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論中國經典詮釋的目的與方法──以《春秋》的詮釋為例

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፤Ϝ୾စڑၜមޠҭޠᇅРݳ

⎯⎯пȮࢍऎȯޠၜម࣐پ

ݔဏҔ

*

ᄣ! ्

ҭࠊϜ୾ᏱࣩӶ՚РၜមᏱޠᐮᕞίȂᄈՍঢ়༉ಜစڑޠၜមࣁ ୞໡ۗໍ՘ЇࣹȈژۼϜ୾စڑၜម࢑ࡪኻໍ՘ޠȉҐНпȮࢍऎȯ ޠၜម࣐پȂ፤Ϝ୾စڑၜមޠҭޠᇅРݳȂٯٸпίө࿾ȈΚȃࠊ ّȂΡȃȮࢍऎȯစᝳޠၜមᡞԓȂήȃȮࢍऎȯၜមᐤโޠᙾ׸Ȃѳȃ စڑၜមޠҭޠ८ӪȂϥȃစڑၜមޠРݳ८ӪȂϳȃ๗፤ȂӍშථ ໡Ϝ୾စڑၜមࣁ୞ޠۼចȄӶȮࢍऎȯޠၜមᏱ၈Ȃ्ᄈЍφ࣐ե ձȮࢍऎȯȉԄեձȮࢍऎȯȉ࢑ձစᗚ࢑ঔѭȉРݳ࢑আٲ݃ဏȉ ᗚ࢑ޣਫڐٲȉڐཏ࢑ུڻᗚ࢑௄ڻȉ๊፞ୱᚡձᇴ݃Ȃڐᄃ೼ٳഎ ᜱᖓ຀ၜមޠҭޠᇅРݳȄ༉ಜȮࢍऎȯ᜹ޠ຀ձߓ౫Ӷၜមȃਫݳȃ ״ຠᇅՄॐѳঐР८αȂၜម຀ಂܼဏȂਫݳ຀ಂܼНȂ״ຠᇅՄॐ ຀ಂܼНҐ঩ဏᇅѭٲ઎ᄃޠՄفȄ༉ಜᄈȮࢍऎȯޠၜមᖃ࢑ᚕϛ ໡ၜម޲ޠҭޠᇅРݳȂҭޠӶयң޲ȂڐРݳ௵ڦଋЩܗُࡿϛӉ ᜞ޠРԓȂϛռпϐཏ၍စȂڐѷηᇯȂࢉԥӲᘫҐဏϟᖟȇ೾Ґဏ ᇅयڐң܂܂ᄻԚစڑၜមҭޠޠڎᆓȂӱᔗၜមҭޠޠڎᆓȂӶР * ݔဏҔȂᇄᢋτᏱলᏱقఁ௳Ȅ ׺ጉȈ95 Ԓ 3 У 28 СȇঔॐȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 13 Сȇ௦ڨёีȈ95 Ԓ 10 У 14 СȄ

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ݳαη൸ԥΠ֊ٲԇ઎ᇅআٲयңΡԓȂ೼߰࢑Ϝ୾စڑၜមࣁ୞ޠ ۼចȄ

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Aims and Methods in Hermeneutic

Interpretations of the Chinese Classics

—the case of the Chunqiu

Yih-Jing Lin

*

Abstract

Under the stimulus of Western hermeneutics, Chinese scholars have begun to reflect upon the basis of their own tradition of hermeneutical interpretation. This paper discusses the hermeneutic basis of interpreting the Chinese classics with reference to the Chunqiu, in four sections: (1) Introduction, (2) Forms of interpretation, (3) Changes of direction in interpretation, (4) Aims of interpretation, (5) Methods of interpretation, (6) Conclusion. Hermeneutical studies of the Chunqiu raise the following questions: why and how Confucius composed the Chunqiu, was this a composition or revision of history, did he use events to reveal ethical meaning or did he record events faithfully, did he aim to revitalize the Zhou or simply followed the Zhou? These questions involve aims and methods of hermeneutical interpretation. Traditional works on the Chunqiu manifestly concern interpretation, forms of writing, criticism and evidence. These involve, respectively, meaning, literary form, origins of text and meaning, and accuracy of historical events. Thus, traditional interpretations are inseparable from aims and methods. Aims could be based on motive of use or application and methods could be based on analogical comparisons. However, these lead to subjective interpretations and misunderstandings. This gives rise to the thought that there is a need to go back to understanding original meanings. Thus, in terms of aims, we invariably find these two extremes of motive of use or application on

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the one hand, and understanding original meaning on the other. Similarly, in terms of method, there is the idea of preserving the truth of events on the one hand, and the motive of use or application on the other. This is the underlying basis of the problem of hermeneutic interpretation of the Chinese classics.

Keywords:Chunqiu, interpretation of classics, aims of hermeneutic interpretation, methods of hermeneutic interpretation, faithful description of events, revealing meaning through events

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፤Ϝ୾စڑၜមޠҭޠᇅРݳ

⎯⎯пȮࢍऎȯޠၜម࣐پ

ݔဏҔ

Κȃࠊّ

ԥᜱϜ୾စڑၜមޠःفȂ์޲Ӷ 2002 Ԓ 12 У෇ኦȲ፤Ϝ୾စڑ ၜមޠΡঐஆ࠯Ȉޣមᇅਡ೾⎯⎯пȮܿစȯޠၜម࣐پȳ1ȂڐϜᄈȶϜ ୾စڑȷᇅȶၜមȷΡ᜞౲ԥᇴ݃ȂᒞȶϜ୾စڑȷΚ᜞ܛࡿሴ࣐ኅހȂ Ҧԟ෉ޠϳ᛻ȞȮၒȯȃȮਫȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮ዆ȯȃȮܿȯȃȮࢍऎȯȟቩђژΝစȃ ΟစȃΫစȃΫΚစȃΫήစȃΫѳစȂࣦՎΡΫΚစȂڐᄃ௄ၜមޠ ِ࡚ٿࣽȂۤڦᠼՍࣣȞ1792ɯ1841ȟϟُȂ஡༉ȃଅȃထਫᘫߤܼစ2Ȅ ȮᅖਫȆ᛻Нעȯזϳ᛻࣐ΟᆎȂȮ໨ਫȆစᝳעȯϟစഌҼӱϟȂڐϜ ஡༉Ȯ፤ᇮȯȃȮׄစȯȃϊᏱ፞ঢ়Ҽӗϳ᛻ঢ়ϜȂΞяՍ൶ЍІ၍စ҇റ ϟࢉȂ஠൸ࡤзစ၍Յ፤ȂଷȮ዆စȯչѷѵȂϥစϟစ၍࿌࣐ᏑᏱ༉ ܜޠлཇȄᆤᢏϥစϟစ၍ȂԥҦմቺޠଌຣȃതѰȃݨȃᆖȃ၍ȃ౶ȃ ᇴȃ༉ȂژЩၷାቺޠមဏȃ೾មȃ೾ဏȂΞՎഷାቺޠলᏱវមȂܼ 1 ࡹԫНࡤϑёܼȮᇄᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒ 31 ෉Ȟ2006.3ȟȂॳ 35-75Ȅ 2 ᠼՍࣣȂȲϳစҔӫȳȂُȮᠼՍࣣӓ໲ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖΢ҖȂ1975.2ȟȂॳ 37Ȅ

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ϭϛֺᆏձစڑޠȶၜមȷȄҭࠊϜ୾ᏱࣩӶ՚РၜមᏱޠᐮᕞίȂᄈՍ ঢ়༉ಜစڑޠၜមࣁ୞໡ۗໍ՘ЇࣹȈژۼϜ୾စڑၜម࢑ࡪኻໍ՘ ޠȉԥե੬ᘉȉଭᄈ೼ٳୱᚡȂ์޲෇пȮܿစȯޠၜម࣐پȂණяϜ ୾စڑၜមࣁ୞ڏԥڎঐஆҐ࠯ԓȈޣមᇅਡ೾ȇҐНඳпȮࢍऎȯޠ ၜម࣐پȂ፤Ϝ୾စڑၜមޠҭޠᇅРݳȂӍშථ໡Ϝ୾စڑၜមࣁ୞ ޠۼចȄ

ΡȃȮࢍऎȯစᝳޠၜមᡞԓ

௄ᐤхѭਫܛၸԥᜱϥစវख़ޠ຀ձ኶ҭࣽٿȂ௷Ӷࠊήӫޠ࢑ ȮܿȯȃȮᙅȯȃȮࢍऎȯήᏱȇӶȮᅖਫȆ᛻Нעȯ၈ȂȮࢍऎȯॏ 23 ঢ়Ȃ ȮܿȯᇅȮᙅȯө 13 ঢ়ȂȮࢍऎȯ۩ࠆȇӶȮ໨ਫȆစᝳעȯ၈Ӭॏϑ չϟਫȂȮࢍऎȯԥ 130 ഌȂȮܿȯ94 ഌȂȮᙅȯ210 ഌȂȮࢍऎȯ۩ٴȇȮུ ভਫȆ᛻Нעȯॏ຀ᓄᇅϛ຀ᓄϟ኶ȂȮࢍऎȯԥ 127 ഌȂȮܿȯ99 ഌȂ Ȯᙅȯ119 ഌȂȮࢍऎȯ۩ࠆȇȮ׉ѭȆ᛻Нעȯॏᓄᇅϛᓄϟ኶ȂȮࢍऎȯ ԥ 263 ഌȂȮܿȯ232 ഌȂȮᙅȯ139 ഌȂȮࢍऎȯҼ۩ࠆȇȮ݃ѭȆ᛻Нעȯ ϜȮࢍऎȯॏ 131 ഌȂȮܿȯ222 ഌȂȮᙅȯ107 ഌȂȮࢍऎȯ۩ٴȇȮఽѭ ጉȆ᛻НעȯϜȂଷџᒯѡਫ኶ࡤȂȮࢍऎȯॏ 171 ഌȂȮܿȯ247 ഌȂȮᙅȯ 219ഌȂȮࢍऎȯଞ۩ಒήȄٸ์޲ߒզȂՍѡпٿᘫ឵Ȯࢍऎȯစᝳϟ ᖃ኶ङ 1425 ഌȂԇ޲ 517 ഌȂϑչ޲ 908 ഌȂչ޲Щԇ޲ЏӼȂՅϸପ Ӷө්хޠ຀ձȂᅖԥ 74 ഌȃᚮਤ 116 ഌȃ໨ভϥх 80 ഌȃڎ׉ 541 ഌȃϰ 126 ഌȃ݃ 281 ഌȃఽ 191 ഌȂڐуϛၐ޲ 16 ഌȄ௄пα຀ձ኶ ҭٿࣽȂȮࢍऎȯᏱߒᑺܼڎᅖȂτ౿ܼڎ׉ȂԪ౿ܼ݃ȂՎఽӕ෶Ȃด ЏാܼᚮਤȃভȄϭࡹȮѳ৳ӓਫȯܛԞȮࢍऎȯ᜹Ȟ֥ߤᓄȟӔ 115 ഌȂ༊ԪܼȮܿȯ᜹Ȟ֥ߤᓄȟӔ 166 ഌȂٸڐਫӫȂҼѠՄȮࢍऎȯ

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စᝳၜមϟ፞ૢᡞԓȄٸ์޲ϸ᜹Ȉ ˬȃၜមစ༉ဏ౪޲Ȉ༉ȃພȃ౶ȃ፤ȃᇴȃមȃҔ༉ȃҔԠȃཌྷ ԠȃึཌྷȃҐဏȃ्ဏȃЍဏȃҔဏȃພ౶ȃ➚౶ȃစ၍ȃޣ ၍ȃ၍ဏȃീဏȃᗀဏȃၐᇴȃᆔᑜȃණᆫȃཏݔȃࡤ༉ȃ৲ ᇴȂ೾፤ȃ೾ဏȃ೾ଌȃ፞༉ཽ೾ȃ݃עᓄȄ ˭ȃଇਫݳ޲Ȉមپȃ᝹پȃᇴپȃҐپȃپ्ȃپۡȃߝᚈୡȃ ឵᜞ȃ឵᜞Щٲଅȃਫݳ㡴ҝȄ ˮȃຠစ༉޲ȈՄȃቈȃ፵ȃ㟗ȃ㟗ဏȃᒲᅹȃមᅹȃᚔᅹȃ፵ᅹȃ ܗୱȃޮҔȃᒲဏȃ҂ဏȃ᠍ᒌȃ׸፞ȃߤພȃစ┍ȃᓎ์ȃ ࣳᆫ፤ȃᚔԄጢȃᜌϊᓄȄ ˯ȃॐٲဏ޲ȈٲဏӓՄȃۡԠՄᇳȃёᇳȃ၅ҔȃفᒹȃՄᄃȄ ˰ȃᒯ፞၍޲Ȉཋ᝹ȃ᝹౶ȃ᝹ّȃᒯ༉ȃ໲ဏȃ໲၍ȃ໲༉ȃ໲ ພȃ၅ພȃӬພȃС໖ȃτӓȃ໲༉មဏτԚȄ ˱ȃᜱშᜋख޲ȈშᜋȃԒߓȃзᜋȃߞᐤȃٲጝȃЩٲϸखȃ឵ ٲ౲ଅȃӵӫՄ౲ȃ፞୾ಜखȄ ӶϳစϜȂ຀ձᖃ኶۩ٴޠȮࢍऎȯᝳȂसၐ࿞ਫӫȂۧѠє྄֥ Ў኶ॲ᠟ȃԆଌȃዀݨ๊ϊᏱ᜹ȂܗѭНȃѭᄃȃսݳ᜹ޠ຀ձȂҦܼ ᜱ߾ੇЎȂ൸ґറӗڐϜȄпαܛණ፞᜹຀ձᄈȮࢍऎȯഎණٽΠөቺ ८ޠНҐ၍᠟Ȃկഷ२्ޠᔗ࢑ࠊѳ᜹Ȅಒ 5 ᜹Ѭ࢑᝹ᒯȂ኶໕ϛЎȂ ଷڏᇕᛴϟѓѵȂᄈၜមޠᄃ፵ଔᝧੇЎȂѠϛ҇፤ȇಒ 6 ᜹឵ѭٲ఩ ౪ȂԥֆܼНҐϜܛଅၸϟ΢ȃٲȃਣȃӵȃޑఽྀޠජඬȂᝓੀᇴٿȂ ѻѬ࢑НҐܛଅᄈຬޠᐍ౪ȂՅϛ឵ၜមҐٙȂԄݏԥ΢ཽᇴᐍ౪НҐ ܛଅޠᄈຬη࢑ᄈНҐޠ࢛ᆎ౪၍Ȃ٦ቅױѻાΤၜមጓ൝ηณϛѠȄ ࠊѳ᜹຀ձ਴Ґα࢑௄ၜមȃਫݳȃ״ຠȃՄॐѳঐϛӤϹΤᘉᄈ Ȯࢍऎȯစ༉ձःفȄ൸НҐՅّȂȮࢍऎȯစϘ࢑ഷ਴ҐޠНҐȂՅȮѿ

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ЫࢍऎȯȃȮϵՁࢍऎȯȃȮጋఘࢍऎȯ࢑౫ԇᄈȮࢍऎȯစޠഷԟၜម຀ ձȂέᆏձȶ༉ȷȂկࡤٿᄈ೼ٳȶ༉ȷІȶစȷӕձ၍មȂᆏձȶພȷȃ ȶ၍ຣȷȂ௦຀έᄈ೼ٳȶ၍ຣȷȃȶພȷȞє֥຀စ༉ȟέӕձ၍មȂᆏ ձȶ౶ȷȃȶҔဏȷܗȶဏ౶ȷȄࡤٿέя౫ޣ௦ᄈȮࢍऎȯစձ၍ޠϛЎ ձࠣȂ֊пȶ༉ȷȃȶᇴȷȃȶមȷ๊࣐ӫȂ჌׉ȆโᓡȞ1033ɯ1107ȟȮࢍ ऎ༉ȯȃ஼ၸȞ1020ɯ1077ȟȮࢍऎᇴȯȂڐϜഷ२्ޠ࿌឵ऩԋ୾Ȟ1074 ɯ1138ȟޠȮࢍऎ༉ȯȂࡤٿᄻԚܛᒞޠȮࢍऎѳ༉ȯȂኈ៫ҼࣦτȂϛ ႇࡤٿηԚ࣐״ຠޠᄈຬȂ჌ԥٳਫȂԄϰȆ֕৲ၿȞ1283ɯ1344ȟȮࢍ ऎऩЫ༉ߤᒲᚖᇴȯȃϰȆ྇ᆱྈȞ1296ɯ1370ȟȮࢍऎऩ༉၅Ҕȯȃ஼ࡈ Ȟ1341ɯ1373ȟȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ዀݨȯȃϰȆؚջቷȞ1304ɯ1372ȟȮࢍऎऩ ༉ߤᓄ᝹౶ȯȃ݃ȆᠼࡼᏵȮࢍऎऩ༉่φఁȯȃᓁਣ߹Ȯࢍऎऩ༉ᖏȯȃ ஼пᄀȞ1301ɯ1370ȟȮࢍऎऩ༉ᒲᅹȯȃഛ➲Ȟ1494ɯ1551ȟȮࢍऎऩЫ ༉ᒲᅹȯȃଁϧȮࢍऎऩ༉ՄᇳȯȂഎ࢑ଭᄈѻՅٿȂኸϛᆔпα፞ਫޠ ԇչȂ೼Ґऩԋ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯ҇অூݨཏȂӱ࣐ѻԚ࣐ȮࢍऎȯᏱ၈ή ༉пѵޠѫΚঐښԓၜមȄ࿌ดᄈȮࢍऎȯဏޠၜមȂԥ೾፤ဏԠᇅᓎ НមဏڎᆎРԓȂᓎНមဏЩၷڨژܴ؃Ȃ೾፤ဏԠࠔѠпՍҦึදȂ ϛռԥпϐཏ၍စϟ༽ȂดᎍԚၜមޠڎᆓȂϛႇᓎНមဏҼߩณද᠏ ޠޫ໣ȂᜱᗥӶԄեࣽࡠစНȂ൸჌ή༉ΚኻȂө൸Սϐޠِ࡚ձ၍Ȃ я౫Πή༉ޠ஠ᏱࣃȂดՅ஠ঢ়ϟᏱଭᄈȮࢍऎȯစޠၜមՅّȂ࢑֐ ઎ூЍφȞ551ɯ479B.C.ȟȮࢍऎȯဏϟӓȉϛณᅹୱȂܼ࢑έԥࡧᘜ಴ ঢ়ݳȂໍ՘ెӬȃ።ڸή༉޲Ȃԥп࢛Κ༉࣐лՅህϟпу༉޲Ȃܗ௵ ڦᆤӬή༉޲ȂࣦՎໍՅᛅᅹή༉Ȃత༉௄စȂпϑཏ၍စ޲Ȃस஡ᘜ ಴ঢ়ݳпؒစဏ޲ӗձ೾ᏱࣃȂ٦ቅ೾Ᏹࣃᡘด࢑ȮࢍऎȯၜមޠτۡȂ Ҽ࢑ȮࢍऎȯᏱึ৥ޠՍดᗎ༗Ȅ

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ःفȮࢍऎȯȂ௄ᇮّޠِ࡚ࣽȂϛ೾Ȯࢍऎȯਫݳ࢑ณݳ၍Ȯࢍऎȯ ϟဏȂࢉࡤзԥȶဏپȷϟᇴȂȮϵȯȮጋȯΡ༉֊ึਣУСپȂࡤٿȮѿ ༉ȯη୥ΤپޠᇴݳȂڐᄃਣУСپ༊࢑ڐΚȂٸఽȆቔഈ࿱Ȟ1776ɯ 1829ȟȮϵՁեЫមپȯ൸ථึΡΫϳپȄȮࢍऎȯᝳϜпپ࣐ӫޠԥ׉Ȇ ஭φРȮࢍऎҐپȯȃȮࢍऎپ्ȯȂ஼τ՝Ȯࢍऎϥپۡȯȃ݃ȆҰӏᠩ Ȟȉɯ1368ȟȮࢍऎਫݳ㡴ҝȯ๊ȂਤȆलᄀȞ339ɯ401ȟȮࢍऎጋఘ༉ پȯȃఽȆ೩ਵݔȞ1778ɯ1821ȟȮࢍऎጋఘ༉ਣУСਫݳមپȯȃᅖȆቔ ഞȞȉɯ189ȟȮࢍऎ఩پȯȃၧᔖȮѿЫ఩پȯȃ⯣ৡȮࢍऎមپȯȃ૲౞ Ȟ128ɯ190ȟȮࢍऎ఩پȯȃᚮȆ৙ވȮࢍऎپȯȃਤȆ؈ႲȞ222ɯ284ȟ ȮࢍऎមپȯȂІՎҖ୾Ȇቔ৲ஊȞ1884ɯ1919ȟȮࢍऎѿЫ༉ਣУСѡ پȯηӗяΡΫϥپȂկϭᏑᔝ֘ϧȞ1901ɯ1978ȟ຀Ȯࢍऎᒲپȯख़ ԨφעȂᇰӤఽȆࡃርࡰȞ1647ɯङ 1715ȟȮࢍऎณپၐՄȯޠُ၍Ȃ ೼έ࢑ᄈпȶپȷ࣐ःفϹΤᘉޠΚᆎ״ցȄȶپȷ࢑Κᆎߓཏޠਫݳ೤ ࠍȂȮࢍऎȯԥਫݳȂ࿌ԥ೤ࠍȂҼ֊ԥȶپȷȂկ൸ȮࢍऎȯစНՅّȂ ࢑֐ԥ඾ႈޠ೤ࠍȞܗϢႁ᜞ȃႁپȟȉࣽٿ࢑ԥލ፤Ȅࣻ߭ԥՅ޼ۢ ԥޠխτӼ኶ȂՅ֐ۢԥޠȂ࢑ึ౫௄စНϜᘫાϛя඾ႈޠ೤ࠍȂկ ٯߩ׈ӓءԥ೤ࠍȂѬ࢑ึ౫ԥ೤ࠍ൸ԥپѵȄ௄ӒࠊܛӗȂޤή༉ө ԥپޠ຀ձȂӱϛӤޠپ֖ᡘϛӤޠဏȂࢉױپ࿌ձ௥સȮࢍऎȯဏޠ ࠊණȂႀԚȮࢍऎȯःفޠ஠ᚡȄ ःفȮࢍऎȯȂпᏏԉή༉஠ঢ়ϟᏱۗȂ܅ԫ৥໡׿ሼȂϟࡤȂϛᅗ Ꮟԉ൸ٗαή༉ЩၷϟഋȄЩၷϟίȂϛռڦ௼Ȃ௦ίٿ҇౱Ң።ڸȃ ᛅᅹȃ״ຠή༉ȂࡤٿȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ȯηӗΤຠЩȄӶᛅᅹή༉ίȂᏳ यпϐཏ၍စȂత༉௄စȂӍშӲᘫҐဏȄӶȮࢍऎȯ຀ձϜȂޣ௦ߓ ࣐݃፵ᅹȃЩၷȃ״ຠȃ።ڸȃᆤӬ޲ϛЎȂ౫ᖟϟԄίȈݎᅖȆ଼ᒋ Ȟ79ɯ166ȟȮή༉౵ӤᇴȯȂਤȆቔӑȮࢍऎ።΢ȯȃқྕȮࢍऎមᅹȯȂ

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ভȆഛవȞȉɯ805ȟȮࢍऎ໲༉ᒲᅹȯȂᑌᩉȞ795ɯ835ȟȮࢍऎᄣཌྷȯȃ ቔ໅Ȯή༉ࡿ्ȯȃച۱Ȯࢍऎ׸଀፤ȯȂі׉ȆቔභȞ1019ɯ1068ȟȮࢍ ऎ᠍ᒌȯȃဩჳூȞ1077ɯ1148ȟȮࢍऎ㟗ȯȂࠓ׉Ȇ֗τ࠹Ȟ1226ɯȉȟ ȮࢍऎܗୱȯȂϰȆโᆓᏱȞ1280ɯ1336ȟȮࢍऎܗୱȯȂ݃ȆାࢀȞ1512 ɯ1578ȟȮࢍऎҔԠȯȃٿ໲ϟȞ1604ɯ1682ȟȮѳ༉᠍ᒌȯȂఽȆٖؖด Ȟ1745ɯȉȟȮϵጋ౵ӤӬຠȯȃቇڻࠓȮࢍऎ༉፵ᅹȯȃ؄።ϰȞ1734 ɯ1802ȟȮࢍऎή༉ЩȯȃЪςȞ1728ɯ1799ȟȮࢍऎή༉ሼᇮȯȃԨᘀᖑ Ȟ1788ɯ1858ȟȮࢍऎ҂ឋȯȃඈ᎑ၿȮࢍऎ፵ᅹȯȄпα೼᜹຀ձޠ२З Ӷ፵ᅹȃ״ຠᇅ᠍ᒌȂΞ࢑ၜមޠӒ՘ϏձȂՅߩၜមҐٙȄ ഷࡤȂпՄॐ࣐ःفϹΤᘉ޲ȂՍ׉໡ۗ൸ԥՄ౵ȃཽՄȃՄҔȃ ॐᅹȃ଀ՄȃΞՎఽᏑϟᒯչȃ၅ҔȃਯॐȃՄᜍȃ၅ਯȃ၅ဏȃՄᄃȃ ёᇳ๊НѭՄᜍȂ࿌឵ȮࢍऎȯစڑࡋᢏޤᜌϟᏱȂڐҭޠӶؒНҐϟ ઎Ȃ೼ഌϸޠԚ൸឵ȮࢍऎȯၜមޠᄃᒞቺԪ3ȄпՄॐ࣐ӫޠ຀ձȂτ ङԥՄНȃՄٲȃՄဏή޲Ȃ׉ȆဩჳூȮࢍऎՄȯȂ݃Ȇ஼пᄀȮࢍе ҔУՄȯȃ࠻᝙Ȟ1514ɯ1593ȟȮࢍऎٲဏӓՄȯȂఽȆ៬ވݢȞ1613ɯ1682ȟ Ȯѿ༉؈၍၅ҔȯȃЪۊឮȞ1623ɯ1713ȟȮࢍऎᙐਫёᇳȯȃାςۊȞ1645 ɯ1704ȟȮࢍऎӵӫՄ౲ȯȃԱҘȞ1681ɯ1762ȟȮࢍऎӵ౪ՄᄃȯȃࢳҞ ນȞ1735ɯ1815ȟȮࢍऎѿЫѡစȯȃ؄൳৙Ȟ1764ɯ1843ȟȮࢍऎή༉౵ НមȯȃሂۅȞ1765ɯ1828ȟȮࢍऎή༉౵НᆖȯȃඐෑȞ1697ɯ1758ȟȮѿ ༉၅ݨȯȃቔНాȞ1789ɯ1854ȟȮѿ༉ᙠ౶Մᜍȯ๊๊Ȅ௄Ȯࢍऎȯၜ មࣁ୞ٿࣽȂؒНҐϟ઎࢑࣐ၜម׳ࡋᢏޠஆᙄȂկНҐե޲࣐઎έ ཽਗ਼Іژпեᆎဏ౪ᇅРݳ࣐ዀྦٿցۢȂܛпȂณݳᗘռၜមඊᕘ ޠୱᚡȄ 3 ര୊ᏛȂȮ௄഻ആޠၜមᏱژτॹդᏱȯȞᇄіȈݎτȂ1990.7ȟȂॳ 1-46ȂණяၜមϥቺԪȂ Ҧᄃᒞȃཏᒞȃចᒞȃ࿌ᒞژ഻ᒞȂԫՄॐ࿌឵ᄃᒞቺԪȂ֊঩ڑᄃርαᇴΠϨቅȄ

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пαȂᄈᐤхȮࢍऎȯစᝳޠၜមᡞԓܛձޠϸ᜹ȂՍޤґ҇ڻӓȂ կ२्ޠ຀ձτᡞϛᚕၜមȃਫݳȃ״ຠȃՄॐѳτ᜹Ȅ೼ѳτ᜹ϜȂ ҐНܛᜱݨޠ࢑ಒΚ᜹຀ձȂѻхߓၜមҐٙޠ຀ձȂՅਫݳȃ״ຠȃ Մॐޠ຀ձ࢑឵ܼԄեၜមۗ૗ᕖூ઎ጃȃ׃࿌ȮࢍऎȯဏޠःفȄҐ Н஡൸ᐤхȮࢍऎȯၜម᜹ϟ຀ձђпՄᄇȂࣽѻউӶၜមȮࢍऎȯਣ ࢑ԄեڨژѻউөՍޠພមҭޠᇅРݳޠኈ៫Ȅ

ήȃȮࢍऎȯၜមᐤโޠᙾ׸

Ӷϳစޠၜម຀ձϜȂȮࢍऎȯ᜹ܛխޠᖃ኶༊ԪܼȮܿȯȂڐϸո ޠ௒ݸ࢑ߒᑺܼڎᅖȂτ౿ܼڎ׉ȂԪ౿ܼ݃ȂՎఽӕ෶ȂดЏാܼᚮ ਤȃভȄϭ௄ଔᝧܼၜមޠᜱᗥِ࡚ٿࣽȂτဏॷථܼ۞φȞङ 372ɯ 289B.C.ȟȂڐԪή༉᝸ϟȂପӬ຀ᅖȆုӇ๳Ȟङ 179ɯ104B.C.ȟޠវ ඵȂቔ⛷Ȟङ 53ɯ23B.C.ȟޠލҴȂեӅȞ129ɯ182ȟޠਜፐȂਤȆ؈ Ⴒȃलᄀϟ໲၍Ȃөԉ஠ߟϟᏱՅ܅ԫ׿ሼȄϜভȆ୰ֆȞ724ɯ770ȟ Ȯࢍऎ໲༉໲ݨȯΞЇᄈᏏԉȂᆤӬή༉Ȃڦߞ၅฼ȂഛవȮࢍऎ໲༉ ᝹پȯȃȮࢍऎ໲༉ᒲᅹȯȃȮࢍऎཌྷԠȯ؂࢑ೲᄖ୰ֆޠၰጤȂᑌᩉȮࢍ ऎᄣཌྷȯȃቔ໅Ȯή༉ࡿ्ȯȃച۱Ȯࢍऎ׸଀፤ȯࣲ࢑ᄈή༉ձЩၷȃ ״ຠп೾စ޲Ȅі׉Ȇ৙ඉȞ992ɯ1057ȟȮࢍऎ൶еึཌྷȯϛඌ༉ݨȂ ԠӶңзȂቔභȮࢍऎ᠍ᒌȯȃȮࢍऎ༉ȯ֊᠍ᒌή༉ȂᘟпϐཏϟձȂ ৙ញȞ1028ɯ1090ȟȮࢍऎစ၍ȯᚖڦή༉Ȃ௱ҐȮ⥷ఘȯȂ஭φРȮࢍ ऎစ၍ȯϛ߭ή༉ȂҐپп၍စȂऩԋ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯ৲оӁώȂᐮܼਣ ңȂআစّ౪Ȃϛ҇ӓӬҐဏȂဩჳூȮࢍऎ㟗ȯȃȮࢍऎՄȯȃȮࢍऎ༉ȯ ֊ҦખȃҴՎ၍ήਫȄࠓ׉Ȇ֗τ࠹ȮࢍऎܗୱȯлѿጋՅ౐௷ϵՁȂ ϰȆโᆓᏱȮࢍऎҐဏȯȃȮࢍऎܗୱȯۡлโԨȂՄҔѳ༉ȂпӬစဏȂ

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ሂ᭥Ȟ1319ɯ1374ȟȮࢍऎ໲༉ȯȃȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȯܜ༂ᐪȞ1260ɯ1346ȟ৲ ᇴȂӲᘫή༉Յ።ڸϟȄ݃ȆऩኅȞ1370ɯ1418ȟۉঔȮϥစτӓȯȂڐ Ȯࢍऎτӓȯ֊ҐؚջቷȮࢍऎऩ༉ߤᓄ᝹౶ȯȂᄃϛ಴ȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ȯ ࿼ՏȂାࢀȮࢍऎҔԠȯҍ׉пٿϟए᢫ȂΞ௱঩စဏпॐڐᙳȂାᛈ ᓹȞ1562ɯ1626ȟȮࢍऎЍဏȯཱིଫѳ༉Ȃпစ၍စȂпӬЍφϟҐဏȄ ఽхȮࢍऎȯᏱҼඉڎᅖϭѡНᏱ਴ҐُӵȂࣦՎέ२କϵՁᇅѿЫϟ ލȄӱԫȂୱᚡᗚ࢑ӲژȈЍφ࣐ȮࢍऎȯȂفഥ࢑ձစȂᗚ࢑ঔѭȉЍ φ࣐ȮࢍऎȯޠҐཏԄեȉ௄Ȯࢍऎȯၜមѭޠِ࡚ࣽٿȂᐤхഎԥϛ ӤޠȮࢍऎȯᇴȂഎөՍױඬΠЍφࡧདྷޠ࢛Κ८ӪȂη൸࢑ᇴᐤхഎ ԥᐤхܛᇰޤޠЍφȂөٸڐܛᇰޤޠЍφٿၜមȮࢍऎȯȄՍᅖпٿȂ ณ፤စϭѡНঢ়ְࣻ߭Ȯࢍऎȯ࢑ЍφܛձϟȶစȷȂȮϵՁࢍऎȯȃȮጋ ఘࢍऎȯҐ࢑Ȯࢍऎȯϟȶ༉ȷȂڿϛ҇፤Ȃᗷቔ⛷ލҴȮѿЫࢍऎȯҼ ࣐Ȯࢍऎȯϟȶ༉ȷȂկϛ࣐ϭНീςܛܜᇰȂႀ໡କΡξԒޠစϭѡН ᏱϟލȄ൸ȮࢍऎȯᏱՅّȂѿЫᇅϵጋһࣻକӆȂȮѳ৳ӓਫȆࢍऎ᜹ అȯ෇ᙐ्ᇴȈ ᇴစঢ়ϟԥߟЙȂՍȮࢍऎȯή༉ۗȂด٠૗ٯҴܼзȄڐ໣፞ Ꮡϟ፤ȂϜভпࠊȂࠍѿЫാȂ୰ֆሂӞп້і׉ȂࠍϵՁጋఘ ാȂ৙ඉቔභϟࢻȂӫ࣐త༉௄စȂܛత޲੬ѿЫٲᙻȂϵՁጋ ఘУСپՇȂڐ௱វᜐືȂЎѠӼ֐ȂᄃജҐϵՁጋఘݳȂบၙ ᎔ݚңԽӘηȄ4 ή༉ϟࢻ༉Ҧ஠ߟՅᗎӪ೾ᏱȂڐ໣Ԅեໍ՘ȉစႇ٦ٳᙾ׸ȉ ݃Ȇ׉ᐦȞ1310ɯ1381ȟ࣐ሂ᭥Ȯࢍऎ឵᜞ȯձזȂ෇ԥᆡ्ޠᇴ݃Ȉ 4 ྇ঢ়ᓪȂȮѳ৳ӓਫ྆ख़ȯȞѯіȈϜ୾Ᏹڑᓣඉᓣ᝱റ೏Ȃ1971.10 ΝޏȟȂॳ 211Ȅ

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ᢏᙐ๋ܛၸȂᇴȮࢍऎȯ޲ӼՎ኶ΫԼঢ়Ȃؒڐτ྆ȂδϥᡑౚȄ ڐۗᡑηȂήঢ়ᝰ࣐஠ߟȂөԉ৲ᇴȂࢉԥᏏԉȃᆾمȃኁ੾ϟ ፤ȇՎڐࡤηȂܗញڐጳڿϑ౐Յϛ૗՘ሊȂΞॽȮڻۣȯ።΢ ϟဏՅڸ၍ϟȂ࢑ӕᡑηȇέڐࡤηȂԥඍڐ࢑ߩ౓༅ՅϛҐ፞ စȂᐆڐѠ޲ԇϟȂڐϛѠ޲޿ϟȂ࢑ήᡑηȇέڐࡤηȂ၍޲ ಁӼȂᄃԥྗιήঢ়ϟѵȂԥעϟςཽᆟԚጢȂՅ໲༉ȃ໲ဏϟ ਫབ౿ౚȂ࢑ѳᡑηȇέڐࡤηȂொࡰᇴϛ٘ᖔ΢ຝ᠚ȂލпҴ ౵ࣻ໱Ȃખ࿦ਫݳȂ౟Ӭ఩᜹ȂᜊดՍп࣐ାȂࣦ޲ϸପܿຬȂ ഃٲՅᄃϟȂ࢑ϥᡑηȄϥᡑϟીᘚϛۢ޲ȂᇑณуౚȂҦϛޤ စНȃѭݳϟੇȂԫڐᇴབฆՅڐԠབఓηᘪȊφளҢܼϥᡑϟ ࡤȂᑀ૗րҪΡ޲Ȃޣ௥ဒ΢ϟЗܼξၸϟαȂՍߩя᜹ϟϘȂ ๙ঘϟᜌȂϛ٘пᇅܼලȂ༥ڴȊзϟᇴȮࢍऎȯ޲ȂՎ࢑ҼѠ пۢؽȄ5 ׉ᐦࡿяΠՍѡȮࢍऎȯᇴીᘚϟࢉȂӶґ݃ҪЍφܛձϟȮࢍऎȯ ԥစНᇅѭݳϟੇȂ௚૗ᒲڐੇȂۗޤЍφձȮࢍऎȯϟཏȄሂ᭥ޠȮࢍ ऎ឵᜞ȯϑ୉ژ೼ΚᘉȂӱԫȂᇴȶзϟᇴȮࢍऎȯ޲ȂՎ࢑ҼѠпۢ ؽȷȄȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȯޠଔᝧ൸ӶᇰఽΠȮࢍऎȯޠȶਫݳȷȂԫਫݳԥԇ๋ ਫϟτᡞ޲Ȃԥ୆์ࠉп՘᠍޲Ȃԥ์ࠉϛ٘έᔽϟпᡑНȂᔽϟп੬ ์ȄЍφձȮࢍऎȯӶߓဏȂဏҦНᡘȂՅНԥਫݳȂϛޤਫݳၗϛޤ ȮࢍऎȯϟဏȂดࡤзέԄեூޤЍφձȮࢍऎȯਣڐЗϜفࡼեᆎ឵ ᜞ϟ೤ࠍȉή༉өҴਫݳп೾ȮࢍऎȯȂέ፣ூЍφȮࢍऎȯਫݳϟ઎ȉ ดϛᆔԄեȂȮࢍऎȯਫݳၗ࣐ࡤзၜមȮࢍऎȯϟΚϹΤᘉȂ๙ϛѠ܈Ȅ 5 સЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 26 ьȂॳ 14679-14680Ȅ

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ѳȃစڑၜមޠҭޠ८Ӫ

Ѝφ࣐եձȮࢍऎȯȉ೼࢑ୱЍφձȮࢍऎȯԥϨቅҭޠȄӶစڑ ၜមαȂᄈȮࢍऎȯޠၜម҇ด्ຯߗȮࢍऎȯձ޲ޠҭޠȂୱЍφձ ȮࢍऎȯԥϨቅҭޠȂ൸्҇ᜱᖓژЍφఐԒᛅԥࡪኻޠЗעȄ6ᐤхᄈ Ȯࢍऎȯޠၜម޲ȂՍ۞φ໡ۗഎӶ၍᠟ЍφձȮࢍऎȯԇԥϨቅҭޠȂ എӶᡞཽЍφఐԒޠЗעȂٯٸөՍޠᡞཽӲႇٿၜមȮࢍऎȯܛច֥ ޠཌྷّτဏȄЍφձȮࢍऎȯӶစڑၜមα࢑Κ໷ၜមႲ೪ȂԄݏϛ௦ ڨ೼໷Ⴒ೪Ȃ٦ȮࢍऎȯཽϛཽԚ࣐စڑഎԚୱᚡȂη൸ፚϛαᄈѻձ ၜមȂ೼൸࢑ᇴٯϛ࢑ܛԥޠНҐഎڏԥစڑܓȂࣦՎᄈစڑܓޠНҐ ձఅٲܓޠ၅щᆘϛᆘ࢑ᄈစڑޠНҐձȶၜមȷȂ٦൸࢑๊ܼୱȈϨቅ Ѫ୉ȶစȷȉϨቅѪ୉ȶ༉ȷȉΚૢпȶၜមʝНҐȷ౪၍ȶ༉ʝစȷȂ ܛпȂڎ޲ณրȇկ൸Ϝ୾စڑၜម༉ಜՅّȂ೼ኻޠΠ၍ծоЋߓ८Ȃ сಡᇴٿȂȶစȷ࢑ȶНҐȷȂկȶНҐȷґ҇࢑ȶစȷȂȶ༉ȷΚۢ࢑ȶၜ មȷȂկȶၜមȷґ҇࢑ȶ༉ȷȄԥΠ೼ঐᇰᜌϘ૗ୣϸᏈѭȮࢍऎȯᇅ ЍφȮࢍऎȯϟրȂໍՅϘ૗ᘟۢȮѿЫࢍऎȯژۼ࢑ϛ࢑ଭᄈЍφȮࢍ ऎȯܛձޠȶ༉ȷȄՍڎᅖϭѡНϟލпٿȂ൸࢑ґ૗ୣϸ೼ঐಡཌྷޠୱ ᚡȂпՎܼᓎ຀ਣ໣ޠεሊȂȶစȷܛٸߤޠٲᄃઊםዂጚȂႀ؂ԥᒧܼ ȶѭȷȂ֐ࠍڐȶဏȷ൸ઊםఓཱུȂӱԫȂӶ౪၍α༗҇ٗӪ።ڸচڦޠ ၰφȄ ᐤхᄈȮࢍऎȯޠၜមȂτᡞϛѵΡᆎໍၰȂΚ࢑௄Ѝφ࣐եձȮࢍ ऎȯޠҭޠ຀ಂȂѫΚ࢑௄ԄեձȮࢍऎȯޠРݳ຀ಂȄࠊ޲Ӷᡞຯձ ޲ϟҐཏȂܛ௵ڦޠ࢑пၜម޲ޠཏӪٿߕӬНҐձ޲ϟЗעȂᇴяН 6 ์޲෇࣐НȲЍφఐԒЗע៑ข⎯⎯ٯ࣐Ȳೄࢍ጖ȳձΚུ၍ȳȂȮѯᢋτᏱলᏱ፤ຠȯಒ 24෉Ȟ2001.01ȟȂॳ 47-75ȂѠ୥ࣽȄ

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ҐޠԠཏȂ࢑лᢏޠໍၰȂՅࡤ޲࢑൸НҐϟᇮ᜞ȃਫݳȃ๗ᄻ๊ٿ၍ ᠟НҐޠϲৡȂ࢑ࡋᢏޠໍၰȄ೼ڎ఩ໍၰӶᄃርᐈձα܂܂ཽࣻϤኈ ៫ȂӶ࢛ᆎҭޠίՍดཽ௵ڦପӬԫҭޠޠНҐ၍᠟๋౲ȂՅӶ௵ڦࡋ ᢏНᝧ၍᠟ޠ๗ݏηϛՍញӵᓷᇰНҐձ޲ޠҭޠȂܛпȂഷࡤཽםԚ лᢏཏӪᇅࡋᢏϲৡޠᒋӬȂϛӤޠၜម޲ԥөՍޠᒋӬȂՅԥөՍޠ ȮࢍऎȯၜមȄпίȂ஡፤ᇴၜម޲ޠҭޠԄեлᏳȮࢍऎȯޠၜមȄ

ȞΚȟ۞φॷථၜមȮࢍऎȯޠҭޠ

Ѝφ࣐եձȮࢍऎȯȉԄեձȮࢍऎȯȉॷӒණя၍๏ޠ࢑۞φȞङ 372ɯ289B.C.ȟȂуᇴȈ з૿ၿཌྷȂ٤ᇴኹ՘ԥձȂՌཊڐ֘޲ԥϟȂφཊڐЯ޲ԥϟȂ ЍφិȂձȮࢍऎȯȄȮࢍऎȯȂЉφϟٲηȄ࢑ࢉЍφТȈȶޤש ޲ڐ௚ȮࢍऎȯоȊဍש޲ڐ௚ȮࢍऎȯоȊȷȌȌЍφԚȮࢍ ऎȯՅ༅ՌၥφិȄȞȲዠНϵίȳȟ е޲ϟၭᅬՅȮၒȯκȂȮၒȯκดࡤȮࢍऎȯձȄਤϟȮॹȯȃ ྀϟȮᘨ᭜ȯȃᏈϟȮࢍऎȯȂΚηȄڐٲࠍቇਲ਼ȃਤНȂڐНࠍ ѭȂЍφТȈȶڐဏࠍкᡆڦϟؽȄȷȞȲᚕஎίȳȟ ۞φٙ೏᏾୾Ϝ෉ȂਣᏑ೛૿ཌྷȂ྇ᏏϟᇴࣵЉίȂ८ᖞ΢ঘτᡑȂ з໣᏾༅ϛϑȂуᇴȈȶשҼమҔ΢ЗȂਁ٤ᇴȂ຾ຫ՘Ȃ్ܺ᜞Ȃпܜ ήဒ޲ȂଐԂ៞ࠛȉϡϛூϑηȄ૗ّ຾྇Ꮟ޲Ȃဒ΢ϟ৷ηȄȷȞȲȲዠ НϵίȳȟуΚҢܛ᜺ӶᏱЍφȂ౐ޤЍφఐԒעӶȮࢍऎȯȄуᇴȮࢍ ऎȯҐᏈѭՅձȂڐϜԥȶဏȷȂڐȶဏȷӶঘளޠ״ցȂࡿя΢ঘϟτ ࢑τߩȂ٘пц༅ՌၥφិȂѠُ۞φຝȮࢍऎȯ࣐ΚҐ΢ၿਫȂڐҭ

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ޠӶҔঘ౪ȃ݃ᆫளȇӤਣҼຝȶȮࢍऎȯȂЉφϟٲηȄȷЉφϟٲ֊ е޲ϟٲȂȮࢍऎȯܛ݃ϟٲ֊е޲ϟٲȂЍφпΚϿЊّе޲ϟٲ࢑֐ ჉຺ȉЍφႲਠࡤ΢пзߺᢏᘉٿࣽࡠуձȮࢍऎȯ೼ӈٲϛณ჉຺ϟ ༽Ȃࢉᆏȶဍש޲Ȃڐ௚ȮࢍऎȯоȊȷڐᄃ۞φ݃ҪȂЍφη݃ҪȂȮࢍ ऎȯη࢑ΚҐеݳਫȂ݃е޲ԄեစзȂ࣐࿳з໡Ћ҂ȄᡘดȂ۞φᛅ ຀у੬ۢҭޠӶ၍᠟ȂЍφޠȮࢍऎȯӱԫ൸ߓ౫яঘ౪ᇅ࢈ݾڎᆎ् ဏȄЍφޠȮࢍऎȯ࢑֐઎ޠ֥ԥ೼ኻޠཏចȂኸਣϛୱȂՎЎ۞φӶ ᎐ഈڐзਣ࢑ԄԫᙥߓඵЍφп׶ϐע7Ȃу୉яΠ೼ኻၜមȂ࣐ࡤз໡ ܦΠ౪၍ȮࢍऎȯޠτߟȂᄈࡤзᏑᏱᄻԚΠณᇅঘЩޠኈ៫ΩȄ

ȞΡȟϵՁᏱࣃޠၜមҭޠ

ȮࢍऎϵՁ༉ȯ࢑၍ȮࢍऎȯޠҔ༉Ȃڐ༉ܜقᜋȂᐄȮϵՁݨ౶Ȇ եӅז౶ȯܛЖᔝ׊Ȯ၍ᅹ፤ȆזȯϢȈȶφৈ༉ᇅϵՁାȂା༉ᇅڐφ ҂Ȃ҂༉ᇅڐφӵȂӵ༉ᇅڐφඹȂඹ༉ᇅڐφჱȄՎᅖෂࡕਣȂჱΞ Ӕכφቇ΢ऩШφഎȂ຀ܼԽ۶Ȅȷծо࢑Κጤ൑༉Ȃկᢏ༉НϜԥȶφ ϵՁφТȷȞਲ਼ϵϳԒȃਲ਼ϵϥԒȟȂԫѵۧԥȶφؖφТȷȞᗵϵΫΚԒȃ ೆϵΫԒȃۢϵϰԒȟȃȶφѨ଼φТȷȞೆϵήΫԒȟȃȶφυφТȷȞໟ ϵϰԒȟȃȶφіয়φТȷȞ࠘ϵѳԒȟȃȶᏈφТȷȞೆϵήԒȃДήԒȃ ჈ϵϥԒȃДԒȃДήԒȃДΥԒȟȃȶାφТȷȞНϵѳԒȟȂѠُϛӓ ϵՁΚقπ༉ϟဏȂկࢌ຀ϟԚ༉Ȃ൸ԫՄڐၜមȂ࿌Ѡُڐ၍᠟Ȯࢍ ऎȯޠҭޠᇅРݳȄӶ༉НϟҒȂԥ᜹ծᖃז޲ȂϢȈ 7 С঩ւ୾ȂȮࢍऎϵՁ༉ᤦःفȯȞݎٶȈ഻НަȂ1976ȟȂॳ 18-19ȄС঩Ы၍ᇴȮ۞φȯȶЍ φិձȮࢍऎȯȄȮࢍऎȯЉφϟٲηȄȷϟȶձȷڦȶᑺକȷဏȂϛڦȶ຀ձȷဏȂױȶȮࢍ ऎȯЉφϟٲηȷ၍ձȶᗀᇴȮࢍऎȯΞЉφϟٲȷȂ֐ۢЍφ຀ձȮࢍऎȯȂٯࡈᆏȮࢍऎȯ ဏΞࡤзᏑ޲ܛ፮ϡȂԄӤ۞φᙥЍφп׶ϐעȄ์޲ӶԫϛӤཏуޠȶᑺକȷᇴȂկݡ፭ уޠ׶עᇴȄу࡟ᆡѾӵᇴȂЍφϟȶڐဏࠍкᡆڦϟؽȷȂӶ۞φЖңίȂ๊ܼᇴȶڐဏ ࠍ໅ᡆڦϟؽȷȞ঩ਫȂॳ 19ȟȄ

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ڻеᏈȷ๊ѠܐϟᇴȄȮѿЫࢍऎȯ݃݃࢑ȶ፤ҐٲȷȂቔ⛷пٿ֊ຝڐ ࣐ȶ༉ȷȂࢉమڐറതѰȃဏ౪Ȅ൸ϭȮѿЫ༉ȯՅ፤ȂଷޣਫҐٲѵȂ ໣ึȶဏپȷȞϥΫδپȟІȶ֘φТȷпߓڐဏ౪Ȃկԫ࢑֐ȮѿЫࢍ ऎȯܛ঩ԥȂܗቔ⛷ІڐࡤᏱܛђȂڏԚᐤѭ᝛਱18Ȃ૮ϛڏ፤ȂկՎ ЎȮѿЫ༉ȯܛߓ౫яٿޠ࢑ڿԉᆫளᙅఁϟȶ௄ڻȷࡧདྷȂՅᇅȮϵ Ձ༉ȯ஽።ུе׾ښϟȶུڻȷࡧདྷϛӤȂ࢑ѠጃۢޠȄӶစڑၜមޠ ૖๝ίȂȮѿЫ༉ȯᔗ၏ᆘϛᆘ࢑၍ЍφȮࢍऎȯစޠȶ༉ȷȉ࡟݃ᡘӵȂ ௄စϭНᏱޠҴൠ࢑ϛ᜔Ӥޠ19Ȃկ௄ቔ⛷ȂΞՎ؈ႲпٿޠҴൠȂࠔ Ӎშഇႇึ݃ဏ౪Ȃܗңȶпѭ༉စȷޠᇴݳȂໍΚ्ؐᇅЍφޠȮࢍ ऎȯ࡛Ҵᆨஞޠᜱ߾Ȃ޼ۢѻη࢑၍စޠȄ৹ඉᢏȞ1903ɯ1982ȟӒҢ ෇ᇴȈ ༊пȶ༉စȷՅّȂή༉ܗҼѠᒞூѷϤُȇկȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯ ڎ༉ϟூѷȂ҇ࡠȮѿЫ༉ȯՅ݃Ȅᅖ΢ᒞȶϛ༉ȮࢍऎȯȷȂڿ ด࢑ᇯӿޠȇ஡ڐᇅȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯڎ༉ϟ༉စȂຝ࣐Κ᜹Ȃ ՅᇅϟލӒࡤ࢑ߩȂη࢑ϛҔጃޠȄӱ࣐ѿЫл्࢑௵ңΠпѭ 18 ྇Ӫ࠹ȂȲ፤Ȯѿ༉ȯϟܓ፵ІڐᇅȮ୾ᇮȯϟᜱ߾ȳȂȮѭᏱ໲ёȯ2 ෉Ȟ1936ȟȂϭԞΤȮᛱ ѭᘎᏱ೛Н໲ȯȞα੖Ȉα੖΢ҖȂ1983.05ȟȂॳ 174-214Ȅڐ๗፤ϢȈȶਫݳȃδپȃ၍Ȯစȯ ᇮІȶ֘φТȷ๊࣐Ȯѿ༉ȯܛ঩ԥȂߩяӮ΢ϟᙉђȂࢉȮѿ༉ȯҐ࣐༉ȮစȯϟਫȄȷ ԫҼᇅത࣑ᡤȲࢍऎѿ༉᠟అᓄȳȃᓁᑙȲቔӪ⛷ЯφԒᜋȳӤُȇկ࢑ചᅆȂȮѿЫࢍऎဏ پᒲȯȞα੖Ȉ୧ଡ଼Ȃ1947ȟᇰ࣐Ȯѿ༉ȯဏپΫϟΥΟ࣐ቔ⛷ឪܛ౟ߤȂڐ໖᠜ܗཱུ᠜Ս ȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯڎ༉Ȃϛί኶ΫԼٲȂְՄॐၐ݃ȂԫᄃܜఽȆቔഈᓄȃஷԥ࣐ϟُȂп αڎᇴࣻЇȄࡤٿȂ৹ඉᢏȮϜ୾စᏱѭޠஆᙄȯȞѯіȈᏱҢȂ1982.05ȟȂॳ 262ȂᒞȶȮѿ Ы༉ȯϜޠȶ֘φТȷȂ࣐঩ਫܛԥȂпُஷԥ࣐ᇰ࣐೼࢑Ҧቔ⛷ܛߤઊໍџޠᇴݳȂ࢑Ԅ եޠ፜ӿȄȷҼӤ྇ᇴȇկϭത᠍ϘȂȮڎᅖစᏱѭȯȞ1995ȟȂॳ 210-217Ȃඉ᜔ӤചᇴȂ ԄԫࣽٿȂԫΚୱᚡۧࡠ၍؛Ȅ 19 ఽȆভਥȂȮڎᅖή୾Ᏹ਱ȯȞѯіȈӊলȂ1987.11 ෂӠȟȂॳ 472ȂϢȈȶк݃ᆤӗ୾ϟѭȂ пఅਣٲȂՅէȮࢍऎȯȂগ᠟޲ԥпՄُϢᅮȄ҇Жп၍ȮࢍऎȯȂߩѿЫϟҐཏηȄȷᔝ ֘ϧȂȮࢍऎᒲپȯȞѯіȈϜ๽ᘏਫጢቸېসཽȂ1964.10ȟȂॳ 83ȄڐϢȈȶѿ༉ϛᔗ၏ᆏ ࣐ѿ༉Ȃѻ࢑ΚഌᑀҴޠਫȂϛ࢑ࢍऎစޠ༉ȄȌȌቔഈ࿱ޠࣽݳȂ࢑࡟ҔጃޠȄԫࡤඉစ ஷԥ࣐஭ᎍ๊Ω׿ȂѿЫϛ࣐ࢍऎစϟ༉ȂӶϭСᏱ೛ࣩȂϑ࣐ԥᜌ޲ܛӔ߭Ȅȷ

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༉စޠРݳȂӱՅึ৥яϭСѠпࣽژޠΚഌ୊τޠѭᏱ຀ձ ⎯⎯ȮѿЫ༉ȯȂڐཏဏᄃሊӶ༉စϟαȄ༉စ࢑វख़ЍφΚ΢ ϟّȇՅ຀ѭࠍ࢑វึΠΡԼѳΫΡԒޠשউҖఋޠ໲ᡞҢڽȂ пᄻԚשউᐍᡞНϾϜޠΚࢳҢ୞ՅڏᡞޠםࣻȂ೼࢑яՍ༉ စȂՅ؛ߩ༉စܛ૗྆ࢃޠཏဏȄ20 ҐٿȮϵՁȯȃȮጋఘȯ࢑༉ဏޠȂӶࡤзࢻ༉Ϝԥࡠ༉ҐٲϟȮѿ Ы༉ȯՅ݃ȂҐณᅹဏȂկ࣐եΚ्ۢңȶпѭ༉စȷޠᇴݳࣽࡠȮѿ Ы༉ȯȉࢌดȮѿЫ༉ȯޠཏဏȶሊӶ༉စϟαȷȂϛڨȶ༉စ࢑វख़Ѝ φΚ΢ϟّȷޠ४ښȂ൸ϛ҇ຳЗױѻܺӶ༉ЍφȮࢍऎȯစဏޠၜម ૖๝၈Ȃ৷ቩીᘚȂϛԄᗚѻ࣐Κഌ୊τޠѭᏱ຀ձȂଐϛ؂ԂȊ

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ଭᄈȮࢍऎȯܛ໡яٿޠή༉஠ᏱȂՍᚮਤпࡤࠍ௅ࡡܼစ༉ϟ໣Ȃ ܗ።ڸή༉Ȃܗ௼༉ؒစՅя౫೾ᏱȂѠӫ࣐೾ᏱࣃȂ೼ٳ೾Ᏹࣃܛၜ មޠҭޠҼϛѵयңᇅ೾စڎ޲Ȃดߓ౫౲ԥϛӤȈ

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ᚮਤՎϜভȂ፞Ꮡϟ፤ȮࢍऎȯпȮѿЫȯ࣐ാȂভߒۣঔȮϥစ ҔဏȯȂЍᑘႁȞ574ɯ648ȟ֊௵؈ݨȮࢍऎစ༉໲၍ȯձ౶ȂկژϜভ ൸ڨژ״ຠȂڐϜഷ२्֊Ҧ୰ֆึᆓȂ᝸ϟሂӞȂ׈ԚܼഛవޠȮࢍ 20 ৹ඉᢏȂȮϜ୾စᏱѭޠஆᙄȯȂॳ 269ȄڐуၮᓎതЋވȃቔ৲ஊȃ৹ඉᢏޠᇴݳȂԄ஼ା ຠȂȮѿ༉Ᏻ᠟ȯȞѯіȈНѭলȂ1982.10 ߒޏȂ1995.10 ӕޏȟȂॳ 120-138Ȃ፤ѿЫ၍Ȯࢍ ऎȯစȇ஼ષনȂȮఅٲᇅ၍ម⎯⎯Ȯѿ༉ȯစ၍ःفȯȞѯіȈਫݔȂ1998ȟᐍҐਫ൸Ӷ፤ ख़Ȯѿ༉ȯ࢑၍စȂڐ፤ᘉၷࠊ΢؂ђಡጞȄ์޲ޠୱᚡӶܼґစቔ⛷๊׾୞ࠊޠȮѿЫࢍ ऎȯ঩ҐԄեȉѻѠпᆘ࢑ȶၜមȷЍφȮࢍऎȯޠ຀ձ༞ȉඳّϟȂණٽȮࢍऎȯ؂ၐ݃ ޠҐٲȂ࢑ȶ၍មȷҐٙ༞ȉ׼ܗ༊࢑ȶ၍មȷޠህֆ఩ӈȉ

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ऎȯᏱȄ౫൸пഛవܛ᝹Ȯࢍऎ໲༉᝹پȯ࣐پȂᇴ݃୰ֆեп्२ུ ၜមȮࢍऎȯȉ୰ֆᇴȈ ֏ᢏήঢ়ϟᇴၗґႁоȮࢍऎȯτۡȂԋѠឋڐ౐ࡿȉѠᒞ׊ᆫ ࢌѷȂ࿳ҭ௄Յτџ޲ηȄϡп࣐Ȯࢍऎȯ޲ఀਣϟᄓȂ९ᙅϟ ᖢȄȌȌ࢑ޤȮࢍऎȯ୥ңΡࡕήеϟݳȂпৈ࣐ҐȂϛӓԉڻ ڑȂ౪҇ดؽȄȌȌڎᅖ஠ߟȂ༉ϟιϭȂਉᙅᇯဒȂЇစྒྷ༉Ȃ ଌ΢пଜȂဍೄτౚȄलЫϟᇴȂಘചడ㧈Ȃੇณ౐ࡿȂйᐤх ѭਫࣲ࢑ᛄᝏȂȮࢍऎȯϟձଐᑀᅮоȉ࢑ޤᗷӱᙠѭȂଫпဒ ЗȂኧ༅ЇҔȂᘫ፞еၿȂήঢ়ϟᇴȂ঎ϛூڐߟηȄȞȲࢍऎۡ ࡿឋಒΚȳȟ ೼၈ήঢ়࢑ࡿ؈ႲȃեӅȃलᄀȂᇴуউґ೾ႁȮࢍऎȯϟۡԠȄ уᇰ࣐ЍφձȮࢍऎȯᗷӱᙠѭȂࠔଫоဒЗȂܛ࣐Ӷȶኧ༅ЇҔȂᘫ ፞еၿȷȄу஡ЍφձȮࢍऎȯܺӶȶఀڻϟᄓȂ९ᙅϟᖢȷޠᢏᘉαȂ ҇ดཽЇᄈ؈ႲޠӓԉڻڑᇴȂЇᄈեӅޠᘊڻеᏈᇴȂпІ״ຠलᄀ ϟᇴੇณ౐ԠȄу௵ڦ೼ኻޠᢏᘉٿၜមȂفഥԥեҭޠȉᐄᏱ޲ޠः فȂ୰ֆ೏ܼԋѭϟ༅ȂҖҢϛԋȂеᆫӡᐡ෉໣Ȃ໡ۗयΩȮࢍऎȯ စзयңϟᏱȂ࢑࣐Π्ఀভϟᄓȃ९ᙅϟᖢпࢂҢ᡺ηȄ21 ӶȮ᝹پȯϜȂӤਣηଅၸΠሂӞޠّ፤ȂሂӞᇴȈ ୰ЫٸȮϵՁȯঢ়ᙠᇴȂϢȮࢍऎȯᡑڻϟНȂ௄ৈϟ፵Ȅϡᒞ ȮࢍऎȯӱѭښစȂп݃еၿȂڐࡿτ्ȂΡᆓՅϑȈᑺளڑηȂ ຀᠍ښηȄȞȲሂЫ཭ઊဏಒϥȳȟ 21 Й஧ল࡞ȂȲᜱܼϜভུȮࢍऎȯᏱ⎯⎯пڐ഻ۗ޲୰ֆޠᏱᇴ࣐ϜЗȳȂُݔኋᄕȆጾऎ๽ лጢȂȮ୰ֆུȮࢍऎȯᏱࣃःف፤໲ȯȞѯіȈϜѶःفଲНলܛȂ2002.09ȟȂॳ 510ȃ519Ȅ

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ሂӞܛၜមޠȮࢍऎȯϛӶᡑڻ௄ৈȂՅӶ݃еၿȄڐۡԠ࢑ȶ൶ еࡊȂҔങ჉ȂᖟήᆫȂණϥளȂᄕ๢なඍȂϛѷᡋϮȂԄලՅϑȄȷ ȞȲሂЫ཭ઊဏಒϥȳȟ๊ܼ஽።௄ڻᙅȂࠌ൸ਣхՅّȂڐӶ࡯ඉϜভ ޠе᠍ಜݾȄՎܼഛవޠُ၍ȂѠ௄ȮࢍऎཌྷԠȆזȯூޤȈ ༉ТȈȶ୳Љ࣐τȂ୳൞ࠍϟȄሳᅿजؽȂέᅿ๢ηȄݢᅿजؽȂ ґᅿ๢ηȄȷέТȈȶऊ֏ณ໣ดؽȷ௱ԫՅّȂࡈѼϟЗȂ൞ ๴ϟЗηȄࡈѼϟၿȂήеϟၿηȄࢉȮࢍऎȯϟНȂ೾ܼᙅစ ޲ȂࣲᏵതڻڑȂѠூՅޤؽȄڐԥٲܗЇစȂՅעڟоၿȂၭ ᗷߗဏȂՅཏᄃចԀȂܗҐҔՅҒ٤ȂܗۗߩՅಥ࢑Ȃ፲හೄ૗ ᒲȂᘕଌೄ૗ІȂࠍߓϟဒЗȂଫо྄ࣳȂ࢑Ң΢пٿґԥᑹල ౪ηȄଐկኧ༅ЇҔȂٻ༅ՌၥφޤិՅϑоȉ ௄ഛవܛᇴȮࢍऎȯߩЦᝓፔືȂߩЦ݃еၿȂ؂ߓ൞๴ϟЗȂ൸ ޤၿуέ௄ሂӞޠȶԉڻڑȷӲژΠ୰ֆޠȶϛӓԉڻڑȷȂ؂ݨཏژȶဳ ৈϟၿȷȂ೼൸࢑уܛᇴޠȶଫо྄ࣳȷȄ22

Λȃ൴ϐཏпयң

׉х࢑ȮࢍऎȯᏱഷ౿ޠਣхȂڐ੬ᘉ࢑௼༉ؒစȄԫ௼༉ؒစѠ ᇴ࢑ҦਤȆलᄀ໡ۗȂစϜভȆ୰ֆ๊᝸ܜȂՎ׉ՅτԚȄलᄀᇰ࣐Ӷ ή༉ϛ঎࿌ޠ௒ݸίȂл஼ȶᐄ౪п೾စȷȂ೼൸࣐Ȯࢍऎȯ໡Πή༉ϟ ѵޠѫΚၜមРԓȄ׉ᏑܜϟȂᐄϐᡞຯϟ౪п၍စȂ໡Ȯࢍऎȯၜម ґ෇ԥϟ౿Ȅҫᓃ࿆Ȟ1850ɯ1908ȟ෇ᇴȈ 22 ৭ΚȂȲ୰ȃሂȃഛ๊ϟȮࢍऎȯᏱІڐڻᜟȳȞӤαਫȟȂॳ 294-297Ȅ

(26)

׉΢ݾȮࢍऎȯ޲ӼȂՅϛݾᚣߟȂࣲݽভ΢୰ȃሂȃഛΚࣃȄ Ԅ৙ඉȃ৙ញȃቔභȃ஭φРȃဩჳூȃ֗ҐϜȃऩԋ୾ȃା☁ȃ ֗ડᖿȃโϵᇴȃ஼ࣂȃ֗τ࠹ȃঢ়ႝૅȂࣲڐ຀޲Ȃпቔභ࣐ ഷᓻȂऩԋ୾࣐ഷᡘȄ23 ϭпі׉Ȇ৙ඉȮࢍऎ൶еึཌྷȯȃࠓ׉Ȇऩԋ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯϟၜម ࣐پȄ৙ඉϟձȂпȶЍφϟձȮࢍऎȯηȂпЉίณеՅձηȄȷۗȂ пȶ൶ЉφȃີϜ୾ȷಥȄڐҒӕήᇴ݃ȈȶີϜ୾Ȃܛп፯ӽشηȇ൶ ЉφȂܛпᘊ፞߯ηȄ൶Љφȃᘊ፞߯ۗιᗵϵ࢑ηȄີϜ୾ȃ፯ӽش ಥιᕖᡤ࢑ηȄ༥ڴȊڐԠཌྷࠛȊڐԠཌྷࠛȊȷ24ڐձȂዀ݃൶еཌྷԠȂ ᇑҼԥ࣐ϟّηȄϭ΢׉ჂۡȞ1942ɯȟఁ௳ᒞȈȶᇑฯܼভҒϥхϟᚕ ༅Ȃӱ݃ಜΚϟѠີȂ᏾ލϟѠზȄࢉ྄ّณеϟဍηȄȷ25ऩԋ୾ձ Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯȂڐՍזϢȈ ߗз௱еЫུᇴȂࡹ࣐୾࢑ȂᑀܼȮࢍऎȯଔᖟϛпڦςȂ࡙ז ϛп೪ۣȂစᆗϛпໍ᠟Ȃᘟ୾፤޲ณܛ׸଀ȂЉίϛޤܛᎍȂ ΢మСߞȂЉ౪С੒Ȃڐਞٻӽش༅๽ೄϟႆηȄᏝȊՎԫ྄ؽȄ ӇѼᒒК์ࠉኧ༅ЇҔϟਫȂҼѠп՘ؽȄȌȌᗷཌྷ᜞༺ဏܗґ ೲ೾Ȃด൶֘ЯȂଇ༅ၥȂ៧٤ᇴȂҔ΢ЗȂңৈᡑӽȂτݳ౲ ڏȂஹංဒеစзϟעȂϊԥ၅ϢȄ26 ऩԋ୾ȮࢍऎȯϟᏱяՍ৙ඉІโᓡȂՍЎ֊੽ཏԫစȄуᇰ࣐е ԋҰȞ1021ɯ1086ȟኁဋȮࢍऎȯᏱۣȂᏳयЉίϛޤܛᎍȂЉ౪С੒Ȃ 23 ҫᓃ࿆ȂȮစᏱᐤѭȯȞѯіȈݭࣅȂ1974.09 ѯෂӠȟȂॳ 242Ȅ 24 ৙ඉȂȮࢍऎ൶еึཌྷȯȂُસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯȞѯіȈᅖٶНϾȟȂಒ 17 ьȂॳ 10825ȃ 10926Ȅ 25 ׉ჂۡȂȮࢍऎ׉ᏱึཌྷȯȞѯіȈНѭলȂ1986.09 ቩॐӕޏȟȂॳ 39Ȅ 26 ऩԋ୾ȂȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ȯȞΚȟȂȮѳഌᘏё៊ጢȆစഌȯȞѯіȈ୧ଡ଼ȟȂזȂॳ 2Ȅ

(27)

΢మСߞȂӽش༅๽ՅϛޤႆȂܼ࢑у߇ΠήΫΡԒޠਣ໣׈Ԛ೼ҐȮࢍ ऎ༉ȯȂٯ౐ூାۡპ೩ȄϰᏑؚջቷ຀Ȯࢍऎऩ༉ߤᓄ᝹౶ȯȂܼڣॷ ԥ྄ຯϹޠᇴ݃ȂуᇴȈ НۢձȮ༉ȯȂ࿌׉ାۡࠓ෯ϟߒȂ࢑ਣȂᔖۡȃ෤ۡІΡӮೞ ࡘܼߝ୾Ȃ᎐ኞଚȂϛѠാखȄՅାۡ߭ӉપᔰϟࡄȂ୑ԋԱѿ Κ໪Ȃנ֘Яτ㛴ȂϛඹᑺսयଇȂЇᇅϟឋڸᗀԂȂίࡷᆏ᛺Ȅ ࢌณѵ᝝ϟ๋ȂέнϲঔϟറȄ֘ՌȃЯφȃαίȃϲѵȂτဏ ϛ݃Ȃೄԫ࣐ࣦȄ࢑пԫ༉Ȃ஠п൶֘Яȃଇ༅ၥ्࣐ԠȄ ऩԋ୾ϟၜមȮࢍऎȯڐᄃ࢑আȮࢍऎȯпࡈ᝝ӽඉ㛴ϟԠȂܛпȂ ڐၜមϛ҇ோ݃ҐဏȂՅ࢑౐൴စзयңޠҭޠȄ27

жȃ݃Ґဏп೾စ

ӶၜមȮࢍऎȯޠձ޲ϜȂ୰ȃሂࡠഛవϟ᝹໲บ༂ᐪࡠሂ᭥ϟ໲ ጢȂดഛవϟၜមȮࢍऎȯบᡘᅖ΢೾စयңϟཏȂѠ࢑ሂ᭥હดܜ༂ ᐪϟఁпඉѡ೾စ्࣐Ȅ༂ᐪ፤ᅖভ׉፞ᏑூѷϢȈ ՍভпٿȂᇴȮࢍऎȯ޲ାሊϟ᜞СാȂାሊϟ᜞СാࠍစԠ࿌ ݃ؽȂՅȮࢍऎȯ଍ณۢ፤ȂΞ؂ᅿή༉ڂᇅစϟਣУࣲᡑܿϟȂ ࠍҒࢻέ࿌ԄեȉࢉࣲΚϹᘟпຏ᜞Ȃ஡ٻᏱȮࢍऎȯ޲Ȃᘊڐ ᖒ݃Յ஠ଡ଼ᙐ्Ȃԫᔨ๽൸ᄃϟᇴηȄ28 ༂ᐪᄈӒᏑΚϹીઽᓀᚖϟᇴߓұϛᅗȂܼ࢑ϛඌ༉ݨȂशࡧজસ ϥϳΫԒȂႀਃਫݳΞ೾Ȯࢍऎȯϟ्ȂڐϢȈȶᇴȮࢍऎȯ࿌ᐄѿЫٲ 27 ׉ჂۡȂȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ȯȞѯіȈ࿳ڣዃȂ2000.04ȟȂॳ 335-341ȄѫѵȂത᠍ϘȂȮ׉݃စᏱ ѭȯȞሳᜱȈኅݎ΢ҖȂ1999.09ȟಒϥത஠፤ऩԋ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯȂሴѠ୥ՄȄ 28 ሂ᭥ጢȂȮࢍऎ৲ᇴȯڣϜȂસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 26 ьȂॳ 14932-3Ȅ

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ᄃȂՅচ௵ϵጋτဏȂԫഷ࣐ᙐ्Ȅȷ݃Ȇ׉ᐦᒞሂ᭥ڨȮࢍऎȯܼ༂ ᐪȂლᆒᆡ౴ࡧȂංኁᄅॶΡΫԒȂᗆดԥਃȮࢍऎȯϟݳӶ឵᜞Щٲ ՅϑȂࢉȶᚕݚഌ۩ȂϸրဏپȂҴ࣐ΥᡞȂпҁӗϟȂ໲؈ȃചΡЫ ϟܛߞՅతڐܛ฼ȂԥґІ޲Ȃ៞Յ၅ϟȂե޲࣐ѭ๋ᙠਫȂե޲࢑ဒ ΢ϟ์ࠉȂோԥܛߤᝌȂδㅝ࢐ᜳ೾Ȃᐤ኶ԼԒՅ҆؛޲ȂҼࣲߕμՅ ၍ؽȄႀ୛ԚΫϥڣՅӫϟТȈȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȯϢȄȷ29ሂ᭥Ȯࢍऎ឵᜞Ȇ זȯᒞȈ ஡ٻᏱ޲ҦȮࢍऎȯϟఁпؒښձϟ঩Ȃښձϟ঩ࢌூȂՅࡤဒ ΢စзϟဏѠّؽȂԋூȶ឵᜞ЩٲՅϛ༅޲ȷࣻᇅॐڐᇴࠛȉ30 ሂ᭥ܜ৲ఁȂᑗࡧՍਃȂ຀Ȯࢍऎ໲༉ȯп݃ဒ΢စзϟעȃȮࢍऎ ឵᜞ȯၐ຀์ࠉϟ᠍ȃȮࢍऎѿЫ༉၅ݨȯпұဒ΢ख़ձϟ঩Ȃࢉڐܛ຀ ณߩӶ݃ȮࢍऎȯϟԠȄ༂ᐪȃሂ᭥৲৷ܛпΩᕥڎᅖпٿϟຏ᜞޲Ȃ ӶܼᐤхޠၜមࣲҦөՍޠҴℴȃөՍޠሰ्яึȂె౓ΠᏈѭѭݳᇅ Ѝφ์ݳȂءԥࢿᄇȮࢍऎȯښձϟҐ঩Ȃณݳூဒ΢စзϟဏȂܛпȂ ࠌ൸စНȂϛึຏ᜞Ȃџ๽൸ᄃȂӲᘫ঩ڑȂٸ์ࠉཏȂ݃ဒ΢ϟעȄ ᐤѭαԥᜱȮࢍऎȯःفޠ຀ձեڐӼȂٸࠊಒΡ࿾ܛख़ϛяϳ᜹Ȃ ڐໍၰϛѵၜមȃਫݳȃ״ຠȃՄॐѳঐϹΤᘉȄՅԫѳঐϹΤᘉϜȂ ࡤήঐϹΤᘉ࢑Ⴒ೪຀စНԥҐဏᇅࡋᢏܓȂՅၜម࢑ΚᆎစဏޠЖի ᇅึදȂЏڐ࢑ӶစзयңޠࠊණίȂစဏޠЖիᇅึද൸ৡܿٗӪп ϐཏ၍စȂ܈౲ΠစН঩Ґޠ૖๝ཏဏᇅࡋᢏޠٲᄃՅႇ࡚ၜមȂпय Ъ੿ᘏҢȄԄݏ्यңՅϛႇ࡚ၜមȂ༗҇έ्ӲᘫҐဏȂп೾စ࣐ࠊ ණȂԄԫȂ೾စᇅयңϟ໣ᄻԚၜមࣁ୞ޠඊᕘȄկϛᆔԄեȂڐၜម 29 ׉ᐦȂȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȆזȯȂસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 26 ьȂॳ 14679Ȅ 30 ሂ᭥ȂȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȆזȯȂસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 26 ьȂॳ 14678Ȅ

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्ቅп೾စ࣐ҭޠȂ्ቅпयң࣐ҭޠȂّܿϟȂ೼൸࢑ၜមࣁ୞ڨښ ܼၜមޠҭޠȄ

ϥȃစڑၜមޠРݳ८Ӫ

ЍφԄեձȮࢍऎȯȉ೼๊ܼୱЍφ࢑௵ңࡪኻޠРݳٿձȮࢍऎȯȄ ೼ঐୱᚡ࢑໸຀ࠊΚঐୱᚡ⎯⎯Ѝφ࣐եձȮࢍऎȯՅٿޠȄٸࡪቅኻ ޠҭޠȂ൸ཽӶᐤѭΚۢ఩ӈί௵ڦՍᇰ࣐ԥਞޠРݳȄӱԫȂၜមޠ Рݳη஡ٸή༉ᏱࣃІ೾Ᏹࣃϸր௥ଇȈ

ȞΚȟ۞φॷථၜមȮࢍऎȯޠРݳ

ЍφفഥԄեձȮࢍऎȯȉ۞φᇴȈ е޲ϟၭᅬՅȮၒȯκȂȮၒȯκดࡤȮࢍऎȯձȄਤϟȮॹȯȃ ྀϟȮᘨ᭜ȯȃᏈϟȮࢍऎȯȂΚηȄڐٲࠍቇਲ਼ȃਤНȂڐНࠍ ѭȂЍφТȈȶڐဏࠍкᡆڦϟؽȄȷȞȲᚕஎίȳȟ ௄۞φޠၘѠпޤၿЍφձȮࢍऎȯ࢑пᏈȮࢍऎȯ࣐ۼҐٿቹޠȂ Ȯࢍऎȯଅၸޠϲৡ࢑ԥᜱቇਲ਼ȃਤН๊ϥ៨ᑺ૿ޠٲȂѻޠН᜞࢑Ҿ ྲᏈѭޠਫݳٿߓ౫ޠȂՅ঩ٿᏈѭϜܛច֥ၦᠧፔືޠȶဏȷȂЍφՍ ᒞ࢑ԥܛȶᡆڦȷޠȄ٦ቅЍφޠȮࢍऎȯဏ࢑֐Ѭԥ௄ᏈѭϜȶᡆڦȷ ޠ٦Κഌӌںȉ௄ࡤٿή༉ޠၜមٿࣽȂ࿌ดϛ࢑Ȅ۞φᗚᇴႇȶȮࢍ ऎȯȂЉφϟٲηȄȷȂ೼ѰၘڐᄃԥΡᆎϛӤޠ၍᠟Ȃ௄༉ಜۣঔ୾ѭ ޠҴൠՅّȂЍφؾঔȮࢍऎȯ਴Ґ࢑჉༅ȂܛпȂЍφཽᇴȶޤש޲ ڐ௚ȮࢍऎȯоȊဍש޲ڐ௚ȮࢍऎȯоȊȷ೼࢑ᇴԥ΢ཽпЍφؾঔ ȮࢍऎȯՅђп჉༅ϟဍȂկ࣐Ϩቅᇴ्ޤЍφη௚ԥٸᎭ೼ҐȮࢍऎȯ

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ںȉѠُȮࢍऎȯϛ૗ӓຝ࣐ѭਫȂՅ࢑ߓႁЉφᔗԄեစᆰЉίޠਫȄ կԄեᙥ຀ଅၸΡԼѳΫΡԒѭٲޠਫٿߓႁЉφᔗԄեစᆰЉίޠၿ ౪ȉ೼൸ϛ૗ϛԥܛȶଋȷ⎯⎯ଋٲُဏܗϢআٲ݃ဏȂпᏈѭαޠٲ ձঐЩൖȂٿߓႁуܛ्ߓႁȶᔗ၏ԄԫձȷޠȶဏȷȇܛпȂ२ᘉӶܛ ൖȞဏȟȂϛӶ૗ൖȞٲȟȄ ӶϜ୾စڑၜម༉ಜ၈Ȃഷц΢ᢚҭޠ࢑စϭѡНϟލȂՅڐލޠ ฑᘉࠍӶᄈЍφܛձȮࢍऎȯޠၜមαȄȮϵՁ༉ȯȃȮጋఘ༉ȯ࢑п၍Ȯࢍ ऎȯဏ࣐ҭዀޠȂՅȮѿЫ༉ȯ࢑п༉Ґٲ࣐ҭዀޠȂп༉ȮࢍऎȯҐ ٲޠȮѿЫ༉ȯ࢑֐༉Ȯࢍऎȯȉቔ⛷ᇅ࿌ਣޠϭНঢ়ീςཏُࣻЇȂ եпԄԫȉ೼൸ਗ਼Іژȶ༉ȷԆٻңޠ੮ဏᇅኅဏޠୱᚡȄ੮ဏαȂȮϵ Ձ༉ȯȃȮጋఘ༉ȯᄈȮࢍऎȯ࢑пπ༉ϟဏ၍စНȂ२ᘉӶဏޠវ݃Ȃ ࿌ดϛ૗Ӥཏ༊ڏҐٲՅณπ༉ޠȮѿЫ༉ȯ࢑༉ဏޠȂկኅဏαȂϛ ֺຝձȮࢍऎȯޠၜមਫȄੳڿӶȮᅖਫȆ᛻НעȯϜ஡ȮѿЫ༉ȯᇅ ȮϵȯȮጋȯΡ༉ຝӤȮࢍऎȯޠ༉ȂпίȂ൸ٸԫᆎኅဏޠࣽݳȂϸր ᇴ݃ѻউ࢑ԄեٿၜមȮࢍऎȯޠȄ

ȞΡȟϵՁᏱࣃޠၜមРݳ

ȮࢍऎϵՁ༉ȯޠၜមРݳԄեȉٸ༉НܛұȂԥȶଋۗȷȞᗵϵΡ ԒϥУȃΟУȟȃȶښȮࢍऎȯϟဏп߸ࡤဒȷȞ࠘ϵΫѳԒࢍȟȃԥϲѵ ਫϛਫޠਫݳȞᗵϵΫԒϳУȟȄٸ༉НޠၜមȂЍφձȮࢍऎȯޠҭޠ Ӷኧ༅ЇҔȂڐРݳ࢑ښဏп߸ࡤဒȄԄեښဏȉଋۗȄࢌϢଋۗȂ൸ ϛ࢑׈ӓಓᔗٲᄃȇܛпȂȮࢍऎȯϛ૗׈ӓ௄ٲᄃ८ٿ၍᠟Ȃױѻ࿌ձ ΚᆎࡋᢏଅၸޠѭਫȂՅѬ࢑আ຀࿌ਣޠٲձΚঐپφȂ२ᘉӶဏȂՅ ဏޠߓႁԥᒧπ༉ޠਫݳȂԥޠဏᅿӶਫቹϜȂԥޠဏϛӶਫቹϜȇӶ ਫቹϜޠѠпٸНޣ၍ȂϛӶਫቹϜޠѬூስཽཏӶّѵϟԠΠȄٸȮࢍ

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ऎȯ์ݳޠࡿᘉȂȮࢍऎȯဏϛਫӼܼਫȂϛดࡪቅཽԥȶȮࢍऎȯНԚ ኶࿳Ȃڐࡿ኶ξȄȷ31ںȉ௄Ѩ଼᎑Ȟ145ɯङ 87B.C.ȟܛख़ုӇ๳ޠၘ ηѠпࣽяϵՁᏱঢ়࢑ࡪቅ၍᠟ޠȄုӇ๳ᇴȈȶ࢑ߩΡԼѳΫΡԒϟ ϜȂп࣐Љί቉ߓȂືЉφȂଞ፞߯ȂଇτЊȂпႁеٲՅϑؽȄȷ೼ ၈ȶ࢑ߩȷ࢑୞ມȂڐཏ࢑ᄈΡԼѳΫΡԒϜޠ΢ٲࢋϡ࢑ڐܛ࢑Յߩ ڐܛߩȂկҭޠٯϛӶፔື΢ޑȂՅӶআፔືпұݳȂп࣐Љί቉ߓȂ ৥ұеٲԄե׈ԚՅϑȂ೼ঐеٲϛ࢑࿌ਣڻеϟٲȂՅ࢑᝸ڻՅеޠ ུеԄե׾ښҴݳȄུеϟ׾ښҴݳ࢑আ຀์ݳᄈᏈѭϜޠЉφȃ፞߯ȃ τЊϡпືȃଞȃଇٿߓұȂӱ࣐࢑୆আᏈѭٿໍ՘ȂࢉࡈᆏȶеᏈȷȂ ࢌᆏȶеᏈȷ༗҇ȶᘊڻȷܗϢȶᒒڻȷȂեӅ؂ԛᆨᏈᗵϵٿᇴȂࢉԥ ȶȮࢍऎȯеᏈȂଋᗵϵп࣐ۗڨڽеȷȂܗȶུڻȂࢉ׉ȂпȮࢍऎȯ ࿌ུеȷϟᇴȂٯໍՅআήз౵᜞༉НՅࡈȶ຀ݾݳԓȷȂٻȮࢍऎȯԚ ུ࣐еစзτݳȄ ௄ȮϵՁ༉ȯޠҴൠٿၜមȮࢍऎȯȂӶᅖхഷ຀ӫޠ࢑՚ᅖޠု Ӈ๳ȂݎᅖޠեӅȄုӇ๳ԄեၜមȮࢍऎȯȉϭ൸ȮЉ΢ή๋ȯІ Ȯࢍऎᖆ៪ȯስ౲ڐၜមϟݳ32Ȃڐၜម຀ಂܼӫȃ᜞ȃٲή޲Ȃ૮ϸ ख़ԄίȈ ֊ȶӫȷՅّȂӶȮЉ΢ή๋ȯϜԥ྄ఽྀޠߓ౫ȄȲᄈ๋ȳαᇴȈ 31 ُѨ଼᎑ȂȮѭଅȆЋѭϵՍזȯȄԫѰٸࠊ΢ϟ೾၍Ȃᡲ΢དژϛԋȂӱ࣐ȮࢍऎȯϟԆ኶ ϘΚ࿳ϳξϥԼΝΫΡԆȂٸஷԥ࣐Ȯࢍऎ์ࠉτဏཌྷّՄȆึδȯ݃ॏ࣐Κ࿳ϳξѳԼѳ ΫϳԆȂԄեᇴ࢑ȶ኶࿳ȷȉѠُѰϜޠڎঐȶ኶ȷԆ৽ܑϛ૗၍ձȶ೩ӼȷȂՅᔗձȶᖃ ኶ȷ၍ȂԄԫܗѠ၍ଷԫ໷ᅹඌȄᇑȮࢍऎȯНԚϟࡤȂᆘΚᆘԆޠᖃ኶ङԥα࿳ঐԆȂࡿ ޠᖃ኶ԥαξঐȄ 32 ༂໡୾ȂȲုӇ๳ȮϵՁȯᏱРݳ፤ȳȂȮলᏱःفȯ2001 Ԓ 11 ෉Ȃॳ 54-60ȄڻӏኋȂȮϜ ୾ѡڑ၍មᏱᏳ፤ȯȞіٶȈϜ๽Ȃ2002.09ȟȂॳ 376-392 Ϝԥ፤ȶုӇ๳Ȯࢍऎȯ၍មР ݳ፤ȷ஠࿾ȄࠊڎНөԥϛӤᘫાᇅវึȂ٘ٽ୥ྲȄ

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ˬȃࡹȮࢍऎȯϟНȂؒеၿϟᆓȂூϟܼҔȄҔԪеȂеԪࢍȄ ࢍ޲ȂЉϟܛ࣐ηȇҔ޲Ȃеϟܛ࣐ηȄڐཏТȺαܜЉϟ ܛ࣐ȂՅίпҔڐܛ࣐ȂҔȃеၿϟᆓϢᅮȄȻȞȲ๋Κȳȟ ˭ȃ਱ȮࢍऎȯᒞΚϰϟཏȂΚ޲࿳ޑϟܛۗȂϰ޲᜞ϟܛᒞτ ηȄᒞΚ࣐ϰ޲ȂຝτۗՅమҔҐηȄȞȲ๋Κȳȟ ˮȃЍφձȮࢍऎȯȂαටϟЉၿȂί፵፞΢௒Ȃ୥ϟܼѡȂՄ ϟܼϭȄࢉȮࢍऎȯϟܛᜐȂدড়ϟܛђȇȮࢍऎȯϟܛඍȂ ܐ౵ϟܛࢋηȄȞȲ๋ήȳȟ ˯ȃȮࢍऎȯτΚಜ޲ȂЉӵϟளစȂѡϭϟ೾ፘηȄϭ৲౵ၿȂ ΢౵፤ȂԼঢ়ੇРȂࡿཏϛӤȂ࢑пακпࡼΚಜȇݳښ኶ ᡑȂίϛޤܛԉȄՌཎп࣐፞ϛӶϳ᛻ϟऌЍφϟ೛޲Ȃࣲ ๙ڐၿȂϽٻٯໍȄ٤ၻϟᇴྟਁȂดࡤಜखѠΚՅݳ࡚Ѡ ݃ȂҖޤܛ௄ؽȄȞȲ๋ήȳȟ ௄ಒ˯ȃѠпޤၿုӇ๳আȮϵՁ༉ȯȶτΚಜȷဏ၍๏ᅖݢࡕȞ156 ɯ87B.C.ȟ८ᖞਣхીᘚϛΚޠୱᚡȂڐᘫ๗ӶҔеၿϟᆓ⎯⎯е޲ܜ Љϟܛ࣐ՅҔڐܛ࣐ȄԄեூޤ೼࢑ЍφձȮࢍऎȯϟཏȉупཏଜעȂ ᡞຯЍφձȮࢍऎȯΞȶαටϟЉၿȂί፵፞΢௒Ȃ୥ϟܼѡȂՄϟܼ ϭȷȂࢉȮࢍऎȯϟਫد౵Ȃα೾ЉϟឍרȂίႁЍφϟᜐඍȄȮࢍऎȯ ϟНߓႁΠЉၿᇅеၿȄ௄ȶϰԒࢍеҔУȷϟНϜԄե૗ޤеၿȉу ᇴȈȶݾЉίϟᆓȂӶቸᒲτȄᒲτϟᆓȂӶ౐ᄇӫဵȄȷ33ȶӫࠍဒ΢ ܛึЉཏȂϛѠϛ౐ᢏηȄȷȶӫ޲Ȃဒ΢ϟܛп઎ޑηȄȷܛпȂమޤ 33 ងᗗȂȮࢍऎᖆ៪ဏᜍȯȂЖңٸזȂॳ 199ȃ200ȃ203Ȅ

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ЍφܛึϟЉཏȂІܛп઎ޑޠᜱᗥӶ౐ᄇڐӫȄуᇴȶҔԪеȂеԪ ࢍȄࢍ޲ȂЉϟܛ࣐ηȇҔ޲Ȃеϟܛ࣐ηȄȷеӶࢍҔϟ໣Ȃࡿяе ޲Ӷ໸ЉȞࢍ࢑Љϟᆓȟпࢋڐ࢈ȞҔȟȄ࣐եᏈᗵϵΚԒՅȮࢍऎȯਫ ࣐ϰԒȉуᇴȈȶᒞΚ࣐ϰ޲ȂຝτۗՅమҔҐηȄȷȮࢍऎȯණұе޲ ࣐࢈ȂີӶབྷۗҔϐȄုӇ๳׈ӓᒴඊȮϵՁ༉ȯȶԏϛस୾Ȃ୾ϛसЫȂ Ыϛस΢Ȃ΢ϛसӫȂӫϛसԆȂԆϛसφȄȷȞೆϵΫԒऎȟޠπ༉Ȃ ౐ᄇȮࢍऎȯϟңԆȞӫȃဵȟȂпၜមڐཌྷཏȄ ֊ȶ᜞ȷՅّȂуᇴ34Ȉ ˬȃȮࢍऎȯϟள᜞ηȂϛϡӽشՅϡϜ୾࣐ᙅȄՎᴅϟ᏾Ȃ୒ ดЇϟȂեηȉТȈȮࢍऎȯณ೾᜞Ȃ௄ᡑՅಌȄϭਤᡑՅ ࣐ӽشȂྀᡑՅ࣐֘φȂࢉಌڐ᜞п௄ڐٲȄȌȌȮࢍऎȯ ϟܼ୒᏾ηȂบڐܼ፞ৈηȂЖϟᏈࠍᒞϟѵȂЖϟӽشࠍ ᒞϟϲȇЩϟ຦᏾ࠍᒞϟဏȂЩϟϛ᏾ࠍᒞϟϛဏȇࢉ࿘ϛ Ԅϛ࿘ȂดՅԥܛᒞ๢࿘ȇ᏾ϛԄϛ᏾ȂดՅԥܛᒞ๢᏾Ȅ ϛဏϜԥဏȂဏϜԥϛဏȄ᜞ϛ૗ІȂࣲӶڐࡿȂߩᆡЗႁ ࡧ޲Ȃڐ஘૗ޤϟȉȌȌҦ࢑ᢏϟȂُڐࡿ޲ϛӉڐ᜞Ȃϛ Ӊڐ᜞ȂดࡤѠᇅᎍၿؽȄȞȲԽݔȳȟ ˭ȃȮࢍऎȯϟ࣐ᏱηȂၿ܂Յ݃ٿ޲ηȄดՅڐ᜞ᡞЉϟཌྷȂ ࢉᜳޤηȄ҆૗ᄇȂஜसณȂ૗ᄇϟȂณޑϛӶȄ࢑ࢉ࣐Ȯࢍ ऎȯ޲ȂூΚᆓՅӼഀϟȂُΚޫՅീೲϟȂࠍЉίᅿؽȄ ȞȲᆡ๽ȳȟ 34 ӤαȂЖңٸזȂॳ 32-35Ȃ68Ȃ22-23Ȅ

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ˮȃ፤Ȯࢍऎȯ޲ȂӬՅ೾ϟȂጣՅؒϟȂϥڐЩȂୌڐ᜹Ȃ៕ ڐᆲȂ஢ڐᙶȂ࢑п΢ၿ੡ՅеݳҴȄп࣐ϛดȉϭЊЉφ ⽞Ԓ֊՞ȃܼ፞߯ࡍϲήԒᆏφȂࣲϛӶစηȂՅᐈϟᇅӶ စณп౵ȂߩณڐᒲηȂԥܛُՅစԋȂڨڐᙶηȄࢉ૗п Щೲ᜹Ȃпᒲрᙶ޲ȂτூϟؽȄȞȲҞݕȳȟ ုӇ๳п࣐፤Ȯࢍऎȯဏᔗݨཏڐң᜞ޠ੬ܓȂ֊ȶณ೾᜞ȷȂڐң ࣻӤޠ᜞࢑ӱᄈຬڏԥࣻӤޠ኉Ȃկ኉ϛΚӤഎڿۢӶ੬ۢᄈຬαȂܛ пȂ჌Ϝ঩፞୾ΚӪ࢑ԥᙅޠȂܛп೩ڐпᙅȂկ࿌ѻѷᙅਣȂ֊׾ң ӽشȞณᙅȟϟ᜞Ȃ೼൸࢑ȶณ೾᜞Ȃ௄ᡑՅಌȷȄѫѵȂȮࢍऎȯϟဏ ϑ຀ϛ݃ȂӬ೾ڐԠȂጣՅؒϟȂпЩೲ᜹Ȃ᜞ܛϛІȂϛݬڐ᜞Ȃ೼ ᆎȶُԠϛӉ᜞ȷޠၜមݳȂѠᇴᇅਤȆеඇȶ݃౪ϛݬຬȷޠ၍Ȯܿȯ ݳȂԥ౵ԣӤϏϟֽȄ ֊ȶٲȷՅّȂ೼࢑ҐЍφȶשమၸϟޫّȂϛԄُϟܼ՘ٲϟ౐ Ϲ຀݃ηȄȷȞȲЋѭϵՍזȳȟՅٿȂࡤٿȮϵՁ༉ȯܛᒞȶଋۗȷȂܗ ϵՁঢ়ܛᒞȶআٲ݃ဏȷְϛѵԫȄڐȲеၿȳ጖ϢȈ ᢏоᇏަȂޤᠯྗϟᆵȇᢏо೩ҥȂޤ፞߯ϛூ஠ࡍȇᢏоቇਲ਼ȃ ਤНȃ׉ᖹȃྀೆȂޤӉ፲ۉαϟѓȇᢏоᏈᗵȃಋӇȃݢڧȃ ЍЯȃϫސȃ֕۠φȃϵφҭӽȂޤ܇ՌϟਞȌȌȄ ԫࢳНߞϛڏЖȂկڐ௪᜞пȶᢏоɒɒȂޤɒɒȷ࣐ѰԓȂ೼߰ ࢑ᢏȮࢍऎȯܛਫϟٲȂޤЍφܛਫϟဏȄуᇴȶȮࢍऎȯϟ᜞ܛӼݸȂ ࢑НङՅݳ݃ηȄȷȞȲྀೆеȳȟȂԫȶݸȷ֊ȶЩݸȷȂȮࢍऎȯߓဏޠ РԓӼܛЩݸȂӱԫ൸ϛ૗உᄃՅ၍ȄုӇ๳ޠၜមРݳᡘด࢑ϛݬܼ

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ٲᄃȂܴܼН᜞ȂՅ࢑֊੬ੇϜ௥ؒ඾ႈȂӕ௄඾ႈϜᔗਣՅึȮࢍऎȯ ϟဏȂܛпȂڐၜមϟЗݳ࢑Ӷयңп೾စηȄ եӅ࢑ԄեၜមȮࢍऎȯȉܛ຀ȮࢍऎϵՁ༉၍ຣȯΞᓎН၍ຣȂ ᇅုӇ๳Ȯࢍऎᖆ៪ȯϟᓎဏึ፤ϛӤȄזϜՍᒞȶ܂޲౲ٸऩШҢȮ఩ پȯȂӼூڐҔȂࢉႀᗵࢃٻ൸ᛲᏏౚȄȷऩШҢ࢑ڟֆϵՁჱ׈ԚȮϵ Ձ༉ȯޠכφȂܛ຀Ȯ఩پȯ࿌࢑༉ȮࢍऎȯޠဏپȄեӅӶݎᅖߖᘫ ৲ݳȂ౲ٸȮ఩پȯȂಜᐍϵՁဏȂӼூڐҔȄڐၜមτ౲ȂѠҦ৹࡞Ȯ౶ȯ ܛЖեӅȮࢍऎϵՁНㄟپȯٿ၅щȂܛᒞȈȶԫȮࢍऎȯϥۗȃήऌΟ ԠȃΝ๊ȃϳህȃΡ᜹ϟဏȂпᕥݘኧ༅Ȃ࣐ڨڽࠣၿϟᆓȂҔ኉ϟख ηȄȷՍ၍ȶϥۗȷ࣐ȶϰԒȃࢍȃеȃҔУȃϵ֊՞ȷȂȶήऌΟԠȷ ࣐ȶུڻȃࢉ׉ȃпȮࢍऎȯ࿌ུеȂԫΚऌήԠηȇܛُ౵᜞ȃܛᆹ ౵᜞ȃܛ༉ᆹ౵᜞ȂΡऌϳԠηȇϲڐ୾Յѵ፞ৈȃϲ፞ৈՅѵӽشȂ ࢑ήऌΟԠηȄȷȂȶΝ๊ȷ࣐ȶԏȃ୾ȃЫȃ΢ȃӫȃԆȃφȷȂȶϳህȷ ࣐ȶϵህЉφȃনህϵȃτЊህনȃςህτЊȃٶ৲ህ֘ȃ፞ৈህٶ৲ȷȂ ȶΡ᜹ȷ࣐ȶ΢ٲȃد౵ȷȄ೼ٳഎ࢑ණٽ๞ڨڽ޲ᕥݘኧ༅ޠ्ᘉȂٯ ߩѬ࢑֖ᡘȮࢍऎȯޠਫݳՅϑȄӶу၍ຣစ༉ਣȂҐȶпȮࢍऎȯ࿌ ུеȷϟԠȂՅԥȶȮࢍऎȯଋུеڨڽܼᏈȷޠ၍ᇴȇҐȶܛُ౵᜞ȃ ܛᆹ౵᜞ȃܛ༉ᆹ౵᜞ȷϟԠȂᙥ์ݳဏп֖यݾဏȂܛᒞȶਣ਀૿ဏ ુȂ஡п౪΢ঘȂז΢᜹Ȃӱښݾ༅ϟݳȷȇҐȶϲڐ୾Յѵ፞ৈȃϲ፞ ৈՅѵӽشȷϟԠȂұе޲మΚоЉίȂՍߗІሊϟזȄδԫ๊๊ȂѠ ޤڐпȶپȷձȶᛲᏏȷٿᐍႴȃၜមȃវึȮϵՁȯဏ౪35Ȅ 35 ༂ԧҖȂȮեӅຠ༉ȯȞࠓٶȈࠓٶτᏱȂ1998.12ȟȂॳ 88Ȅ

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ȞήȟጋఘᏱࣃޠၜមРݳ

Ȯࢍऎጋఘ༉ȯޠၜមРݳԄեȉٸ༉НܛұȂҼԄӤȮϵՁ༉ȯ ൸စНϟਫȃϛਫȂ࿌ਫՅϛਫȂ࿌ϛਫՅਫȂпᡘڐဏȂၽңਣУС پȃӫپпұፔື๢ඍȂดܛߓ२ᘉԥ౵ȂȮϵՁȯߓ࢈ݾαϟ౪དྷлဏ ϟτဏȂՅȮጋఘȯߓહၿ኉౪ܓлဏϟτဏȂࠊ޲຀ಂܼґٿзࣩȂ ࡤ޲຀ಂܼ࿌ίϲЗȄ36൸ᙲۗဏՅّȂܼᗵϵึȶᗵΫԒณҔȂᗵϛ ՍҔηȄϰԒԥҔȂܛпҔᗵηȄȷȞᗵϵΫΚԒэȟܼਲ਼ϵึȶਲ਼ณеȂ ڐТеȂեηȉᙲۗηȄȌȌϰԒԥеȂܛпݾਲ਼ηȄȷȞਲ਼ϵϰԒࢍȟȂ ԫȮጋఘ༉ȯᙲܼۗ୞܉࢑֐ӬܼဏȃၿᇅҔȂܛᒞȶȮࢍऎȯີဏϛີ ඐȂ߭ၿϛ߭٤ȷȞᗵϵϰԒࢍȟȃȶȮࢍऎȯϟဏȂ፞߯ᇅҔՅϛᇅ፲ȷ ȞᗵϵѳԒэȟηȄቔഈ࿱෇ᒞȈȶጋఘφϛ༉࡛ϥۗȃ೾ήಜȃ஼ή зȃ౵ϲѵ፞τԠȂȌՅڐСУϟپȃدᡑϟᇴȃໍଞϡჵϟݳȂӼ ԥяΤȄȷ37ԫڿ࢑યӶȮϵՁ༉ȯҴൠЩၷܛூȂկ൸ၜមРݳՅّȂ ڎ޲ໍၰࣻӤȄՍਤпࡤȂّȮࢍऎȯְҍȮϵՁȯᘊڻеᏈဏȂՅڦ Ȯጋఘȯᙲۗ൶ڻဏȂҼਣၽܛयՅดᘪȉ

ȞѳȟѿЫᏱࣃޠၜមРݳ

ȮࢍऎѿЫ༉ȯՍቔ⛷пٿȂᏒᆔϛڨᅖхۣᏱീςϟܜᇰȂดٲ ᄃαϑೞᇰ࣐࢑༉Ȅ൸ձ࣐༉ՅّȂڐၜមϟРݳԄեȉٸ؈ႲȮࢍऎ စ༉໲၍ȆזȯܛّȈ 36 ୥ُভ֘ውȂȮϜ୾লᏱ঩፤Ȇ঩ၿ጖ΡȯȞॸ෬ȈུٴਫଲःفܛȂ1973.05ȟȂॳ 814Ȅጾ ԒᙵȂȮНҐᇅᄃ፻ȞΚȟȯȞѯіȈਵࠆȂ2000.08ȟȂॳ 133-136Ȅ 37 ቔഈ࿱ȂȮጋఘど੾ҨեȆఅȯȂ२ጢҐȮࣳఽစ၍ȯಒ 13 ьȂॳ 9541Ȅ

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Ȯ༉ȯܗӒစпۗٲȂܗࡤစпಥဏȂܗٸစп៞౪Ȃܗᓀစп Ӭ౵ȂᓎဏՅึڐپϟܛ२ȂȌȌڐึδّپȂȌȌࣲᐄᙠپՅ ึဏȂࡿ՘ٲпҔፔືȄ፞ᆏਫȃϛਫȃӒਫȃࢉਫȃϛّȃϛ ᆏȃਫТϟ᜹ȂࣲܛпକུᙠȂึτဏȂᒞϟᡑپȇดҼԥѭܛ ϛਫ֊п࣐ဏ޲ȂԫᇑȮࢍऎȯུཏȇࢉȮ༉ȯϛّδȂԣՅᄲ ϟηȄڐစณဏپȂӱ՘ٲՅّȂࠍȮ༉ȯޣّڐᘫ፹ՅϑȂߩ پηȄ Ȯѿ༉ȯϟ၍ȮࢍऎȯԥδپȂԥᡑپȂԥޣّᘫ፹ϟߩپή޲Ȅ ৹ඉᢏȞ1903ɯ1982ȟӒҢᇰ࣐ѿЫϟ༉Ȯࢍऎȯԥпဏ༉စȞхᐤѭ ᗀၘȟІпѭ༉စȞᡲᐤѭՍϐᗀၘȟڎτ᜹Ȃկпࡤ޲࣐२Ȃࠊ޲έ Ѡಡϸ࣐ 1.п၅Ȯࢍऎȯ޲༉Ȯࢍऎȯȃ2.пਫݳޠ၍ម༉Ȯࢍऎȯȃ3. пᙐ௧ޠցᘟ༉Ȯࢍऎȯȃ4.пȶ֘φТȷޠםԓߓཏ༉Ȯࢍऎȯѳᆎם ԓȂՅ 1.࢑ѿЫᑀԥȂ4.࢑ѿЫܛ२Ȅ38ࡤٿȂ஼ષনఁ௳Ҽԥ᜹ծޠࣽ ݳȂ௚ϸ᜹เ౵Ȃԃᇰ࣐Ȯѿ༉ȯޠ၍စРԓԥΡτ᜹࠯Ȃ֊అٲ၍စ ᇅ፤ᇴစဏȂ፤ᇴစဏ֥ڎϊ໷ȈΚ޲࣐ਫݳဏپȂ֊δپȃਫݳ፞ᆏ Ȟਫȃϛਫȃᆏȃϛᆏ๊ȟȂѫ޲࣐ຠ፤Ȃ֥ȶӇѼТȷȃȶ֘φТȷȃȶᙅ ηȃߩᙅηȷ๊ȂڐఅٲមဏࡿӪҔӫȂဤᄃۧᙅ൶ڻޠҭޠ39Ȃܛّ ၗၷ؈Ⴒϟᇴ؂ђၐஞȄ஼ାຠఁ௳Ҽܜ৹ඉᢏӒҢϟᇴȂᇰ࣐ѿ༉п ѭ༉စȂڐݳӶᐄٲޣਫȂٯЖңȮѿ༉ȆԚϵΫѳԒȯ֘φТȈȶȮࢍ ऎȯϟᆏȂཌྷՅᡘȂעՅఓȂஏՅԚതȂᅿՅϛ԰ȂᛄඍՅᝏ๢ȷϟّ ٿึදȮѿЫ༉ȯޠᐤѭఅٲ᛻೛Ȃܛᒞȶпఅ࣐ឋȃ឵᜞Щٲȃᙥّ ձᘟȃ୐์੦ԝȷѳ޲Ξഇႇᐄٲޣਫпߓ౫ᐤѭ਱ᘟ40Ȃԫᡘด࢑ᄈ 38 ৹ඉᢏȂȮϜ୾စᏱѭޠஆᙄȯȂॳ 264-265Ȅ 39 ஼ષনȂȮఅٲᇅ၍ម⎯⎯Ȯѿ༉ȯစ၍ःفȯȞѯіȈਫݔȂ1998.04ȟȂॳ 69ȃ239Ȅ 40 ஼ାຠȂȮࢍऎਫݳᇅѿ༉ᏱѭȯȞѯіȈϥࠓȂ2002.01ȟȂॳ 16-36Ȅ

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Ԅեձᐄٲޣਫӕձಡഌ၍ᇴ޲Ȃसࠌ൸ȮࢍऎȯစၜមРݳՅّϑ឵ ໣௦ቺԪȇࢉϭ໸ܜੳڿȃ؈Ⴒпٿޠُ၍ȂຝȮѿЫ༉ȯ࣐ή༉ϟΚȂ йϛ፤ቔ⛷ȶЖ༉Нп၍စȷϟࠊޠȮѿЫࢍऎȯ࢑֐ϭСܛ༉ȮѿЫ ༉ȯНҐȂᗷ༉НϜϛн፤ᇴစဏޠԚϸȞѠ૗࢑ቔ⛷Ж༉၍စࡤܛय ޠ༉ҐȟȂดτഌӌϬ࢑௵ڦޣਫڐٲޠРԓȂ֊ܛᒞޠఅٲ၍စܗпѭ ༉စȂђαܛᒞȶп၅Ȯࢍऎȯ޲༉ȮࢍऎȯȷϟםԓȂ࢑ᓄΠȮࢍऎȯ စНϟѵޠᏈѭ఩Нٿᇴ݃Ѝφܛпϛਫϟ౪ҦȂ࣐ϵጋܛณȂᡘұڐ л्ᆡઢӶ֊ٲԇ઎Ȃпᡘ઎ဏȄ

Ȟϥȟ೾ᏱࣃޠၜមРݳ

пαή༉ϟၜមРݳөۧ஠ߟȂկࡤзϟၜមȮࢍऎȯȂՍਤпࡤȂ ֊ޮ៉ܼή༉ϟϜȂԥ።ڸή༉޲ȃԥ።ڸϛூՅӉཏџڦ޲ȃԥ௼ή ༉пϐཏ၍စ޲Ȃಁ၍ϛۢȂીᘚϛϑȂڐҭޠณߩӶ׳൷࡭࿌ޠ၍មȄ ਤȆलᄀȮࢍऎጋఘ༉໲၍ȆזȯϢȈ δ༉п೾စ࣐лȂစп҇࿌࣐౪ȄЊՎ࿌ณΡȂՅή༉ੇᇴȂஸ ூϛతڐܛᅘȂᐆ๢Յ௄оȉࢌϛ঎࿌Ȃࠍڿৡ঎ѷȇसّࡘ๙Ȃ ᐆ๢᜶௄Ȃஸூϛٯ޿пؒۡȂᐄ౪п೾စоȉᗷשϟܛ࢑Ȃ౪ ґӓ࿌ȂԋѠпூ࿌ϟᜳՅՍ๙ܼו೾ࠛȉ लᄀᗷ࣐Ȯ⥷ఘ༉ȯձ໲၍Ȃկᄃખ஠ߟȂ໡ᐆ๢ή༉Ȃܗ௼༉೾ စϟၰȄด௼༉ϟࡤԄե೾စȉᒞᐄ౪п೾စȂดܛᐄϟ౪έե౪ȉ౪ ϟՎ࿌Ӷե೏ȉԄݏϛ૗ޤ౪ϟՎ࿌Ӷե೏ȂࠍӶө࿌ڐ࿌ޠ௒ݸίȂ ณ౵ܼпϐཏ၍စȄᢏভȆ୰ֆȃሂӞȃഛవϟȮࢍऎȯᏱ຀ձȂѠп ึ౫ڐ፤ᇴ׈ӓ࡛ҴӶᄈή༉ޠຠឋІՄ㏕αȂณߩ࢑ഇႇᆤӬή༉п

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౪၍Ȯࢍऎȯ41Ȃ໸ԫՅίȂՎࠓ׉Ȇऩԋ୾؂ݨϟпโᓡϟᇴȄऩԋ ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉Ȇఅ༉௳ȯ෇ᇴȈ ՍਤȆ؈ႲȃलᄀȃভȆ୰ֆȃሂӞԫ኶φ޲ңΩࣦ༖Ȃਣԥܛ ڦȂᗷആয়ᕔϟ୐ȂංூڐߟՅΤȂ्ࣲґُۡኃϟजȂԼۣϟ ൳޲ηȄࢉϛႲΝঢ়ϟӗȂΝঢ়ܛആڿՍԥ఼౐ȂᑀโЫლ࣐ϟ ༉Ȃดڐᇴ౲ܼཏȂࠍЖՅϛึȂమٻࡤᏱབྷࡧ݃ᒲȂՍூܼՇ ҭُᆹϟѵ޲ηȄࢉϭܛ༉ٲࡹѿЫȂဏ௵ϵՁጋఘϟᆡ޲Ȃτ ᆫҐ۞φȂՅཌྷມӼпโЫϟᇴ࣐ᜍϢȄ ऩԋ୾ၜមȮࢍऎȯϟРݳ42ȂѠُ፞ڣॷܛߓख़ᆫስȃ݃᜹پȃ ᙲۗپή໷ȄуॷӒ஡۞φпٿೆڻȞङ 369ɯ286B.C.ȟȃုӇ๳ȃе ೾Ȟ584ɯ618ȟȃߘႧȞ1011ɯ1077ȟȃ஼ၸȃโᓡΝঢ়ϟᆡ्ᇮӗܼڣ ॷȂమ΢֊ມпᢏဏȂߓ݃Ȯࢍऎȯ࢑ΚҐЍφᗀစзȃᙅဏȃӫϸȃ еݳϟਫȂ൩ۢၜមޠஆҐРӪȄڐԪȂණя၍᠟ȮࢍऎȯޠРݳ⎯⎯ ݃᜹پȄуᇴȮࢍऎȯϟНԥٲӤࠍມӤϟҔپȂԥٲӤՅມ౵ϟᡑپȂ Ҕپұဒ΢ܛҴЉӵϟளစȂᡑپұဒ΢ܛນѡϭϟ೾ፘȂ௚ጐ౪ᆡဏȂ ܼپϜُݳȂپѵ೾᜹Ȃϛޤپၗϛ٘пޤȮࢍऎȯȄഷࡤȂණяᙲۗҔ ঘ⎯⎯ᙲۗپȂۡлȮጋఘȯ΢֘׾ϰ֊՞ϛѠϛҔȂዀұၜមϟฑᘉ ӶҔᆫளȂ݃τݳηȄऩԋ୾Ȯࢍऎ༉ȯяȂ׉ାۡლᒞڐܼ݃ȮࢍऎȯȂ Щ፞ᏑܛூЏᚁȂࡤзٯᆏ࣐ѳ༉ϟΚȂኈ៫౐ሊȂկ״ຠ޲ҼಁȂ् ᒞڐМᚕȃए᢫ȃߤཽȃܴݬȂ೼၏ᘫܼуޠၜមЋᜱϹܼစڑޠयң 41 ஼ᛨឃȂȲ୰ȃሂȃഛήঢ়ȮࢍऎȯᏱϟݾစРݳݚ፤ȳȂȮ୰ֆུࢍऎᏱࣃःف፤໲ȯȂॳ 280Ȅ 42 ׉ჂۡȂȮࢍऎऩЫ༉ȯȂॳ 15-101Ȅ೪஠തଇ፤ȶऩԋ୾ݾȮࢍऎȯϟᄙ࡚ᇅРݳȷȂܛණ ڐРݳԥѳȈТՄϟစ༉ȂпึȮࢍऎȯϟཌྷّȇТਃϟဏ౪Ȃң௥ဒཏϟࡘ౐ȇТᝓΚԆ ፔືȂпࢎȮࢍऎȯϟτဏȇТᛲϟ఩پȂпវȮࢍऎȯϟ༺ԠȄሴѠ୥ՄȂดҐНࠍпӲ ᘫҐ༉ܛख़࣐лȂϛѫ೪఩ҭȄ

(40)

ܓȂՅ܈౲စڑޠҐဏܓܛय֒ȊܛпȂࡤٿޠȮࢍऎȯᏱȂࠍέߖᘫ စڑҐဏܓޠ௥ଇȄ ӶစڑҐဏܓޠ௥ଇαȂ࿌௱༂ᐪȃሂ᭥৲৷Ӓࡤशࡧজસȃᑗࡧ यਃϟѓȂՅԥΚقӗᆡ౐຀ձୱзȄሂ᭥ጢȮࢍऎ৲ᇴȯख़ڐ঩Ȃᒯ Ȯࢍऎ໲༉ȯȃ຀ȮࢍऎѿЫ༉၅ݨȯȃȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȯԚڐᏱȂߓ݃уःف Ȯࢍऎȯᗚ࢑ၮᓎڐ৲ϟഋᙿȂуᇴȈ ࡤзᏱȮࢍऎȯเޤҐҒ޲ȂᒧԥȮѿЫȯՅϑȂࢉڦȮѿЫ༉ȯ ࣐ϟ၅ݨȂమᏱ޲҇пՄٲ࣐ӒȂڐНᇅဏȂࠍή༉Յࡤ፞ঢ়ϟ ᇴȂॄூڐҐ઎޲ȂࣲരпϐཏȂᄲՅ೾ϟȂӫТȮࢍऎ໲༉ȯ δΫϥڣȇۧཏᏱ޲ྣܼܛᆹȂϛ૗ณඌȂրኦȮ឵᜞ȯΥ጖Ȃ ึڐᗵጷȂ༉፞ӤעȂп߸֘φȂܗԥڦౚȄ43 ሂ᭥ϟܛп຀ਫȂڐҭޠӶࡿᏳࡤϟᏱԄեࢿோȮࢍऎȯϟဏȂ਴ ᐄуޠᇴݳݾȮࢍऎȯпՄٲᄃ࣐ӒȂดࡤؒή༉НᇅဏϟҐ઎Ȃࠌ൸ စНȂϛึຏ᜞Ȃџ๽൸ᄃȂӲᘫښձҐཏȄดԄեூޤښձҐཏȉу ௄ȮೆφȯȶȮࢍऎȯစзȂӒеϟעȂဒ΢ឋՅ҆៞ȷਃΤȂစуᡞᄇȂ ์ࠉϟݳԥΥȂ֊ȶဒ΢ឋՅ҆៞ȷ޲ηȂ೼൸࢑уၜមȮࢍऎȯޠᜱ ᗥ೏Ȅ૮ЖᓄԄίȈ ์ࠉϟτδԥΥȂᇑښձϟ঩ηȄȮࢍऎȯȃᏈѭηȂᗷԥ์ԥࠉȂ ՅΚ୾ϟखᆫҐҒґლϛڏȄᇑԥԥ์Յณࠉ޲Ȃп࣐บᏈȮࢍ ऎȯηȂࢉڐΚТȈԇ๋ਫϟτᡞȄဒ΢ኧ༅пစзȂՅ୾ਫԥ ۢᡞȂߩ୆์ࠉณп஛НȂࢉڐΡТȈ୆์ࠉп՘᠍Ȅดٲԥߩ ளȂ௒ԥ੬౵Ȃᗷ์ࠉԥϛ٘пᅿڐဏ޲Ȃܼ࢑ԥᡑНȃԥ੬์Ȃ 43 ሂ᭥ȂȮࢍऎ໲༉ȆזȯȂસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 25 ьȂॳ 14489Ȅ

(41)

ՅᡑНϟր࣐᜹޲ȂТ៞ӫᄃȃТᙲ๽ӽȂࢉڐήТȈᡑНпұ ဏȄڐѳТȈ៞ӫᄃϟርȄڐϥТȈᙲ๽ӽϟ៞ȂڐϳТȈ੬์ пҔӫȄαίϲѵϟੇȂሇ२఼౐ϟ҆ቇȂᗷϳ޲ϛ૗ՍُȂࠍ пСУϟݳୣՅրϟȂดࡤϳဏࣲԚȂณཌྷϛᡘȂࢉΝТȈӱС Уп݃᜹ȄՍߩԥܛ࢑ҔȂࣲ௄ѭНȂด੬์Ҽϛႇ኶ᙐȂࢉΥ ТȈ᜞௄л΢Ȅ44 пαȂڐᄃ൸࢑Ȯࢍऎ឵᜞ȯΚਫޠᆫስȂᗷᇴ࢑ңп‪ඌȂථึ ᗵጷȂϛԄᇴ࢑ڐၜមȮࢍऎȯޠРݳȄดڐၜម࢑֐ூ࿌ȉఽȆҫᓃ ࿆ᇴȈ ሂЫϸր๋ਫ์ࠉȂᇮӼߗ࢑ȂȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȯҐԫҴᇴȂЍኅී ౐ڦڐਫȄ௚ڐਫᏱߩ஠ߟȂϬԥґᅿ࢑޲ȂԄᗵϵϛਫ֊՞п Ԛϵཏȃਲ਼ϵਫ֊՞пԄڐཏȃϵᖪпϛӵُཊȃϵЊ΢яۍТ ৙Ȃδԫࣲ๊Ȯࢍऎȯ੬์Ȃґ҇ᏈѭԥԫਫݳȂሂЫп࣐ԇ๋ ਫϟτᡞȂ࢑ඌܼ؈ႲϟᇴȄέ߭ڐ৲༂ᐪᖕኦЍφۉ֘ڽঔ୾ ѭϟНȂϛޤဒ΢π௳ཌྷّȂᄃ࢑ؾঔՅߩۣਫȂϛ߭ѡဏȂՅ ᖕആϛစȂࢉڐܛ຀Ȯ໲༉ȯȃȮ឵᜞ȯȂϬϛռԥᇳηȄ45 ೼࢑ٿՍϵՁᏱ஠ঢ়ޠ״ຠȂܛّ࢑֐ԥ࿌Ȃഎཽਗ਼Іژөঢ়ޠၜ មႲ೪ϛӤޠցᘟȄၗดȂՍѡпٿȂȮࢍऎȯᏱ൸ԥ஠ঢ়ᇅ೾Ᏹޠᄈ፥Ȃ ԥπဏᇅѭٲޠࣻሼȂԥτဏᇅཌྷّޠ፤ލȂࣦՎȮࢍऎȯϟН٦ٳ࢑ စЍφ์ࠉȂ٦ٳ࢑Ꮘѭ঩НޠᇰۢȂηഎཽၮөՍޠၜមႲ೪ԥᜱȄ 44 ሂ᭥ȂȮࢍऎ឵᜞ȆזȯȂસЖҐȮ೾עஇစ၍ȯಒ 26 ьȂॳ 14677Ȅ 45 ҫᓃ࿆ȂȮစᏱ೾፤ȆѳࢍऎȯȞѯіȈݭࣅȂ1974.12 ෂӠȟȂॳ 86-87Ȅ

(42)

ϳȃ๗፤

Ϝ୾စڑၜម࢑Ԅեໍ՘ޠȉ࣐Πᇴ݃କُȂ์޲௵ڦΠఽȆᠼՍ ࣣޠُ၍஡༉ȃଅȃထਫְߤܼϳ᛻Ȃпϳ᛻ձ࣐Ϝ୾စڑၜមޠНҐȂ Ҧܼϳ᛻࢑စЍφփख़ՅٿȂஆҐαߓႁЍφϟᏱȄᅖ΢൶ЍȂпЍφ ϟᏱޠϳ᛻࣐ϳစȂᗀ݃ϳစ൸࢑࣐Π݃ЍφϟၿȄϳစᄈЍφՅّȂ ϛ࢑۟ҴޠȂՅ࢑܅ԫϤ၅םԚ֘φϟᏱޠᐍᡞȄӱԫȂ௄֘φϟᏱՅ ّȂϳစᗷөԥөޠစဏȂկ܅ԫϟ໣έࣻਡ೾ȄࡤзᄈөစޠᑀՍវ ึȂ์޲ᆏ࣐ޣមȂՅ܅ԫϟ໣ޠࣻϤၜម൸ᆏձਡ೾Ȃ೼࢑์޲ᢏᄇ Ϝ୾စڑၜមܛூޠڎঐஆ࠯ȄҐНޠҭዀ࢑Ӷ၍݃စڑၜមӶစᏱ༉ ಜϜ࢑Ԅեໍ՘ޠȂࢉпȮࢍऎȯ࣐پȂআҦᄈංঐԥхߓܓޠȮࢍऎȯ ၜម຀ձձϸݚȂ၍݃ڐϜၜមޠᜱᗥȄၜមࣁ୞ਗ਼І᠟޲ᇅНҐޠᜱ ߾Ȃ२्ޠୱᚡ࢑НҐޠ౪၍ԄեѠ૗ȉ᠟޲Ԅե౪၍НҐȉ᠟޲ܛ౪ ၍ޠ࢑֐൸࢑НҐڿԥޠཏဏȉНҐԥءԥڿۢޠཏဏȉϨቅ࢑НҐޠ ձ޲ܛ्ߓႁȉձ޲࣐Ϩቅ्ձԫНҐȉδԫࣲ๊๊ၜមᏱܛᔗӲ๏ޠ ୱᚡȄӶȮࢍऎȯᏱ၈ȂЍφ࣐եձȮࢍऎȯȉԄեձȮࢍऎȯȉ࢑ձ စᗚ࢑ঔѭȉРݳ࢑আٲ݃ဏȉᗚ࢑ޣਫڐٲȉܛ݃ޠဏ౪فഥ࢑Ӷུ ڻᗚ࢑Ӷ௄ڻȉٸ์޲ޠःفȂ༉ಜȮࢍऎȯ᜹ޠ຀ձл्ߓ౫Ӷၜមȃ ਫݳȃ״ຠᇅՄॐѳঐР८Ȃၜម຀ಂܼဏȂਫݳ຀ಂܼНȂ״ຠᇅՄ ॐ຀ಂܼНҐ঩ဏᇅѭٲ઎ᄃޠՄفȄȮࢍऎȯޠ઎ဏԄեȉࡤзя౫Π ήᆎϛӤޠၜមڑ࠯⎯⎯Ȯࢍऎȯή༉ȂӶၜមРݳαȂȮϵՁ༉ȯȃȮጋ ఘ༉ȯְԛᆨစНȂഇႇਫݳп၍စȂՅȮѿЫ༉ȯᗷԥң፤ᇴ၍စȞਫ ݳဏپᇅຠ፤ȟȂկτᡞпఅٲ၍စ࣐лȂࠊ޲ޠஆҐҴൠ࢑আٲ݃ဏȂ ࡤ޲࢑ޣਫڐٲȄϛᆔ࢑আٲ݃ဏܗޣਫڐٲȂڐҭޠഎӶ౪၍Ѝφޠ ȮࢍऎȯဏȂՅ౪၍ЍφޠȮࢍऎȯဏߩѬ࢑࣐ΠȶޤȷȂՅ࢑Ӷоȶ՘ȷȄ

(43)

ٸӒࠊޠ፤ख़ȂᄈȮࢍऎȯޠၜមᖃ࢑ᚕϛ໡ၜម޲ޠҭޠᇅРݳȂڐ ҭޠӶयң޲ȂӶРݳαȂ൸௵ڦଋ⎯⎯Щ⎯⎯ُࡿϛӉ᜞ޠРԓȂᘜ ಴НԆҐٙޠܴݬȂލڦᔗਣវមޠޫ໣ȂดڐѷηᇯȂࢉఀϟпᄃ⎯⎯ ߖӲҐဏޠ௥સȇܛпȂ൸ၜមޠҭޠՅ፤Ȃ೾စᇅयңᄻԚҭޠޠڎ ᆓȂ൸ၜមޠРݳՅ፤ȂڴᔗၜមҭޠޠڎᆓՅԥ֊ٲԇ઎⎯⎯ȶ࣐೾ စՅ೾စȷᇅআٲयң⎯⎯ȶ࣐यңՅ೾စȷΡԓȄᖃՅّϟȂစڑၜ ម࢑ӱᔗၜម޲ޠҭޠᇅРݳՅ৥໡ޠȄ ȪࡹҐН߾์޲୥ᇅ୾ҴᇄᢋτᏱ 91 Ԓ࡚τᏱᏱ೛ଢؒڠ຺ึ৥ ॏდȶݎٴߗзᏑᏱϜޠစڑၜម༉ಜϟःفȷ஠ᚡȞ91ɯHɯFA01ɯ3 ɯ4ȟϟԚݏൣ֚Ȃ2002 Ԓ 10 У 15 С׈ԚߒጉȂΚဋήԒԥᎸȂϭ׺ ጉᇍڨ௵ાȂй୥ଫڎ՞ຠቸӒҢϟཏُђпঔ၅׈ጉȂٯӪлࡼ΢༂ ߹ലఁ௳Іຠቸ΢यᗃȄȫ

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