兩岸交流管理與突圍之研究：以臺灣二線城市花蓮赴陸外交經驗為例2011-2015 - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程 International Master's Program in Asia-Pacific Studies, College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University. Master Thesis 兩岸交流管理與突圍之研究：政治. 大. 立以臺灣二線城市花蓮赴陸外交經驗為例 ‧. ‧ 國. 學. 2011-2015. sit. y. Nat. A Study on Cross-strait Exchanges Management and Its Breakthrough:. n. er. io. The Case of Hualien Reaching Out to China a l 2011 to 2015i v from n. Ch. engchi U. Student: WANG Chun Ya (王春雅) Advisor: WANG Ding Su Ph.D(王定士) 中華民國105年6月 June 2016.

(2) Abstract In cross-‐strait exchanges, the central government plays the dominant role, while the role of local governments still misfunctioned. This paper examines the unique breakthrough of Taiwan local government on cross-‐strait city exchanges and the lack management of Taiwan central government on the issue. It arises the following question: For Hualian, a resourcelss second-‐tier city and located in remote eastern-‐part of Taiwan, its local government has brought considerable economic benefits through cross-‐strait exchanges; while it might also demage Taiwan national security . 政治大. and long-‐term development of cross-‐strait exchanges. What is the cause of this contradiction? . 立. The intergovernmental contradiction between central and local government is for reason . ‧ 國. 學. that the central government in Taiwan is reluctant to the management on cross-‐strait . ‧. exchanges between cities. This paper found that the conservative management of cross-‐strait . sit. y. Nat. city exchanges is featured that the lack of central coordination mechanism, local initatives and . io. al. er. the intermediary support for local NGOs. . n. As for Haulien, located in remote area with inufficiant subsidies from the central . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. government, the strengtheness of Haulien ccompetitiveness serves as the priority for its urgent need on reconstruction and economic regeneration,. That is to say, Hualian seeks economic benefits in the cross-‐strait exchanges is synonymous with the trend of enterprising city governance in the era of globalization. In other words, it also features that in the context of cross-‐strait relationship, Hualian is forced to participate in independently due to the lack of intergovernmental mutual trust and poor communication and leads to Hualien local different agenda under the table, being a coming contentious government. . 1 .

(3) This paper concludes that the management on cross-‐strait city exchanges may be difficult to completely dominant by the central or the locals alone, the whole conepts also relies on share responsibility except for centralization and decentralization. This concepts of new management may initates the local government to actively expand its interests, but not braggering the role of local government on the both side. While the central government should open the channel for the locals, especially the dispute of Six-‐cities in Taiwan has caused great challenges for domestic city governance in order to avoid intergovernmental tension on the topic of cross-‐strait city exchanges. . 治政大effectively play a mediating role In conclusion, it is suggested that local government can 立 ‧ 國. 學. between the central government and local non-‐governmental organizations on both sides of political or grass roots level exchanges for the sustainable development of cross-‐strait city . io. sit. y. Nat. Keywords . ‧. exchanges. . n. al. er. City governance, Cross-‐strait exchanges, City diplomacy, Second-‐tier city. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 2 .

(4) Table Of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. 1 Keywords .............................................................................................................................. 2 Table Of Contents .............................................................................................................. 3 Chapter I Introduction ..................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Motivation And Purpose Of The Study ............................................................................................... 5 1.2 Hypothesized Proposition And Research Framework .................................................................. 6 1.3 Literature Review And Methodology .................................................................................................. 7 1.3.1 Research Theories ................................................................................................................................................. 7 . 治政大 Research Approaches ........................................................................................................................................ 13 立 Research Methods .............................................................................................................................................. 15 . 1.3.2 Definitions Of The Study ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.3 . 學. ‧ 國. 1.3.4 . Chapter II The Zeitgeist Of Cross-‐strait City Exchanges .................................... 18 2.1 The Contradiction Between City Governance And National Develpment In Taiwan .......... 18 . ‧. 2.2 The Expansión Of Local Authority After The Diaoyutai Incident ............................................... 21 2.3 The Metamorphosis Of Cross-‐Strait City Exchanges In Tándem With Taiwan Sunflower . y. Nat. sit. Student Movement ............................................................................................................................................ 22. al. er. io. 2.4 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 25. v i n C hCity ............................................................................................ 3.1 Cross-‐strait Alliance Of Second-‐tier 29 U i e h n g c................................................................................. 31 3.2 Cross-‐strait Competition For Traffic Network n. Chapter III How Hualien Reaches Out to China from 2011 to 2015 .............. 27. 3.3 Cross-‐strait Manipulation Of Political Issue ...................................................................................... 35 3.4 Cross-‐strait Cooperation On Public-‐private Partnership ............................................................. 37 3.5 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 . Chapter IV How Taiwan Government Enforeces Its Management On Cross-‐strait City Exchanges .......................................................................................................................... 42 4.1 Permissiom System On Cross-‐strait City Official Exchanges. ...................................................... 43 4.2 Risk Management On Cross-‐strait City Non-‐governmental Exchanges .................................... 47 4.3 The Lack Of Intergovernmental Coordination ................................................................................. 50 4.4 The Lack Of Local Intermediate Role For Bridging And Cohesion ............................................. 52 4.5 Summary ....................................................................................................................................................... 55 . 3 .

(5) Chapter V Conclusion .................................................................................................... 56 5.1 Research Findings And Results ................................................................................................................. 56 5.2 Research Limitation And Future Study .................................................................................................. 60 . Reference .......................................................................................................................... 62 I Chinese ............................................................................................................................................................... 62 II English ............................................................................................................................................................... 63 . Appendix ........................................................................................................................... 65 In-‐depth Interview On The Record .............................................................................................................. 65 No. A ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 65 No. B ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 73 No.C .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 76 . 政治大 No. E ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 80 立. 學. . . ‧. ‧ 國. No.D .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 78 . n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. 4 .

(6) Chapter I Introduction In tandem with the Zeitgeist of glocalization, Cities gradually shift to the frontier owing to the frequent exchanges between cities in economic, cultural, educational and other diplomatic activities as much as that between countries. On the one hand, cities enhance active exchange links with international cities across the border; on the other hand, cities attempts to be internationalized and strengthen national competitiveness as a key player in global community. . 政治大 by 2030, global population will g立 row from the current 7.3 to 8.4 billion. ( UNDESA report, . According to the latest prediction of United Nations released on July 2015, it shows that 1. ‧ 國. 學. 2015) . In 2050, the population will grow to 9.7 billion; a two-‐thirds of the world's population . ‧. will live in cities. Therefore, innovation of city will be as a force for changing the global future . y. Nat. n. 1.1 Motivation And Purpose Oa f Tl he Study . Ch. engchi. er. io. sit. and city diplomacy comes the positive benefits and brings a win-‐win situation. . i n U. v. In the face of cross-‐strait economic cooperation framework agreement (ECFA) and the Six-‐cities in Taiwan, the new economic breakthrough on the both sides and the political local autonomy in Taiwan makes cities playing a pivotal role in cross-‐strait relations aside from sovereignty dispute. How to carry out cross-‐strait city exchanges for maintaining local competitiveness serves as a targeted purpose for Taiwan city governance. The purpose of this study is to examine the unique breakthrough of Taiwan local governments on cross-‐strait city exchanges and the lack management of Taiwan central 1 . UNDESA report, “World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision”, launched today.World population projected to reach 9.7 billion by 2050, 29 July 2015, New York, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/2015-‐report.html . 5 .

(7) government on the issue. It arises the following question: For Hualian, a resourcelss second-‐tier city and located in remote eastern-‐part of Taiwan, its local government has brought considerable economic benefits through cross-‐strait exchanges; while it might also demage Taiwan national security and long-‐term development of cross-‐strait exchanges. What is the cause of this contradiction? . 1.2 Hypothesized Proposition And Research Framework This paper proposes a hypothesized proposition that Hualian, a resourcelss second-‐tier city and located in remote and eastern-‐part of Taiwan, its local government has brought . 治政大 while it might also demage considerable economic benefits through cross-‐strait exchanges; 立 ‧ 國. 學. Taiwan national security and long-‐term development of cross-‐strait exchanges. . The intergovernmental contradiction between central and local government is for reason . ‧. that the central government in Taiwan is reluctant to the management on cross-‐strait . sit. y. Nat. exchanges between cities as well as the importance role of local governments and indeginous . n. al. er. io. non-‐governmental organizations. . i n U. v. The proposition can be interpreted as the following logic-‐relevant subpropositions: (1) . Ch. engchi. the concept of Enterprising city governance formalizes new cross-‐strait city exchanges; (2) for global competitiveness, Hualian aims at performing cross-‐ strait city diplomacy while it shows the malfunction of intergovernmental realtions in Taiwan; (3) How is Taiwan central government reluctant to the management on cross-‐strait exchanges between cities. Based on the aforementioned propositions, theis paper designates the following sub-‐logically outline related to five chapters as the Research Framework including exploring the Research Motivation and its Purpose, and assuming the Study Definition and Related Theory, Research Approach and Methods as first chapter; by reviewing the . 6 .

(8) socio-‐enviromental factors in Asia and the cross-‐strait in recent years to figure out the Zeitgeist of global city governance related to cross-‐strait exchanges as the second chapter; in the third chapter, it tries to illustrate how Hualien reaches out to china and make a breakthrough as an example of Taiwan's city diplomacy on the both sides; in the fourth chapter,through data collection and content analysis, it tries to explore the main reason why the incoordiation between intergovernmental relations; the fifth chapter is the conclusion and arises suggest on the future study. In this paper, the study range is from 2011 to 2015 in tandem with the Cross-‐Straits . 治政大Taiwan Five Cities Upgrades, it not Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) and 立 2. ‧ 國. 學. only features the new economic status on the both side and the new local autonomy in Taiwan, but also represents the cross-‐strait exchnages to reaches another new milestone. . ‧. 1.3 Literature Review And Methodology . Nat. sit. y. 1.3.1 Research Theories . n. al. er. io. In tandem with globalization, city governance emerges as the Zeitgesit ingurgigates the . i n U. v. global community. It mainly refers to how city’s reposition to sustainable development and . Ch. engchi. involves in the local government, public interest and its integration which overall focus on city public services. However, whether the city governance related to national development will prone to the spectrum of "interdependence" or "win-‐win situation", it remains a hot-‐debated issue in the era of global city competition. . 2 . "Economic cooperation framework agreement is a bilateral economic agreement between the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China (China Chinese) (commonly known as "cross-‐strait"). It was proposed by the ROC government in 2009, Taiwan President Ma Ying-‐jeou deemed to strengthen economic important policy development; after the first agreement signed June 29, 2010 in Chongqing, the subsequent trade in goods, trade in services, investment protection and dispute settlement agreement negotiated since expanded. . 7 .

(9) Professor Zhujiu Xia proposed that city governance sometimes contradicts national development in globalization era when referring to the national land readjustment. That is to say, for all countries in the world, some national land are economical useless which leads to the city administration against the national policy while involving in political interest such as poltical representative seats and votes.3 (Zhujiu Xia, 2008) This paper examines the contemporary city governance theory, which gradually make a transition from traditional management to the enterprisal one. Since 1985, seven out of eight capitalism countries have proposed the possibility of city governance relating to innovation . 治政大universal discussion in advanced and enterprise-‐oriented. In recent years, it especially arises 立 ‧ 國. 學. city,which even across national borders and ideology.4(Harvey, 1989). . Generally speaking, the main concept of enterprising city governance is regarded as a . ‧. private enterprise working on public governance. In global economic competition, cities work. sit. y. Nat. as risk takers and active competitors while the key to success is resorted to the ability of. n. al. er. io. investment and keen marketing. For cities awaiting reconstruction and economic, its basic. i n U. v. task is to strengthen the competitiveness in global competition.5 (Leitner&Garner, 1993). Ch. engchi. In comparison, the traditional management puts emphasis on scarce resources allocation and public rights, which city mayor is always regarded as a socal gatekeeper of city resource; while the enterprise-‐oriented management is driven by inter-‐city competition, or the hollowing out of the central government authority, both initiates the local government anticipating investment from private partnership.6(Knox and Pinch, 2000). 3 . Zhujiu Xia (2008) Global economic competition, value creation and administration of regional challenges redistricting forum，2008-‐1-‐15 4 Harvey, D. (1989), From managerialism to entrepreneurialism: the transformation of urban governance in late capitalism, Gergrafiska Annaler, 71B(1):3-‐17. 5 Leitner, H. and Garner, M. (1993) The limits of local initiatives: a reassessment of urban entrepreneurialism for urban development, Urban geography, 14(1):57-‐77. 6 Knox, P and Pinch, S (2000) Urban social geography: an introduction, Harlow:Prentice Hall. 8 .

(10) Moreover, except for investment-‐friendly environment, the concept of enterprise-‐oreinted city governance contains special purpose and clarified strategy to promote innovation and spirit of enterprise as the core of the city development and economic renergation.7 (Chapin, 2005) How local government seeks economic sources and establishs effective local governance mechanismin the context of globalization? From the Taiwan scholar perspective, in order to attract global investment and expand city’s global influence, modern city oftens tries to establish direct contact with foreign city and organizations. It does not only feature frequent . 治政大side. exchanges of global cities but also make a room on the both 立 ‧ 國. 學. 1.3.2 Definitions Of The Study . 8 (Fang Shanshan, 2014). . In definition of cross-‐strait exchanges, this paper has divided it into political, economic, . ‧. social and cultural aspects. In every aspect, there are many small items such as cross-‐strait . sit. y. Nat. negotiations9, disease control10, academic exchanges11, exchange of books12, performing arts . n. al. er. io. exchanges13, intellectual property exchange14, media exchanges15, cultural exchange16 and 7 . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Chapin, T. (2002). Beyond the Entrepreneurial City: Municipal Capitalism in San Diego. Journal of Urban Affairs, 24(5):565–581. 8Fang, Shanshan. (2014). "Cross-‐strait exchanges policies compare Tainan flat horse reign", Tainan: Kung University master's thesis Political Economy Research Institute. 9 Shao, Zonghai. (2002). ”WTO whether to provide a breakthrough in cross-‐strait talks deadlock communication channels." Chinese mainland research, 45(5):57-‐71. 10Yang, Kaihuang.(2003). “SARS epidemic on cross-‐strait exchanges under review ', "National Policy Forum" (July 2003), pp. 44-‐52; Su Yi Ren, <cross-‐strait exchanges and Disease Control>, included in the "cross-‐strait exchanges and national security -‐ group policy will "cross-‐strait exchanges and national security" international Symposium :406-‐42 11 Chen, Tesheng, Chen, Chinchun. (2001). “Development and evaluation of cross-‐strait academic exchanges -‐ A Taiwan scholar perspectives investigation." Taipei: Prospect Quarterly, 2(1):67-‐104 Chen, Tesheng, Chen, Chinchun. (2005). ”Cross-‐strait academic exchange policy and Operations Evaluation" Taipei: Prospect Quarterly, 6(2): 35-‐82. 12 Zhou, Sucheng.(1999) “strait exchanges and cooperation of Library and Information: Retrospect and Prospect ." Mainland China Studies, 42(1): 37-‐53. 13 Liu, Sheng Ji. (2005). “Development of cross-‐strait exchanges of Performing Arts (1988-‐2004).” Mainland China Studies, 48 (3):111-‐145. 14 Liu, Sheng Ji. (1999). “Books of cross-‐strait exchanges.” Mainland China Studies , 42(11): 43-‐65. 15 Hsiao, Chen-‐Mei. (2000). “cross-‐strait exchanges and interaction print media review." Mainland China Studies , 43(9): 103-‐116 . 9 .

(11) exchange of science and Technology17.... Etc.... The other important defintions of the Study is “City Diplomacy”, which features as a political cross-‐ strait exchanges, including the official visits, official meetings, the ties of sister city, global city friendship partner. In the era of globalization, city emerges as a pivotal role in global community for its function to intiatiate nation progress and cushion international conflict. Moreover, City exchanges can shorten the socioeconomic gap and cultural barriers. However, in the fierce competition between cities, how city leader creates a friendly environment for foreign capital . 治政 flows and international talent brooks no delay . (Ohmae, 大 2006) 立 18 . ‧ 國. 學. In early nineteenth Century, after the collapse of the Napoleon Empire, the Vienna . conference of 1814 redrew the Europe to establish a sovereign state as the most basic body of . ‧. modern diplomatic system. Subsequently, the role of city in international relations is slightly . sit. y. Nat. reduced. The city diplomacy has reaboarded the stage until the Zeitgeist of globalization. And . n. al. er. io. it has been widely accepted as an international behavior carried out by the local government. . i n U. v. According to the city government and Local World Federation (UCLG), city diplomacy can be . Ch. engchi. defined, as a vehicle for local government to make social cohesion and conflict prevention, and its goal is to create a stable environment, so that people can live with peace, democracy and prosperity.19(Sizoo Alexandra, 2007). Some sholars have also proposed different views of city diplomacy. Pluijm& Melissen, two scholars from the Holland Institute for international relations, believe that city or local 16 . Hsiao, Chen-‐Mei. (2000). “Arts community exchanges across the Taiwan Strait .” Mainland China Studies , 43(3): 113-‐129. 17 Hsiao, Chen-‐Mei. (2000).” Decades of cross-‐strait science and technology exchanges.” Chinese Mainland Research, 43(1):47-‐61. 18 Ohmae, K. (2006). "Advice for Taiwan leader." CommonWealth Magazine(347): 230-‐233. 19 Sizoo Alexandra,2007.City diplomacy concept paper. Peace-building of United Cities and Local Governments Policy Statement. City Diplomacy Committee. . 10 .

(12) governments performs city diplomacy to gain local interest in international political arena.20 (Pluijm& Melissen, 2007). Except for international relationship, Lin Jiacheng believes that the city performs active city diplomacy in a variety of formal or informal international activities or topic network, by sharing city’s successful experience and insightful ideas , solving problems and seize opportunities for city development. 21(Lin Jiacheng, 1998) Wu Yingming and Zheng Mingda argued that, city diplomacy resorts to global interdependence. For the central government, city diplomacy doesn't not make . 治政大 but also maximize the overall intergovernmental equivalence and cooperation into practice, 立 ‧ 國. 學. national diplomatic interests; for the local government, city diplomacy doesn't only make city autonomy into reality, but also dominate the right of discourse.22 (Wu Yingming, Zheng . ‧. Mingda, 2001) . sit. y. Nat. From the perspective of the aforementioned scholars, cross-‐strait city exchanges has . n. al. er. io. emerged as hot-‐debated topic, while the paper found out that there are only few relevant . i n U. v. academic iterature and studies in the past few years. Wangjia Chau also analyzes that the . Ch. engchi. prominent frequency exchanges of government and people on both sides doesn't seems sprout the academic studies focusing on the city’s role in cross-‐strait relations comparing to the academc studies relating to the central government. One study focused on the phoneomon of Taiwan local government reaching out to China from May 2008 to 2010, it pointed out: in 25 Taiwan cities and counties, only 17 (68%) of local mayors have went to China for city diplomacy. What’s more, 8 counties (32%) of local 20 . Pluijm and Melissen: City diplomacy:the expanding role of cities in international relations,Netherlands institute of international relations, clingendael, april 2007. 21Lin Chiacheng. (1998).” Status and Prospects of Taipei city diplomacy. “New Century Thinktank Forum (3): 15-20 22Wu, Yingming, Zheng Mingda.(2001). "Global and Local Governance" seminar [City] diplomacy and global governance papers.” Kaohsiung: Shou University, Dec. 14:1-‐16 . 11 .

(13) mayors were relectant. 23(Wangjia Chau, 2012) Another study analyzed what’s policy the 6 cities in southern of Taiwan make in cross-‐strait exchanges, it found out: there are still rare and limited efforts to be made, but for mainly focus in the field of agriculture, traffic and cultural tourism.24 (Ding Renfang 2014) Jason Hu, the former Mayor of Taichung City has unique points of view. He points out that local government aims at economic and trade interests in performing cross-‐strait city diplomacy. The purpose is not only to find the market, but also to enhance the market in China. Therefore,the core objective of interaction between Taiwan local government and China . 治政大academic exchanges and mainly concentrated in the economic and trade, cultural and 立 ‧. ‧ 國. 2010). . 學. cooperation on the level of agricultural science and technology industry. 25 (Hsu Wenying, . To sum up, regardless of its political intention, cross-‐strait city exchanges has attracted . sit. y. Nat. escalating attention in international community for the reason that city’s level serves as a . n. al. er. io. supplement role to national diplomacy. City diplomacy is not only involved in official visiting, . i n U. v. but also related to public exchanges. For instance, when the cross-‐strait relation gets intensed, . Ch. engchi. city exchanges on the both side will maintain the possibility of the development of bilateral amd relations. Therefore, the cross-‐strait city exchanges may serve as a vehicle for city to metamorphase local characteristics into global diversity culture, and become the power to change the future of cross-‐strait relations. The expecting changes and the global phenomenon remains a hot-‐debated issue to dicussed. 23Wang, Jinzhou. (2012). “Taiwan cross-‐strait exchanges counties objects Analyze." . Global Political Review. Issue 40:165-‐188. 24 Ding, Renfang. (2014). " Southern Taiwan and cross-‐strait relations: structure from disintegrating KMT in southern Taiwan county government's view of cross-‐strait exchanges policy.” Taipei: Taiwan Elite Press. 25Hsu, Wenying. (2010). “City Breakout: Taiwan cross-‐strait city exchanges Mayors thinking.” Kaushiung: Journal of Urbanology, 1(2):127-‐160. . 12 .

(14) 1.3.3 Research Approaches Different from the traditional perspective of political parties by the north and south of Taiwan or the official interaction, this paper aims at two approaches of Subaltern Realism and New Multilateralism in the field of International relations. This study took Hualian, a second tier city in eastern Taiwan, as an example. By examining the local government communication strategy, it tried to analyze how Taiwan central government take management on cross-‐ strait city exchanges. In 1980, Ayoob Mohammed first proposed the famous theory of “Subaltern Realism”, a . 政治大. critical reflection on traditional realism of Kenneth Walt.26 (Ayoob, Mohammed, 2002) . 立. Subaltern Realism mainly decided to understand the behavior of the third world . ‧ 國. 學. countries, and it provides an analysis tool for their main problems and causes of the conflict. . ‧. What’s more, Subaltern Realism emphasized the differences of the third world countries and . sit. y. Nat. criticized the mainstream theories of international relations exclude third of the world but . io. al. er. industrialized countries. It served as an alternative concept of national security, and . n. represented the shortcomings of the traditional international relations theory. . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Subaltern Realism has also been applied to understand the behavior of the ASEAN countries in Southeast Asia. Narine argued that ASEAN countries took concerned about the relative benefits rather than long-‐term interests for the reason that the ASEAN countries are generally the third countries and not economic and military independent on industrialized countries. More specifically, the ASEAN countries usually have interaction with their neighbors, especially in the field of national security. What’s more, they are reluctant to the issue of international security but make efforts to those countries with similar 26 . Ayoob, Mohammed(2002): "Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations: The Case for Subaltern Realism", International Studies Review, Vol. 4, No. 3., pp. 27-‐48 . . 13 .

(15) characteristics.27 (Narine, 2009) This paper believes that the Second–tier City is generally under development. In order to maintain local political authority and economic interest as a priority, Second–tier City not only economically relied on external metropolitan, but also usually has interaction with their neighboring cities with similar characteristics. It also argued that Second–tier City took concerned about the relative economic benefits rather than long-‐term interests such as national security. Different from the traditional multilateralism which focused on international arnachy, . 治政大 New Multilateralism emphasised on solving international p roblems through multilateral 立 ‧ 國. 學. means, and to ensure the peace of International Society.28 (Yuan Yi, 1996) . New Multilateralism criticized on state-‐centered institution of traditional multilateralism. . ‧. In tandem of globalization, it argued that countries have misfunctioned to various problems. . sit. y. Nat. Therefore, the concept of decentration and the bottom-‐up process served as the framework. n. al. er. io. with the concerted effort made by government, international enterprises, citizens and . i n U. v. non-‐governmental organizations in a multi-‐level interaction.29 (Zhou Kejin, 2006). Ch. engchi. This paper also applied New Multilateralism into cross-‐strait city exchanges. By performing cross-‐ striat city diplomacy, Local government cooperated with its people to participate in the international community. The bottom to the top of international participation sprouted the local competitiveness and effectively influenced the international decision-‐making and achieved fairness and justice for all. What is so-‐called “the mechanism of cross-‐striat city . 27 . Narine, S. (2009). "ASEAN in the twenty-‐first century: a sceptical review." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22: 369-‐386. 28Yuan, Yi.(1996). “Multilateralism and Security Dilemma cooperation under the: Theory of International Relations and US-‐China relations. “ Problems and research, 35 (6): 1-‐17. 29 Zhou, Kejin. (2006) . “From multilateralism to a new multilateralism -‐ a theory of international changes of thinking.” International relations theory. 7: 26-‐32. 14 .

(16) exchanges” gradually initiated by the cooperation and coordination between 3 level key players including citizens, local government and and state. 1.3.4 Research Methods Except for Subaltern Realism and Multilateralism, this paper applied the historical data collection and Semistructured In-‐depth Interviews as the main research approach. Based on the empirical evidence and interview result, this paper took inductive analysis to conclude the qualitative research as the result. . ~. • Historical Data Collection . 政治. ~. • In-‐depth Interview. ‧ 國. 學. ~. 立. 大. • Inductive Analysis. ‧. Nat. y. . io. sit. In this paper, main interview respondents contains Haulien local officers and . n. al. er. non-‐government organizations in the field of politics, culture and education, agriculture, tourism. . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. In process of Semistructured In-‐depth Interviews, it conducted a face-‐to-‐face interview on the record with the concurement of repondents to been transcribed into documment text, this paper doesn’t only detail the interviwee’s opinion as the attached appendix, but also labeled each result in English letters. The respondents, his working places coded number and interwing date is as the followings: . . . 15 .

(17) Field . Working place . Respondent . No. . Interview Date . Politics . Mayor office of Hualien . Anonymous secrtarty . A . 2016.2.1 . Anonymous Chief . B . 2016.2.4 . C . 2016.2.3 . D . 2016.2.4 . E . 2016.2.2 . Country Economice Agirculture division of . Education . Aborigins divisiob of . Anonymous Chief . Hualien Country . Director . Hualien Association for . 立. 政治大 Incumbent Chief . Reading Confucian classics . manager . Hualien Corps . Former manager of . 學. Tourism . Director . markeing division . ‧. ‧ 國. Culture . Hualien Country . Nat. sit. y. By conducting semistructured in-‐depth interviews, the interviewe has prepared a series . n. al. er. io. of structural problems in advance. And the questionnaire added up for different interview . i n U. v. situation and time limitation. For the purpose of the study, it will initate the interviewee more . Ch. engchi. in-‐depth information and insightful opinion in the process of inrterviewing. Based on the interview results, this paper hopely to understand the issue of Hualien, Taiwan’s second-‐tier city, how it reaches out to China, and what kind of issue the cross-‐strait city exchanges involved in? The questionnaire has been divided into three parts. First of all, it aims to understand the concept, the changing and types of the Hualien County Government performing cross-‐strait city exchange. Secondly, through the issue of how hualien reaches out to China, this paper questioned the current strategies, substantial progress and difficulties of cross-‐strait city . 16 .

(18) diplomacy in Taiwan. Finally, it came to analyze on the intergovernmental relations between central and locals in Taiwan and tried to figure out the current restricition and regulations in Taiwan. The questionnaire of in-‐depth interview is as the followings: To whom it may concerm I am a graduate student of International Master's Program in Asia-‐Pacific Studies, College of Social Science, National Chengchi University. Appreciate your kindly help to accept my interview, and I would like to visit you on the day you might available. For your reference, the interview outline is as the attachment: . 政治大. What is your job titles and duties in Haulien county government? . 立. How long have you working for performing cross-‐strait city diplomacy in your post? . ‧ 國. 學. Q1, According to your experience, when does Hualian county government get start to reach out to China? . ‧. perform cross-‐strait city diplomacy? What is the main idea and purpose for Hualien to . y. Nat. sit. Q2, In your opinion, what kind of opportunity and threat for Hualian county government . al. n. which pose threat to Haulien? . er. io. to perform cross-‐strait city diplomacy?what is the socioeconomic environmental factor . Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Q3, According to your experience, what strategies does Hualian county government manipulate to make a breakthrough on the both side? What is chacteristics of its management model? Q4, In your opinion, what kind of benefit does Hualian county government obtain in process of performing cross-‐strait city diplomacy? Is it the long-‐term interest with low reward or short-‐term interest with high reward? Q5, According to your experience, what attitude or policy does Taiwan central government take to the Hualian county government working on cross-‐strait city diplomacy? Do you have suggestion on the Taiwan management on cross-‐strait city exchnages? Is there any emergency needed for your duty to promoting the cross-‐strait city exchnages? . 17 .

(19) Chapter II The Zeitgeist Of Cross-‐strait City Exchanges In tandem with globalization, it is believed that the national competitiveness resorts to city! The concept of “city competitiveness” gradually takes place with “national competitiveness”. More specifically, the theory of city governance formalizes new trendy of cross-‐strait city exchange, which serves as the vehicle for city with insufficient central financial subsidy to seek economic source and establish an effective local governance mechanism? Therefore, a various cities create more possibilities for cross-‐strait city exchange conditions. . 治政大 Develpment In Taiwan 2.1 The Contradiction Between City Governance And National 立 ‧ 國. 學. On June, 2011, the Ministry of the Interior quickly upgrades of Taiwan five-‐cities . including New Taipei City, Taichung city, Kaohsiung city and Tainan City. Along with Taipei, . ‧. the capital city of Taiwan, the Six-‐cities merging upgraded to a municipality features a new . sit. y. Nat. panaroma in Taiwan's autonomy history. . n. al. er. io. Why Taiwan urges to combine national land through upgrading city and county? . i n U. v. According to Zhujiu Xia, member of the Ministry of the interior review team, he pointed out. Ch. engchi. that "metropolitanization " emerges as the Zeitgeist for nation’s development. Therefore, it brooks no delay for Taiwan government to allocate administrative regions and rescale metropolitan areas under the competitive global society. 30 (Zhujiu Xia, 2008) What kind of threat will pose to Taiwan city governance after five municipalities upgrades and compete to each other? According to former prime minster Su Zhenchang, he argued that the change of local . 30 . Zhujiu Xia (2008) Global economic competition, value creation and administration of regional challenges redistricting forum，2008-‐1-‐15 18 .

(20) electoral system initiates a new era of "feudal rule". It poses a great challenge to central authority for the reason that the local governor obtains more resources, more number of representative voters in poltics. These higher authoralized local government strives for making lives and its policy sometimes contradicts the national policy. What’s worse, it challenges the dominant position of central government on cross-‐strait relations, what is the so-‐called "Yeltsin effect". 31 (CommonWealth Magazine, 2011-‐4-‐28) Lu Yucheng, the associate professor of Public Administration Department of Taipei . 治政大 between cities for the University, he also points out the most tricky part is the competition 立 ‧ 國. 學. national tax income may serves as a pool for cities, the Five-‐cities may take advantage of other non-‐upgraded cities. That is to say, the original goal of upgrading cities is to balance regional . ‧. development, while it leads to national resources get more concentrated in upgraded cities.. sit. y. Nat. With fear of be marginalized, non-‐upgraded cities strive for being comepetive rather than . n. al. er. io. being sacrificed silently. Lu Yucheng really felt the vulnerable countie’ worissome.32(Bussiness Weekly, 2009-‐6-‐29). Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Former Taiwan governor James Soong felt worrisome about the financial allocation in standard of uniformity. It refers to the positive relation between county population and resources allocation. However, the difference between urban and rural areas gapping emerges as a major problem in city governance. The new Fiscal law doesn't profit the resource insufficient city, all resources flows to the central and Six-‐cities. He argued that the administrative level of Five-‐cities is tantamount to municipality, even 31Editor of CommonWealth Magazine (2011, Apri 28) 【behind the scene】”Why rush to push Taiwan counties and . cities to upgrade? “CommonWealth Magazine. http://www.cw.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5009471 32Lin Yingqiu (2009, June 29 ) “Who is the big winner after cities and counties merged and upgraded?” Bussiness . Weekly http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/KArticle.aspx?id=37084 19 .