗ἄἃᷳḳᶵㆸ烎⯙˪㱽厗䴻˫Ἦ婒炻㍸⇘

㚱ᶨἃḀ炻᷎㛒婒⇘ᶨ↯䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃ炻㬌婒伭Ṩ㰺㚱倥倆 忶炻晾婒ᶵ傥⚈㬌侴⏎⭂忁⎗傥⿏ˤḇ⯙㗗婒⎗ẍ㍐婾↢ἃ

⿏炻Ữ䛦䓇㗗⏎䘮⎗ㆸἃ㬌ᶨ⓷柴伭Ṩ᷎㰺㚱㬋朊⛘⚆䫼ˤ22 ⮯ᶨḀˣ䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃˣἃ⿏ᶱ侭䳸⎰䘬㗗ᷕ⚳₏Ṣ炻忻 䓇䘬˪㱽厗䴻䔷˫⶚䴻㍸⇘ˬ㖊ḹᶱḀ㗗ᶨ炻ᶨ↯䛦䓇炻卓ᶵ 㗗ἃ炻Ṏ䘮㲍㳡˭炻23ᶱḀ㖊䃞⮎䁢ᶨḀ炻⇯䛦䓇䘮⎗ἄἃ炻䘮 㗗ἃˤ⛐忻䓇䘬㗪ẋ炻˪㴭㥫䴻˫⶚嬗↢ᶼ⁛军⋿㕡炻ἃ⿏婒⶚

䁢䔞㗪₏὿攻妶婾䘬慵溆ᷳᶨ炻ᶵ忶⛐℞㲐䔷ᷕ⎒夳⇘⮯ᶨἃ Ḁ冯䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃ䳸⎰炻㛒冯ἃ⿏婒䳸⎰ˤ㗪ẋ䦵⼴䘬㱽暚⛐

℞˪㱽厗佑姀˫ᷕḇ㛒夳⮯ἃ⿏䓐Ἦ妋慳˪㱽厗䴻˫炻㬌ᶨ䈡 溆ㆸ䁢⼨⼴䘬˪㱽厗䴻˫㲐䔷侭炻⤪⎱啷䫱Ṣ㈡姽䘬⮵尉炻侴 ᶨḀˣ䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃˣἃ⿏ᶱ侭䘬䳸⎰⌛⛐⎱啷䫱ᶨẋṢㇳᷕ

⬴ㆸˤ

Ḵ䁢ⷠᶵ庽ⓙ妨䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃ炻⌛⎗䞍䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻忁冯

⎴㗪ẋ䘬㘢柿ˣ⎱啷䫱䘬ᷣ⻝䚠⎴ˤ24ㄏ怈䓙ⷠᶵ庽埴⼿↢ˬ䞍

21 慳₏⎉炻˨╣䔹˩炻㠩Ʉ慳₏䣸炻˪↢ᶱ啷姀普˫⌟ 5炻˪⣏㬋啷˫

Ⅎ 55炻枩 42 ᶲˤ

22 勺䈏℠ὲ 1982炻枩 346-347ˤ

23 慳忻䓇炻˪㱽厗䴻䔷˫⌟ 2炻˪⋵⫿临啷˫Ⅎ 27炻枩 13 ᶲˤ

24 卭慶⌂⎚ 2003炻枩 128-129ˤ

(13)

䛦 䓇 㚱 ἃ ⿏ ˭ ᷳ 婒 炻 ⶚ 夳 㕤 ᶾ 奒 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ᷳ 婒 炻 Ữ 忁 ᶨ 㭝 ⺽ 㔯 ᷕ ᷎ 㛒 ⺽ 䓐 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 嫱 ᷳ ˤ˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ 䘬 ℞ Ṿ 悐 ↮ 㚱 ⺽ 䓐 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ᷳ 嗽 炻 䓙 㬌 ⎗ 䞍 ㄏ 怈 ᷎ 朆 ᶵ 䞍 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫炻 㰺 㚱 ⺽ 䓐 娚 婾 ẍ ἃ ⿏ 妋 慳 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ᷳ 婒 ㆾ 㚱 ℞ Ṿ 侫 慷 ˤ ᶵ 忶 ㅱ 娚 ⎗ 婒 ㄏ 怈 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 冯 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ㇨ 婒 䚠 ⎴ 㚱 ⎗ 傥 㗗 ⍿ ⇘ 娚 婾 ᷳ ┇ 䘤 ˤ

˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ 晾 柴 䁢 ㄏ 怈 ㇨ ἄ 炻 Ữ ⮎ 晃 ᶲ ㅱ 㗗 ἄ 䁢

ᷣ 䶐 ˤ˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ ἄ 䁢 ➢ 㛔 㤪 ⾝ 㚠 炻 ㆾ ⎗ 婒 㗗 ἃ 㔁 䘦 䥹 ℐ 㚠 炻 ㄏ 怈 傥 ⛐ 䓇 㵗 㖑 㛇 ὧ 忚 埴 䶐 个 炻 ᶵ ⣒ ⎗ 傥 㗗 ᾳ Ṣ 䘬 䳸 㘞 炻 ㅱ 㗗 ⛐ ℞ ⷓ 㱽 ᶲ 炷 495-580 炸 冯 ℞ ㇨ Ⱄ 㔁 ⛀ 炻 ⌛ ㄏ

⃱ 炷 468-537炸 ᶨ 䲣 䘬 ➢ 䢶 ᶲ 炻 䛦 Ṣ ᶨ ⎴ 䶐 廗 侴 ㆸ 炻 ㄏ 怈 ἄ 䁢 䶐 廗 佌 䘬 ᷣ 䶐 ˤ25劍 㗗 ⤪ 㬌 炻˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ ⎗ 婒 㗗 ㄏ

⃱ ᶨ 䲣 䘬 䘦 䥹 ℐ 㚠 炻 ẍ 娚 䲣 ⛐ ⊿ 㛅 䘬 ⼙ 枧 ≃ 炻 忁 悐 䘦 䥹 ℐ 㚠 ㅱ 娚 ⁛ ㈬ ⼰ ⺋ 炻 军 ⮹ ⛐ ⭀ 㕡 屯 ≑ 䘬 ⮢ 昊 㗗 ⤪ 㬌 ˤ˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ ⎗ 婒 ẋ 堐 䔞 㗪 ⊿ 㛅 ⮵ ἃ 㔁 㔁 䎮 䘬 娵 嬀 冯 㯜 ⸛ 炻 ⎴ 㗪 Ṏ 㚱 ⼊ ⟹ 冯 㔁 做 䔞 㗪 ⊿ 㛅 ₏ ὿ ⮵ 㕤 ἃ 㔁 㔁 䎮 ᷳ 娵 嬀 䘬 ≇ 傥 ˤ ⛐ 忁 㧋 䘬 㡅 ẞ ᶳ 炻 ᶨ Ḁ ˣ ἃ ⿏ ˣ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 忋 䳸 ⎗ 傥 德 忶 ˪ ⣏ Ḁ 佑 䪈 ˫ 侴 㳩 ⁛ ˤ

2.㘢㘢 柿

㘢 柿 炷 538-597炸 斄 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 䘬 叿 ἄ 㚱 ˪ 㱽 厗 㔯

⎍ ˫ˣ˪ 㱽 厗 䌬 佑 ˫炻 ⇵ 侭 䁢 䴻 ℠ 㲐 䔷 炻 ⼴ 侭 嫃 徘 䴻 ℠ シ 佑 炻 ⤪ ⎵ 䧙 ㇨ 䣢 ˤ 椾 ⃰ ⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 㔯 ⎍ ˫ ᷕ 炻 斄 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ᶨ ⑩ ㍸ ⇘ 炻

25 Tanaka 1990炻枩 30-32ˤ

(14)

ϣᚶόᇸϐှǴѦལόᇸϐნǴيҥόᇸϐՉǴ α࠹όᇸϐ௲ǴΓբόᇸϐҞǶόᇸϐှޣǴȠݤ

๮ፕȡϓǴԜ๦ᙓޕ౲ғԖՕ܄ǴόඪᇸϐǶ26

ⷠᶵ庽ℏ⛐㆟㚱ᶵ庽夾㇨忯䛦䓇䘬䎮妋炻㬌ᶨ䎮妋⤪˪㱽厗 婾˫㇨婒炻⚈䁢䛦䓇⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ἄἃᷳ㓭炻侴䞍㚱ἃ⿏ˤⷠᶵ 庽㚱忁㧋䘬䎮妋炻冯䛦䓇㍍妠ˣḺ≽炻㕤ᷕ堐䎦↢⮲㔔ˣᶵ 庽夾㇨忯䛦䓇䘬ン⹎ˤ⛐ᶨ䔒妋慳⼴炻㘢柿⺽䓐˪㱽厗婾˫

婒㖶ⷠᶵ庽䞍䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻㗗ẍᶵ㔊庽夾ᷳˤ

㖊䃞䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻ἃ⿏䘬⿏岒䁢ỽ烎㘢柿ẍᶱ䧖⚈Ἦ↮

⇍炻↮䁢㬋⚈ˣḮ⚈ˣ䶋⚈炻

Ξ ϓ Ǵ ך ό ඪ ᇸ ܭ ԟ ฻ Ǵ ԟ ฻ ࣣ ྽ բ Օ Ǵ ջ ҅ Ӣ Օ ܄ Ƕ Ξ ϓ Ǵ ࣁ з ౲ ғ ໒ Օ ޕ ـ Ǵ ջ Α Ӣ Օ

܄ Ƕ Ξ ϓ Ǵ Օ ᅿ வ ጔ ଆ Ǵ ջ ጔ Ӣ Օ ܄ ǶȠ ݤ ๮ ፕ ȡ ҭ ܴ Ο ᅿ Օ ܄ Ǵ ፕ ϓ Ǵ ୤ Օ ӵ ٰ ᛾ ε ๦ ග Ǵ ز ഖ ᅈ ى ΋ Ϫ ඵ ች Ǵ ࡺ Ӝ ε Ƕ ق ך ό ඪ ᇸ ܭ ԟ ฻ Ǵ ԟ ฻ ࣣ ྽ բ Օ ޣ Ǵ Ң ፏ ౲ ғ ࣣ Ԗ Օ ܄ ΨǶ27

ⷠᶵ庽ᶵ㔊庽夾䛦䓇䘬ン⹎炻⚈䛦䓇䘮䔞ἄἃ炻㬌䁢㬋⚈ἃ

⿏ 烊 Ḯ ⚈ ἃ ⿏ ⇯ 䁢 Ẍ 䛦 䓇 攳 ἃ 䞍 夳 炻 ↢ 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 Ʉ 㕡 ὧ

⑩˫㇨婒炻䁢Ẍ䛦䓇攳䣢ぇℍἃᷳ䞍夳炻劍傥攳ἃ䞍夳炻ὧ

26 慳㘢柿炻˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻㔯⎍˫⌟ 10炻˨慳ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋 啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 140 ᶳˤ

27 慳㘢柿炻˪㱽厗䌬佑˫⌟ 10炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 33炻枩 803 ᶲˤ

(15)

傥ἧἃ⿏ἄ䓐炻ㆸ⯙攳ぇ妋僓ᷳ㝄烊䶋⚈ἃ⿏⇯䁢㚱㇨≑䙲 䘬⎬䧖䶋ˤ㍍叿⺽䓐˪㱽厗婾˫㍸⇘䘮䔞ἄἃᷳ婒炻堐䣢䛦 䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏ˤ

㘢柿ᷳ婒Ṏ䩳➢㕤䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏炻ẍ㬌Ἦ䎮妋ⷠᶵ庽埴炻

᷎⮯ἃ⿏↮䁢ᶱ栆炻ⷠᶵ庽埴㇨堐䣢䘬冯㬋⚈ἃ⿏㚱斄ˤ 3.⎱⎱啷

⎱ 啷 炷 549-623 炸 㗗 䎦 䞍 䔁 㚱 㚨 ⣂ 斄 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㲐 䔷 侭炻㚱˪㱽厗佑䔷˫ˣ˪㱽厗䴙䔍˫ˣ˪㱽厗䌬婾˫ˣ˪㱽厗忲シ˫

⚃悐炻ẍ⍲㲐䔷˪㱽厗婾˫䘬˪㱽厗婾䔷˫炻ᶨℙḼ悐ˤ ⎱啷䘬⚃悐˪㱽厗䴻˫㲐䔷ἄ⑩ᷕ炻˪㱽厗佑䔷˫ˣ˪㱽厗 䴙䔍˫Ⱄ晐㔯慳佑栆炻˪㱽厗䌬婾˫ˣ˪㱽厗忲シ˫Ⱄ婒㖶䴻℠

㔯佑栆ˤ˪㱽厗佑䔷˫ᷕ斄㕤ⷠᶵ庽厑啑ᶨ⑩䘬妋慳⤪ᶳ炻

ϖ ޣ ǵ ట ᇥ ౲ ғ ஼ Ԗ Օ ܄ Ǵ ԋ ΋ ४ က Ǵ ࡺ ᇥ Ԝ ࠔ Ƕ ΋ Ϫ ౲ ғ ՠ Ԗ Օ ܄ Ǵ ค Ԗ Ꭹ ܄ ǹ ࡺ ୤ Ԗ ΋ ४ Ǵ ค Ԗ Ꭹ ४ Ƕ ᙑ ϓ Ƞ ݤ ๮ ࿶ ȡ ՠ ܴ ๓ Γ Ԗ Օ

܄ǴȠ੓ᄷ࿶ȡۈᒣԖЈࣣளԋՕǶϞܴԜࠔ҅ᒣ ൾ Γ Ԗ Օ ܄ က Ǵ Б ߡ ࠔ ܴ ΋ డ ϐ ๓ ࣣ ԋ Օ ၰ Ƕ ߾ ޕ΋ϪԖЈ٠ԖՕ܄ǴࣣԋՕΨǶ28

⎱啷㍸⇘㬌⑩㚱ᶫ䧖シ佑炻℞ᷕ䫔Ḽ䧖炻㖐⛐婒㖶䛦䓇䘮㚱 ἃ⿏炻㗗ẍㆸᶨḀᷳ佑ˤᶨ↯䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻㰺㚱℞Ṿ䘬⿏烊

ⓗ㚱ᶨḀ炻㰺㚱℞Ṿ䘬Ḁˤ⇵Ṣ㍸⇘˪㱽厗䴻˫㍸↢┬Ṣ㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻˪ 㴭 㥫 䴻 ˫ ㍸ ↢ 㚱 ⽫ 䘮 ⎗ ㆸ ἃ 炻 ⎱ 啷 娵 䁢 ˨ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑

28 慳⎱啷炻˪㱽厗佑䔷˫⌟ 11炻˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻 枩 616 ᷕˤ

(16)

啑 ⑩ ˩ ㍸ ↢ ら Ṣ Ṏ 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻˨ 㕡 ὧ ⑩ ˩ ㍸ ↢ ⼰ ⮷ 䘬 ┬ 埴 Ṏ ⎗ ㆸἃˤ㟡㒂ẍᶲ㇨婒炻⎱啷⼿↢ᶨ↯㚱⽫䘮㚱ἃ⿏炻⊭⏓┬

ら炻⌛ˬ᷎㚱ἃ⿏˭䘬᷎⫿ᷳ佑炻ᶼ䘮傥ㆸἃ䘬䳸婾ˤ⎱啷 䘬妋慳ᷕ⊭⏓ℑᾳ朊⎹炻ᶨ䁢ἃ⿏冯ᶨḀ攻䘬斄Ὢ炻ᶨ䁢┬

Ṣ冯らṢ䘬ἃ⿏ˤ

ἃ⿏冯ᶨḀ䘬斄Ὢ⎗夳⇵㔯炻昌Ḯㄏ怈ᷳ⢾炻Ṏ㚱℞Ṿ

₏Ṣ忚埴忁㧋䘬㚫忂炻ᶲ⺽⎱啷ᷳ㔯⌛䁢ᶨἳ炻ẍᶳℵ⺽⎱

啷ᶨ㭝㔯⫿ἄ䁢ᶨἳ炻

҅ Ӣ ߐ ௤ ૶ ޣ Ǵ ӵ த ό ᇸ ๦ ᙓ ᇥ Ǵ Ѥ ౲ ࣣ ྽ բ Օ Ƕ ฅ Ԝ Ѥ ౲ ҂ Ԗ ߞ ΋ ४ Ј Ǵ ՠ ي ύ Ԗ Օ ܄ Ǵ Ѹ

྽բՕǶȠݤ๮ፕȡញதόᇸࠔǴ΋Ϫ౲ғჴԖՕ

܄Ǵࡺ྽բՕΨǶ29

㔯ᷕ㍸⇘ⷠᶵ庽厑啑婒⚃䛦䘮䔞ἄἃ炻Ữ㬌⚃䛦㛒⽭㚱 䚠ᾉᶨḀᷳ⽫炻劍䃉䚠ᾉᶨḀᷳ⽫炻⤪ỽ埴厑啑忻炻㚨䳪ㆸ ἃ烎⛐⮎嶸ᶲ炻㰺㚱ᶨḀ⽫炻ὧᶵ㚫埴ᶨḀ忻炻埴厑啑忻炻

⤪㬌ὧ䃉㱽ㆸἃˤỮẍ䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻ẍ䔞⼿ἄἃ炻ἃ⿏ἄ䁢 㬋⚈炻⌛䁢㬋⚈㌰姀ˤ30

ἃ ⿏ 冯 ᶨ Ḁ ⌛ 䁢 ⮯ Ἦ 䘬 ⎗ 傥 ⿏ 冯 䔞 ᶳ 䘬 ⮎ 嶸 炻 ℑ 䚠 䳸

⎰ 㕡 傥 ㆸ ἃ ˤ 劍 ẍ ⎱ 啷 ㇨ 婒 炻  㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 侴 䃉 ᶨ Ḁ ⽫ 炻 ⇯ 㚱 ⎗ 傥 ⿏ 炻 ⌣ 䃉 ⮎ 嶸 ᷳ 埴 炻 ⇯  㬊 㕤 ⎗ 傥 ⿏ ˤ 㚱 ᶨ Ḁ ⽫ 冯

29 慳⎱啷炻˪㱽厗䌬婾˫⌟ 7炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 420 ᷕˤ

30 䚠庫˨ⷠᶵ庽⑩˩㇨婒ἃ⿏冯ㆸἃ攻䘬斄Ὢ䁢㬋⚈㌰姀炻⎱啷⎴

㗪㍸⇘˨㱽ⷓ⑩˩㇨婒炻劍傥ᾉ˪㱽厗䴻˫炻侴埴⍿㊩ˣ嬨婎ˣ妋 婒ˣ㚠⮓䫱媠埴炻䘮⎗⼿㌰姀炻䁢䶋⚈㌰姀ˤ夳⎱啷炻˪㱽厗䌬 婾˫⌟ 7炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 420 ᷕˤ

(17)

ἃ ⿏ 侴 䘮 䔞 ⼿ ἄ ἃ ᷳ 婒 ᷕ 炻 ⮯ ᶨ Ḁ ˣ 䛦 䓇 䘮 䔞 ἄ ἃ ˣ ἃ ⿏ ᶱ 侭 䳸 ⎰ 炻 忚 侴 ↢ 䎦 ˬ ᶨ Ḁ ἃ ⿏ ˭ 䘬 䓐 婆 炻 㚨 㖑 ⎗ 夳 㕤 ⎱ 啷䘬叿ἄᷕˤ31

䫔Ḵ䁢┬Ṣ冯らṢ䘬ἃ⿏炻劍䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏炻⎴㗪䛦䓇 Ṏ 㚱 ┬ ら 炻 ら Ṣ 㗗 ⏎ ḇ 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 㗗 ᶨ ᾳ 妶 婾 䘬 天 溆 炻˪ ⎵ ₏

⁛㈬˫姀庱忻䓇㍸⇘ˬ斉㍸㗗况䓇炻ỽ䃉ἃ⿏ḳ˭炻32㖊䃞⤪

ᶨ斉㍸㬌栆㕟┬㟡侭Ṏ㚱ἃ⿏炻⇯䛦䓇ᶵ婾┬ら䘮㚱ἃ⿏⎗

䞍炻⤪⎱啷㬌嗽㇨㍸˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩⛐㕤婒㖶らṢṎ㚱ἃ

⿏炻ℵ㫉⻟婧ἃ⿏䘬㘖念⿏ᶵ⚈┬ら侴㚱ᶵ⎴ˤ

⎱啷娵䁢˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩⛐㕤婒㖶らṢṎ㚱ἃ⿏䘬ᷣ

⻝冯℞Ṿ₏Ṣ⮵㕤娚⑩䘬䚳㱽ᶵ⎴炻℞Ṿ₏Ṣ㛒夳⻟婧らṢ 䘬悐↮ˤ⎱啷⮵㕤ら䘬⻟婧⛐㕤娚⑩ᷕ䜳。ˣ⽫ᶵ㶐ˣら⎋

伝姰ⷠᶵ庽侭炻䘮䁢らṢ炻㬌䫱らṢ㗗ỽ䧖らṢ烎

ߥ ୺ λ ४ Ǵ ܔ ଍ ε ४ Ǵ ࢂ ᖯ Б ฻ Γ Ƕ Ξ ୺ λ Γ Ǵ ό ߞ ε ४ Ƕ ܭ ε ४ ค ߞ Ǵ ࢂ ΋ ឍ ග Γ Ǵ ջ ࢂ ཱུ ൾ ΓǶԖՕ܄ကǴᆶȠ੓ᄷ࿶ȡค౦ΨǶ33

忁ᶨ栆らṢ炻➟㊩⮷Ḁˣᶵᾉ⣏Ḁˣ㭨媿⣏Ḁ䴻℠炻ᶵᾉ⣏

Ḁ 侭 ⌛ 㗗 㕟 ┬ 㟡 䧖 䘬 ᶨ 斉 ㍸ Ṣ 炻 㗗 㤝 ら ᷳ Ṣ ˤ ䷙ 㗗 ⌛ ら ᷳ Ṣ炻Ṏ㚱ἃ⿏炻冯˪㴭㥫䴻˫㇨婒䚠⎴ˤ㬌ᶨ栆Ṣ昌㚱ἃ⿏

31 ⤪˪㱽厗䌬婾˫㍸⇘ˬ䫔Ḽ㖶攳央炻↉㚱⚃⎍炻ɃɃḴˣỮ攳ᶵ 央炻媪㱽厗㔁㬋攳ᶨḀἃ⿏ḇˤ˭˪㱽厗䌬婾˫⌟ 5炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 404 ᶲˤ

32 慳⮞ⓙ炻˪⎵₏⁛㈬˫⌟ 1炻˪⋵⫿临啷˫Ⅎ 77炻枩 360 ᷕˤ

33 ˪ 㱽 厗 佑 䔷 ˫ ⌟ 11炻˨ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ ˩炻˪ ⣏ 㬋 啷 ˫ Ⅎ 34炻 枩 616ᷕˤ

(18)

⢾炻Ṏ⼿㌰姀炻⮯Ἦㆸἃˤ⍿Ḵ䧖姀炻ᶨ䁢ⷠᶵ庽婒℞Ṣ埴 厑啑忻炻⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ㆸἃᷳ姀烊ᶨ䁢ⷠᶵ庽倆ἃ婒㱽炻⼿ㆸ⯙

㗪炻㓹⹎㬌ᶨ栆らṢ炻᷎婒℞Ṣ䳪⼿ㆸ⯙ˤ

炷Ḵ炸朆㘖念䘬ἃ⿏

1.䩢➢

⇅ Ⓒ 䘬 䩢 ➢ 炷 632-682炸 两 ᶲ 徘 媠 ⷓ ᷳ ⼴ 炻 Ṏ 忚 埴 ˪ 㱽 厗䴻˫䘬㲐䔷ˤ䩢➢䘬㔁䎮妻䶜ᷳ傰䴉冯ᶲ徘媠ⷓᶵ⎴炻⮵

㕤 ἃ ⿏ ↢ 䎦 ᶵ ⎴ 䘬 䎮 妋 炻 忋 ⷞ ⼙ 枧 ⮵ ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ⛘ ỵ 䘬 姽

⇌ ˤ 䩢 ➢ ᷎ 朆 ⛐ ⍇ 㛔 䘬 ᷕ ⚳ ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㲐 䔷 ⁛ 䴙 ᶲ 㲐 䔷 娚 䴻 炻 侴 㗗 ẍ 䌬 ⤀ 炷 602-664炸 侣 嬗 䘬 ⓗ 嬀 䲣 䴻 婾 Ἦ 䎮 妋 ˪ 㱽 厗䴻˫炻34ẍḼ䧖䧖⿏婒Ἦ䎮妋ἃ⿏冯妋慳˪㱽厗䴻˫ˤ 䩢 ➢ ⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 䌬 岲 ˫ ᷕ ⺽ 䓐 ˪ 㤆 ụ 䴻 ˫ 婒 㖶 䧖 ⿏ 炻ˬ ἃ

⏲⣏ㄏ炻㚱Ḽ䧖䧖⥻嫱㱽炻ᶨ倚倆Ḁ⥻炻Ḵ彇㓗ἃḀ⥻炻ᶱ

⤪ἮḀ⥻炻⚃ᶵ⭂Ḁ⥻炻Ḽ侭䃉⥻ˤ˭35˪㤆ụ䴻˫㚱ᶱ嬗 㛔炻䁢㯪恋嵳旨伭炷394-468炸㇨嬗˪㤆ụ旧嵳⣂伭⮞䴻˫ˣ 厑 ㍸ 㳩 㓗 ㇨ 嬗 ˪ ℍ 㤆 ụ 䴻 ˫ 冯 ⮎ ⍱ 暋 旨 炷 652-710 炸 ㇨ 嬗

˪ ℍ 㤆 ụ 䴻 ˫炻 ⇵ Ḵ 㛔 嬗 㕤 䩢 ➢ ᷳ ⇵ 炻 ⼴ ᶨ 嬗 㛔 ⛐ 䩢 ➢ 忶 ᶾ

⼴㕡嬗↢ˤ厑㍸㳩㓗嬗㛔㍸⇘ˬㆹ婒Ḽ䧖Ḁ⿏嫱㱽炻ỽ䫱䁢 Ḽ烎ᶨ侭倚倆Ḁ⿏嫱㱽炻Ḵ侭彇㓗ἃḀ⿏嫱㱽炻ᶱ侭⤪ἮḀ

⿏嫱㱽炻⚃侭ᶵ⭂Ḁ⿏嫱㱽炻Ḽ侭䃉⿏嫱㱽˭炻36ㅱ䁢䩢➢

⺽䓐䘬䇰㛔ˤ

34 㨓崭ㄏ㖍 1986炻枩 243-244ˤ

35 慳䩢➢炻˪㱽厗䌬岲˫⌟ 1炻˨⸷⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 656 ᶳˤ

36 厑㍸㳩㓗嬗炻˪ℍ㤆ụ䴻˫⌟ 2炻˨普ᶨ↯ἃ㱽⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫

Ⅎ 16炻枩 526 ᶳˤ

(19)

ġ ġ Ḽ䧖䧖⿏ᷕ炻倚倆Ḁ䧖⿏怑⎰倚倆ˣ䶋奢Ḁ䧖⿏怑⎰䶋 奢炻㬌Ḵ䧖⿏䃉㱽ㆸἃ炻⚈怑⎰ḴḀᷳ㓭烊䃉䧖⿏侭炻⌛䁢 ᶨ斉㍸炻↮㚱ℑ䧖炻ᶨ䁢㕟┬㟡侭炻ᶨ䁢厑啑䁢䛦䓇ᶵℍ㴭 㥫侭炻䧙ἄ厑啑ᶨ斉㍸炻㬌嗽㇨㍸䁢㕟┬㟡侭炻┬㟡䘮㕟炻

⚈㬌䃉㱽ㆸἃˤḼ䧖䧖⥻ᷕ炻㚱ᶱ䧖䧖⥻ᶵ傥ㆸἃˤ

昌Ḯᶵ傥ㆸἃᶱ䧖䧖⥻ᷳ⢾炻⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻冒䃞㗗⎗ㆸἃ 侭 烊 ᶵ ⭂ 䧖 ⥻ 炻 ⤪ ⎵ 䧙 ㇨ 䣢 炻 ⯂ 㛒 㰢 ⭂ 炻 ⚈ 㬌 晐 枮 ㇨ 忯 䘬 Ḁ炻劍忯倚倆Ḁ炻ὧᾖ佺倚倆ᷳ㱽炻劍忯⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻炻ὧᾖ 佺厑啑ᷳ忻ˤᶵ⭂䧖⥻⚈䁢忁ᶨ䈡岒炻冯⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻ㆸ䁢ⓗ

Ḵ⎗ㆸἃ侭ˤ37

䩢➢䘬ᷣ⻝ὅ冲㈧娵䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻Ữ⶚朆㇨㚱䛦䓇炻侴 㗗㚱旸⇞䘬㝸ᶨ栆Ṣ炻⍾㰢㕤⃰⣑䘬䳈岒炻⌛䧖⥻ˤ38忁冯

˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ˣ 㶐 ⼙ ㄏ 怈 䫱 Ṣ ẍ Ἦ 炻 娵 䁢 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 ⚈ 㬌 䘮 ⎗ ㆸ ἃ 炻 ᷎ 冯 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ㇨ 婒 ᶨ Ḁ 䚠 䳸 ⎰ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ ⣏ ᶵ 䚠

⎴炻⺽崟䚠䔞䘬婾䇕ˤ39

䛦䓇冯ἃ⿏攻䘬斄Ὢ䓙㘖念㑩㚱廱嬲䁢䈡㬲ᶨ佌Ṣ㑩㚱 䘬 忶 䦳 ᷕ 炻 ⮵ 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 䘬 䎮 妋 冯 ⛘ ỵ 䘬 姽 ⇌ Ṏ 䓊 䓇 㓡 嬲 ˤ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ㇨ 婒 ᶨ Ḁ 㗗 ⮯ ᶱ Ḁ ᷳ 婒 䲵 ℍ ℞ ᷕ 炻 ㍸ ↢ ᶨ Ḁ 䁢 䛇 ⮎ 炻 ᶱ Ḁ 䁢 㕡 ὧ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 炻 忁 Ṏ 䁢 㘢 柿 ˣ ⎱ 啷 媠 ⷓ ᷳ ᷣ

⻝ˤỮ䩢➢㖊⛐Ḽ䧖䧖⥻䘬➢䢶ᶲ炻㏺昌㇨㚱䛦䓇䘮傥ㆸἃ 䘬⎗傥⿏炻ᶨḀᷳ婒䁢䛇⮎⯙ᶵ⎗傥ㆸ䩳ˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻劍ᶨ Ḁ䁢䛇⮎炻䛦䓇䘮ℍᶨḀἃ炻埴厑啑忻䘮⎗ㆸἃ炻⇯冯䩢➢

㇨婒Ḽ䧖䧖⥻婒堅䨩ˤ⚈㬌䩢➢⮵㕤˪㱽厗䴻˫䘬⭂ỵ䁢ᶨ Ḁᷳ婒㗗㕡ὧ炻ᶱḀᷳ婒㕡䁢䛇⮎ˤᶱḀᷳ婒䁢䛇⮎炻ㅱ䛦

37 ⹾㖶㳣 2006炻枩 181-182ˤ

38 㨓崭ㄏ㖍 1986炻枩 244ˤ

39 ⹾㖶㳣 2006 ᶨ㔯ˤ

(20)

䓇 㟡 㨇 ᶵ ⎴ 炻 侴 㚱 倚 倆 ˣ 䶋 奢 ˣ ἃ ᶱ Ḁ 炻 冯 Ḽ 䧖 䧖 ⿏ 婒 䚠 䫎烊ᶨḀ㖊䁢㕡ὧ炻恋湤㗗䁢婘姕䘬㕡ὧ烎Ḽ䧖䧖⿏ᷕ㚱ᶵ

⭂䧖⥻侭炻䁢Ḯ⮯娚䧖⥻⮶⺽ℍ⤪ἮḀ炻㕡婒ᶨḀ䁢䛇⮎炻 忁㗗ἃ婒˪㱽厗䴻˫䘬䚖䘬ˤ40

ᶵ⭂䧖⥻䘬ᶵ⭂⎗傥㗗倚倆ˣ䶋奢ḴḀ炻ḇ⎗傥㗗埴厑 啑忻䘬⤪ἮḀ炻劍㗗⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻炻⶚⛐ᶨḀ忻ᶲ炻ἃὧᶵ⽭

婒˪㱽厗䴻˫烊劍㗗倚倆ˣ䶋奢ḴḀ䧖⥻炻䁢Ḯ⮯忁ṃ䛦䓇⺽

ℍ⤪ἮḀᷕ炻ἃㇵ婒˪㱽厗䴻˫ˤ⚈㬌˪㱽厗䴻˫ᷕ㇨㍸ḴḀ 侭炻ᶵ㗗倚倆Ḁ䧖⥻ˣ䶋奢Ḁ䧖⥻炻忁ṃ䛦䓇䧖⥻⶚⭂炻䃉 㱽ℵℍ⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻烊㗗ᶵ⭂䧖⿏䘬埴倚倆ˣ䶋奢㱽侭炻忁ṃ 䛦䓇ㇵ㚱⎗傥⛐倥倆˪㱽厗䴻˫⼴炻廱ℍ⤪ἮḀ䧖⥻ˤ41 䩢➢岎Ḱ˪㱽厗䴻˫ᶵ⎴䘬シ佑冯䴻℠⛘ỵ炻⛐㬌➢䢶 ᶲ炻⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽䘬妋慳䁢ỽ烎

ך ు ལ ԟ ฻ Ǵ ό ᇸ ᄌ ޣ Ǵ Ԗ Օ ҁ ܄ Ǵ Ր ᅿ ۉ

ࡺ Ǵ Ԝ ལ ൔ ي ӵ ٰ ᙒ Ψ Ƕ ࣣ Չ ๦ ᙓ ၰ Ǵ ྽ ள բ Օ ޣ Ǵ Ԗ ᅿ ۉ ޣ Ǵ ऩ ଆ ಞ ܄ Ǵ ว Ј অ Չ Ǵ Ѹ ள Օ ࡺ Ƕ Ξ ٩ ݤ ي ӵ ٰ ᙒ ࡺ Ǵ ΋ Ϫ ࣣ Ԗ Ǵ ך ు ལ ԟ Ƕ ऩ Չ ๦ ᙓ ၰ Ǵ ว ଆ অ ಞ ൔ ي ӵ ٰ ᙒ ޣ Ǵ ྽ ளբՕǶ42

40 㨓崭ㄏ㖍 1986炻枩 317-318ˤ

41 ⹾㖶㳣 2008炻枩 333-335ˤ

42 䩢➢炻˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻䌬岲˫⌟ 10炻˨ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 839 ᶳ-840 ᶲˤ

(21)

䩢 ➢ ㍸ ⇘ ⟙ 幓 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 冯 㱽 幓 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 炻 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 㶙 㔔 䛦 䓇 䘬 ⍇ ⚈ ⛐ 㕤 㚱 ἃ 㛔 ⿏ 炻 ỷ 䧖 ⿏ ᷕ ᷳ 㓭 炻 㶙 㔔 䘬 㗗 ⟙ 幓

⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˤ 㬌 ᶨ 䧖 ⿏ ὅ ᶲ Ḽ 䧖 䧖 ⿏ 婒 炻 冒 㗗 ⤪ Ἦ Ḁ 䧖 ⿏ 冯 ᶵ ⭂ 䧖 ⿏ ᷕ 廱 ℍ ⤪ Ἦ Ḁ 䧖 ⿏ 侭 ˤ 㚱 㬌 䧖 ⿏ 炻 劍 埴 厑 啑 忻 炻 䘤 ⽫ ᾖ 埴 炻 ⽭ 䔞 ⼿ ἄ ἃ ˤ ㍍ 叿 ㍸ ⇘ 劍 㗗 ὅ 㱽 幓 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 䘬 娙 炻 ⚈ ᶨ ↯ 䘮 㚱 炻 㓭 䥖 㔔 ᷳ ˤ ⍰ 劍 傥 埴 厑 啑 忻 炻 䘤

⽫ ᾖ 佺 ⟙ 幓 ⤪ 啷 侭 炻 ⌛ 䔞 ⼿ ἄ ἃ ˤ 䩢 ➢ ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ㇨ 䥖 㔔 ᷳ 䛦 䓇 ⶚ 㚱 ㇨ 旸 ⇞ 炻 ᶵ 㗗 ㇨ 㚱 䛦 䓇 炻 侴 㗗 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 䧖

⿏ 侭 炻 ḇ ⯙ 㗗 ᷎ 朆 ㇨ 㚱 䛦 䓇 䘮 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ ˤ

䩢 ➢ ⛐ ⎎ ᶨ 嗽 ㍸ ⇘ ㌰ 姀 冯 ㆸ ἃ 攻 䘬 斄 Ὢ 炻

ݤ ๮ ፕ ϓ Ǵ Ԝ ύ ୤ ࣁ Β ᖂ ᆪ ૶ Ǵ ᒏ ଏ Ј ǵ ᔈ ϯ Ƕ ځ ፪ ஍ ޣ Ǵ Ϸ ቚ ΢ ᄌ Ǵ Օ ό ᆶ ૶ Ǵ ਥ ҂ ዕ

ࡺ Ƕ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ ૶ Ǵ ᗨ ൺ ᕴ ق Ǵ ԟ Չ ๦ ᙓ ၰ Ǵ ྽ ள բ Օ Ƕ Ƀ Ƀ ځ ቚ ΢ ᄌ Ǵ ࡽ ࢂ ౦ ғ Ǵ ਥ ౜ ҂ ዕ Ǵ

ࡺ Օ ό ᆶ ૶ Ƕ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ ૶ ޣ Ǵ ջ த ό ᇸ Ǵ ࣁ ڀ Ӣ

૶ Ǵ з ߞ Ԗ Օ ۉ Ƕ ൺ ᅌ ว Ј Ǵ ದ ε Չ ࡺ Ƕ ځ ፪

஍ ޣ Ǵ ࡽ ค ε ४ ۉ Ǵ Ֆ ள ፕ ځ ዕ ᆶ ό ዕ Ƕ ᔈ ق

፪ ஍ Ǵ җ ค ε ۉ Ǵ ਥ ό ዕ ࡺ Ǵ Օ ό ᆶ ૶ Ƕ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ ૶ Ǵ ڀ ౛ ۉ Ӣ Ǵ ᅌ з ߞ ε Ǵ ό ༿ ݤ ࡺ Ƕ ߚ ਥ

҂ ዕ Ǵ ࡕ ё ྽ ዕ Ǵ ࡺ ߚ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ ૶ Ǵ з ว ፪ ε ४ Ј Ƕ ق ྽ բ Օ Ǵ ๦ ᙓ ᜫ Ј Ǵ Б ߡ ϯ ϐ Ǵ з ғ ߞ ཀ Ƕ Ƀ Ƀ җ ፪ ஍ ޣ ᆶ ቚ ΢ ᄌ ӝ ΋ ೀ ᇥ Ǵ ᙌ ᝿ ϐ Ь ӕ ق ਥ ҂ ዕ Ǵ з ځ ว Ј Ƕ ҅ က ᔈ ق ፪ ஍ ਥ ҂ ዕ Ǵ ࡺ ό ᆶ ૶ Ƕ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ ૶ Ǵ з ว ߞ ှ ε ४ Ј

ࡺ Ƕ ቚ ΢ ᄌ ޣ Ǵ ਥ ҂ ዕ ࡺ Ǵ Օ ό ᆶ ૶ Ƕ ๦ ᙓ ᆶ

(22)

૶ Ǵ з ว ፪ ӛ ε ४ Ј ࡺ Ƕ ऩ ፪ ஍ ޣ Ǵ ࡕ ҭ բ Օ Ǵ ၴ ੓ ᄷ ฻ ೀ ೀ ௲ Ў Ƕ43

˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ㍸ ⇘ 倚 倆 㚱 ⚃ 栆 炻 ᶨ 䁢 㰢 ⭂ 䧖 ⿏ 侭 炻 ᶨ 䁢 ⡆ ᶲ ㄊ 侭 炻 ᶱ 䁢 ᶵ ⭂ 䧖 ⿏ 侭 炻 ⊭ ㊔ 㯪 ⣏ Ḁ 侭 徨 ⽫ 炻 ⼴ ℵ 䘤 ⽫ 㯪 ⣏ Ḁ 炻 ẍ ⍲ 䓙 ⮷ Ḁ ⽫ 栀 㯪 ⣏ Ḁ 侭 炻 ⚃ 䁢 ἃ 厑 啑 ㅱ ⊾ 侭 ˤ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ㇨ ㍸ ㌰ 姀 侭 䁢 䫔 ᶱ ˣ 䫔 ⚃ 栆 烊 䫔 ᶨ ˣ 䫔 Ḵ 栆 ἃ ᶵ ㌰ 姀 炻 䓙 厑 啑 ㌰ 姀 炻 ⌛ ⤪ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ㇨ 埴 ˤ 䫔 ᶨ 栆 䁢 ㌰ 姀 侭 ⛐ 㕤 Ẍ 㰢 ⭂ 䧖 ⿏ 侭 炻 ⌛ 倚 倆 䧖 ⿏ 侭 ᾉ 妋

⣏ Ḁ ⽫ ˤ Ữ ⚈ 䧖 ⿏ ⶚ 㰢 ⭂ 炻 ⚈ 㬌  傥 Ẍ ᾉ 妋 ⣏ Ḁ 炻 侴 ᶵ 傥 ἄ ἃ ˤ 䫔 Ḵ 栆 䁢 ㌰ 姀 侭 ⛐ 㕤 Ẍ ℞ ᾉ 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 侴 ⼿ 䘤 ⽫ 厑 ㍸ ⽫ 炻 埴 厑 啑 埴 炻 ἄ 䁢 ⮯ Ἦ ⼿ 㝄 ᷳ ⚈ 炻 ⤪ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 䁢 庽 夾 Ṿ ᷳ ⚃ 䛦 ㇨ ἄ ˤ

䩢 ➢ 䘬 㲐 䔷 㚱 ⸦ 溆 ⎗ ẍ 㲐 シ 炻 ᶨ 䁢 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 䘬 䈡 㬲 䧖

⿏ 侭 枰 埴 厑 啑 忻 炻 德 忶 ᾖ 埴 炻 ⽭ ⼿ ㆸ ἃ 炻 䩢 ➢ ℵ 㫉 ㍸ ⇘ 厑 啑 忻 冯 ㆸ ἃ 攻 䘬 斄 Ὢ 炻 忁 㗗 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ᷕ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ᶨ ⑩

㇨ ⻟ 婧 䘬 慵 溆 ˤ Ḵ 䁢 䩢 ➢ ⮵ 㕤 ˨ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ ˩ 䘬 㲐 䔷 ᷕ

㍸ ⇘ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 炻 㗗 䚖 ⇵ ㇨ 夳 㚨 㖑 ẍ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 妋 慳 娚 ⑩ 䘬 㲐 䔷 ˤ 㘢 柿 ˣ ⎱ 啷 䘬 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 㲐 䔷 ᷕ 晾 㚱 ㍸ ⇘ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 炻 Ữ 妋 慳

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 娚 ⑩ 㗪 㗗 ẍ ἃ ⿏ 炻 侴 朆 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 Ἦ 婒 㖶 ˤ 2.㸃㸃 䃞 䘬 ⍵ 楩

㸃 䃞 炷 711-782炸 ⛐ ℞ ⮵ 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 㔯 ⎍ ˫ 䘬 㲐 䔷 ˪ 㱽 厗 㔯 ⎍ 姀 ˫ ᷕ 炻 ⮵ 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ᶨ ⑩ 㚱 忁 㧋 䘬 ℏ ⭡ 炻

43 ˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻䌬岲˫⌟ 1炻˨⸷⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 652 ᶳ- 653ᶲˤ

(23)

ញ ύ ϓ Ƞ ݤ ๮ ፕ ȡ ฻ ޣ Ǵ ፕ ೚ Ԝ ๦ ᙓ ޕ ΋ Ϫ

౲ ғ ஼ Ԗ Օ ܄ Ǵ ࡺ Υ ـ ޣ Ǵ ࣣ ۳ ᘶ ϐ Ƕ Ԝ Ѥ

౲ ύ ଁ ค ྐ ᅿ Ǵ Զ Ӱ ᇥ ϐ Ƕ ऩ ځ Ԗ ޣ Ǵ ፕ Ў ό ᇥ Ǵ ߾ ၸ ӧ Ϻ ᒃ Ƕ ऩ ୤ ᛽ ᇥ ҅ Ǵ Ώ ၸ ӧ ό ᇸ Ǵ Ϸ ӧ ܭ Օ Ǵ Զ ό Ӄ ೢ ό ᇸ ϐ ၸ Ƕ ซ 㞊 а ࣁ Ѷ ࿶ ϐ Γ Ǵ ଁ Ԗ ᇤ ࠹ ᇤ ૶ ϐ Ѩ Ǵ з ౜ ғ ࡕ

ృ Ϥ ਥ ओ Ƕ44

⺽ 䓐 㘢 柿 ˪ 㱽 厗 㔯 ⎍ ˫ ᷕ ⺽ ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ ㇨ 婒 炻 娵 䁢 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 䞍 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 ⚈ 㬌 夳 ⇘ ả ỽ 䛦 䓇 䘮 䥖 㔔

ᷳ ˤ ㍍ 叿 ㍸ ↢ ⚃ 䛦 ᷕ 暋 忻 㰺 㚱 㹭 䧖 侭 炻 侴 ⤬ 婒 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 烎 㹭 䧖 侭 㰺 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 䃉 㱽 ㆸ ἃ ᷳ 婒 炻 冯 㘢 柿 ẍ Ἦ ⣑

⎘ 㔁 ⛀ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ ᶵ 䫎 炻 㸃 䃞 㬌 嗽 ㍸ ↢ 㬌 ᶨ 婒 㱽 ⛐ 㕤 㕍 䟜 ᷣ ⻝ 㚱 㹭 䧖 侭 ᷳ 婒 䘬 䩢 ➢ 炻 䩢 ➢ ⛐ ℞ ˪ 㱽 厗 䌬 岲 ˫ ᷕ 斄 㕤 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ⌛ ἄ 㬌 妋 慳 ˤ

䧖 ⥻ 㡝 婆 䁢 gotra炻 ㊯ 䘬 㗗 ἃ ẍ ⍲ 厑 啑 ˣ 倚 倆 ˣ 䶋 奢 ᶱ Ḁ 傥 嫱 ⼿ 厑 ㍸ 䘬 㛔 ⿏ ˤ45㹭 䧖 侭 ㊯ 娚 䧖 ⿏ ㇨ ℟ 㚱 䘬 䈡 刚

⶚ ᶵ ℵ 崟 ἄ 䓐 炻 ᶵ ℵ ℟ 㚱 傥 嫱 ⼿ 厑 ㍸ 䘬 㛔 ⿏ 炻 ㊯ 䘬 㗗 ᶵ ℍ

⣏ Ḁ 䘬 倚 倆 ˣ 䶋 奢 Ḵ Ḁ 炻 ⤪ ˪ 䵕 㐑 䴻 ˫ ᷕ ㇨ 婒 䘬 㓿 䧖 ˣ46 㘢 柿 㕤 ˪ 㱽 厗 䌬 佑 ˫ ㊯ 䧙 䘬 䃎 剥 㓿 䧖 ˤ47㸃 䃞 ⛐ ⎴ 叿 ἄ ᷕ

44 㸃䃞炻˪㱽厗㔯⎍姀˫⌟ 10炻˨慳ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 348 ᶲˤ

45 㛃㚰ᾉṐ 1974炻枩 2469ˤ

46 沑㐑伭Ṩ嬗炻˪䵕㐑娘㇨婒䴻˫⌟ 2炻˨ᶵ⿅嬘⑩˩烉ˬㆹ䫱ỽ䁢炻 㯠䳽℞㟡ˤ㕤㬌⣏Ḁ炻⶚⤪㓿䧖炰˭˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 14炻枩 547 ᶲˤ

47 㘢柿炻˪⥁㱽咖厗䴻䌬佑˫⌟ 9烉ˬḴḀ䀘幓㹭㘢炻䀘幓⇯刚朆

ⷠ ỷ 炻 㹭 㘢 ⇯ ⽫ ㄖ ⶚ 䚉 ˤ 䃎 剥 㓿 䧖 炻 ⽑ ⛐ 檀 ⍇ 映 ⛘ ˤ 㖊 倦 ᶼ

(24)

㍸ ⇘ 炻ˬ 婾 ḹ 徨 ⣏ 炻 ᶼ ὅ ᶨ 徼 炻 ⤪ 媠 倚 倆 炻 㕤 㱽 厗 ⇵ ˤ 婘 䞍 徨 ⣏ 炻 㕡 䫱 䫱 ⷕ 炻 ① 䧙 㹭 䧖 ˭炻48㖶 䡢 ㍸ ⇘ 徨 ⣏ Ḁ ⽫ 䘬 Ḵ Ḁ 䁢 㹭 䧖 ˤ ⎎ ⢾ 炻 Ṏ ㊯ ᶵ ᾉ ⣏ Ḁ 䘬 ⡆ ᶲ ㄊ Ṣ 炻 ⤪ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ㇨ 忯 炻 ᶵ 䚠 ᾉ ℞ ㇨ 婒 㱽 䘬 ⡆ ᶲ ㄊ ⚃ 䛦 ˤ

劍 ⚃ 䛦 㚱 ⤪ 㬌 㹭 䧖 侭 炻 恋 ὧ 堐 䣢 ᷎ 朆 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 䘮 㚱 ἃ ⿏ 炻 䘮 傥 ㆸ ἃ 炻 侴 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫ 㛒 婒 炻 ⇯ 䁢 ᶾ 奒 ᷳ 忶 烊 劍

ⓗ 嬀 ㇨ 婒 Ḽ 䧖 䧖 ⿏ 㗗 㬋 䡢 䘬 炻 恋 湤 忶 ⣙ ὧ ⛐ ᶵ 庽 炻 䓂 军 ⛐ ἃ 炻 㰺 㚱 㕍 屔 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ㇨ 婒 ㇨ ἄ 㗗 拗 婌 䘬 ˤ Ữ ⽆ 䴻 ᷕ ㍸ ⇘ ⻀ 䴻 ᷳ Ṣ 炻 ⌛ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 炻 冐 䳪 倆 ἃ 婒 㱽 侴 ⼿ ℕ 㟡 㶭 㶐 ᷳ 㝄 炻 㬋 ⎗ ἄ 䁢 ℞ ㇨ ⭋ 婒 䴻 ℠ 冯 ㌰ 姀 Ṿ Ṣ ⮯ Ἦ ㆸ ἃ ᷳ 婒 䃉 婌 䘬 嫱 㖶 烊 ⍵ ᷳ 炻 ⎗ 䞍 ⚃ 䛦 㚱 㹭 䧖 侭 ᷎ 朆 㬋 䡢 ᷳ 婒 炻 ⌛ 䩢 ➢ 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 㚱 婌 ˤ

⚃ˣ⮎嶸侭

ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 ⮎ 嶸 ン ⹎ 䁢 䥖 㔔 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 炻 ䷙ ἧ ⮵ 㕡 䁢

⡆ ᶲ ㄊ 䛦 Ṏ ᶵ 崟 庽 ㄊ ⽫ 炻 㬌 枰 㚱 朆 ⷠ ᷳ ⟒ ⽵ ˣ ⽵ 彙 ⽫ 炻 忚 侴 倥 倆 ˣ ⍿ ㊩ ᷎ 栗 婒 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ˤ49ẍ ᶳ ⮯ ⯙ ⮎ 嶸 䘬 夾 奺 妶 婾 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 炻 ᾉ 埴 ἄ 䁢 ᶱ 昶 㔁 䩳 ➢ 侭 炻 昌 ℟ 㚱 ⮎ 嶸 朊 ⎹

⢾ 炻 Ṏ 㚱 㔁 䎮 䘬 悐 ↮ 炻 Ữ ⚈ ℞ 冯 ℞ 㔁 ⛀ 䘬 “ 慵 朊 ⛐ 㕤 ⮎ 嶸 炻 ⚈ 㬌 ⮯ ᾉ 埴 㓦 ⛐ ⮎ 嶸 炻 侴 朆 㔁 䎮 䘬 ⮷ 䭨 ᷕ ˤ

䖪 炻 㯠 䃉 ⍵ ⽑ ˤ 媠 㔁 ᷣ ㇨ 㡬 炻 媠 䴻 㕡 喍 ᶵ 埴 ˤ ˭˪ ⣏ 㬋 啷 ˫ Ⅎ 33炻枩 797 ᶲˤ

48 㸃䃞炻˪㱽厗㔯⎍姀˫⌟ 4炻˨慳㕡ὧ⑩˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 34炻枩 226ᶳˤ㸃䃞⛐⎎ᶨ悐叿ἄ˪㱽厗Ḽ䘦⓷婾˫Ṏ㍸⇘ˬ侴ḴḀṢ炻 㕤㱽厗⇵炻冒媪㹭䧖炻ᶵ㯪㕤⣏ˤ˭˪㱽厗Ḽ䘦⓷婾˫⌟ 2炻˪⋵⫿

临啷˫Ⅎ 56炻枩 627 ᶲˤ

49 Ẳ喌䐆⎉ 2001炻枩 172-182ˤ

(25)

炷ᶨ炸ᶱ昶㔁㔁⎚冯℞ᷣ⻝

ᶱ 昶 㔁 䚃 㕤 昳 Ⓒ 㗪 㛇 炻 䓙 ᾉ 埴 炷 540-594炸 ∝ 䩳 炻 ℟ 䈡 㬲䘬㔁佑冯⮎嶸㕡㱽炻侴冯℞Ṿἃ㔁㔁⛀㚱㖶栗䘬⋨昼炻䓂 军⮵䩳ˤ晾婒䚃埴㕤昳Ⓒ炻⌣ḇ⛐忁㗪ẋ怕忯Ḽ㫉䤩⡻炻⛐

昳㔯ⷅ㗪ᶨ㫉炻Ⓒẋ㬎⎶㗪ℑ㫉ˣ䌬⬿㗪Ṏ䘤䓇ℑ㫉ˤᶱ昶 㔁䘬㔁佑冯⮎嶸䷩⣂炻ẍᶳ⮯Ḽ㫉䤩⡻䘬㬟⎚炻ẍ⍲冯ⷠ

ᶵ庽埴㚱斄䘬悐↮ˤ

ᶱ 昶 㔁 䤩 ⡻ 䘬 㬟 ⎚ ᷕ 炻 䫔 ᶨ 㫉 ⛐ 昳 㔯 ⷅ 攳 䘯 20 ⸜ 炷600炸炻㍸⇘䤩㕟娚㔁炻ᶵ姙㳩埴ˤⒸẋ㬎⎶䘬䤩⡻炻䫔 ᶨ㫉䁢嫱俾⃫⸜炷695炸炻⇌ᶱ昶䁢䔘䪗炻℞℠䯵䁢‥䴻烊䫔 Ḵ 㫉 䁢 俾 㙮 2 ⸜ 炷699炸炻 ᶱ 昶 㔁 ⼺ 䘬 㳣 ≽  旸 㕤 Ḇ 梇 ˣ 攟 滳ˣ䳽㤾ˣ㊩ㆺˣἄ䥒炻℞Ṿ䘬㳣≽䤩㬊炻ᶱ昶℠䯵⇯⽆䚖 抬⇒昌ˤ50䌬⬿䘬䤩⡻炻䫔ᶨ㫉䁢攳⃫ 9 ⸜炷721炸炻㭨⊾⹎

⮢ ˣ 䤷 ⃰ ⮢ 䘬 䃉 䚉 啷 炻 ↮ 㔋 ℞ 屉 䈑 烊 䫔 Ḵ 㫉 䁢 攳 ⃫ 13 ⸜ 炷725炸炻䤩㬊忚埴㳣≽炻㑌⍣ᶱ昶昊炻ἧᶱ昶₏冯℞Ṿ₏Ṣ ℙỷ炻䤩㕟ᶱ昶普抬ˤ51⛐忁忶䦳ᷕ炻ᶱ昶㔁塓⇌䁢䔘䪗炻

℠䯵ᶵ塓⭀㕡䶐㑘䴻抬㇨㈧娵冯㓞庱炻徸㬍⣙⍣℠䯵䘬⎰㱽

⿏ˣ㳣≽䘬冒ᷣ⿏ˣ䴻㾇䘬䌐䩳⿏炻ẍ⍲⟜㇨䘬⋨昼⿏ˤ 㬟㫉䘬䤩⡻⮵㕤ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁⊊䃉䔹㚱㤝⣏䘬⼙枧炻℞ᷕ

䌬⬿䤩㭨䃉䚉啷昊冯ᶱ昶昊炻ㇻ㑲Ḯᶱ昶㔁䘬䴻㾇➢䢶冯㔁

⛀䘬䌐䩳⿏炻⮵㕤ᶱ昶㔁䘬⬀临冯䘤⯽⼙枧䓂懭ˤỮ⎴㗪⎗

傥䓊䓇ᶨᾳ㰺㚱゛⇘䳸㝄炻⍇㛔ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁䎮冯⮎嶸㕡⺷㳩

50 ᶱ昶℠䯵⍇㚱㓞⛐䔞㗪䶐个䘬䴻抬ᷕ炻⤪忻⭋˪⣏Ⓒℏ℠抬˫炻Ữ

⛐㖶ἢ䫱䶐㑘䘬˪⣏␐䛦䴻䚖抬˫㗪㍸⇘嫱俾⃫⸜⮯ᶱ昶㔁䯵⇌

䁢‥䴻炻俾㙮 2 ⸜⮯ᶱ昶㔁䯵⽆䴻嶗ᷕ⇒⍣ˤ夳ⒸɄ慳㖶ἢ䫱䶐 㑘炻˪⣏␐↲⭂䛦䴻䚖抬˫⌟ 15炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 55炻枩 475 ᶲˤ

51 大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 130-137ˤ

(26)

埴㕤ᶱ昶㔁⼺攻炻⯙㗗冯℞Ṿ㔁⛀ℙỷ䘬⮢昊ᷕ炻Ṏ⣂旸㕤 ᶱ昶㔁㛔幓䘬ᶱ昶昊ˤ䌬⬿⮵㕤ᶱ昶昊䘬䤩㭨炻ἧ⼿ᶱ昶₏

⽭枰廱ỷ㕤⮢䘬℞Ṿ昊ᷕ炻冯℞Ṿ㔁⛀₏Ṣℙỷˤ忁ṃ冯℞

Ṿ₏Ṣℙỷ䘬ᶱ昶₏炻⍵侴㚱㨇㚫⮯ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁䎮冯⮎嶸㕡

⺷⁛㑕⇘朆ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁⛀冯ᾉ⼺攻烊⎎ᶨ㕡朊炻℞Ṿ㔁⛀䘬

₏Ṣ冯ᾉ⼺Ṏ㚱㨇㚫㍍妠ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁佑冯⮎嶸㕡⺷ˤ

ẍᶲ䁢䤩⡻䘬䴻忶炻ẍᶳ䁢㔁佑冯⮎嶸炻⌛䤩⡻䘬忶䦳

ᷕ炻㚱⎗傥㒜㔋⇘ᶱ昶㔁⛀⢾䘬悐↮ˤ

ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁佑䈡刚⛐㕤⮯䛦䓇䘬㟡㨇ˣ怑⎰䘬㔁㱽冯㇨

嗽 䘬 㗪 ẋ ↮ 䁢 ᶱ ᾳ ⋨ ⟲ 炻 䧙 ἄ ᶱ 昶 ˤ 䫔 ᶨ 昶 㗪 炻 ᶾ 䓴 㗗 ⤥ 䘬 ˣ 㗪 㨇 㗗 ⤥ 䘬 ˣ 䛦 䓇 ḇ 㗗 ⤥ 䘬 炻 怑 ⎰ 䘬 㗗 ᶨ Ḁ 㟡 㨇 䘬 厑 啑烊䫔Ḵ昶㗪炻ᶾ䓴⶚嬲ㆸら䘬炻㗪㨇⇯㚱⤥㚱⢆ˣ䛦䓇冯 㗪㨇ᶨ㧋㗗ᶵ⭂䘬炻怑⎰䘬㗗ᶱḀ㟡㨇䘬䛦䓇烊䫔ᶱ昶㗪炻 ᶾ䓴ˣ㗪㨇冯䛦䓇䘮䁢ら䘬炻怑⎰䘬㗗䨢夳㚱夳䘬䛦䓇炻52 ㆾ➟叿㕤䨢炻侴⏎⭂ᶨ↯炻ㆾ➟叿㕤㚱炻➟㊩ᶨᾳ⿮ⷠᶵ嬲 䘬⮎橼ˤ

䎦Ṳ䁢䫔ᶱ昶炻⌛ᶾ䓴ˣ㗪㨇冯䛦䓇䘮䁢ら䘬炻怑⎰䘬 㗗䨢夳㚱夳䘬䛦䓇ˤ⛐⤪㬌ら䘬ᶾ䓴冯㗪㨇炻䛦䓇䘬㟡㨇⍰

㗗 ⤪ 㬌 Ỷ ᶳ 䘬 昶 ᷕ 炻 ἄ 䁢 ᶨ ᾳ ἃ 㔁 ⼺ 炻 ㅱ 娚 ⤪ ỽ ᾖ 埴 冯 ⮎ 嶸烎ᾉ埴㇨婒䫔ᶱ昶ἃ㱽䘬䈡刚⛐㕤㘖㔔冯娵ら炻㘖㔔↮䁢 ℓ䧖ἃ㱽炻娵ら⇯㚱⋩Ḵ䧖栃Ὰˤ椾⃰⃰Ἦ䚳㘖㔔炻㬌ᶨ娆

᷎䃉↢䎦⛐ᶱ昶㔯䌣ᷕ炻侴㗗㊯㴱ℓ䧖ἃ㱽炻

Ξ ΋ Ϫ Ζ ᅿ Օ ݤ Ǵ ΋ ޣ ǵ ӵ ٰ ᙒ ǵ Օ ܄ ǵ ྽ ٰ Օ ǵ Օ གྷ Օ Օ ݤ Ǵ ঑ ٩ ΢ Ԝ ѡ ϣ ܌ Ї ࿶ ฻ ᇥ ǹ

52 大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 295ˤ

(27)

Β ޣ ǵ ද ੿ ද ҅ Օ ݤ Ǵ ঑ ࿶ က ௢ ᇥ ǹ Ο ޣ ǵ ค Ӝ ࣬ Օ ݤ ǹ Ѥ ޣ ǵ ܭ ဃ ݤ ύ ܘ ᘐ ΋ Ϫ ፏ ـ ਥ ҁ Օ ݤ ǹ ϖ ޣ ǵ ஼ ᘐ ΋ Ϫ ፏ ᇟ ق ၰ Օ ݤ Ǵ ঑ ٩ Օ ᙒ ࿶ ᆶ ӭ ೽ ࿶ က ӕ ಃ ΋ ڔ ᇥ ǹ Ϥ ޣ ǵ ΋ Γ ΋ Չ Օ ݤ Ǵ ঑ ٩ Ƞ ݤ ๮ ࿶ Ʉ ό ᇸ ๦ ᙓ ࠔ ȡ ᇥ ǹ Ύ ޣ ǵ ค Γ ค Չ Օ ݤ ǹ Ζ ޣ ǵ ϖ ᅿ ό υ ᅰ Օ ݤ Ǵ

঑٩ȠεБቶΜ፺࿶ȡಃϤڔᇥǶ53

ẍ ᶳ ᶨ ᶨ 婒 㖶 ℓ 䧖 ἃ 㱽 炻 ᶨ 侭 ˣ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˣ ἃ ⿏ ˣ 䔞 Ἦ ἃˣἃ゛ἃἃ㱽烉1.⤪Ἦ啷──ἃˣ厑啑ˣ倚倆ˣ䶋奢ˣℕ忻 䛦䓇䫱ᷳ橼炻↉俾晾㚱ᶵ⎴炻啷橼㰺㚱ᶵ⎴烊䓇㬣ὅ⤪Ἦ啷 侴崟ἄ炻⤪Ἦ啷ἄ䓇㬣ˤ2.ἃ⿏──ᶨ↯↉俾ᷳ⚈炻⚈㚱ἃ⿏

ᷳ⚈炻㕡傥⼿ㆸἃᷳ㝄ˤ⤪Ἦ啷冯ἃ⿏ἄ䁢橼冯⚈炻㗗↉俾 ℙ㚱ˤ3.䔞Ἦἃ──㭼᷀ˣ㭼᷀⯤ˣ⃒⧮⠆ˣ⃒⧮⣟⚃䛦晾埴

┬ 埴 ら 埴 炻 ⮯ Ἦ 䔞 ⼿ ㆸ ἃ 炻 ⤪ ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 Ʉ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 厑 啑 ⑩ 婒˫ˤ4.ἃ゛ἃ──ẍἃἮ゛ᶨ↯䛦䓇ˤ

⤪Ἦ啷ἄ䁢ᶨ↯䛦䓇ᷳ橼ˣἃ⿏ἄ䁢ᶨ↯䛦䓇ᷳ⚈炻㍸

↢ ㆸ ἃ ᷳ ⎗ 傥 ⿏ 炻 Ữ ᶵ ℟ ⮎ 嶸 ⿏ 烊 䔞 Ἦ ἃ ㊯ ↢ 䛦 䓇 ⮯ Ἦ ㆸ ἃ 炻 ㍸ ↢ ㆸ ἃ ᷳ 㝄 炻 㚜 䁢 ℟ 橼 冯 ⮎ 晃 炻 Ữ 㗗 ⛐ ᶵ ⎗ 䞍 䘬 㛒 Ἦ烊ἃ゛ἃ⇯㎕㪓䎦⛐⌛ẍἃἮ奨゛䛦䓇炻⻟婧䎦⛐炻℟⮎

嶸⿏ˤ54ᾉ埴㇨㍸⚃䧖ἃ㱽㵝味Ḯ⚈ˣ㝄冯䎦⛐炻⎗傥⿏冯

⮎嶸㕡㱽ˤ

Ḵ侭ˣ㘖䛇㘖㬋ἃ㱽烉㊯㘖㱽冯䛇㱽炻⌛ἄ䁢橼䘬⤪Ἦ 啷冯ἄ䁢⚈䘬ἃ⿏ˤ

53 ˪ᶱ昶ἃ㱽˫䫔ᶱ⌟炻枩 2059炻湫㯠㬎ᷣ䶐 1981炻枩 315 ᶲ- ᶳˤ

54 大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 321-322ˤ

(28)

ᶱ 侭 ˣ 䃉 ⎵ 䚠 ἃ 㱽 烉˪ ἃ 啷 䴻 ˫ ㇨ 婒 炻 ἃ 晾 ẍ ⎵ 䚠 婒 㱽 炻 ⮎ ⇯ 䃉 䓇 䃉 㹭 ˣ 䃉 䚠 䃉 䁢 炻 ⌛ 䃉 ⎵ 䚠 烊 ᶱ 昶 ㇨ 婒 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 ẍ ⤪ Ἦ 啷 䁢 橼 炻 䃉 䛇 ἃ ⎵ 炻 Ṏ 䃉 䛇 ἃ ᶱ ⋩ Ḵ 䚠 炻 ⚈ 㬌 䃉⎵䚠ˤ

⚃ 侭 ˣ 㕤 俾 㱽 ᷕ ㉼ 㕟 ᶨ ↯ 媠 夳 㟡 㛔 ἃ 㱽 烉 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 ᷳ 橼 䁢 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 炻 ⓗ 㔔 㬌 橼 炻 ⓗ 㔔 ⇵ 徘 ⚃ 䧖 ἃ 炷 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˣ ἃ

⿏ ˣ 䔞 Ἦ ˣ ἃ ゛ ἃ 炸炻 ᶵ 夳 ┬ ら 恒 㬋 炻 ⇯ 䁢 ㉼ 㕟 ᶨ ↯ 媠 夳 㟡 㛔ἃ㱽ˤ

Ḽ侭ˣ〱㕟ᶨ↯媠婆妨忻ἃ㱽烉ᶨ↯䛦䓇ⓗ㔔℞橼炻⌛

㔔⤪Ἦ啷炻ᶵ婒ᶨ↯┬らℕ忻䫱⎵炻⌛䁢〱㕟ᶨ↯媠婆妨忻 ἃ㱽ˤ

ℕ 侭 ˣ ᶨ Ṣ ᶨ 埴 ἃ 㱽 烉 ᶨ Ṣ ⌛ ㊯ 冒 幓 炻 娵 冒 幓 ᷳ ら 炻 冒 幓 䁢 ら Ṣ 烊 ᶨ 埴 ⌛ 夾 冒 幓 ᷳ ⢾ 䘬 Ṿ Ṣ 䁢 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˣ ἃ ⿏ ˣ 䔞 Ἦ ˣ ἃ ゛ ⚃ 䧖 ἃ 炻 侴 Ḱ ẍ ⮲ 㔔 炻 ⤪ ⎴ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ˤ 军 㬌 䫔 ℕ 溆 炻 ⮎ 嶸 䘬 朊 ⎹ ⡆ ⻟ 炻 ᶼ 䓙 㔔 ἃ 廱 䦣 军 㔔 Ṣ 炻 㔔 㚱 ⤪ Ἦ 啷 ˣ ἃ ⿏ ᷳ Ṣ ˤ ᶱ 昶 㔁 䘬 㘖 㔔 ˣ 娵 ら 冯 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 ⛐ 㬌 䳸 ⎰ 冯⯽䎦ˤ

ᶫ侭ˣ䃉Ṣ䃉埴ἃ㱽烉冒幓冯ᶨ↯䛦䓇䘮⎴ᶨ⤪Ἦ啷炻 䃉㚱⇍橼炻㗗ẍ䃉Ṣ䃉㱽ˤ冯䫔ᶱ䘬䃉⎵䚠ˣ䫔⚃䘬㉼㕟ᶨ

↯媠夳㟡㛔䚠␤ㅱ炻᷎⃵昌ẍ䁢䫔ℕ䘬ᶨṢᶨ埴䁢㚱Ṣ㚱埴 䘬拗婌娵嬀ˤ

ℓ侭ˣḼ䧖ᶵ⸚䚉ἃ㱽烉↮⇍䁢冒Ṿˣ奒䔷ˣ忻὿ˣ屜 岌ˣ↉俾Ḽ䧖炻㕟昌忁Ḽ䧖⇌⇍䘬⽫炻Ṏᶵ冯恒┬忻὿䫱⼨

Ἦ炻ἄᶨ↯䛦䓇䘮⤪Ἦ啷ᷳ奨ˤ55

55 大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 315-333ˤ

(29)

ℓ䧖ἃ㱽ᷕ炻䫔ᶫ䘬ᶨṢᶨ埴㗗ẍⷠᶵ庽埴ἄ䁢䴻℠ἳ 嫱 冯 ℠ 䭬 ˤ ᾉ 埴 ⛐ 䴻 ℠ 䘬 ➢ 䢶 ᶲ 崘 ⼿ 㚜 怈 炻˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 Ʉ ⷠ ᶵ 庽厑啑⑩˫㍸⇘䛦䓇ㆸἃ㗗⚈埴厑啑忻炻侴㘢柿ˣ⎱啷䫱Ṣ 䘬妋慳⇯ẍἃ⿏䁢ᷣ烊ᾉ埴昌Ḯἃ⿏ˣ⤪Ἦ啷⢾炻㍸↢埴侭 冒幓䘬ら炻⼊ㆸẍἃ奨ṾṢ炻ẍらṢ奨冒幓䘬⮵㭼ˤら䘬悐

↮⎱啷Ṏ㚱婯⇘炻Ữ⎱啷婯⇘䘬㗗らṢ℟㚱ἃ⿏炻䁢ⷠᶵ庽 ᶨ⑩䘬天溆烊ᾉ埴⇯㗗娵䁢冒幓䁢らˤ冒Ṿ娵嬀ᶲ䘬ᶵ⎴炻 ẍ⍲⮎嶸ᶲ䘬䎦⮎⿏㗗ᾉ埴㇨ᷣ⻝ⷠᶵ庽埴ᷳ䈡刚ˤ

炷Ḵ炸ᶱ昶㔁䘬⮎嶸侭

ᶱ 昶 㔁 ἄ 䁢 ᶨ ᾳ 㖶 䡢 䘬 㔁 㳦 ↢ 䎦 堘 徨 炻 Ữ ℞ 㔁 䎮 冯 ⮎ 嶸 㕡 ⺷ ⌣ 㚱 ⎗ 傥 㺚 德 ⇘ ℞ Ṿ 㔁 ⛀ 冯 ᾉ ⼺ 攻 炻 晾 婒 ἳ ⫸ ᶵ

⣂ 炻 㛔 㔯 ㇨ 夳 䘬 ἳ ⫸ 䪗 䓓 炻 㗪 攻 ᶲ 㬋 ⤥ ⛐ 䌬 ⬿ 䤩 㭨 䃉 䚉 啷 昊冯ᶱ昶昊ᷳ⼴炻䚠嶅㚨⮹㚱 50 ⸜炻ㅱ䁢㬌ᶨ㲊䤩㭨㓧䫾 ᶳ䘬䳸㝄ˤ

⮎嶸ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬₏὿炻⯙⎗夳屯㕁Ἦ婒᷎ᶵ⣂ˤ晾婒娚 埴冯ᶱ昶㔁䚠斄炻Ữᶱ昶ᾉ⼺ᷕ炻㖶䡢㍸⇘⮎嶸ⷠᶵ庽埴ᷳ

埴 侭 ᷎ ᶵ ⣂ 炻  㚱 ᶨ ṃ 姀 庱 ㍸ ⇘ ᶱ 昶 㔁 ⼺ 冯 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䘬 斄 Ὢ炻ẍ⍲ἄ䁢ᶱ昶㔁⼺䘬⽟伶㇨埴ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬ḳ帇ˤ

˪㬟ẋᶱ⮞䲨˫㓞㚱ᾉ埴㇨㑘˪⮵㟡崟埴暄抬普˫ᶱ⋩

Ḵ ⌟ ˣ˪ ᶱ 昶 ỵ ⇍ 抬 普 ˫ ᶱ ⌟ 炻 ℙ ℑ 悐 炻 㚱 ᶨ 㭝 屣 攟 ㇧ ⮵ ἄ 侭ᾉ埴⍲℞㔁⛀䈡刚䘬婒㖶炻

ߐ ২ ஼ Չ Б ฻ ่ ృ Ǵ ᓐ ߒ Ω १ Ǵ В З ΋ 㲠 Ƕ ӧ ၰ ၡ Չ Ǵ ค ୢ ت ζ Ǵ ౗ ࣣ ᘶ ࡨ Ǵ ట ՟ Ƞ ݤ ๮ ȡ த ό ᇸ Չ Ƕ ϻ ੓ ᄷ ΋ ౛ Ǵ ፪ Ԗ ࿤ ೼ Ƕ ᝽ ऩ ࡆ ٧ Ǵ Ζ Б ھ ෣ Ƕ ੓ ᄷ ҭ ᅟ Ǵ Μ Б ࣣ ᘜ Ƕ ՠ ၡ Ԗ ᖑ Ӯ Ǵ ܈ َ

(30)

܈ ޔ Ƕ ཀ ଎ ځ ೵ Ǵ ှ ᙌ ԋ ൽ ǹ Ј ᒬ ځ ೼ Ǵ ൽ ջ ࣁ

ှ Ƕ ܌ а ࿶ ق Ǵ ౲ ғ ҂ ԋ Օ Ǵ а ๦ ග ࣁ ྠ ඊ ǹ ౲ ғ ऩ ԋ Օ Ǵ а ྠ ඊ ࣁ ๦ ග Ƕ ߞ Չ Ԝ ೼ Ǵ ҭ ࢂ ࿤ ᡢ ϐ΋ೌΨǶ56

ᾉ埴䘬攨⼺埴㕡䫱ㆢ㱽炻埴柕旨埴炻㖍ᷕᶨ梇ˤ㕤忻嶗ᷕ

㇨ 忯 炻 ᶵ 婾 䓟 ⤛ 䘮 埴 䥖 ㊄ 炻 冯 ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ㇨ 婒 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 䚠 Ụˤ㍍叿㍸⇘ㆸ⯙㴭㥫侭炻㚱媠⣂徼⼹炻⤪⎴椾悥炻⎬㕡䘮

⋗倂㕤㬌ˤ忻嶗㚱则彃⭡㖻炻劍㗗徟㕤忻嶗侭炻䎮妋Ṏㆸ䔹 べ炻⤪⎴䛦䓇⯂㛒ㆸἃ⇵炻䷙㗗厑㍸Ṏㆸ䄑゙烊劍㗗㶭㤂忻 嶗侭炻䔹べ⌛ㆸ䎮妋炻⤪䛦䓇ㆸἃ㗪炻䄑゙Ṏㆸ厑㍸ˤᾉ埴 㬌ᶨ⮎嶸㕡㱽炻Ṏ䁢⇘忼㴭㥫ᷳᶨ㱽炻⤪⎴媠⣂忻嶗ᷳᶨˤ ᶵ婾䓟⤛炻䘮埴䥖㊄炻㗗ᶱ昶㔁㘖㔔䘬㤪⾝炻ⷠᶵ庽埴⇯䁢

℞埴䁢䘬䴻℠ὅ㒂ˤ

⎎ ⢾ ᶨ ᾳ 姀 庱 ᷕ Ṏ ㍸ ⇘ ᶱ 昶 㔁 䘬 ㇨ 埴 炻˪ 临 檀 ₏ ⁛ ˫ 姀 庱忻㚫炷6-7 ᶾ䲨炸⚈ḳ塓㋽ᶳ䋬炻⛐䋬ᷕ䁢℞ṾṢ嫃䴻婒 㱽ˤ⎴⛐䋬ᷕ䘬⋩㔠ỵ₏Ṣ⚈䁢堋堓夌壠炻䤩ᶵỷ感⭺䘬䑘

⠫ˤ忻㚫䁢㬌⮓ᾉ䴎攟⬱䘬䃉䚉啷炻婳ⶫ㕥堋䈑炻⸓≑忁ṃ

₏Ṣˤ⛐℞ᾉᷕ㍸⇘ᶨ㭝ᶱ昶㔁䘬ᾖ埴㕡⺷炻

56 屣攟㇧炻˪㬟ẋᶱ⮞䲨˫⌟ 12炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 49炻枩 105 ᷕˤ⎎

⢾炻忻⭋䘬˪⣏Ⓒℏ℠抬˫⌟ 5 Ṏ㚱姀庱炻Ữ㚱ᶵ⎴嗽烉ˬ⮵㟡崟 埴暄抬普炷ᶱ⋩ℕ⌟炸ˣᶱ昶ỵ⇍抬普⚃⌟炻⎛Ḵ悐⚃⋩⌟炻䛇⭪

⮢㱁 攨 慳ᾉ 埴㑘 ˤ ɃɃ 攨⼺ 〱 埴㕡 䫱䳸 㶐 炻㈽ 旨Ḇ 梇 炻㖍 㬊 ᶨ 梉ˤ⛐忻嶗埴炻䃉⓷䓟⤛炻䌯䘮䥖㊄炻㫚Ụ˪㱽厗˫ⷠᶵ庽埴炻 㬌Ṏ叔堊ᷳᶨ埻ḇˤ˭˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 55炻枩 277 ᶳ-278 ᶲˤ 忻⭋㇨庱ᾉ埴ἄ⑩䘬⌟㔠冯屣攟㇧ᶵ⎴炻ᶼ忻⭋㰺㚱ˬ⣓㴭㥫ᶨ

䎮炻ɃɃᾉ埴㬌徼˭忁ᶨ㭝嫃婒㬲徼⎴㬠䘬ℏ⭡ˤ

(31)

ᓐߒᆫပǴ୤٣΋ᓓǶ৏֤݅ύǴՠܖΟયǶу аคጔϐཁགྷǴϲᗚажᗷǹቬόᇸϐՉǴࡘਁ

ᒴаᗉᙝǶ57

柕旨埴侭佌倂炻ᶨ㖍梇ᶨ梸炻冯ᶲ徘屣攟㇧䘬姀庱䚠⎴ˤ

⛐㜿ᷕ䥒奨炻幓ᶲ䨧叿䘬㗗ᶱ堋ˤẍ⮵㕤䛦䓇ᷳヰず炻⤪⎴

⯠㮀䌳ᶨ凔炻䁢Ḯ㓹≑塓侩涡徥崽䘬泧⫸炻䫼ㅱ侩涡√ᶳ冯 泧⫸慵慷䚠䫱䘬倱炻ẍ棝梇侩涡炻啱ẍ㎃⍾泧⫸䘬㳣␥烊58

⮎嶸ⷠᶵ庽厑啑⮵㇨㚱䛦䓇䘬䥖㔔炻䷙ἧ⤪垚栆炻⛐埴崘䦣

≽ᷕ炻Ṏ㋗拓㛾嬎䣢炻ẍ⃵嶸嶷㭢 ˤ忻㚫㇨㚠ᷳᾉ復忼⼴

ᶵᷭ炻䋬ᷕ₏Ṣ⌛㓞⇘堋朳ˤ

Ữ㖊䃞ᾉ埴攨⼺⣂埴ⷠᶵ庽䥖㊄ᷳ埴炻㬌ᶨ埴䁢㗗ᶱ昶 㔁慵天䘬⮎嶸㕡⺷ᷳᶨ炻䁢ỽ姀庱ᶲ⤪㬌ᷳ⮹烎䚖⇵㇨夳埴

ⷠᶵ庽埴侭㚱Ḵỵ炻↮⇍䁢⽟伶冯䪗䓓炻℞ᷕ⽟伶䁢ᶱ昶 㔁⼺ˤ

⽟ 伶 炷 575-637炸 㖑 ⸜ 忲 ⬠ ⚃ 㕡 炻 䵄 ⬠ 䴻 婾 炻 ᷎ 忂 ˪ ⚃

↮ ˫ ᶨ ⼳ ˤ 攳 䘯 㛓 ⸜ 炻 忲 ⊾ 攟 ⬱ 炻 ᷎ 军 ⣒ 䘥 Ⱉ 枴 ˪ ἃ ⎵ 䴻 ˫炻 㭷 埴 ㆢ 㗪 炻 婎 侴 ≈ ㊄ 炻 ẍ ℞ ䷥ ㊩ ⾝ ≃ 侴 倆 ⎵ ˤ ⽆ ⣒ 䘥 Ⱉ ₏ 怽 䥒 ⷓ 炷543-631炸⬠佑䎮炻₏怽⍇䁢₏䧈炷480-560炸

⻇⫸炻⼴ℍᾉ埴ᷳ攨ˤ⛐ᾉ埴忶ᶾ⼴炻两ᷳ䴙柀₏䛦ˤ⽟伶

⼴彼攟⬱炻ỷㄏ暚⮢炻忯満䥒ⷓ炻⽆ᷳ⍿㤕ˤ満䥒ⷓ䁢忻┬

䥒ⷓ⻇⫸炻⛐攟⬱⛐⭞䛦ᾉ⼺攻㚱㤝檀倚㛃炻攟㕤㱽㚫䘬冱 埴 炻 ẍ ⍲ ὅ ず 㔔 䓘 䁢 ➢ 䢶 䘬 䣦 㚫 㓹 㾇 ḳ 㤕 ˤ 忻 ┬ ˬ 思 ㈧ ᾉ

57 慳忻⭋炻˪临檀₏⁛˫⌟ 24炻˨慳忻㚫˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 50炻枩 642ᶳˤ

58 ⎗夳㕤漵㧡叿炻⼴䦎Ʉ沑㐑伭Ṩ嬗炻˪⣏㘢⹎婾˫⌟ 4炻˨⸷⑩˩炻

˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 25炻枩 88 ᶲ-ᷕˤ

(32)

埴炻㘖≇⽟ᷣˤ䭨䲬⼊⽫炻ᶵ堋䙖ⷃ˭炻59䁢䚜㍍⍿㤕㕤ᾉ埴

ᷳ⻇⫸ˤ60満䥒ⷓ⛐忶ᶾ⇵炻㈲㘖䤷䓘㤕⥼妿㕤⽟伶䭉䎮炻 两 临 ẍ ず 㔔 Ḵ 䓘 埴 ὃ 梲 ⶫ 㕥 ᷳ ḳ 炻 劍 㚱 ₏ Ṣ ˣ ⮢ 昊 㚱 ㇨ ⋙

᷷炻↉㚱婳㯪悥冯屹䴎炻冯⇵⺽忻㚫䁢䋬ᷕ₏Ṣ㯪堋䈑ᷳḳ 䚠䫎ˤ⼴⍰⍿婳ỷ䥒⭂ˣ㚫㖴媠⮢ˤ

⽟伶忶ᶾ⼴炻怢橼復军䳪⋿Ⱉ泇沜⠈炻埴曚⯵ὃ梲ˤ⼴

㓞 ℞ 怢 橠 炻 㕤 㤑 㠻 察 崟 ⟼ ⬱ ᷳ ˤ 攟 ⬱ ᶨ ⷞ 䘬 ᶱ 昶 ᾉ ⼺ 忶 ᶾ

⼴炻⣂⃰⮯怢橼㓦伖㕤䳪⋿Ⱉ泇沜⠈炻埴曚⯵㜿吔ˤ⼴㓞怢 橠炻㕤㤑㠻察崟⟼ˤ䳪⋿Ⱉ㤑㠻察㗗ᾉ埴⠻⟼㇨⛐ᷳ⛘炻ᾉ

⼺忶ᶾ⼴吔㕤䣾ⷓ⠻⟼␐怲炻⼊ㆸᶨᾳᶱ昶ᾉ⼺䘬⠻⟼佌ˤ 䓙㬌⎗㍐䞍泇沜⠈ˣ㤑㠻察ㅱ⛐⎴ᶨᾳ⋨➇ˤ61⽟伶忶ᶾ⼴

Ṏ埴㬌ᶨ⁛䴙ˤ

₏⁛ᷕ㍸⇘⽟伶䘬㖍ⷠἄ䁢冯ᾖ埴⮎嶸㚱ẍᶳ忁ṃ朊⎹炻

Ξԃ࿶ࣿহǴதՉ২⛭Ǵ৮ᗂᙝᛲǴཁᔮཀΨǶ

܈Չ૓ՃǴ΋হό֤Ƕ܈ᏢЗၸǴΟԃόقǶ܈

㡄όᇸǴ೯ᘶΎ౲Ƕ܈ӕ࿯१ǴѤϩϐ΋Ƕӵථ ᚇՉǴځ࣬઱ᆡǶ62

⛐䥳⢷㛇攻炻ⷠ⍣朳崌嵛炻䁢䘬㗗性⃵嶸嶷垚垣炻忁冯⇵徘

˨忻㚫⁛˩㍸⇘㋗拓ẍ性垚㗗䚠⎴䘬斄㆟烊ㆾ埴凔凇ᶱ㗏炻 ᶨ⢷ᶵ⛸ˤ凔凇ᶱ㗏劍ὅ˪凔凇ᶱ㗏䴻˫㇨婒炻䁢䥒奨ᷕ⾝

59˪临檀₏⁛˫⌟ 29炻˨慳⽟伶˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 50炻枩 697 ᶲˤ

60 大㛔䄏䛇㍸⇘忻┬䁢ᾉ埴䚜⻇⫸炻大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 86-92ˤ

61 ∱㵹剔 1998炻枩 20ˤ

62˪临檀₏⁛˫⌟ 29炻˨慳⽟伶˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 50炻枩 697 ᷕˤ

(33)

ἃˣ夳ἃ炻枰⛸侴埴䥒ˤ㬌嗽㍸⇘⽟伶ᶨ⢷ᶵ⛸炻⇯℞㇨埴 凔 凇 ᶱ 㗏 ㅱ 䁢 㘢 柿 ㇨ 䩳 炻 Ⱄ ⚃ 䧖 ᶱ 㗏 ᷕ ⷠ 埴 ᶱ 㗏 䘬 凔 凇 ᶱ 㗏 炻 ⛐ ḅ ⋩ 㖍 攻 埴 㕳 炻 ⽟ 伶 䙲 䘤 䱦 忚 炻 ᶨ ⢷ ᶵ ⛸ ˤ ⍰ 䁢 㬊 忶 炻 ᶱ ⸜ ᶵ 妨 烊 ㆾ ầ 㓰 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 炻 䥖 㔔 ᶫ 䛦 炻˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ᷕ ㇨ 妨ⷠᶵ庽䁢䥖㔔⚃䛦炻㬌嗽⽟伶䁢忂䥖ᶫ䛦炻晾婒䘮⎗㊯㴱 䥖 㔔 ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 炻 Ữ ℟ 橼 ㊯ 㴱 ⮵ 尉 㚜 䁢 ⺋ 㲃 炻 昌 㭼 ᷀ ˣ 㭼 ᷀

⯤ˣ⃒⧮⠆ˣ⃒⧮⣟⚃䛦ᷳ⢾炻ㅱ⡆≈Ḯ㱁⻴ˣ㱁⻴⯤冯⺷

⍱㐑恋ᶱ䛦ˤ㚨⼴䁢䭨梇炻梇ᶨ凔ấ慷䘬⚃↮ᷳᶨˤ ⽟伶⛐⁛㈧ᶲ⎗䞍䁢ᾉ埴→忻┬→満䥒ⷓ→⽟伶炻ℵ≈

ᶲᾖ埴⮎嶸䘬ℏ⭡炻䫎⎰大㛔䄏䛇⮵㕤ᶱ昶㔁⼺䘬⭂佑 ˤ63 昌Ḯἄ䁢ᶨᾳᶱ昶㔁⼺⢾炻⽟伶㚱℞Ṿ朆ᶱ昶㔁⼺䘬埴䁢炻

⁛ᷕ㍸⇘ˬ䓇ⷠ廇゛炻⮰⚢大㕡ˤ⎋婎⻴旨炻䳪Ḷ␥䚉ˤ˭

64⛐䓇ᷳ㗪炻ⷠᶵ埴Ṿ゛炻⮰⽿㕤大㕡炻⎗傥㗗奨゛大㕡⚳

⛇ᷳ埴炻劍㗗⤪㬌炻⇯冯˪奨䃉慷⢥䴻˫ᷕ⋩ℕ奨㱽㚱斄烊

⎋婎⻴旨⎵嘇炻军㕤␥䳪炻⇯䁢⻟婧⛐䓇ᷳ㗪䱦⊌䧙⾝⻴旨

⎵嘇ᷳ埴ˤ⼴⎰㌴䧙ἃ炻㕤⮢ᷕ忶ᶾ炻䧙ἃ⎗䞍䁢⎋䧙炻晾 䃉 ㍸ ⇘ ἃ ⎵ 炻 Ữ ẍ ⎋ 婎 ⻴ 旨 ⎗ 䞍 炻 冐 䳪 ⇵ ㇨ 䧙 ᷳ ἃ ㅱ 䁢 ⻴ 旨ˤ冐䳪⇵㇨䧙ᷳἃ䁢⻴旨炻⇯冯栀䓇⻴旨⚳⛇㚱斄炻Ṏ冯

⮰⚢大㕡ᷳ婒䚠⎰ˤ

63 大㛔䄏䛇⛐˪ᶱ昶㔁̯䞼䨞˫ᷕ↿↢冯ᶱ昶㔁㚱斄侭炻᷎䯉ṳ℞

䓇⸛ḳ帇ˤ㔁⼺冯⏎䘬姽⇌㧁㸾㚱⚃炻↮⇍䁢炷1炸ⷓḳᾉ埴炻䁢

℞⻇⫸烊炷2炸⬠佺ᶱ昶㔁㱽烊炷3炸埴㮹䛦䥖㊄ᷳⷠᶵ庽埴ˣ柕旨 Ḇ梇ˣℕ㗪 䥖㊄䫱烊炷4炸䁢⊾⹎⮢ ᶱ昶昊 ˣᶱ 昶㔁⮢昊₏ ⯤ 烊 炷5炸㰺⼴炻⮯怢橼復军䳪⋿Ⱉ⯵旨㜿ὃ梲ˣ吔㕤ᾉ埴⟼“ˤ℞ᷕ

䫔 3 溆䁢ⷠᶵ庽埴炻ẍ㬌㩊夾㇨↿㔁⼺炻⽟伶ᶨṢ埴ⷠᶵ庽 埴炻㔠䚖䓂⮹ˤ夳大㛔䄏䛇 1998炻枩 78-80ˣ86-116ˤ

64˪临檀₏⁛˫⌟ 29炻˨慳⽟伶˩炻˪⣏㬋啷˫Ⅎ 50炻枩 697 ᷕˤ

(34)

⽟ 伶 ⮰ ⚢ 大 㕡 ˣ ⎋ 䧙 ⻴ 旨 ᷳ 埴 冯 ᶱ 昶 㔁 䘬 ᷣ ⻝ 㗗 䈜 妠 䘬炻大㕡冯⻴旨⻟婧䘬㗗ᶨἃ䘬ᾉẘ炻侴ᶱ昶㇨婒䘬㗗㘖㔔 䘬ᾉẘ炻ᶵ⮰シ㕤ᶨἃ炻侴㗗䥖㔔ᶨ↯ἃˤ⽟伶⛐ᶾᷳ㗪埴 ᶱ昶冯㶐⛇ᷳ埴炻忶ᶾ⼴吔㕤䣾ⷓᾉ埴⠻⟼ᷳ“炻⍰栀㯪⻴

旨⚳⛇炻⎗夳⮵㕤ℑᾳᶵ⎴ᾉẘ傰䴉䘬怠㑯ˤ⽟伶两℞ⷓ満 䥒ⷓ⼴䭉䎮㘖䤷䓘炻ㅱⰔᶱ昶㔁⛀ℏ䘬䭉䎮昶Ⰼ炻⤪㬌⛘ỵ 䘬₏Ṣ炻⛐ᾖ埴⮎嶸ᶲ怠㑯䘬昌Ḯᶱ昶㛔幓ᷳ⢾炻怬㚱㔁佑 ᶲ冯ᷳ䚠堅䨩⻴旨⚳⛇炻㗗⏎堐䣢ᶱ昶㔁ℏ悐⮵㕤⻴旨⚳⛇

᷎㰺㚱忁湤㌺㕍烎晾䃞ㆹᾹ⽆㆟デ䘬˪慳㶐⛇佌䔹婾˫ᷕ䚳

⇘䘬㗗ℑ侭攻㚱ᶨ⭂䘬堅䨩炻忁悐↮ṵ㚱妶婾䘬䨢攻ˤ

炷ᶱ炸䪗䓓

䪗䓓炷770-836炸䁢䓀倭⣑㯜Ṣ炻⋩ᶫ㬚⇫⹎䁢㭼᷀炻Ⱄ 䯵⬱⚳⮢炻⽆⚻䄏⍿℟嵛ㆺ炻⍿⽟⬿ˣ枮⬿ˣㅚ⬿䥖㔔炻㌴

ℏ⭖炷ℏ㭧炸㱽㚫₨⺷炻ả攟⬱ⶎ埿₏抬䲬 11 ⸜炻᷎⛐忶 ᶾ⇵ᶵᷭ炻⎴㗪㑼ả攟⬱ⶎ⎛ℑ埿₏抬ˤ65䪗䓓䁢㤝㦪㶐⛇

65 ㅚ⬿㗪炻≇⽟ἧ䘬借㪲㒜⣏炻⺊昌冒 743 ⸜ẍἮ炻₏⯤忻⢓䘬㨼 㟰䓙䤈悐ㆾ⎠⮩屈屔䘬夷⭂炻侴㗗㓡䓙≇⽟ἧ屈屔炻堐䣢斄㕤₏

⯤忻⢓䘬⬿㔁䭉廬㪲䓙⭀₂㨇㥳廱䦣军⭎⭀ˤ䁢Ḯἧ⼿ἃ㔁⛐㬌 㕘⇞⹎ᷕ䌚⼿ᶨṃ冒ᷣ㪲炻㊯㳦ℑỵ檀₏㑼ả₏借炻屈屔ℐ⚳䘬 ἃ㔁 ḳ ⊁ 炻 忁ṃ ḳ ⊁ᷣ 天㗗 ẍ ⼨䓙 䤈悐 ὿ Ṣ⭀ ₂屈 屔 䘬₏ 䯵 ᾅ

⬀炻 ẍ ⍲⬿ 㔁ḳ ⊁ 䘬䚋 䜋䫱 ˤ 晾婒 㚨檀 ⬿ 㔁ḳ ⊁ὅ 冲 䓙὿ Ṣ 屈 屔炻⌛≇⽟ἧ炻Ữℑỵ₏⭀䘬↢䎦炻䨩䟜ẍ⼨ᶵ姙₏Ṣ冒埴䭉䎮

⮢⊁䘬夷⭂ˤ

㕘姕伖䘬ℑỵ₏⭀䧙ἄ₏抬ˤㅚ⬿⃫␴ 2 ⸜炷807炸炻䫔ᶨả₏抬 䁢攟⬱ⶎ埿䘬䪗䓓炻攟⬱⎛埿䘬曰怫ˤ䪗䓓⛐忶ᶾ炷836炸⇵炻⎴

㗪㑼 ả ℑ埿 ₏抬 ˤ 晾婒 ⎵䧙 䁢 攟⬱ ⶎ⎛ 埿 炻Ữ ẍ⚻ ṩ 䘬姀 庱 䚳 Ἦ炻᷎朆旸㕤攟⬱ᶨⷞ炻侴㗗ℐ⚳⮢昊冯ᶨ凔ἃ㔁ḳ⊁䘮䁢借㪲 䭬⚵ˤ夳 Stanley Weinstein 叿炻慳ὅ㱽嬗 1999炻枩 168-170ˤ⎴㗪

(35)

ᾉ ẘ 侭 炻 ℞ ⁛ ᷕ ㍸ ⇘ ˬ 㶐 ⛇ 䁢 〗 偑 ᷳ ⛘ ˭炻Ữ忁ᶵ傥䡢⭂ 䁢 㤝 㦪 㶐 ⛇ 烊 忶 ᶾ 㗪 ˬ 大 ⎹ ⎛ 傯 侴 㹭 ˭炻 ⎗ ẍ 䡢 ⭂ 䁢 栀 䓇 大 㕡 㤝 㦪 㶐 ⛇ 侭 ˤ 䪗 䓓 忶 ᶾ ⼴ ㇨ 䩳 ᷳ ⟼ 䧙 ἄ 䌬 䦀 炻 䠹 㔯 䓙 墜 ẹ 㑘 㔯 炻 㞛 ℔ 㪲 㚠 ᷎ 䭮 柵 ˤ 䪗 䓓 冯 ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 㚱 斄 侭 䁢 忁 ᶨ 㭝 姀庱炻

Զةջ౲ғаᢀՕǴᚆѤ࣬аঅ๓ǶЈΠӵӦǴ ڶคЫഊǶЦϦᗈᆵǴࣣа၈ௗǶ᝼ޣаࣁԋ൩ தόᇸՉޣǴ୤ةԶςخǶ66

䪗䓓ẍ䛦䓇侴奨ἃ炻德忶䛦䓇侴埴奨ἃᷳḳ炻⌛䛦䓇䁢ἃ炻 奨䛦䓇⌛奨ἃˤ忁冯˪㱽厗䴻˫ᷕ斄㕤ⷠᶵ庽䘬姀庱᷎ᶵ䚠

⎴炻䴻ᷕ㍸⇘䛦䓇䔞⼿ἄἃ炻㗗㛒Ἦἃ炻Ữ䔞ᶳ᷎朆㗗ἃˤ 䪗䓓⮯䛦䓇夾ἄἃ炻᷎⎗忚埴奨゛炻忁冯⇵徘ᶱ昶㔁㘖㔔ℓ 㱽 ᷕ 䘬 ἃ ゛ ἃ ──ẍ ἃ Ἦ ゛ ᶨ ↯ 䛦 䓇 䚠 忂 ˤ ㍍ ⼭ Ἦ 侭 ᶵ ↮ 屜 岌屏⭴炻ᶵ婾㗗䌳℔炻Ṏㆾ㗗㑵㊩Ỷ岌⊆⼡侭炻䘮傥ẍ婈䚠

⼭炻栗䣢℞⽫ᷳ⸛䫱䃉⇍ˤ德忶㍍⼭䛦䓇ẍ奨ἃ炻㗪Ṣẍ䁢 ㆸ⯙ⷠᶵ庽ᷳ埴侭炻ⓗ㚱䪗䓓侴⶚ˤ

䪗䓓䘬埴䁢冯˪㱽厗䴻˫ⷠᶵ庽埴ẍ⍲ᶱ昶㔁䘬ᷣ⻝䚠 忂炻昌Ḯ⎗䞍䪗䓓䁢ᶨⷠᶵ庽埴侭⢾炻ㆾ⎗嫱㖶⇵徘䌬⬿⮵

㕤ᶱ昶昊䘬䤩㭨炻ἧ⼿ᶱ昶㔁䘬㔁䎮冯⮎嶸㕡⺷㺚德⇘℞Ṿ 㔁⛀冯ᾉ⼺攻䘬⎗傥⿏ˤ

婳⍫夳㖍㛔Ʉ⚻ṩ叿炻栏㈧䓓ˣỽ㱱忼溆㟉 1986炻枩 28ˣ50烊⠂

㛔┬昮 1975炻˨Ⓒᷕ㛇ẍ㜍̯攟⬱̯≇⽛ἧ˩ᶨ㔯ˤ

66 慳 岲 ⮏ 炻˪ ⬳ 檀 ₏ ⁛ ˫ ⌟ 6炻˨ 慳 䪗 䓓 ˩炻˪ ⣏ 㬋 啷 ˫ Ⅎ 50炻 枩 741ᶳˤ

(36)

Ḽˣ䳸婾

˪㱽厗䴻˫ᷕ䘬ⷠᶵ庽㓭ḳ㍸⇘ⷠᶵ庽䥖㔔㇨忯䛦䓇炻 㗗⚈䛦䓇劍埴厑啑忻炻⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ἄἃ炻ḇ⯙㗗䥖㔔㛒Ἦἃ䘬 シ␛炻℞᷎ᷕ䃉ἃ⿏ᷳ婒ˤ䴻℠ᷕ䘬㓭ḳ⤪ỽ䁢ᷕ⚳₏Ṣ㇨

䎮妋冯ầ㓰炻㔯ᷕ德忶䴻℠㲐䔷冯₏⁛䫱㔯䌣Ἦ㍊妶ˤ䚖⇵

㇨䞍㚨㖑䘬˪㱽厗䴻˫㲐䔷䁢忻䓇冯㱽暚炻ḴṢ㍸↢ⷠᶵ庽 䘬㓭ḳ⛐㕤嫱䴻炻᷎ẍ䥹⇌䘬㕡⺷晐䴻㔯忚埴↮⇌冯妋慳ˤ ᶾ奒䘬˪㱽厗婾˫嬗↢⼴炻㍸↢ⷠᶵ庽䥖㔔䛦䓇䘬⍇⚈

⛐㕤䔞⼿ἄἃ炻侴忁堐䣢䘬㬋㗗䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏ˤἃ⿏ㆸ䁢䛦 䓇⮯Ἦ䔞⼿ㆸἃ䘬㟡㛔⍇⚈炻⼨⼴䘬ᷕ⚳₏Ṣ➢㛔ᶲ㎜⺽㬌 ᶨ 妋 慳 ˤ 㶐 ⼙ ㄏ 怈 ⛐ ㍸ ⇘ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 埴 㗪 晾 䃉 ⺽ 䓐 ˪ 㱽 厗 婾 ˫炻 Ữ䓙ⷠᶵ庽埴⼿↢䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏ᷳ婒炻⇯冯˪㱽厗婾˫䚠⎴炻 㚱⎗傥⍿⇘娚婾ᷳ┇䘤ˤ㘢柿ẍἃ⿏Ἦ妋慳ⷠᶵ庽埴炻᷎⺽

䓐˪㱽厗婾˫ᷳ婒炻㍸↢ⷠᶵ庽䞍䛦䓇㚱ἃ⿏炻䔞⼿ἄἃ炻 㗗ẍ䥖㔔䛦䓇ˤ⎱啷⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬妋慳㚱ℑᾳ朊⎹炻ᶨ䁢 ἃ⿏冯ᶨḀ䘬斄Ὢ炻ẍ㬌Ḵ侭䘬䳸⎰ἄ䁢ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬シ佑ᷳ

ᶨ烊Ḵ䁢らṢṎ㚱ἃ⿏炻㬌䁢㇨㚱䛦䓇䘮㚱炻ᶵ婾┬らˤ䩢

➢⛐Ḽ䧖䧖⿏䘬ᷣ⻝ᶲ炻㍸↢㚱⤪ἮḀ冯ᶵ⭂ℑ䧖䧖⿏⎗

ㆸἃ炻冯㬟Ἦᷣ⻝㇨㚱䛦䓇䘮㚱ἃ⿏炻䘮⎗ㆸἃᷳ婒䚠䔘炻 㗗ẍⷠᶵ庽㇨䥖㔔䛦䓇䁢㚱ἃ⿏炻ỷ䧖⿏侭炻⌛㗗⇵徘ℑ䧖

⎗ㆸἃ䧖⿏侭炻᷎朆㇨㚱䛦䓇ˤ

ᾉ埴⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽䘬䚳㱽昌Ḯ㔁䎮朊ᷳ⢾炻㚜䁢栗叿䘬㗗

⮵㕤⮎嶸朊䘬“慵ˤᾉ埴娵䁢䎦⛐㇨Ⱄ䘬昶㭝䁢ᶱ昶ᷕ䘬䫔 ᶱ昶炻㘖㔔ˣ娵ら䁢怑⎰䘬埴㱽ˤ㘖㔔↮㚱ℓ䧖埴㱽炻℞ᷕ

䫔ᶫ䧖䁢ᶨṢᶨ埴炻ᶨṢ⌛㗗娵冒幓䁢らṢ炻ᶨ埴⌛ầⷠᶵ 庽埴炻䥖㔔㇨㚱䛦䓇炻⚈䛦䓇㚱⤪Ἦ啷冯ἃ⿏炻䁢䔞Ἦἃᷳ

(37)

㓭ˤ⛐ら䘬悐↮炻⻟婧冒幓䘬ら炻冯⎱啷娵䁢ⷠᶵ庽ᶨ⑩⛐

㕤婒㖶らṢṎ㚱ἃ⿏ᶵ⎴烊⮵㕤䛦䓇傥⮯Ἦㆸἃ䘬⍇⚈炻昌 Ḯἃ⿏ᷳ⢾炻ᾉ埴≈ᶲ⤪Ἦ啷ᷳ婒ˤ

ⷠᶵ庽埴ἄ䁢ᶱ昶㔁ẋ堐⿏䘬⮎嶸ᷳᶨ炻⌣⼰⮹夳⇘ᾳ

⇍ᶱ昶㔁⼺埴ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬姀庱ˤ昌Ḯ⛐ṳ䳡ᶱ昶㔁⼺埴㱽䘬 㔯䌣ᷕ炻㍸⇘埴ⷠᶵ庽埴ˣ忂䥖䛦䓇ᷳ⢾炻ᾳ⇍䘬ⷠᶵ庽埴 侭䚖⇵㇨夳㚱⽟伶冯䪗䓓炻⽟伶䁢ᶱ昶㔁⼺⎗䞍炻㇨埴䁢 䥖㔔䛦䓇烊䪗䓓⎗傥⛐䌬⬿䤩㭨䃉䚉啷冯ᶱ昶昊炻ἧ⼿ᶱ昶 㔁㔁䎮冯⮎嶸㕡⺷㚱㨇㚫⎹⢾㒜㔋䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⍿⇘Ḯ⼙枧侴 㚱ⷠᶵ庽ᷳ埴炻㇨埴䁢⌛䛦䓇ẍ奨ἃ炻冯ᶱ昶㔁䘬ἃ゛ἃ䚠 忂 炻 ᷎ ⸛ 䫱 ⛘ ㍍ ⼭ ⼨ Ἦ 䛦 䓇 ˤ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ ᷕ ⷠ ᶵ 庽 ㇨ 埴 ↮ 㚱

⇵⼴ℑ昶㭝炻ẍ倥倆⦩枛䌳ἃ䁢ᷳ婒㱽∫↮炻ᶱ昶㔁⼺冯ᾳ

⇍ⷠᶵ庽埴侭㇨埴䁢䥖㔔䛦䓇ˣ⸛䫱⮵⼭䛦䓇䫱炻䘮冯⇵㭝 㚱斄炻⌛䥖㔔䛦䓇ˤ

⯙㔁䎮朊Ἦ婒炻ᾉ埴⮵㕤ⷠᶵ庽埴䘬妋慳冯ᶲ徘媠ỵᷕ

⚳ ₏ Ṣ 䚠 ⎴ 炻 䘮 㗗 ⛐ ˪ 㱽 厗 䴻 ˫ 䘬 傰 䴉 ẍ ⍲ ἃ ⿏ 婒 䘬 ➢ 䢶 ᶲ烊⯙⮎嶸朊Ἦ婒炻⎱啷䫱₏Ṣ㛒夳㚱䚠斄䘬姀庱炻ᾉ埴 冯℞㔁⛀䘤⯽↢䚠斄䘬⮎嶸炻侴˪㱽厗䴻˫冯ἃ⿏婒⇯䁢ℙ

⎴䘬➢䢶ˤ

參考文獻

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