親子肢體暴力與大學生約會暴力行為之關係──尋找代間傳遞中的危機與轉機

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(2) 268. Journal of Education & Psychology. June, 2005, Vol. 28 No.2, pp. 267-296. ~t~1iff~. Parental Physical Violence and Dating Violence among College Students: The Risk and Protectiye Factors in the Intergenerational Transmission. WJffi:±*~ (Chapple, 200 Bartholomew, 2003;. Straus,. 1980) , :7tJti:. Son-Hein Sun*. Hui-Lan Hsiu**. r:p , j!EJ~:fJ!n Fa'~hWE!MH. Abstract. h1'J~a"Jm~[. This study examines the risk and protective factors that predict violent behaviors of. ~ fffi 1ft.TEa"J;. college students during dating, using a background-relationship modeL Risk factors were. *~,~*~Mm~. hypothesized to include a person's previous deviant behaviors, his attitude to the use of. 1§"Wf3Jf 'Jt :s%15ffit. violence to exert authority. The protective factors include relationship differentiation,. ~h*~,~illz~FTI. satisfy for power, and cohabitation. 1021 effective questionnaires were received from students. The results suggest that: (1) the participants with physical abuse from father or mother have more dating violence than without abuse; (2) For the participants of. EJfjgfffr~Jt. Rosen ' Middlet. physical abuse from father or mother, personal attitudes toward the use of violence are. Carlton (2000. risk factors; and (3) dating relationship differentiation and avoidant cohabitation are. ~:fJ!. protective factors; (4) If the participants suffering from parental physical abuse and have. ~m1~Uf*~ r. high identity of using violence simultaneously, the protective factor is avoidant. moderate) , . cohabitation for ones of father's abuse, and the protective factor is relationship. 1~:s%~J':i~~~1. differentiation for the ones of mother's abuse; (5) There is a risk factor of personal habits,. 3Zff*~!lt*J! et aL, 2003) ,. such as the use of alcohol, for the participants without family abuse. The results are discussed and the limitations of applicability are suggested.. Keywords: dating violence, intergenerational transmission, parental physical violence. ' Jffi:±*g. m. m~ll?6~. A. '~~~~f. ~Mm~ha"J3. a"J r:p fr Son-Hein Sun: Doctoral Postgraduate, Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University ** Hui-Lan Hsiu: Associate Professor, Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University. , 111. (:s%~~~. Jffi:±*~Mm~. E-mail: [email protected]. Fa'{.$~ (interg(. Manuscript received: 2003.11.21; Revised: 2004.5.27; Accepted: 2004.6.24. B"JiJW$ , fffi::f1.

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(17) #.t-f- ntB.-J.h ~;k'" 1. ~0 t-:l-h 11" ~3!:..~M1~-4;ft1.l(. M1li&t 'f {f.J ;t#'t~f4. 283. ay-MANOVA. lW f1i. ~~=i!3'1iW~H!~1J. ±~3t~JJl:!il~. !JI is] III. l:I:;,~. 8*. ~>$,. 8**. 8*. ff>$, :fJ>$,. l**. ~>111.€. !**. ~>M. 1**. ~>$,. i. .ft~fiQ~gg.~g~~~~tt.~$m.~~~ttW&m.~~H.. f1JWJ:.;L Three- Way-ANOYA. !JIi5Jlll. 9. ~. ~7. !JIi5Jlll tt,~. ImfJ0:5t1t {Jf,:5t1U§. (N=100) rWJ:5t1U§. (N=64) fHI:Jj 1~~HJ01m~&. F. ~*~. 1.2920. .5829. 1.2469. .5074. 1Jf,1m~*f:I. (N=86). 1.2744. .5789. f,'Uim,~:*Jl (N=78). 1.2744. .5278. 1.6485. .7567. 1.1802. .4457. filIW. !JIi5Jlll. M~1i. tt,~. 2.253. .255. ~:aIOJh5. ffrnJJ,5*Jl. (N=33). ~1OJh5*Jl (N=131) >1. :. ~>$,. 17.109**. x1i.f¥!!l ~i&*~1Ji:~F1ttit Jt : nu, 1i-1t. x ~t.jjLh /IIl-ffl,i;\'d;~F= .005 ' nIH*' 1i-1t. *;It ~ Jiil % F= 2.484 ' 'it n~-ffl,i~;t,~ x;lt ~ 0J %F= .044 ' n~ -ffl, J1'1t. x ~t-llt fJ n~-ffl,i~;t,~ x;lt ~ Jiil %F= .358 *1\*- itp < .05l!1i,f 7j($' **1\~itp<.OUJt,f-7j($. -llt fJ. 0. 0. ~8 1~ft~JTfiQ~glig.~g~~~~tt.~$m.~JJffi1JD1'1Wjw.m.~a'9~~. ~JWJ:.;L Three- Way-ANOVA. 1!:£>?i':j. iE!~=i!3'1iW~~~1J. ±~~51Ui1J~. -*. 1!:£>f,'U !JIi5Jlll. 1iJl1J05:Ht {MJ'-1UJl f,'U:5t1UJl. {!:£>r.!6 fJ. nH~, i~ ;t, ~. '~~i:F1t. 1i-1t. x ;It ~ 0J = .933** , ,,2 '= .075** , f}. l~~~. (N=lOl). 1.3522. .5964. (N=64). 1.3058. .5668. lJf,1m~*Jl (N=87). l.3514. .5668. ~1m~*Jl (N=78). 1.3150. .6054. ~1OJh5*11 (N=33). 1.5887. .7343. ~1OJh5*Ft (N=132). 1.2706. .5240. !JIi5Jlll tt,~. 1.083. iJm:1J1iJl1J0~~~. tt,~. 1!:£>/Wj 1J£>f,'U {!:£>i*j {!:£>rf;J {!:£>f,'U {!:£>f,'U 1!:£>f,'U. !JIi5Jlll. FfiW M~1i. .214. ~~f"'Jh5. ff>~. 5.803*. tt : x1i.1t!!l ~i&* ~1Ji: ~Fmtit Jt. : /IIl-ffl,1i-1t. x j.t~ fJ n~ 1*'illj ;t,~F= 1.970 ' /IIl-ffl,1i-1t. *;It ~ 0J % F= .969 ' 'it 0J %F= 1.774 ' n~-ffl,1i-1t.x 'iti1i.fJ n~1*,illj;t,~ x;lt~ 0J%F=1.141 *1\~itp < .05l!1i ,f-7j($ , **1\*-itp < .0Il!li,f-7]($. ~fJ n~-ffl,i·IIj;t,.Ji x;lt~. 0. 0. 1J:f;~:±.t1Si:~~JJD'I'1~UJ[W;~tJ8"JQ}t§g. tl: '. {B;ffJ~mt~tJ ~1l~HUH*~JJ[1)}~1f. 1:*~~*. 0. Q}~D~@W~~fwtlSi:x-=f. JNim~tJRr'i'Dg?6~Wj'I'1~tJ1§~~1£*'J. tttp'I'1W*J['&~tJ1'J~~~.tJ. ' {Bgtt. ~~~Mim~*m.*~W~$.~ r~@J'~~~~&ili~~-=f-ffi~:±'. ~~~~.~?. [Q , -BJT~~~e.:tJz;t~fT.

(18) llt g~n{~.L-J *- ~ ±. w~ SftfB:+ §-sz:. 1JJj\rr:D '. *65IHZO~1O. ~11 ' PJJot:E~. '. -+-r .'-j;(.~ [',,- *e;:=fti"r , 1'17 {ttj?-fr;;f t::;£~LffiI. I'lH± Fl JT!. / ,. ~~~~,~ftW~tt~1J~mZgN. ~~~~~nm~'~~~1J~~~m. IAHc;~~1J81~J! (f~§~2) , $:ft1~. ~'~~~m~WM~n~~~~a~. m~1J~~W~~~m~~.~fl$~. ,lilIll! $!. H.Ii*.J j B r",f]7J 'I) 1!t~ ~. ~9. .vA. ~ft~fi~~~U.n~.~~~tt.n.m~~.~ft. ;;tai"l ~m ~1z:~. •• n~~~~~. ~'R'B~<;i1J)&~;;zfi!. ..c2..Three-Way-ANOVA. ~'R ~'11,~1%fJl. ~~~t4ij'iUUJ. IfL i5]1ll. l~~~. {M}1Ufl (N=lOl ). 1.4297. .7507. rD'l51-1Uli (N=64). 1.1375. .3302. {i&iilili,ffi*fl (N=87). 1.3977. .7182. l~jiilili'\.Hfl (N=78). 1.2256. .5221. {Jri5J),li*fl (N=33). 1.5879. .9367. ~fWlJi5*fl (N=132). 1.2485. .5202. *. ~;tt1'l U;iR ~ 1) it;] a i"lm){mn1z:jj;. 1Ul{~51-1t. ill'R13~<;i1J)&~;;z~. 24.339**. it;]ai"l'11,W$m~ ill'R'B'UrlH~)J. ~t f:lf.1J 1UJ{~~ilili~~. 6.939**. 7.749**. *. tt: X 1L 1t III c.UL'dl!' Jj\ .z. F ilUiut : ~~ 1~ ))' 1t JlHfi h ij~ {~ i'~ :t Ii = 8.246** '- n~ {~ 5l'- 1t X it. 1i' I6J J5 13.969** '- Jlttfih n~l~.i~:t1i X it. 1i' 16JJ5 =7.130** '- n~l~;tlt X Jltifih n~l~i·~:t1i X it. ';Ii' 16JJ5 =6.808* 1\iZ1tp<.05~llihkif'.' **1\iZ1tp<.OUJ1~7j(if'.. = 0. *. stai"l @:im~;;zJmi ~'R'B~~ Vl&H1z:1lI stai"l'l1 ~ltm * ~'Ri"ln~H*)J. ill;tt'B1t EIi'~;;zflfi 5t;J a i"l,-SJl' 1J)& H1z:Jmi. 0. 5t;]'R1)I±W$J;l~. ~10. ill;tt'B U~R~ 1J m~~~tt~1J.mM (N=64) . tt:. ~~~~tt~1J.mM (N=95). f..t,;tJltJj\;.zy. st'Ri"l i1EIU1z:~~ 1J. 1.0357. .1166. 1.1564. .4306. 2.522. ~a13~~1J)&~;;z~!llUJ. 1.1719. .4138. 1.4611. .7472. 4.098*. rD'l>{J&. Wilks' A= .87 1~ 5l'-lt X Jlf.j = .884* '- 112= {t=.108; it. < .05~1l~7j(i. st'Ri"l'11,W*J;l W~:fJ. 1.1594. .2695. 1.4358. .6823. 6.407*. ri';j>{J&. HU'lit.';Ii'i". 1't¥Fi"ln~H~)J. 1.4469. .6045. 1.8547. .7809. 8.049**. rD'l>{J&. it;] a'B5WEIi'~1z:~¥ 1J. 1.0379. .1840. 1.1774. .5179. 1.806. ttwY':. illai"l~SJl'1J)&~;;zfi!~)J. 1.3008. .5372. 1.5211. .7737. 1.532. i8IT~'11W$Jj!*~)J. 1.0513. .1877. 1.4571. .6657. 14.735**. rD'l>{i&. illB='i§DclH¥1J. 1.5875. .6909. 1.9579. .8629. 3.986*. r3J>{J&. tt: ~Jli*Jjj.z.~ ~I:-ta'>t : ~'/1."h~;j#.z.~liWilks' /..=.889* '- 112 =.125* '- ~ ~J:F{t=.125* ; ~ ~ ~'IJ* 1tJll"h &3!:.wilks' /..=.899 '- 112 =.057 '- ~ ~I:F{t=.110 ; ~'/1.~h ~;f#.z.~1i X ~ ~ ~ '1J*1tJll ..h & 3l: Wilks' /..=.874 '- 112 =.075 '- ~ ~:tF{t=.138 ; *l\iZ1tp < .05!.iJi~7j(if'.. ' **1\iZ1tp < .OHlli~7j(if'.. '·mJ1Ut ~~~h~;f#.z.~li4~.Jli*~!.iJi~~if'..,~~.~~~~.*1tJll"h&3l:.z..~.~.M*'. 0. ft~t3i. *c;~~m1*cpPJ 1J;f§~Bl*-~. 1m' ttW~J\!~ WmW'D~. 1~~Elii+~g:fj:: EiJ~, .......... *X'l::I.

(19) *t-f-llHt.JJJ ~;k..'5~ :£f.~ t-lk-JJ if ~.t1Ul1~-4~1~M 1f~ tf ag ;[';f~~**~ 285. ~11 ' PJ~DftW. ~ 11 mHfzfiJt~. ~11. m~i*n1t;L~~~"m[a. Hj~2) , i&ftf~. IjZ :t5j1il. tt,Q 1~>ra'J. {t\;m~{frin1t*!l. . *';j~~tJ;Lpxn!ill~. :~w~1'JJfH~. Ja{jrs~i*wJ~. ~:fr~fT~g}T~~jj~~tJ1lfz*'9~~:tHT~ttrs~i*~J~J:.Three-Way-MANOVA. (N=92 ) . ~m51i*n1t*!l. (N=66 ). F. fEi:W. M~1i. IjZ :!:5j1il. f~~~. IjZ :!:5j1il. f~~~. y~ # ii(I!~J5z:R~ j]. Ll615. .4388. 1.0325. .1027. 4.305*. :3t~*i\!<li~:zJl5z:R~ j]. 1.5043. .7717. 1.0970. .2723. 18.659**. IjZ :!:5j1il. tt,Q. ~~~'I"ttHJ*Jj!,&~ j]. 1.3609. .6171. 1.2788. .4997. 4.824*. 1lt>ra'J 1K>r'§.J 1E>r'F?J. ~~~D~tf~)). 1.9413. .7915. 1.3000. .4644. 28.237**. 1lt>~j. ~fr~~ii(m:ij5z:R~ j]. 1.1863. .5264. 1.0325. .1732. 4.056*. 1lt>f,'iJ. ffi~~'~mY:ij5z:R~ j]. 1.5054. .7422. 1.3258. .6088. 1.535. ffi~~'liW~J[~~ j]. 1.3820. .6336. 1.1732. .4286. 13.218**. illi!,~~D~g~j]. 1.9804. .8381. 1.5758. .7463. 5.221*. 1lt>f,'iJ 1t\;>f,'iJ. tHltJm~{*;iiIi~~;L~~!ilJil[a. 1lt>ra'J. {t\;tltJ m~i*;iiIi~*!l. . *';j~~tJ;Lpxn!ilJil[. (N=82 ). ~mtJm51i*)iiIi~*!l. (N=76). F. fEi:W. M~1i. IjZ :!:5j1il. f~~~. IjZ :!:5j1il. ~~~. ~~~ii(mij5Zm~ j]. 1.1341. .3955. 1.0789. .2842. ~~~t4mY:ij5z:j';* j]. 1.4512. .7165. 1.2079. .5351. .819. ~~~'liW*Jj!,&¥ j]. 1.3341. .6278. 1.3184. .5062. .646. ~~~Dilg~j]. 1.8756. .7992. 1.4553. .6124. 1.494. ffi~~ ii(mij5z:R~ j]. 1.1463. .4358. 1.0959. .4097. .165. ill rt~'~mY:ij5z:R~ j]. 1.4939. .7230. 1.3618. .6575. .288. r-MANOVA. ffia1§-'liW*Jj!W~j]. 1.3571. .5944. 1.2274. .5274. .002. 2.0195. .8529. 1.5868. .7313. 6.864*. fiW i1i. tt: '§'~L~~:::. ~ ~:t #t It :. ~'>M,. t. x kllfiiJ'%= roJ,% =6.808* * 0. illrt#Diffl~j]. IjZ :t5j1il. !2 ra'J>1~. 0* . ra'J>1lt ra'J>1lt. -9**. 16. ra'J>1lt. f,'iJ>1lt. 5**. 6*. ';~~~'IfJ4 . HJUfl f.- h ,JJU:.. 7j( $ a l~l1Ut :Mdt 0. 0. .673. ~ ~ -tF1i = .231 **. ; 'tH1UJ. 1t\;>ra'J n~ 1~ i~!:JJt. 0. 0. tt~3t. 2. ttt1. Wilks' 1.=.874*, tl=.144*' ~'l-tFii=.144*; k~fiiJ,%Wilks' 1.=.932' l=.073· ~ If-tFii=.073; JIjJ 1;f. -J)-1t. X :tt ii h n~ 1;f. i'~!: JJt Wilks' I. - .948 ' r/ = .055 ' ~ ~ -t F1i = .055 ; ~~ 1~ '7} it. X k ~ fiiJ % Wilks' A =.884* 'l=.13I* , ~ Ifi:F1i=.131* ; kll fiiJ,% X 'tHih JljJ1;f.i~!:JJtWilks' 1.=.903' 1]2=.108, ~ If-tF 1i = .108 ; k 11 fiiJ,% X n~ 1;f.-J)-1t. x:\ltii h B~1;f.i~!:JJt Wilks' 1.= .953 ' 1]2= .049 ' ~ If i:F1i = .049 ; *1.l(,J!Z1!p < .0511.Hf7j(1$. , **1.l(,J!Z1!p < .0IAAit7j(1$. affil1U~1;f.-J)-1t. ,:tHih n~1;f.i·~!:JJt..(f..1..t-J1t,fd.AAit7j(1$. , M.. ~ FH'l k 11 fiiJ '%:::. if tSj tt ~l:.t.HUt. tt,Q. 18*. nm 1~ -J)-1t. Wilks' 1,= .812** , l= .231 ** ,. IjZ:!:5]1il. 0. 1£.~{~tt"~LPJ~O. *!=r\!rl9m1*cpPJt~D~R jJf§~B"J*~~. ,. '. '. ~SZ~. ~.f&mtt. ~~~~jJ~~m~~~owm~~fB:. , ~~t'f~. ~~:z~~11B"J~~1~~'Jlmv~31I'3t~Di!i1JD. ~pJ~g31l~,~~~sz. JDm~:z~~11~~m. ' &ffD{£Di!i1JD'['1W*J!. ~. , ttW*J!W~jJ , m~pJ~g.Di!i1Jot1 W*J!W ' D~R~jJ , PJ~DttJ*Cjtf~11B"J. W~11LW~5st~f5~jJ. I-=-k- ffi +,:s;r;i"4'fP FEF ·.f]·MT.£..1::. S .w ~ ~-=-'lP.t.m. 'I a ji~h/ ~ 1:>< 5Z,.'I::f.)5Z ' I), \ PJ Fl~~Jj';/~mm ~. t~'3tfi~BtB"Jffi;~~~~1m~1i~ijg~~~11. , llt*,G*ft)(~ ~:z~~ jJ*J3.W\lH§ [PJ ~:fJ! ' ~jiGttt~ jJ.

(20) 1&:tE'[1:W~J?~ & 0 BE~ tJL. ' {E:LMmgsz:. ~4)~.M~~.~~l¥J7t~,~. m.tJfimill~~.m~fim,~~. ti7f~§1ll:tH!fm [qj ~m ~ §:6 [qj ~'[1:.:1J Wk. ~{j'f!lt. :trr=rmt~~B"J{§~t!P-arffl1JlU. fl~~J!tfrrim{*~JJ[L"~tzg-T~~~±B"J. 0. tJi=rm~~l¥J~$~~ ({g1iffi1Jo,~w:gsz:. ' *~gm~i&~7ttfT97 A ' {~~ M~~.~JJ[8"J7ttfT*6*tp , !lt~'[1:. tJJtHlz:t~~{j'f:ft~~,~w:gsz:m ' '[1:!Ji! ~J?WDB!.tJ ' nffi1JO'[1:W~J?~ , tJ&D B!.tJL~~fBf~{'Fm ' i&{j'f7ttfTll:tE. m.tJ~*5Ji-). ~~~.:1Jfim:tErim~~~Ll¥Jm~,. :tE ~~ {* ~ JJ[ tp ~5UJLR ~ rim {*7t1t ~{g , !lMltJtm1*1i1tli~~~{~ff~~i§: ~~'3ta-Tgsz:m. tJ ~B"J*,'Jff. tJi=rm ( 1~1§9:3 ) , ;firim{*7t1t~{g , ~U*,'Jff. 0. fr!ltmtJrim{*1i1ffi~J!t:1J. {*~~~*. oo,~m~~~J!t~frn~L.~~~. *6*tzD~12. nffi1JO. tJ B"Ji=rm ; !Itll:Ui!fmfffi j§ rim1*7t. pff~. 1t~~~¥:Jff.:1J~~8"J"~tzg-T. m'. *. 0. ll:t *6 W~ *~,~ 51:. -T g:£ m ~:1J~' ~ [qj , 5I:.-Tgsz:m.:1J~~{j'f~{±~tm{*7t 1tB"JF~'~ , ~g~~[qj.@::t~~~¥U{*~ 5?3(* ~ fffi" f~ [:;SJ -]-!It i§: ~ ~ ~ "it. a-T ~m.:1J~~.0~~~~*~? c® 0. ~12. 0. '. ~13. '. ~14. '. ~15. '. , 1iffi1Jo 0 ~.:1JL~~"f~tzg-T8"J{*§15?3(* ' {~ BE '. nffi1Jo'[1:W~J?~. rim{*7t1t:tE~"it.'[1:W~J?~ L BPB~1:t~. ~{*~5?3(*. '. f~5:t1ttrJl. (I ~5:t1UB (I. lll:f1:1Jlm1*1ilffi~J 1~1e11li~~fl. (1. i£i1ilffi~~Jl. (1 ~~la]5. ~1ClJ5~fl. (!. ~16. 1j'f*U-frim{*7t1t~~:tE~"it.,.~w:gsz:. ~~ 0. 1m1*5:tft. 1!\li1ClJ5~fl.. 11.: 3Z§.11/ll-Z.-rt itt h ~~ ~ ii/; ;f; . 'l?-7j:.ij! , **1\. ~14. flJWJ. ~[qj'Wi§:~~"it.aT~m.:1J~~m. , :tE*,'Jfftptm{*7t1t~~:1J B"J ~~W* 1§11JJ~~~~ ~~7t8"J.:1J i=r [qj~ :1J~fffi ~. f~7HfT~BJTij~It;;~jJ'§'~~~~1'i~jJmfll~1±jIi~~fflt~jJB~IBli*. Imf*5:t1t 1~5:tfUfl.. ( ~5:tfUfl. ( lli:fl:1Jlm1*1i1ilii f~1ilffi~~fl. ( ~1ilffi:\~Hfl. ( ~1ClJ5~fl.. IUH~5:tft. 1.6125 1.1290. .8333 .3671. 11.914**. f~1~~~Jl. (N=51 ). 1.6157. .8206. 1.190. r'CD1i1ili~~J::l (N=44). 1.2682. .6130. r%'J5:tfU,El. (N=31) llMI:1J1m1*le11li .!tfit. 1~:5H. ll:t*6*WX-Tgsz:m.tJ~. fl JW . . L L Three- Way-ANOVA. f~5:tfU,El. (N=64). (.. l!\IiIClJ5~Jl.. ( (. 'a: 3Z§.11/ll-Z.-JiJ itth ~~ii/;~ 7j:.ij! , **1\~. ~. is\'N-/'>''''. M'I-!f'JX-j. ~:alClJm ~lClJliIHJ:i (N=26). 1.6154. .8943. 1!\liIClJJ5~Jl. (N=69). 1.3942. .6834. ll:t '. .930. 11.: 3Z§'11/ll-Z.-tL!!UfJjj-Z.-F1i#t~: ~~~5t1I:.x1Htth ~~1~;';Yi;t&F=.948' ~~1~5t1I:.x>t::;HJJ5F=4.459*' it itth n~1~ii/;;t&X >t1.i fi'JJ5F=.041 ' n~1~5t1I:.x1titth nH%ii/;;t& x if:. E fi'JJ5F=.102 *1\*,tp < .05!ijj'l? 0. §{~~!. Fa'*~l¥J*~. C1978) 8"J; fJil.~-fi!@'.

(21) ~ -f nUll-. ~8~7tfJT. '. jjf; ~. ~Jj!iJ:.ZThree-Way-ANOVA. '. ~*Jil* J;)J?zo. rI& fii7t fiT litE ~JjL8~~~ , ~. Film. :lfLiSlIY. ~~~. M~1i. 1.4563. .7060. 2.080. 1.4065. .6356. fB;,l~;g*,ll (N=51 ). 1.4471. .7522. ~li~U~~*,ll (N=44). 1.4318. .5960. ::('jil"'i]J,'}*,ll (N=26). 1.5692. .7562. ~[MJJi5*,ll (N=69). 1.3913. .6494. I*lf*5Ht f!£5tft*,ll (N=64) ~5tfU,ll. (N=31). :lfL~1Y. tt,Q. liNWi j] ~fH~;gffi' .007. :Jt!::~i'"lh~. , ~15 ' ~16. ~1±iI~'~~fl2. ~ ~1!3'1i 00 ¥Jl W~.1J. ±~~UUi1l~. ~~-Yff~ii:1:8~. Fi:cp , i1~Jli~ ~~fl21m ' ttw. 287. ~13 ~?HfT~£J-Tij~'RB~1J'§'~~~~1~~1J~m~1'±§lBt1~Wi~m~1JrUI%. t~fPJ~Jri~ 1JWk. :HJT97 A ' {~tJJ. n J4 At: 1. it.) "lin IT 1v ~1Ul1~-4~1'UaHf-~ tf WJ ~~J4.ft~. i~. l*Jil* ' ~jJOO. .043. ~jlUt 'l~~FUU!l:Jt : ij~~:>t1t. X 1H1UJ n~ 1*';1/.; ;If;.liF= .388 ' n~ 1*:>t1t. x it ~ JiiJ % F=6.746* , i+ IUl ~;I/.;;If;.Ii x it ~ JiiJ %F= 1.053 ' IUl ~ :>tit. x 11-;ffI:;/] 1Ul~;I/.;;f;.Ii x it ~ JiiJ %F= 1.605 *1\:Rltp < .05M. : x.1i.1t III ;ffI:;/]. 0. l-*-$ ,. **1\~ltp. < .OUJi.l-7~$. 0. f*11i5f3l:* ' is L ""O;:::J 1Bfcd-: ;:$: --LB LI",,{:Z:;;"J~_. ~14 1ii?HfT~£J-Tij~'R;~1J.§.~~~~tt~1J~m~1'±5JI~D~lf~1JB~Mm%. ~Jj!iJ:.Z Three-Way-ANOVA. -Yfl21m~ 1J:rt. :lfL iSli5l. F film M~1i. :lfL iSll\l. ,~~~. {!£5tfU,ll (N=64). 2.1063. .7904. 25.702**. 1!£>~J. ~5J\.1U,ll. (N=31). 1.3032. .3996. ltl1tj] I*lf*t~;g1Jt {!£iI$iJl*,ll (N=51). 2.0863. .7841. ;-~J1~;g*,ll (N=44). 1.5636. .6891. 1:fi'"lJi5*,ll (N=26). 1.8923. .7843. ~iI"'iJJi.SMl. (N=69). 1.8261. .7873. ljI~1Y. tt,Q. 1.732. ~6i'"lJif}. ::('j>$Wi. "=4.459* , 11 itp < .05M,f. tt,)Z. ~{*7t1t. :B7t8~~1J1j JB~~m%. §t~1!3'D~g~:1J. ±~~~~J~. m~1Jllr'§J~~. ;m{*7t1tff~1J. .~. .184. : x.1i.1t III ~5It* 'l~~Fiti!l: Jt : 1Ul1*,:>t1t. x m#;/] n~ ~il/.;;If; &F= 1.428 ' n~ 1*,:>t1t. x it ~ Iii] %F=2.614 ' it ;ffI:;/] n~1*,)"I/.j;lf;.Ii x it ~ JiiJ %F= .575 ' 1Ul1*'~t1t. x 1+'*;/] ij~ ft.)"I/.j;lf;.Ii x it ~ JiiJ %F= .338 *1\~ltp < .051.1li.l *-$ , **1\:Rltp < .01Ml- *-$ 0. 0. , {El.f-fX:-Yfk~~i~8~~1JfJ~~P1F~O lft ' ~ f~ f ~B /±HffX: -Y fk~ !Miff £J:r. ffij £J: -Y rs~ JlUI~: ~ 1J {~ f. rs~~~8~*~JMt~~~8~. {~t~Bowen. ~ff$~~ff~~~~7t~'ill~m. ~{*7t{t8~ff~:1J~. ~* ~ £J:rflxa~:1J1ffJ*8~1iEt:t~~. ~. ( 1978) 8~;g1:t:. '. 0. ~m-.@a~~~~¥~~~~,. 'I'JfHtf¥~~g:1J. .0. J! ff 1iEt ~~fI ' :E@aff~ff1:E B i&.

(22) ~15 1~ :5Hff:a-B.Fr ij~~!~ 1J.§. ~M5 ~ ~ 1'1~ 1J mtl1~H± 1iffi1m1'1 W~~ ~ ~ 1J B~. Iim1~H!~JilU:..:z Three-Way-ANOVA. MANOVA' ~. tit -aJ~O '. ~%;. 5'. -h /.-' ~1t. ?R'/Jfr t;";!J , / '. {§~~!;m. r~~Wf;5t1t. 1~5t1UB. (N=64). 1.5067. .7044. r'ilJ5t1t*.l! (N=31). 1.3641. .5736. f.t£1ilili~kJ:l. (N=51). 1.5378. .6722. r'ilJ1ilili~*.l! (N=44). 1.3701. .6523. :f§1Rl)i5*Jl. (N=26). 1.5824. .7056. ~rctJ)~:i*f1. 1.4141. .6483. , ffif. 4.243*. t1fl:tJI#l1*1ilili~&. .051. ~17. 1~:5t~ff. .162. st~::gIrH~.ll5iR~. ~i1?r"lJi5. (N=69). st§ 1Y~1l'&ly\t'li. nil fff:7i-1t. x it1i' raJ JiH=8.477** , lHti h nll1ff.illi.t Ii x :It 1i' raJ J,ii F= .078 ' nIl1ff. 7i-1t. x lHJ{ h nll1ff.i"l/i;t Ii x :It 1i' raJ J,ii F= .001 *1-1(.*ltp < .05M. Oi.: x.1i.11!fl~:tt*iIlJ~~Fii#l:Jt: n~1ff.7i-1t.xlHiUJ ~1l1ff:i·lIi.tliF=.798'. 0. ;)f7]<.$' **1-1(.*ltp<.0IM;)f7]<.$. i'i;'j41J11t.\)-~i. WJffil:J:..:z Three-Way-ANOYA ljIi5j1ll. ~~~. 2.1250. .8826. 1.6000. .7259. f~1ilili~Ml (N=51 ). 2.1373. .8556. r'ilJ1ililiillUJl. (N=43). 1.7442. .8421. iflRlfr§kB (N=25). 2.0800. .8206. ~1WJJi5*Jl. (N=69). 1.9130. .8855. rnJ 41J JIfsl:: ;g'tt~~wJ~R. r'i'E41JJ1t5t 1M;~1J~'1::. 8.157**. r'Cb4 j] 1fI\t: {.t£41J~~. t1:f11J~m{*1ilili~!!r. ill~ 1f~1l'&H:!z: 'M!. 1.114. ;g~~tHliJ~J.!'&. r'ilJ~:fJ~~. ~BrnJJi5. ti. :. 1.t£~ JJ ~'1::' {Mih~'1::. ffi ~~ D ~i!Hitt.J. rm1*5t1t fMt1Ufl (N=64) f.:J5t1UB (N=30). 5t~::gu~:g41J. 0. ~ 16 1~:5t~ff:a £J:Tij~~~~1J .§.~ M5~~1'1~1J .$~I~1±1iffi1JD D~~~1J B~Ii~i*. ±~~WJ!fr~. st~:f§''tlW*J?~~. {.t£41JJ1t~. .128. r%J~1J~3t. x.1i.11!fl ~:tt* ill Jfi ~Fii#l:;t : n1l1ff: 7i-1t. x lHti h n~ 1ff. i·.¥i .t liF= .867 ' n~ 1ff. 7i-1t. x it 1i' raJ J,ii F= 1.994 ' 1t # h nIl1ff:i"l/i;t Ii x :It 1i' raJ J,ii F= .068 ' nIl1ff:7i-1t. x 1tiU h n~ 1ff: i"l/i;tJi x :It 1i' raJ,% F= .945 *1-1(.*ltp < .05Mi 7]<.$ , **1-1(.*-ltp < .0li!1i;)f7]<.$. f.t£41JIfIY ;g~1"f[l~jtf~:f. 0. 0. r'ilJ4j]~9. {.t£4:fJF10 ~~)(+H5Zm. ' ~-aTH5Zm~jJ , ~B~. ~~~~§~)(-a~m~m,~~~m. *WfJE7J7t~.M:b~%~~jJ*fi. '. U~~w~~~~!;m~~~~~fu~~ .~%~.jJ~~~~~jJff~,~m. ~jJW~~+.~.(m~~~D~~. jJ) , j:t~t446AJE~~~%~~jJ~fi ' 1£ W~ ~ Ji[ , !;m {* ~ Ji[ L ;@; 1'1. r'ilJ~1J~5. {.t£4:fJJft3 .i.: ~:tt*Jjj~. .J.hfftJ:..W J:.. Wilks' A. = Jjj~~~h.

(23) h.Ji-1-Jltlftlch ~jv" 1-i;iJ ~lch 11' ~-~:..nM1*-4~1.l(M1t-~ tf ff.J~~~#~ im~1.JB~. MANOVA ' ;!:t*5*PO~ 17 ' ~ 18. ~tJfim,;!:tWti~tt~tJ~.~m~. 3I::Wr§J/f ~ ~'IJi~ tt1.E£1£m~ 11J!l3l::R 1.E£/f ~~'IJi::g~~~~±JjlxO~g , :fjffi tJOM11lg2m' :fjffitJOt'I:W*3ilW ' DffitJoO~. {13~~~ , ffiJ1~W@A1fJtl~tJJ!l3l::W. W~tJfim'~Wm~~m~tJ~/fffi. ~~~~~~,~;!:t~~m~tJ~tJJ!l. ~. lltPJ~O. 1jI±~15l. tt,Q fl£>/%. ~ 17. ,. 'f.\(.ctti!p < .05M. 0. ' ~*~*J3.B1±*Jtt~~1*.L3l±. , ;!:t~?Jg~jtt\*3il~g;zm~11W~%~. 1~ :5t;tff1ftt~JH~1.J *Jl;z~i'~!l ~1.J f'J:i.%1:E ~:~a~ :r~J::. Two- Way- MANOVA ·~H':Jtt ~ 1.J. ~J5F=8.477**. EEl. 289. .z ,HEltt,~. ~~tt~1.JfT~a. 1jI~15l. t~~~. FmWM¥1i. ~~:gtu!~t:~ 1J. 1.415. ~ti1)'Ii~f¥&~SlflM~ 1J. 1.573. '~n:t'J'11~fiH~Jj!W~ 1J. .806. =mtt,Q. '~B:gD§g~1J. JB~I8JJ1* 1jI±~15l. tt,Q. r:'iJ~1J~9:r'§J/f $~'~ (N=93). 1.3376. .5556. fL~~1J~9:fl£/f $~ll (N=165). 1.1430. .2712. r'§J~ 1J ~~ fff,/f $ ~tw (N=81). 1.2642. .4217. 1l£~1J.~9:r'ED::.j'$~ll (N=77). 1.2857. .4501. r'§J~1J~9:r'§J/f$~'~ (N=93). 1.0261. .0892. 11£~1JJff'ctf1£/f $~'r1! (N=165). 1.0052. .0383. I~J~1J~9:{l£/f$~'~ (N=81). 1.0071. .0500. 19~1J~9:r'§J/f$~'~ (N=77). 1.0106. .0319. 5.604**. ~ l~j>{1£{l£. 3.226*. r'§J I'D >{.!.\:{l£. ~~:g~m:~Slfll~)J. f).1;;>/%. ill fit =tf"4f¥&~fll~ 1J. .307. illj:l"f:t'J'11wmw~ 1J l~j~1J~9:r'§J/f $~tl (N=93). 1.1382. .2734. {l£~1J~9:{g/f $~tl (N=165). 1.0398. .1613. r'§J~ 1J ~9: f1£/f $ ~'~ (N=81). 1.0071. .0312. 1M~1J~9:r'§J/f$~'rl (N=77). 1.1076. .2905. r'§J~1J~'ctI';U/f$~'Ij'! (N=93). 1.4301. .6345. {E',~1J~9:{1£/f $~ll (N=165). 1.2158. .4220. ~11' ~a~. rD1~1J~9:{1£/f$~'~ (N=81). 1.2370. .4349. , '~mtg2m. fg~1J~9:r'§J/f$~Ut (N=77). 1.2442. .5043. ~ F=. i!p. 1.994 ' ft < .051,i..Jl if. :1JJJlo~g~. ~~11*J3.. '. L]Lt. J! i'J. l~jl~>{l£f1£. 6.241 ** . I'D r*l> !CD {1£. 1l£r'§J>;'i':j{E',. ~~:gD~g:~h. 4.543**. I'D r':':;'J >{1£{1£. ,£ :. -&-!it*JJi~~. !Jti:*Jt : ,lHil-fJ}IU1i~!11liWi1ks' "=.968, 17'=.033, ~ !Jti:Fi/i=.033 ; ~ ft '}Hl~l:t!ll l-h & ~ Wilks' ,,=.869** , 17'= .091 ** , ~!Jt i:FUt = .145** ; ~'I±l-h ;l;/1i~!111i x ~ ft '!Hl ~l:t!lll-h & ~Wilks' "=.923' 17 2 =.066* , ~ !Jti:Fi/i. .082; *f.\(.ctti!p < .051,i..Jlif7j(4!- ' **l'\('1i:itp < .0Hl..Jlif7](4!-. 4~.l-hffA~F~.*i!M.'M~M~~~.~ • • ~ftM*o. 0. a~H~.

(24) *Jl~1lf1:E£~!:J11 tJ*~T~E~j .619 .737 .588. *~1lfffij §. §tj§:~D~~:tJ. {l\::5t{UJl. (N=197) r%:5t1UJl. (N=216). 1.3462 1.1676. ::t~fB~~T'. 8.755**. .5108 .3283. lim 1*~JJ[. .815 .414 1.012. JS :.7t. 1.3614 1.2370. 7.555**. .5829 .4586. ~1lf~/f;g~;. ~~J51lf~/f~. .223 3.301. ~ j] ,. 5.209*. 5;0 ' tJ~*~~. §tj§:~'liW*Ji!W~ :tJ. {l\:?MliiHJl. (N=219) r%?MliiHJl. (N=194). 1.1215 1.0742. 'iN ,= 'H:'t 1Hf ' ' ;Ej:i.E. tt-t 1\ \ \ :. 7t1t11i1:EjIBt~ ~ ~ T sk] J5I:5Fi:. mj§:~Diiff~:tJ. {l\::5t1UJl. (N=197) r%:5t1UJl. (N=216). , 1]. .3635 .2507. J;X&1Jffi1J. .L-:,z§~El)j~"f~~. 2.264 .374 1.819 .002 .060. /fffit.1*~JJ(* PJij~Sk]"~~~ ~m1*~JJ[. ffit.1'f 1*~JJ(* 0, .129 3.295 2.472 iiff~ :tJ ~i"1JJi5ffJl. (N=70). =: @1im1*~JJ[~. ~/f .Br~tl1lf Q. §tj§: ~ 0. 1.3629 1.2303. M-i"1JJi5ffJl. (N=343). 5E~*~1lf~1. 6.486*. .5494 .4038. ~~ltji1lf1:EjJf~. 1.549 1.110 mj§:~'liW*Ji!W~ :tJ ~i"1JJi5ffJl.. M-i"1JJi5ffJl.. (N=70) (N=343). 1.1469 1.0562. .3352 .1841. 10.576**. 1.4571 1.2636. .5928 .5043. 8.321 **. ~19. 1~BHfi. Imf*W. mj§:~D"ff~:tJ ~i"1JJi5ffJl. (N=70). M-i"1JJi5ffJl. (N=343). tt. : -&--~*Jjj.:t.~ 1l-t~Jt : n~~~1t,Wilks' 1.=.958* '1/2=.044*, ~ Il-tF{t=.044* ;. i'tilh n~~i.¥i:tttWilks'. 1.=.979' 1/2=.022' ~ Il-tF{t=.022 ; :k1i' f"J%Wilks' 1.=.953* '1/2=.049*, ~ ~-tF{t=.049* ; n~~~1t, X i'tilh n~~i·.¥i:tttWilks' 1.=.990' 1/2=.010, ~ IlI:F{t=.OlO ; n~~~1t, x:k1i' f"J%Wilks' 1.=.984, 1/ 2 = .016 ' ~ Il -tF{t = .016 ; :k 1i' f"J % \0) %'" ~ ~.J1t~1:.~ \1'*\. X. i't:flh n~~i.¥i :tttWilks' 1.=.987 ' 1/2 = .013 '. n ~ ~.)lJ~ 1i..~'l\.\\.\\. ).,= .~l~. ,. r)'- =. ~ ~ -tF{t =.013 ;. :k 1i'. S.)'l'l' '} 't.~r'W.. = Xl'l'l " "'i\~l\.P < .'\)')If.1;-1f-.. ~ , **1-\~'tp < .01!!U'7j(~ , a~~Jjj 1.!1-t-l:-h 11' lJ.:t.F~~;d".ltAAii- '. JIll /FAA iF-'T'-i~tt~"1&.~t,~iUt '. j1§tD~~:tJ. :am1JoMm:~R'~ j. :am1Jo'liW*Ji!W :am1JOD~ff tt :. *1-\:ftltp <. .05~. lJ:k1i'f"J%'.

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