運用文化回應教學於國小生活課程之行動研究

全文

(1)୯ҥࡀܿ௲‫ػ‬εᏢ௲‫ػ‬Ꮲ‫!س‬ ፐำᆶ௲ᏢᅺγᏢՏ੤ᅺγፕЎ! ! ࡰᏤ௲௤ǽ๤ᆣጎ!!റγ!!!. ၮҔЎϯӣᔈ௲Ꮲ‫ܭ‬୯λғࢲፐำ! ϐՉ୏ࣴ‫!ز‬. ࣴ‫ز‬ғǺ᝵પች!ኗ!. ύ !. ๮. ҇. ୯. ΋. ԭ. ႟. Ο. ԃ. ΋. Д!.

(2)

(3) ᝔፾ ʳ ʳ ຍᒧᓵ֮ऱᓭ‫س‬Δਢ‫ڂ‬੡‫ீءڶ‬ऱᄅ๻‫م‬Δ‫֜֗א‬ၺఄຍᆢ֚ట‫ױ‬ფऱ৘՗ଚΔ‫ڂ‬੡‫܃‬ ଚ‫ګ‬༉Աᓵ֮Δ‫ڃ‬უ໴‫ە‬ઔߒࢬਢ‫ڂ‬੡ࠐࠩ଺ၢᄅᖂீΔআࠌ‫ݺ‬អ࢓ᖂ๬հሁ٦ছၞΖ ʳ ʳ ଈ٣૞ტ᝔ਐᖄඒ඄ငፃᒮ‫׌‬ٚΔ‫ߓڇ‬೭᜗‫ڦ‬հᎾΔ‫א‬റᄐᖂ๬ො塄Εᘣ֊ৱԳղፖਐ ᖄΔழൄቔᚐ‫ݺ‬ট࣍‫ګݙ‬ᓵ֮Δ‫ڻޢ‬ऱᇞ༝ຟᨃ‫࠹ݺ‬墿ସ෍Δ٦ঞტ᝔‫׈‬ᜣீ९ኙ࣍‫ݺ‬ऱઔ ߒ٤Ժ֭਍ፖ࠰‫ܗ‬Δ‫شܓޓ‬ֆ塒հᎾኙ‫ء‬ᓵ֮լቧࠡᅀऱਐᖄፖቔᚐΔტ᝔Ցᇢࡡ୉ພࣔഘ ඒ඄࣍‫ڦۍ‬հխΔ᜔ਢર֨‫׊‬ሰาᣇᙊ‫چ‬ԫԫ࿯ղਐ‫إ‬Δტ᝔ຫᄅ᠆ඒ඄‫ڇ‬อૠՂਐរಮ੍Δ ᝫ૞ტ᝔ඒߛᖂߓᓰ࿓ࢬ඄ᓰऱ‫۔‬ஃΔ୪ඕ॒ඒ඄Εᠱైដඒ඄Εᠱᐜ壁ඒ඄Εᓐᐈॾඒ඄Ε ‫᥀׆‬ᙩඒ඄Ε‫׆‬ᅗᔃඒ඄Ε‫ޕ‬ႁ໻ඒ඄ΔറᄐԳ֮ऱᣂᡖΔඔ࿇‫ݺ‬ऱᖂ๬հሁΖ‫׼‬؆௽ܑტ ᝔Ꮵ੢ᔕீ९ല֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।༼ࠎ࿯‫ݺ‬೚੡ઔߒՠࠠΖ ʳ ʳ ტ᝔‫ٵீء‬ոၞᄭ‫׌‬ٚΕഏᘋ‫׌‬ٚΕఆᇣΕᤌࣔΕߐੴΕႁဉΕᐜࣥΕࣲᅜΕભᓊΕ֮ લΕਁᨰΕᐂࢣΕભᥞऱ࠰‫ܗ‬ፖᣂᡖΔᨃ‫ݺ‬ଫ᥽ᖂீፖᓰᄐΙ‫ޓ‬૞ტ᝔ඒᖂՂ࠰‫ٵ‬ඒᖂऱኃ ۴ଚΔි༡‫۔‬ஃΕᗝඔ‫ޘ‬९‫۔‬Εભࡢ‫۔‬ஃΕ؏ᇣ‫۔‬ஃΔ௽ܑਢ‫֏֮ڇ‬ᓰ࿓Ղ࿯ղ‫ݺ‬๺‫ڍ‬ᣪ၆ რߠᨃඒᖂ‫ڶ‬Աᚻ٠Δທ༉壄൑ᓰ࿓Δᝫ‫ڶ‬ტ᝔‫ݺ‬ऱ୮९ટִΕි‫ܩ‬ΕDaki ‫۔‬ஃ֗೶ፖᓰ࿓ ੒೯ऱ୮९ࡉࢬ‫ڶ‬೶ፖඒᖂመ࿓࿓ऱຝᆵඒஃᆢ‫ొ່ݺ֗א‬టऱ৘՗ଚΔ௽ܑტ᝔‫׈‬ए࿯৘ ՗ቔᚐΕ࿯‫ؚݺ‬௛Δࢬ‫ڶ‬ᣂ֨଺۰‫ا‬ග֮֏ፖඒߛऱኃ۴Δਢ‫܃‬ଚᨃຍᒧᓵ֮‫ך‬የ‫ࡎس‬ԺΖ ʳ ʳ ‫ࡎس‬խ᜔ਢլឰ‫چ‬ሖࠩߜஃ墿֖Δ‫ٵ‬ᖂᅗૣऱյઌ֊ᒒፖ࢖‫ףڼ‬ई‫ؚ‬௛Δᨃ‫ݺ‬ტࠩྤֺ ᦟ໛ऱਢ౨ᎁᢝຍ‫ٵݳۯ‬ሐ‫ٽ‬ऱ֖ࣛΙ‫ٵ‬ᖂྶᐝΕၝልΕࢵएΕ‫د‬ભΕቯ୲ଚ‫ڇ‬ᓰഘխऱᑷ ௺ಘᓵፖ։ࠆΔ‫֗א‬ભ‫ڜ‬ᖂࡪऱ࠰‫ܗ‬Ζᝫ‫ڶ‬᎛ֱᄅᡲশ៳‫܌‬ගऱሒୟΔტ᝔‫ڔ‬ፖ৘՗ऱటൣ ։ࠆ֗ኙ‫ݺ‬ઔߒᓰ࿓ऱಘᓵΖ ʳ ʳ ່৵ტ᝔‫᧯່ݺ‬၀ऱ‫׼‬ԫ‫ת‬---ཕটΔ‫ݺڇ‬ጚՓၞଥཚၴΔߪଫᑇ៭Δ٤֨٤Ժา֨ᅃ᥽ࠟ ‫ؔڣټ‬ՖࠝΔ‫່ݺ‬ᚩࠃࠁ؏ऱՕՖࠝ঴ᘊΔ່੒ᑣរ՗‫ڍ‬ऱ޽✛՛ՖΔᝫ‫ڶ‬ൕ՛塄ߛ‫ݺ‬ऱ‫׀‬ ‫ئ‬Δᐊ‫܂‬ཚၴᅃ᥽‫ݺ‬ऱ堬ଇದࡺΔ‫ݺ‬ᄃფऱࠟ‫כۯ‬९ऱ‫ؚ‬௛‫ף‬ईΔᝫ‫ڶ‬ৱ‫ڕݺ‬Ֆࠝऱֆֆᚈ ᚈ‫֭چ‬਍ထ‫ݺ‬Δტ᝔‫່ݺ‬ფऱ୮ԳଚΖ ʳ ʳ ᓵ֮ऱ‫ګݙ‬ਢႃ‫ٽ‬ฒԳऱԺၦΔ௽ܑਢሀ֮֏ඒᖂΔॺ‫ݺ‬ԫԳ໢‫ؚ‬ᗑ೐‫ګݙױ‬ऱΔტ᝔ ‫ࡎسݺڇ‬խᚥ‫ݺܗ‬ऱԳࠃढΔ‫ڶ‬൞ଚట‫ړ‬Δ‫ڂ‬੡‫܃‬ଚթ౨‫᠆ڶ‬ጚऱ‫࣠ګ‬ΖߨၞຝᆵΔ઎ߠຝ ᆵૹ৬հሁբዬዬᖞ‫ٽ‬ದࠐΔԫሁߨࠐ߬ેౙౘထຍჇᄅՒ‫چ‬ऱࢬ‫ڶ‬ԳΖ ʳ ʳ ᣋຍ‫ء‬ᓵ֮ऱ‫ګݙ‬Δ౨ജ੡ຍԿଡ‫۔ײ‬ຝᆵಖᙕԫࠄߨመऱߩᇾΔ౨ജ੡ᄅຝᆵ៖౏ߺ ఎՀԫࠄધᙕΖ༉ቝվ‫ ڣ‬11 ִՂਠऱπ઎ߠ‫؀‬᨜ρ Δᣋ৘՗౨‫ط‬ຍ‫ڻ‬ऱ֮֏ᓰ࿓խΔ π઎ߠ៖ ౏ߺρΔ઎ߠ‫ݺ‬ଚ‫س‬੒ऱຝᆵΖ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ᤕొᐝʳ ʳ ʳ ᠃፾ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ 103 ‫ ڣ‬1 ִ 15 ֲ I.

(4) ၮҔЎϯӣᔈ௲Ꮲ‫ܭ‬୯λғࢲፐำϐՉ୏ࣴ‫!ز‬ ᄔा! ʳ ʳ ‫ء‬ઔߒ‫ڇڱ‬൶ಘഏ՛‫س్ڣ܅‬੒ᓰ࿓ኔਜ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂհᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂ‫ګ‬ யΔ༼֒ᖂ‫س‬ኙ۞‫֏֮ݺ‬ऱᎁᢝፖᎁ‫ٵ‬Δ֗ඒஃ۞‫ګݺ‬९Ζ‫ء‬ઔߒආ‫۩ش‬೯ઔߒ ֱ‫ڤ‬Δຘመᔆࢤऱ೶ፖᨠኘΕ๶ᓫ֮֗ٙ։࣫Δ᎖‫֏֮א‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ऱၦ֏อૠ೚ ছ৵ྒྷֺለΔ፦ႃอᖞઌᣂᇷறΖ‫سא‬੒ᓰ࿓੡ਮዌΔ۞ᒳຝᆵ֮֏‫׌‬ᠲඒᖂ੒ ೯Δආ࠰‫ٵ‬ඒᖂֱ‫ڤ‬Δၞ۩੡ཚԫᖂ‫ڣ‬ऱඒᖂΔូ౏࿨ᓵ‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ԫΕ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ֱ૿Κ ʳ ΰԫαᓰ࿓๻ૠ‫א‬նՕ౨Ժ‫׌‬ၗ֗౨Ժਐᑑ੡ඒᖂ‫ؾ‬ᑑΔ౨‫ڇ‬ඒᖂኔਜழ‫إ‬ᒔʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ֧ᖄᖂ‫س‬ኔᔌ‫س‬੒౨ԺΖඒઝ஼։࣫ፖ᠏֏౨ฤ‫ٽ‬ᖂ‫سچڇس‬੒ᆖ᧭Δʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ൅೯ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾೯ԺΖ ʳ ΰԲαᖂ฾໱഑ឩ୶ࠩຝᆵΔਢഛ塄ᖂ‫س‬༇ૹፖࣲᓾ‫֗֏֮چڇ‬ಝᒭᖂ‫س‬նტʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ऱ່ࠋ໱ࢬΖ᧯᧭ᓰ࿓ፖ‫܂ٽ‬ᖂ฾ᔞ‫଺ٽ‬ၢᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾ֱ‫ڤ‬Δᖂ‫س‬ᑗ࣍൶ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ౉ፖ᧯᧭ᖂ฾Ζ ʳ ΰԿαሎ‫ڃ֏֮ش‬ᚨඒᖂ࣍‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Δࠌ൓ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂ‫ޓ‬੡‫ݙ‬ᖞፖ‫ڍ‬ցΖ ԲΕ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂֱ૿Κʳ ʳ ΰԫα֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ່Օऱ‫ګ‬யΔ઎ߠ৘՗ፖຝᆵൣტᜤᢀ‫ףޓ‬ጹയΖۖඒᖂ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ խऱᣂᡖ‫֗א‬ඒ৛փऱ֮֏ፖᄮຏΔ౨ജ༼֒ᖂ‫س‬ኙᖂ฾ऱ۞‫ݺ‬ཚඨΖ ʳ ΰԲαඒߛ෼໱৬ዌ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱᖂ฾ᛩቼΔ౨༼֒ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾ய౨Ζ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ. ΰԿαᖂ‫ڃ֏֮ڇس‬ᚨඒᖂՂ୶෼‫ڍ‬ցཕ౨Δ੡ᖂ‫س‬፹ທ‫פګڍޓ‬ᖲᄎΔ༼ࠎ ʳ ʳ ʳ ່ࠋ୶ዝፘ‫؀‬Ζ ΰ؄α‫ך‬։ሎ‫ش‬ष೴ᇷᄭ࿨‫ٽ‬ຝᆵ੒೯Δ౨ሒࠩഛ塄ᖂ‫ګس‬੡षᄎֆ‫ا‬ऱై塄Ζ ΰնα‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛਢԫጟᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒߛΔ౨আ‫ګ‬ᘣஃ‫س‬٥‫ٵ‬ᏺ౨Ζ. ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ. ΰքα଺ၢᖂீᏁ଺۰‫ا‬ᤄඒஃ‫ף‬Ե࠰‫ٵ‬ඒᖂΔ‫ࠡܗڶ‬ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾‫ګ‬யΖ ԿΕඒஃऱ۩೯ઔߒֱ૿Κ ΰԫαඒஃኙ۞‫ݺ‬ඒߛ෻࢚ऱኔ෼Ζ ΰԲαඒஃറᄐ۞‫׌‬ΔীႿψᖂ฾٥‫᧯ٵ‬ωΖ. ʳ ΰԿαඒஃ‫ߪء‬ᚨࠠ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱై塄Δ༇ૹ֗ᝐ࠲ᖂ฾ፖࣲᓾ‫ٺ‬ଡࠐ۞լ‫֮ٵ‬ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ֏હནऱᖂ‫س‬ ʳ ʳ ່৵Δ‫ء‬ઔߒ௅ᖕઔߒ࿇෼ፖઔߒृ֘৸Δ༼‫נ‬ኙഏ՛ඒஃΕᖂீ۩ਙፖ‫آ‬ ࠐઔߒऱ৬ᤜΔ‫ࠎא‬৵ᥛઔߒհ೶‫ە‬Ζ. ᣂ᝶‫ڗ‬Κ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂΕ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Ε۩೯ઔߒ. II.

(5) Action Research on the Life Curriculum of Elementary School for Culturally Responsive Teaching Abstract! ʳ ʳ The research aims at investigating the curriculum design and the teaching efficiency of culturally responsive teaching which teachers carry out in the life curriculum on the elementary students of lower grade, enhancing the student’s knowledge and identification of own culture and increasing the teacher’s self-growth. The research adopts the method of action research to compare with original sample and experimental sample and to collect relevant information via the quantitative data of the cultural identification questionnaire through the qualitative participant observation, the interview and the document analysis. The teacher adopts the collaborative teaching and self-edits theme activities of tribal culture on the basis of life curriculum to carry out in the class for two semesters. The conclusion as following:. ҇ˁThe aspect of life curriculum: γ.The teaching objective of the curriculum design which is based on five main categories of abilities and the capacity index would correctly guide the student to practice the ability of living during the class. The analysis and transformation of the textbook would meet the student’s locally living experience and raise the learning motivation of the student. δˁThe school expands the learning place into tribes where is the best place to teach the student how to respect and appreciate the local culture, and also to train five senses of the student. The experiential curriculum and cooperative learning approach are the suitable methods for the learning style of aboriginal students and the student would be glad to explore and to experience during the course. εˁIntegrating culturally responsive teaching into life curriculum would make the course and pedagogy more complete and diverse.. ҈.The aspect of culturally responsive teaching: γ.The biggest effect of culturally responsive teaching is the combination and relations between children and tribes getting closer and closer. Moreover, the care during the teaching and the culture as well as the communication of the class would increase the student’s self-expectation of learning.ʳ δ.To construct a learning environment of culturally responsive teaching in the field of education would increase the learning efficiency of the student.. III.

(6) εˁThe culturally responsive teaching provides the student opportunities to perform their multiple intelligences, gives more successful chances to the student and offers the best performing stage for the student. ζ.To fully connect resources of the community and activities of the tribe would achieve the goal in cultivating the student to be a social citizen.ʳ η.Multicultural education which is an education of political empowerment provides the mutual empowerment for family, teachers and students. θˁThe aboriginal school requires aboriginal teachers participating in collaborative teaching that would improve the learning efficiency of the student.. ҉.The aspect of teacher’s action research: γ.The accomplishment for teachers in the idea of self-education. δ.Teacher professional autonomy shapes “learning community”. ε.The teacher should have multicultural literacy to respect for, learn from and appreciate every student from different cultures. ʳ ʳ Finally, on the basis of research findings and the reflection of the researcher, the suggestions of the research are made to serve as references for teachers, school administrators, administrative units of education and future researchers.. Keywords: Culturally responsive teaching, Life curriculum, Action research. IV.

(7) Ҟԛ ᝔፾……………………………………………….…………….….………I խ֮ኴ૞………………………………………………...……….….……II ૎֮ኴ૞……………………………………...………………….………III ‫…………………ڻؾ‬...……………………….………………….………V ।‫……………………………ڻ‬...………………………….…….……VII ቹ‫…………………ڻ‬.…………………….…………………………VIII รԫີ ፃᓵ ............................................................................................... 1 รԫᆏ ઔߒહནፖ೯ᖲ ..................................................................................... 1 รԲᆏ ઔߒ‫ؾ‬ऱፖംᠲ ..................................................................................... 4 รԿᆏ ‫ᤩဲټ‬ᆠ ................................................................................................. 5 ร؄ᆏ ઔߒᒤ໮ፖૻࠫ ..................................................................................... 6. รԲີ ֮᣸൶ಘ......................................................................................... 9 รԫᆏ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ ......................................................................................... 9 รԲᆏ ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ ....................................................................................... 22 รԿᆏ. ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ ............................................................................................. 36. ร؄ᆏ. ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂઌᣂઔߒ ..................................................................... 45. รԿີ ઔߒ๻ૠፖኔਜ........................................................................... 51 รԫᆏ ઔߒֱऄ ............................................................................................... 51 รԲᆏ ઔߒ໱഑ፖኙွ ................................................................................... 57 รԿᆏ ۩೯ֱூ ............................................................................................... 61 ร؄ᆏ. ᇷற፦ႃፖ։࣫ ................................................................................. 66. ร؄ີ ઔߒ࿨࣠ፖಘᓵ........................................................................... 71 รԫᆏʳ ψ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓ωհᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂ๻ૠᖵ࿓ ................. 71 V.

(8) รԲᆏʳ ψ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓ωඒᖂኔਜᖵ࿓ፖ։࣫ ..................... 83 รԿᆏʳ ψ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓ωඒᖂኔਜ‫ګ‬ய ............................... 177 ร؄ᆏʳ ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂઔߒᖵ࿓ઊ৸ ........................................................... 206. รնີʳ ࿨ᓵፖ৬ᤜ .............................................................................. 231 รԫᆏʳ ࿨ᓵ ................................................................................................... 231 รԲᆏʳ ৬ᤜ ................................................................................................... 239. ೶‫֮ە‬᣸ ................................................................................................... 244 ԫΕխ֮஼‫ ؾ‬............................................................................................... 244 ԲΕ؆֮஼‫ ؾ‬............................................................................................... 251. ॵᙕ ........................................................................................................... 252 ॵᙕԫ. ۩೯ઔߒֱூ ........................................................................... 252. ॵᙕԲ. ᖂ฾໢ ....................................................................................... 288. ॵᙕԿ. ᖂ‫۞س‬ေ।ፖյေ। ............................................................... 295. ॵᙕ؄. ᖂ‫ڃس‬墅໢ ............................................................................... 296. ॵᙕն. ୮९ം࠴ ................................................................................... 297. ॵᙕք. ୮९ຏव໢ ............................................................................... 298. ʳ ॵᙕԮʳ ʳ ୮९‫ٵ‬რ஼ ............................................................................... 299 ॵᙕԶ. ᖂ‫ڍس‬ցေၦᖂ฾‫ ࣠ګ‬........................................................... 300. ॵᙕ԰. ᓰ࿓ඒᖂ੒೯ᅃׂ ................................................................... 307. ॵᙕԼ. ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ം࠴ ................................................................... 311. ॵᙕԼԫ. ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।‫ٵ‬რ஼ ................................................................ 312. VI.

(9) ߄ԛ! । 2- 1 ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛઌᣂऱඒߛ֮‫ ء‬............................................................... 12 । 2- 2 WLODKOWSKI ፖ GINSBERG ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱ؄Օ૿‫ ٻ‬........................ 25 । 2- 3 լ‫ٵ‬࿇୶ழཚऱᓰ࿓ਮዌ ....................................................................... 42 । 2- 4 ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂઌᣂઔߒ‫׌‬ᠲნᖞ। ....................................................... 45 । 3- 1 ઔߒཚ࿓।……………………………………………………………... 56 । 3- 2 อᖞࢤ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ऱඒᖂૹរ .................................................................. 63 । 3- 3 ᇷறᒳᒘֱ‫ڤ‬ፖᎅࣔԫᥦ। ................................................................... 67 । 3- 4 ฤᇆ᠏᤟। ............................................................................................... 68 । 4 -1 Կଡठ‫ء‬ඒઝ஼༼֗଺۰‫֏֮ا‬փ୲(‫ א‬101 ᖂ‫ڣ‬৫։࣫) ................ 73 । 4- 2 Կଡठ‫ڶࠩ༼ء‬ᣂ୮Εष೴ऱ‫׌‬ᠲፖ໢ցΰ‫ א‬101 ᖂ‫ڣ‬৫։࣫α…74 । 4 -3 Կଡठ‫ء‬୮Εष೴‫׌‬ᠲփ୲ፖሎ‫ڃ֏֮ش‬ᚨඒᖂ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ඒᖂ๻ૠ ... 75 । 4 -4ψ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ωছྒྷ࿨࣠ .................................................................... 84 । 4-5 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψ‫ݺ‬ଚԫ୮Գωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। ........................... 97 । 4 -6 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψ୮ৢ໌‫܂‬ᑗωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। ........................ 107 । 4- 7 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψႚࢭऱ໛ஙωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। ......................... 111 । 4- 8 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψ‫ݺ‬ଚऱष೴ωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। .........................115 । 4 -9 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψष೴൶ᙠᔊωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। ........................ 150 । 4 -10 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψფྤࢬլ‫ڇ‬ωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। ...................... 157 । 4 -11 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψ‫ڃ‬ଈመ‫װ‬ωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। .......................... 164 । 4 -12 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψੴფ෼‫ڇ‬ωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। .......................... 168 । 4- 13 ‫׌‬ᠲᓰ࿓ψኄუ‫ࠐآ‬ωඒᖂ੒೯ଥ‫إ‬ছ৵ኙᅃ। .......................... 175 । 4 -14 ‫׌‬ᠲԫΚᖂ‫່س‬໛ᦟऱ੒೯อૠ ....................................................... 199 । 4 -15 ‫׌‬ᠲԲΚᖂ‫່س‬໛ᦟऱ੒೯อૠ ....................................................... 200 । 4 -16 ‫׌‬ᠲԿΚᖂ‫່س‬໛ᦟऱ੒೯อૠ ....................................................... 201 । 4- 17ψ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ω৵ྒྷ࿨࣠ ................................................................ 203 । 4 -18 ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ছ৵ྒྷ࿨࣠ኙᅃዄ‫᧭ەֱ׬‬ኴ૞। ........................... 204. VII.

(10) კԛ! ቹ 2- 1 BANKS ࡉ BANKS ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ᓰ࿓‫଀ޏ‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬؄ၸ੄ ........................................17 ቹ 2- 2 ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ऱቹቝ ..........................................................................................40 ቹ 3- 1 ઔߒੌ࿓ቹ ……………………………………………………………….54 ቹ 3 -2 ᓰ࿓ֱூਮዌቹ ..........................................................................................63 ቹ 3 -3 ઔߒृհԿߡᛀு। ..................................................................................69 ቹ 4- 1 ᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂੌ࿓……………………………………………………. 7 2 ቹ 4- 2ʳ ඒᖂኔਜΕ֘৸ଥ‫إ‬ፖ٦۩೯ऱᖵ࿓................................................. 176. VIII.

(11) ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ‫ڇڱີء‬ᎅࣔሎ‫ڃ֏֮ش‬ᚨඒᖂ࣍‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓հ۩೯ઔߒΖ‫ີء‬٥։؄ᆏΔ ຫ૪հփ୲ࠉ‫ݧ‬੡Κรԫᆏઔߒહནፖ೯ᖲΕรԲᆏઔߒ‫ؾ‬ऱፖംᠲΕรԿᆏ ‫ᤩဲټ‬ᆠΕร؄ᆏઔߒᒤ໮ፖૻࠫΖ. ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳᆶ୏ᐒ ભᣝऱᣪ୾---‫؀‬᨜Δ່ՕऱᚌႨਢࠠ‫ڍڶ‬ցऱගᆢ֗᠆༄ऱ֮֏ᇷขΔྥ ۖᆖᖵመլ‫ٵ‬ழ़હནऱᓢᚰՀΔທ‫ګ‬Ա‫ٺ‬ගᆢ‫س‬੒ᑌᎎऱ‫᧢ޏ‬Δ௽ܑਢ९ཚ ๠࣍இႨගᆢऱ଺۰‫ا‬ගΔࠡႚอ֮֏Ε፿ߢΕᏝଖᨠΕ‫س‬੒ীኪፖᛩቼΞΞ ‫إ‬ข‫س‬Աᣤૹऱឰᐋ෼ွ‫֏֮ࠄڶ׊‬բດዬऱ௣ຓխΖຫࣤ௺ΰ2008αਐ‫؀נ‬ ᨜଺۰‫ٺا‬ගΔ۞ֲएழཚ֗ዧԳਙࢌऱอए߱վΔ‫ڇ‬षᄎΕ֮֏Ε‫س‬੒ፖඒ ߛֱ૿ข‫س‬Աࣔ᧩ᐙ᥼Δࠏ‫ࠝڕ‬࿙ፖ‫ڣ‬᎘Գ൷࠹ฆ֮֏ऱ෼‫ז‬ඒߛࢨᠦၲຝ ᆵΔྤऄ೶ፖ९ᔘऱຝᆵ‫س‬੒Δຝᆵ᠆‫ڣ‬ผ౒ஂ࿛ࠌ൓֮֏ႚࢭ૿ᜯխឰΖ୪ Օ՟ΰ2010αٍਐ‫֏ٵנ‬ਙ࿜ኙ଺۰‫່ا‬૤૿ऱᐙ᥼Δਢኙႚอ֮֏ऱధᡏΖ π଺۰‫ا‬ඒߛਙ࿜‫ؼػ‬஼ρਐ‫נ‬२Լ‫ࠐڣ‬Δ࠹ࠩഏᎾ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏֗ፕ᨜‫ء‬Ւ ֮֏৸ᑪऱᐙ᥼Δ଺۰‫ا‬ගऱ֮֏‫ီૹ࠹ޓ‬ΔਙࢌՈᾄࣹᇷᄭΔ‫ݦ‬ඨຘመඒߛ ࠐঅ‫଺ژ‬۰‫ا‬ග֮֏ΰඒߛຝΔ2011α Ζ‫ݺ‬ഏᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԼයΚ ψഏ୮्ࡳ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏Δࠀᗨᄕፂᥨ࿇୶଺۰‫ا‬ග፿ߢ֮֗֏Ζഏ୮ᚨࠉ‫ا‬ගრᣋΔঅᎽ଺ ۰‫ا‬ගհ‫֗ۯچ‬ਙए೶ፖΔࠀኙࠡඒߛ֮֏ΕΞΞղ‫א‬অᎽ‫ࠀܗݿ‬আࠡ࿇୶Ζω ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛऄรԫයΚψ௅ᖕᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԼයհ๵ࡳΔਙࢌᚨࠉ଺۰‫ا‬ հ‫ا‬ගრᣋΔঅᎽ଺۰‫ا‬հ‫ا‬ගඒߛᦞΔ‫א‬࿇୶଺۰‫ا‬հ‫ا‬ගඒߛ֮֏Ζω଺ ۰‫ا‬ගඒߛऄรԲයΚψ଺۰‫ا‬੡଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛհ‫᧯׌‬Δਙࢌᚨ‫ڍ࣍ء‬ցΕؓ ࿛Ε۞‫׌‬Ε༇ૹհ壄壀Δං୶଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛΖω۩ਙೃ଺۰‫ا‬ගࡡ୉ᄎΰ2011α ਐ‫נ‬Δ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛਢ଺۰‫ا‬ග࿇୶ৰૹ૞ऱԫᛩΔലᄎᐙ᥼଺۰‫ا‬ග‫ࠐآ‬࿇ ୶ऱԳթഛߛΔ‫֏֮֗א‬Εवᢝࡉ፿ߢऱঅ‫֗ژ‬ႚࢭΖ 1.

(12) ኙ࣍இႨගᆢۖߢΔඒߛ‫إ‬ਢআၞषᄎੌ೯ऱ່ࠋጥሐΖ‫ڇڼڂ‬ኔ෼षᄎ ֆؓ‫إ‬ᆠऱ଺ঞՀΔ່ૹ૞ऱ༉ਢআၞඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δᨃ‫ڍ‬ցऱ֮֏ၞԵඒߛ ෼໱Δۖॺ‫֏֮ੌ׌‬ԫࣤᗑߐΖຫ৊ᗋΰ2001α༼ࠩ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ෻უਢ‫ݦ‬ ඨ‫ٌڇ‬յࠉᘸऱ‫ڍ‬ցषᄎխΔຘመ਍ᥛࢤऱլឰၞ۩ᓰ࿓‫ࠐ଀ޏ‬ඒᖄ๠࣍‫ੌ׌‬ ֮֏ፖॺ‫֏֮ੌ׌‬ऱᖂ‫س‬ΔೈԱᑵ൜۞աऱ֮֏ࢨ‫֏֮ڻ‬؆ΔՈ౨‫װ‬෻ᇞࡉࣲ ᓾࠡ‫ה‬ऱ֮֏Δࠌ‫ۯޢ‬ᖂ‫س‬౨‫ڶ‬ඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δ౨ࠠ‫ٵ‬࿛ऱᖲᄎ‫᧭᧯װ‬ᖂ฾ऱ ‫פګ‬Ιኙ࣍ฆ࣍۞աऱ֮֏౨ৠೈೣߠፖࣴီΔ௣ᚦගᆢΕࢤܑΕࡲඒࡉषᄎ ၸᐋऱሶᎶΔ່৵౨আ‫ܑࢤګ‬Εගᆢ࿛ᣂএऱࡉᘫ‫੺׈‬Ζઔߒृߪ੡ഏ՛ඒߛ Գ୉Δ່ૹ૞ऱਢ‫ڇ‬෼վ‫ڍ‬ցऱषᄎΔ౨ജኔ෼‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ෻უΔຘመᓰ ࿓‫ࠐ଀ޏ‬ඒᖄॺ‫֏֮ੌ׌‬ऱ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫س‬Δ༼ࠎ‫ڍޓ‬ցऱᖂ฾ᖲᄎΔ‫ڼ‬੡‫ء‬ઔߒ ऱ೯ᖲհԫΖ รԶ‫ڻ‬٤ഏඒߛᄎᤜΰ2010αอૠ᧩‫଺ق‬۰‫ڇا‬ඒߛ࿓৫Εᖂઝ౨Ժ।෼ ‫࣍܅‬ԫ౳‫ڶ׊س‬ດ‫ڣ‬ឩՕ஁၏Ι‫ڇ‬ᖂ෷Ε؈ᖂणउ೏࣍ԫ౳‫س‬Ζ଺۰‫ا‬ඒߛ঴ ᔆৱ༼֒Δ‫ڇڼڂ‬ψ࿜ၞ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛऱ‫଀ޏ‬ፖ࿇୶ω༼‫נ‬քរ࿇୶࿜ฃΔࠡ խรԲរ೜٤଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛ᧯ߓΚ ΰԫαᚵૡ‫ٺ‬ၸ੄հ‫ا‬ගඒߛᓰ࿓ጼ૞Δ ΰԲα ࿇୶֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨ‫ڤ‬ऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂΔΰԿα೜٤ග፿ඒߛᛩቼΙಾኙ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ ฾ፖ᎖ᖄං೯Աඒߛᚌ٣೴ૠ྽Ε᥋֫ૠ྽Ε࡙٠֚ࠌរᗉറூૠ྽Ε֗ᇖඑ ඒᖂૠ྽࿛Ιഗ࣍࿇୶࿜ฃΔઔߒृ‫ݦ‬ඨ‫ڃ֏֮א‬ᚨඒᖂᑓ‫ڤ‬ሎ‫࣍ش‬ᓰ࿓ඒ ᖂΔ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱ‫ؾ‬ᑑਢᨃஇႨᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂ฾‫ګ‬༉౨ജ༼֒Ζຫࣤ௺ΰ1996α ᓳ਷࿇෼ඈ᨜ගᖂ‫س‬ૉኙ࣍۞աऱ֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬৫೏Δঞઌኙ।෼ለ೏ऱ۞ॾ֨Δ ᎁ੡౨Ժլᙁ࿯ࠡ‫ה‬ගᖂ‫س‬ΖᏥ੢ᔕΰ2006αٍ࿇෼ᅝ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ࿙ࠠߜ‫ړ‬ऱ‫س‬ ੒ᔞᚨ۩੡Ε֮֏ᎁ‫ٵ‬೏ழΔঞᖂᄐ‫ګ‬༉ऱ।෼༉౨༼֒Ζઔߒृᎁ੡ೈԱᖂ ฾ऱ᎖ᖄ‫ף‬ൎΔඒߛᚨᇠਢ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓խ౨֧ದᖂ‫ڶس‬რᆠऱᖂ฾ΔᏁ૞‫ڇ‬ඒᖂ෼ ໱ၞ۩֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱᓰ࿓Δᨃ৘՗ᏺၞ۞‫ݺ‬ፖගᆢᎁ‫ٵ‬Δข‫֨ॾ۞س‬Δ߷ᖂ ‫ڇس‬ᖂ฾Ղ౨ജ‫ࢬڶ‬।෼Δ‫ڼ‬੡‫ء‬ઔߒऱ೯ᖲհԲΖ ઔߒृၞ۩֮᣸൶ಘ৵Δ࿇෼‫ؾ‬ছഏփኔਜ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ࣍ഏ՛‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ հઌᣂઔߒᑇၦઌᅝ֟Δ‫ڇ‬ፕ᨜໑ጚՓᓵ֮वᢝጻ‫א‬ψ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂω‫܂‬੡ᣂ 2.

(13) ᝶ဲ਷ᇬΔ٥‫ ڶ‬15 ᒧઔߒΔࠡխ‫ ڶ‬6 ᒧፖ଺۰‫ا‬ගऱඒߛ‫ڶ‬ᣂΔຍ‫֮נ᧩ס‬ ֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫଺ڇ‬۰‫چا‬೴ᖂீኔਜհ‫ࢤ۩ױ‬Ζ‫׼‬؆ᛀီ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Կଡठ‫ء‬ඒઝ ஼Δኙ࣍଺۰‫ا‬ઌᣂփ୲ඒᖂ‫ڶ׽‬ԫଡ໢ց‫ܧڶ‬෼Ζ୪Օ՟ΰ2010αམਐ‫נ‬ഏ փඒઝ஼‫֏֮ੌ׌אڍ‬ᨠរᒳᐊΔທ‫଺ګ‬۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱ‫س‬੒ᆖ᧭ፖඒ‫ޗ‬փ୲‫ڶژ‬ ஁ܑΖຫࣤ௺ΰ2008αቔᚐඒஃૹီ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫஁֏֮ڇس‬ฆՂऱᖂ฾௽ࢤΔ๻ ૠ‫ڍ‬ց‫ٽ֊׊‬ᖂ‫س‬௽ࢤऱඒᖂ࿜ฃΖ ઔߒृ໱഑ऱᖂ࿙Δຟ‫ڶ‬ထ٥‫ٵ‬ऱ௽௘હནΔএᖵᆖ 2009 ‫ ڣ‬88 ଅ߀୮Ⴜ ჾᄤ৵ૹ৬ऱᄅष೴Δ੡࢏ᥛ࠹߀‫چ‬೴৘࿙ऱ࠹ඒᖲᄎΔ‫ڼڂ‬ᄅ๻‫ڼم‬ᖂீΔ ᖂ࿙‫ܶץ‬ඈ᨜ගࡉᕙ້ගΔਢ‫ط‬ৠࣟԿଡ଺ၢ່‫۔ײ‬ऱԿଡຝᆵิ‫ګ‬Δ‫֏֮ڇ‬ Ղ‫ױ‬ᎅਢຝᆵऱ࿇ᄭ‫چ‬Ζઔߒृඒᖂᆖᖵ 13 ‫ڣ‬Δࢬٚඒऱᖂீ‫ڍ‬ਢ‫א‬ዧ֮֏ ੡‫ੌ׌‬ऱᖂீΔឈՈམٚඒ࣍ೣၢஇႨ֗‫֟ڶ‬ᑇ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂீΔ‫࢓א܀‬ඒ ᖂᆖ᧭խথ‫آ‬མ࿇෼ᖂ࿙ፖ۞աऱહན֮֏౧࿮஁ฆਢ‫ڼڕ‬ऱՕΙ2011 ‫ ڣ‬8 ִࠩ෼վࣚ೭ᖂீΔኙ࣍รԫ‫ڻ‬ٚඒ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂீऱඒߛ෼໱Δ෡ტ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ࿙ ࠹ထஇႨ୮அऱᐙ᥼֗ᖂ฾‫ګ܅‬༉֗ඒઝ஼ፖ‫س‬੒ᆖ᧭ऱ։ᠦΔᝫ‫ڶ‬ᖂ࿙ኙ࣍ ۞աॾ֨լߩ֗۞‫ݺ‬ᎁ‫܅ٵ‬Ζഗ࣍Ղ૪଺‫ڂ‬Δઔߒृ෡ტ‫ڇ‬ඒߛ෼໱ऱܺቼ‫ڶ‬ ৱᇞެΔ৸‫ە‬٣ൕ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂထ֫Δᨃ৘՗౨ኙ࣍۞աऱ֮֏ข‫س‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ტΖ ‫ڼڂ‬ཚඨ‫ߪء‬౨ຘመ۩೯ઔߒ‫ڼڇ‬ᒤᡱՂၞ۩֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨऱᓰ࿓๻ૠ֗ኔਜᓰ ࿓ඒᖂΔᆖ‫ط‬լឰ֘ઊፖଥ‫ࠐإ‬༈‫ޣ‬ᇞެֱூΔ‫ڼ‬੡‫ء‬ઔߒ೯ᖲհԿΖ ઔߒृࠠ‫్ڣ܅ڶ‬ඒᖂᆖᖵ 12 ‫ؾ׊ڣ‬ছ‫إ‬ٚඒ࣍ഏ՛‫్ڣ܅‬Δ։࣫նՕ Ꮖ഑ᓰ࿓৵Δᙇᖗഏ՛‫س్ڣ܅‬੒ᓰ࿓‫܂‬੡֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂΖ‫ڂ‬ഏ՛‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ਢ նՕᏆ഑խඒᖂழᑇ‫ڍ່۾‬ऱઝ‫ؾ‬Δ඄ᓰᆏᑇ‫ ۾‬30%-45%Δ‫ޢ‬ၜՂᓰᆏᑇપ 6-7 ᆏΔ‫ګ‬੡՛ᖂԫԲ‫్ڣ‬ᄕ੡ૹ૞ऱԫ॰ᓰΔਢ԰‫ڣ‬ԫ຃ᓰ࿓խᏅࠠ௽‫ۥ‬ፖ ਗᖏऱԫ॰Ꮖ഑ΰ఻ᇃྐྵΔ2009αΖ‫سڼڂ‬੒ᓰ࿓ऱኔਜ‫࣍ڇ‬ඒஃऱඒᖂՂᄕ ੡ૹ૞Δ‫س׊‬੒ᓰ࿓‫ྥ۞ܶץ‬ፖ‫س‬੒ઝ‫ݾ‬Εᢌ๬ፖԳ֮֗षᄎΔᓰ࿓փ୲ፖᖂ ‫س‬ऱ‫س‬੒ᆖ᧭ለ၀२Δ‫ڍޓڶ‬೶ፖ֗᧯᧭൶౉ऱຝ։Δ‫ױ‬ᘜԵ‫ޓ‬ᐖऑऱ଺۰‫ا‬ ග‫س‬੒֮֏ᆖ᧭Ι‫׼‬؆ᓰ࿓ऱၞ۩ᝮᓮຝᆵ౗‫ࢨ۔‬ຝᆵඒஃ‫ٵ࠰א‬ඒᖂֱ‫ڤ‬ၞ ۩Δ੡ᖂ‫໌س‬ທ‫ڍޓ‬ൣቼᖂ฾ऱᖲᄎΔ່৵ᝫ௽ܑ‫ە‬ၦࠩᖂ‫س‬ᠦၲᖂீհ৵Δ 3.

(14) Ո౨۞೯۞࿇ऱၞ۩‫ࢤ᧯׌‬੒೯Δല‫ڼ‬ᖂ฾࢏‫ڇۼ‬୮խΕຝᆵष೴խΔ࿨‫ٽ‬ᖂ ீΕ୮அፖष೴࿛ᖂ฾໱഑ፖ᠆༄ᇷᄭΖઔߒृཚඨຘመ۩೯ઔߒ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ֱூ ๻ૠֱ૿‫چڇא‬ຝᆵ֮֏੡‫ࠀ׌‬ኔਜඒᖂΔᨃ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱ‫س‬੒ᆖ᧭ ੡‫׌‬ΔኔᎾ೶ፖ᧯᧭Δᏺၞᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾‫ګ‬யΔ‫ڼ‬੡‫ء‬ઔߒऱ೯ᖲհ؄Ζ ጵ‫ࢬٽ‬૪Δኙ࣍இႨᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂ฾Δ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱ֮֏੡‫᧯׌‬Δሎ‫ڃ֏֮ش‬ᚨඒ ᖂ࣍‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Δ๻ૠ‫֏چڇ‬ᓰ࿓Δ‫۩א‬೯ઔߒၞ۩լឰऱଥ‫إ‬Εઊ৸Δ‫א‬ሒᖂ ‫س‬ᔞթᔞࢤඒߛΖ!. ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶୢᚒ ഗ࣍Ղ૪ઔߒ೯ᖲΔઔߒृሎ‫ڃ֏֮ش‬ᚨඒᖂ࣍‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Δ‫ݦ‬ඨ៶‫֏֮ط‬ ‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱኔਜΔຘመፖຝᆵඒஃऱ࠰‫ٵ‬ඒᖂΔ൅Ꮖᖂ࿙ኙ࣍۞ա֮֏‫ޓ‬ၞԫ ‫ޡ‬ऱᎁᢝΔၞۖԱᇞ۞աऱ‫֏֮ئ‬Δข‫س‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ტΔኙ࣍ᖂ฾༼֒ᘋᔊΖ‫׼‬؆ઔ ߒृཚඨ‫۩א‬೯ઔߒֱऄΔ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂՂլឰऱ۞‫ݺ‬ଥ‫إ‬Εઊ৸Δ༼֒ઔߒ ृᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂ౨ԺΖ. ൘ǵࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ௅ᖕઔߒ೯ᖲΔᚵࡳ‫א‬Հઔߒ‫ؾ‬ऱΚ ԫ.ʳ൶ಘ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓հᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂኔਜᖵ࿓Ζ Բ.ʳ൶ಘ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓հᓰ࿓ඒᖂֱூኔਜ৵ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾‫ګ‬யΖ Կ.ʳ൶ߒඒஃ‫ڃ֏֮ڇ‬ᚨඒᖂխ۞‫ګݺ‬९ᖵ࿓Ζ. ມǵࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ ‫ط‬Ղ૪ઔߒ‫ؾ‬ऱ࿇୶‫נ‬ઔߒംᠲ‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ԫΕ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓հᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂኔਜᖵ࿓੡۶Λ ԲΕኔਜ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓հᓰ࿓ඒᖂֱூኔਜ৵ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾‫ګ‬ய‫ڕ‬۶Λ ԿΕඒஃ‫ڃ֏֮ڇ‬ᚨඒᖂխ۞‫ګݺ‬९ᖵ࿓੡۶Λ 4.

(15) ಃΟ࿯ Ӝຒញက ੡Ա᠖堚‫ء‬ઔߒࢬ൶ಘऱ‫׌‬ᠲΔലࢬ௫֗ऱૹ૞‫ᤩဲټ‬ᆠ‫ڕ‬ՀΚ. ൘ǵЎϯӣᔈ௲ᏢȐculturally responsive teachingȑ ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂૹီ֮֏ኙᖂ‫س‬ଡࢤΕኪ৫֗ᖂ฾ऱᐙ᥼Δ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱ‫֏֮ئ‬ ‫܂‬੡ᖂ฾ऱᖯᑚΔ࠰‫֟ܗ‬ᑇගᆢᖂ‫س‬ኙ֮֏ข‫س‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ტΔ່৵ᏺၞᖂᄐ‫ګ‬༉Δ ࠀඒᖄᖂ‫س‬ᎁᢝࠀࣲᓾ۞ա֗‫ה‬Գऱ֮֏հભΰGayΔ2000αΖ‫ء‬ઔߒխऱ֮ ֏ਐᖂ‫ڇس‬ຝᆵ‫س‬੒ऱԫ֊Δ‫ܶץ‬ढᔆᐋ૿‫ڕ‬ଇΕ۪Ε۰Ε۩࿛ข፹঴Ι壄壀 ᐋ૿‫ڕ‬፿ߢΕवᢝΕॾٛΕ฾ঋΕᏝଖᨠ࿛Ζ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫׌‬૞‫ە‬ၦᖂ‫س‬ऱ֮ ֏હནΔࠀࠉᖕᖂ‫ࢬس‬᥆ऱ֮֏Δ๻ૠฤ‫ٽ‬ᖂ‫س‬ᖂ฾ऱඒ‫ޗ‬ፖඒᖂ੒೯Ζۖຝ ᆵ‫إ‬ਢ֮֏ऱ໌ࡨ‫چ‬ፖ֮֏ऱഗ‫چ‬Δਚ‫ء‬ઔߒਢ‫א‬ष೴ऱຝᆵ֮֏ΰඈ᨜ගፖ ᕙ້ගα‫܂‬੡ᓰ࿓ඒ‫ޗ‬փ୲Δ‫ܶץ‬ᖂ࿙‫ڇ‬ᄅ៱ຝᆵऱ֮֏ፖष೴ᇷᄭ࿨‫ٽ‬Δᝮ ᓮຝᆵඒஃ٥‫ٵ‬൅Ꮖᖂ࿙ᖂ฾ຝᆵ֮֏Δ಻‫ٽ‬ᠨ፿ΰഏ፿ፖග፿αඒᖂ༼֒ᖂ ࿙ኙຝᆵ֮֏ऱᎁᢝፖᎁ‫ٵ‬Δᏺၞᖂ࿙ऱᖂ฾೯ᖲፖ۞ॾ֨Ζ. ມǵғࢲፐำ ඒߛຝΰ2008αቇࡳऱψഏ‫ا‬խ՛ᖂ԰‫ڣ‬ԫ຃ᓰ࿓ጼ૞ωਐ‫נ‬Δ੡ഛ塄ഏ ‫ا‬ᚨࠠໂհഗ‫ء‬౨ԺΔഏ‫ا‬ඒߛၸ੄հᓰ࿓ᚨ‫א‬ଡ᧯࿇୶Εषᄎ֮֏֗۞ྥᛩ ቼ࿛Կଡ૿‫ٻ‬Δ༼ࠎ፿֮Ε೜ൈፖ᧯ߛΕषᄎΕᢌ๬ፖԳ֮ΕᑇᖂΕ۞ྥፖ‫س‬ ੒ઝ‫֗ݾ‬ጵ‫ٽ‬੒೯࿛ԮՕᖂ฾Ꮖ഑Ζ‫్ڣ܅‬ၸ੄ਢലषᄎΕᢌ๬ፖԳ֮Ε۞ྥ ፖ‫س‬੒ઝ‫ݾ‬ԿՕᖂ฾Ꮖ഑อ‫ٽ‬੡‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Ζ‫ء‬ઔߒऱ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ਢਐ 2008 ‫ڣ‬ᓰ ጼპᓳ৵Δ100 ᖂ‫ڣ‬৫‫ڤإ‬ኔਜऱ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Δല଺‫ڶ‬ऱԿଡठ‫ء‬ΰᘃࣥठΕൈ ನठΕতԫठαऱ‫س‬੒ඒઝ஼խ༼ࠩ‫ڶ‬ᣂ୮ፖष೴ऱ໢ց೚‫׌‬ᠲូ౏Δ‫נބ‬ፖ ᖂ‫سس‬੒ᆖ᧭ઌᣂऱ‫׌‬ᠲ੡‫׌‬ၗΔ๻ૠ‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓խፖຝᆵඒஃၞ۩࠰‫ٵ‬ඒ ᖂΖ 5.

(16) ಃѤ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ڋ‬ ‫ء‬ઔߒ‫్ڣ܅א‬ᖂ࿙‫سڇ‬੒ᓰ࿓ऱᓰ࿓๻ૠፖඒᖂ੡ઔߒᒤ໮Δ‫ڂ܀‬ઔߒ ृહནፖઔߒ໱഑ᄎ‫ࢬڶ‬ওૻΖ. ൘ǵࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ ‫ء‬ઔߒኙွ੡ৠࣟᗼଅհߣΰ֏‫ټ‬αഏ՛‫్ڣ܅‬ᖂ‫س‬Δԫ‫్ڣ‬Հᖂཚ۟଺ ఄ֒ՂԲ‫్ڣ‬Ղᖂཚհᖂ‫س‬Δ಻‫ٽ‬Կଡठ‫ء‬ऱ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ඒ‫ޗ‬Δ‫׌א‬ᠲอᖞऱֱ ‫ڤ‬ሎ‫چچڇش‬෻֗۞ྥᛩቼΕඈ᨜ගፖᕙ້ග֮֏࿛ై‫ࠐޗ‬๻ૠᓰ࿓Δᚦᇖඒ ઝ஼լߩऱຝ։Ιࠀᝮᓮष೴ऱຝᆵඒஃΕຝᆵ౗‫۔‬࿛ፖ‫׌‬ᠲઌᣂറ९հஃ ᇷΔၞ۩֮֏ᓰ࿓ऱ࠰‫ٵ‬ඒᖂΔᨃᖂ‫س‬ᏺၞኙ࣍‫֏֮ئ‬ऱᎁ‫ٵ‬Δૉᓰ࿓Ꮑ૞Ո ᄎᓮຝᆵඒஃ‫ף‬Եග፿ऱᖂ฾Δᚦᇖઔߒृࢬլߩऱຝ։Ζຘመᖂீඒஃፖຝ ᆵඒஃऱඒᖂΔཚඨ౨‫ޓ‬၀२ᖂ‫س‬ऱ‫س‬੒ᆖ᧭Δᨃᖂ‫س‬ᛧ൓່‫ݙ‬ᖞऱ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓ ᖂ฾Ζ. ມǵࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫!ڋ‬ ΋ǵࣴ‫ޣز‬ङඳ‫ޑ‬ज़‫!ڋ‬ ‫ء‬ઔߒਢ‫଺א‬۰‫ا‬ග֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂΔઔߒृ‫ߪء‬९ཚ๠࣍ዧ֮֏હནΔኙ ࣍଺۰‫ا‬ග֮֏ਢ‫ڇ‬ٚඒ‫଺ீء‬۰‫ا‬ᖂீ৵Δթ‫ڤإ‬൷ᤛΔ‫ڼڂ‬Ꮑ٦‫ڍ‬ഛ塄ඒ ஃ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱై塄ࠐᏺၞറᄐव౨Κ‫ڕ‬ᓮ墿റ୮ᖂृΕၞଥઌᣂᓰ࿓Ε೶ ፖઔ฾੒೯Ε೶ᔹઌᣂ஼ᤄΕཚ‫ע‬Εᓵ֮Δࠀ‫ڍ‬ፖ‫଺ீء‬۰‫ا‬ගᤄඒஃ೚റᄐ ኙᇩ֗ፖຝᆵඒஃࡉຝᆵ౗‫۔‬ಘᓵᓮ墿Δ‫֗א‬ኔᎾ೶ፖຝᆵᐜࠢ࿛֮֏੒೯༼ ࣙඒஃኙ࣍‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱᢝ౨Ζ‫׼‬؆ඈ᨜ග፿ࡉᕙ້ග፿ՈਢԫՕૻࠫΔ‫ڇ‬ष೴ ਈ๶ழΔ‫۔‬Գ୮ຟ‫א‬ග፿ࠐٌᓫΔ‫ؘݺ‬ႊຘመຝᆵඒஃࠐ࠰‫᤟៬ܗ‬Δ፿ߢՂ࠹ ࠩ‫ء‬ԳહནवᢝऱૻࠫΖ. 6.

(17) Βǵࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ‫ޑ‬ज़‫!ڋ‬ ‫ء‬ઔߒႛ‫א‬ఄ్ᖂ‫܂س‬੡ઔߒኙွΔྤऄ‫ז‬।ࢬ‫଺ڶ‬۰‫ا‬ගᖂ‫س‬Ζ‫ء‬ઔߒ ࠉ‫ீء‬ᖂ‫س‬௽௘Ꮑ‫֗ޣ‬ຝᆵ௽‫֏֮ڶ‬੡‫׌‬Δ‫הࠡڇ‬ᒤᡱՂ‫ױ‬౨‫ࢬڶ‬ওૻΖ‫׼‬؆ ‫ڇ‬ൣრ‫ؾ‬ᑑऱေၦՂለլ࣐ΔೈԱ‫֏֮א‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ၦ।ࠐԱᇞᖂ‫س‬ኙ଺۰‫ا‬ග֮֏ ऱᎁ‫ٵ‬৫؆Δಾኙᖂ‫س‬ऱ๶ᓫፖඒஃऱᨠኘ‫אף‬։࣫Ζ. 7.

(18) 8.

(19) ಃΒക Ў᝘௖૸ ‫ີء‬൶ಘऱ֮᣸։‫ګ‬؄ᆏΔ։ܑ੡Κรԫᆏ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛΕรԲᆏ֮֏‫ڃ‬ ᚨඒᖂΕรԿᆏ‫س‬੒ᓰ࿓Εร؄ᆏ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂઌᣂઔߒΖ. ಃ΋࿯ ӭϡЎϯ௲‫ػ‬ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛਢഗཬ࣍‫ڍ‬ց֮֏‫׌‬ᆠΔཅೈ֮֏‫֏ٵ‬ऱუऄΔൎᓳ֮֏஁ ฆۖॺ֮֏լ‫ܓ‬ऱუऄΔ‫ڇ‬ඒߛՂΔආ‫୲ץ‬ፖ༇ૹ஁ฆΔൎᓳඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δ ᨃլ‫֏֮ٵ‬હནऱᖂ‫س‬ຟ‫ݺ۞ڶ‬ኔ෼ऱᖲᄎΖ. ൘ǵʳӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ࿇୶‫א‬ഏ؆‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛᒴದऱ࿇୶ၲࡨտฯΔ൷ထಾኙ ‫؀‬᨜ऱ࿇୶֗‫؀‬᨜଺۰‫ا‬ගऱඒߛ࿇୶‫܂‬ᎅࣔΖ. ΋ǵऍ୯ӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖! ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛᄭ࣍ભഏ 1960 ‫זڣ‬ऱ‫ᦞا‬ሎ೯ፖ‫ا‬ගሎ೯ΔભഏਢԫଡՕ ᘜ᣷ऱฝ‫ا‬षᄎΔᅝழॺᇔભഏԳᄕԺ‫്׌‬௣ೈጟගࣴီऱ္‫ޣ‬ΰᏥભᐝΔ 2012α Δၲࡨ૞‫ޣ‬षᄎ༇ૹ‫ה‬ଚऱᦞ墿Δ௣ೈࡺ۰Εႄ‫ࡉش‬ඒߛ࿛ֱ૿ऱࣴီΔ ၞۖᖄીભഏቼփ‫اٺ‬ග૞‫הޣ‬ଚፖࠡ‫ה‬ඒߛᖲዌ‫଀ޏ‬ᓰ࿓Δ‫֘א‬ਠࠡගᆢᆖ ᧭Εᖵ‫׾‬Ε֮֏ᨠរΔ૞‫ޣ‬ႄ‫ٺڍޓش‬ගᆢऱඒஃࡉ۩ਙԳ୉Δ‫܂‬੡৘՗ऱߡ ‫ۥ‬ᑓᒤΔ૞‫ޣ‬ଥૡඒઝ஼ࠐ֘ᚨഏփլ‫ٵ‬ऱ‫ا‬ග֮֏ΰᘸ८ࣾΔ2012α Ζ‫ڼڂ‬ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛਢ 1960 ‫אזڣ‬৵ᄅᘋऱඒߛᏆ഑Δ‫࣍ط‬षᄎሎ೯আࠌਝ‫ڶ‬ऱඒ ߛ᧯ࠫኙ࣍ႚอඒᖂข‫س‬෡ࠥऱઊ৸ΰᏥભᐝ‫׌‬ᒳΔ2009αΖ Grant ፖ Sleeter ‫ ڇ‬1994 ։࣫ભഏ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱዝ᧢᝟ႨΔូ౏‫ڍנ‬ց ֮֏ඒߛऱնጟ࠷‫۞֧(ٻ‬ᏥભᐝΔ2009ΙᏥભᐝΔ2012α Κ 9.

(20) ΰԫαಾኙ௽௘֗ฆ֮֏ृऱඒᖂ ᎁ੡இႨᖂ‫ྤس‬ऄᘜԵ‫ੌ׌‬षᄎऱ‫֏֮࣍ڇڂ׌‬Ε፿ߢΕᖂ฾ীኪࢨᖂ฾ ౨Ժፖ‫ੌ׌‬षᄎլ‫ٵ‬ΔᏁ૞ၞ۩ᇖඑඒᖂჸದᖂீፖᖂ‫س‬հၴऱᖯᑚΖ‫ڼ‬ጟ࠷ ‫ٻ‬ਢආ࠷‫֏ٵ‬ᓵऱ‫്׌‬Δۖॺ‫א‬ᖂ‫஁س‬ฆࠐ઎ৱΖ ΰԲαԳᎾᣂএ ‫ڇڱ‬ഛ塄ᖂ‫س‬ፖฆ֮֏ृࡉᘫઌ๠ፖ྇‫ٱࣨࠥ܅‬ွΔআၞ‫ڍ‬ցषᄎऱᐈ୲ ፖቸ࿨Ζ‫ٻ࠷ڼ‬ൕषᄎ֨෻ᖂऱ෻ᓵ։࣫ೣߠ‫ڂ଺ګݮ‬Δ‫א്׌‬؈ᘝ෻ᓵࠐ‫ޏ‬ ᧢ࠥࣨ‫ٱ‬ွΔս‫֏ٵא‬ᓵᨠរࠐৱගᆢհၴऱᣂএΖ ΰԿα໢ԫᆢ᧯ઔߒ ಾኙ໢ԫᆢ᧯‫଺ڕ‬۰‫ا‬ΕഡՖ࿛ઔߒΔ‫܅྇ڇڱ‬षᄎၸᐋ֏Δ༼֒ቸ᧯‫چ‬ ‫ۯ‬Ζ‫ٻ࠷ڼ‬ດዬൕ֮֏‫֏ٵ‬᠏੡‫ڍ‬ց‫ܒޅ‬Δॺ௣ᄕ૞‫ޣ‬ᖂ‫س‬ᔞᚨ‫֏֮ੌ׌‬Δۖ ᖂீऱषᄎ֏‫פ‬౨ਢᚥ‫ܗ‬ᖂ‫س‬ᔞᚨႚอऱषᄎ֮֏ፖ۞‫ݺ‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬Δ‫ڇ‬ᖂ฾ฆ֮֏ ழΔᄎ‫ૹڂ‬ᄅ෻ᇞۖ‫᧢ޏ‬ᣂএΖ ΰ؄α‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ ൎᓳ֮֏஁ฆۖॺ֮֏լ‫ܓ‬ऱᄗ࢚Δ‫ܑࢤ്׌‬ΕගᆢΕၸ్ਢषᄎխઌᅝ ૹ૞ऱ஁ฆ૿‫ٻ‬Ι‫ڇ‬ඒߛՂΔᐖऑऱ‫஁୲ץ‬ฆΔൎᓳඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δᨃլ‫֮ٵ‬ ֏હནऱᖂ‫ݺ۞ڶس‬ኔ෼ऱᖲᄎΖ‫ܑࢤ܀‬ፖၸ్ᤜൄൄਢ෗‫ٌٽ‬៣ऱΔॺଡܑ ऱΔ‫ٻ࠷ڼ‬ս‫׽‬ආ࠷ଡܑ൶ಘΕؓ۩๠෻Δ‫ࣹآ‬რᤜᠲٌ៣૿‫ٻ‬Ζ ΰնα‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ፖषᄎૹ৬ඒߛ ല‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ࢏୶ࠩषᄎ۩೯ᐋ‫ڻ‬Δൎᓳ‫ܒޅ‬ፖኔᔌ壄壀Ζ‫്׌ٻ࠷ڼ‬ ‫׌ا‬ኔᔌऱᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂऱ෻࢚Δီᖂ‫س‬੡ඒᖂ‫᧯׌‬Δۖॺড়᧯Δඒᖄᖂ‫ڕس‬۶ ൕගᆢϗࢤܑΕၸ్࿛ٌ៣૿‫ٻ‬Δࠐ‫ݮ‬ႿଡԳऱ‫ࡎس‬ᆖ᧭Ζ ൕ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ᝟Ⴈߨ‫ٻ‬Δඒஃ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂኔᔌՂΔᚨᇠආ࠷‫א‬รն ጟ࠷‫ٻ‬Δຘመᖞ᧯ֺ֗ለऱᨠរΔᨃᖂ‫س‬ൕ‫ࡎس‬ᆖ᧭խข‫֏֮چڇس‬वᢝΖ‫ء‬ ઔߒ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂຘመᖂ‫ڇس‬ष೴ᔏ਷ፖ೶ፖऱ۩೯Δኔᔌᖂ‫س‬ኙ۞աष೴ऱ ᎁᢝፖ෻ᇞΔ່৵౨ᘣߪ೶ፖष೴ࣚ೭ՠ‫܂‬Ζ. ΒǵѠ᡼ӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖! ‫؀‬᨜‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱದᄭΔಳᄩ۞ 1980 ‫זڣ‬ᇞᣤ৵Δषᄎ‫֏׌ا‬Ε‫ء‬Ւ 10.

(21) რᢝᤚᙌΔ‫ط‬ԫց᝟‫ڍٻ‬ցΖ‫؀ڇ‬᨜ऱ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ‫׌‬૞‫ط‬ਙएषᄎ౧࿮ऱᐙ ᥼ፖඒߛΕᖂ๬੺༼ଠۖ‫ګݮ‬Ζ౿։ֱࠟ૿ᎅࣔ‫ڕ‬Հ(ᏥભᐝΔ2012α Κ ΰԫαਙएषᄎ౧࿮ֱ૿ 1997 ‫ڣ‬խဎ‫ا‬ഏᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԼයΔ‫נ‬෼‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ԫဲΔࠀ։ܑ‫مګ‬ ψ۩ਙೃ଺۰‫ا‬ගࡡ୉ᄎω Ε ψ۩ਙೃড়୮ࡡ୉ᄎω Ε ψࢤܑؓ࿛ඒߛࡡ୉ᄎω࿛Δ ‫֗א‬ං۩ψᎅ‫ئ‬፿ፖၢՒඒߛሎ೯ω Ε ψष೴᜔᧯ᛜທω Ε ψ଺۰‫ا‬ሎ೯ω Ε ψඒߛ ‫଀ޏ‬ω࿛Δ२༓‫ڣ‬Ո‫ף‬Ե؆ᤄ಻ೝऱઌᣂਙ࿜Ζຍࠄ‫؀ګݮ‬᨜ऱ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ ֱ‫ٻ‬Ζ ΰԲαඒߛਙ࿜ፖᖂ๬੺༼ଠֱ૿ ‫؀‬᨜‫ ڇ‬1990 ‫זڣ‬ၲඔԱ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱᖂ๬ଅᑪΔଈ٣ਢᏥᓉհ࣍ 1992 ‫ڣ‬࿇।Աψԫଡ՞‫چ‬ᖂீऱ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛհঋ‫ا‬፾ઔߒωጚՓᓵ֮Ι1993 ‫ڣ‬ խഏඒߛᖂᄎ‫א‬ψ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛω੡‫ڣ‬ᄎ‫׌‬ᠲࠀ‫נ‬ठഏփรԫ‫ء‬ψ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒ ߛωറ஼Ι൷ထ 1996 ‫ڣ‬ഏ‫م‬क़ᓊஃᒤᖂೃ‫ڍمګ‬ց֮֏ඒߛઔߒࢬΔ๺‫ٵڍ‬ ࢤᔆऱઔߒࢬຬᥛ‫مګ‬Ι۩ਙೃඒߛ‫଀ޏ‬ᐉᤜࡡ୉ᄎՈല‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ٨੡ඒ ‫ޏ‬ႈ‫ؾ‬հԫΔඒߛຝ࣍԰‫ڣ‬ԫ຃ᓰ࿓խ༿‫ڍق‬ց֮֏ඒߛ෻࢚Ι२‫ࠐڣ‬Δ‫ף‬Ղ ගᆢრᢝऱᤚᙌΕࢤܑრᢝऱၲ୶Εᄅฝ‫ا‬ԳՑᏺ‫ף‬࿛Δᖂீၲࡨૹီ‫ڍ‬ց֮ ֏ඒߛΔ‫܂‬੡ᓰ࿓ኔᔌፖ‫଀ޏ‬ሎ೯ΰᏥભᐝΔ2009α Ζ௽ܑਢ२༓‫ڣ‬Δഗᐋඒ ஃ‫ڍא‬ց֮֏੡ઔߒ‫׌‬ᠲΔၞ۩ᓰ࿓Ղऱ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛඒᖂΔ‫۩א‬೯ઔߒऱֱ ‫ࠐڤ‬ၞ۩ᓰ࿓ऱଥ‫إ‬ઊ৸ፖ‫଀ޏ‬Δᨃ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ‫ګ‬੡ஃ‫س‬յ೯ऱඒᖂᑓ‫ڤ‬Ζ ‫؀‬᨜२‫ࠐڣ‬ऱඒߛਙ࿜Δ‫ڶ‬༓ႈ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ઌᣂऱඒߛኔਜΚΰԫαඒߛᚌ ٣೴ऱ๵ቤΔ‫אش‬ᇞެৄၢऱඒߛ஁၏Ι ΰԲαࠟࢤؓ࿛ඒߛࡡ୉ᄎऱ‫مګ‬Ι ΰԿα ۩ਙೃ଺۰‫ࡡا‬୉ᄎऱ‫مګ‬Ι ΰ؄α԰‫ڣ‬ԫ຃ᓰ࿓Ι ΰնαၢՒඒߛऱૹီΰᤀ ८ৄΔ2005αΖ. ‫ݺ‬ഏ‫ڇ‬ඒߛਙ࿜ࢬ༼֗‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛઌᣂऱඒߛ֮‫ڕء‬। 2-1ΰᑛᐅᐝΔ 2012α Κ. 11.

(22) । 2- 1. ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛઌᣂऱඒߛ֮‫ء‬ ‫זڣ‬. ඒߛਙ࿜‫נ‬๠. 1995. ඒ‫ޏ‬ᄎψᅃ᥽இ ኙஇႨृऱ‫ݿ‬਍Ι‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱം Ⴈω. ֮‫ء‬փ୲ ᠲΔൎᓳඒߛऱ‫ؾ‬ऱΕᓰ࿓ፖࠫ৫Δ૞ ‫ڂ‬ᚨ‫ڍ‬ց֏ऱᏁ‫ޣ‬Ζ. 1996 2001 2003. ඒߛ‫᜔଀ޏ‬ᘬ. ༼֗ψषᄎ‫إ‬ᆠω Ε ψֆؓω Ε ψඒߛᖲᄎ. ᤜ໴‫ܫ‬஼. ݁࿛ω壆෻࢚Ζ. ඒ‫ޏ‬ᛀಘፖ‫ޏ‬. ಾኙψஇႨृඒߛωऱࡳᆠፖᣊী‫אף‬. ၞᄎᤜ. ੺ࡳΖ. ٤ഏඒߛ࿇୶. ᏺၞஇႨගᆢඒߛᖲᄎΙᏺၞඒஃ௽ඒ. ᄎᤜ. ய౨Ι༇ૹ଺۰‫ࢤ᧯׌ا‬Ι‫ף‬ൎ؆ᤄ಻ ೝ֗ࠡ՗ՖඒߛΔᓳᖞ֮֏֗ᖂ฾ᆵ஁Ζ. 2004. ඒߛຝ؄‫ڣ‬ਜ ਙ‫׌‬ၗ. ࿳‫ش‬ഏ୮ᇷᄭΔኙ๠࣍षᄎΕᆖᛎΕ֮ ֏ΕඒߛΕ೴഑լ‫ۯچܓ‬ऱஇႨᖂ‫س‬Δ ࿯ղᗨᄕ࠰‫ܗ‬Δᝩ‫܍‬ທ‫ګ‬ᠨ୽෼ွ਍ᥛ ឩՕΖ. 2007 2008. ৙‫ق‬ං೯ԼԲ. ຘመᇖ‫ܗ‬ᆖᛎஇႨᖂ‫س‬ᖂ၄Δᜍ࿍༉ᖂ. ‫ڣ‬ഏඒ. ૤ᖜ஁၏Ζ. ֆ‫ܫ‬؄‫ڣ‬ਜਙ ៴ቹ. ᣂࣹඒߛ‫ڇ‬ኔᔌषᄎֆؓ‫إ‬ᆠࢬ૤ᖜऱ ຂٚΔআၞ‫ٺ‬ගᆢԱᇞ༇ૹፖ೶ፖΔං ೯‫ڍ‬ցගᆢ֮֏Ζ. 2010 2011. รԶ‫ڻ‬٤ഏඒ. ൶ಘԼՕᤜᠲΔࠡխհԫ੡ψ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏Ε. ߛᄎᤜ. இႨᣂᡖፖ௽௘ඒߛωᤜᠲΖ. խဎ‫ا‬ഏඒߛ ໴‫ܫ‬஼. ௅ᖕรԶ‫ڻ‬٤ഏඒߛᄎᤜ೚‫נ‬࿨ᓵԼՕ ࿇୶࿜ฃΚ‫א‬ψ࿇୶‫ڍ‬ց෼‫ז‬ֆ‫ا‬ωࠫ ࡳࢤܑؓ࿛ඒߛऄΕ ψ༇ૹ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏Εஇ Ⴈᣂᡖፖ௽௘ඒߛගᆢᦞ墿ωΖ. 2011. ֆ‫ܫ‬ԶՕඒߛ. ֆؒ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛਙ࿜‫ؼػ‬஼Ι‫ܗݿ‬இ. ਜਙ‫׌‬ၗ. Ⴈ༉ᖂΔᆵኔֆᆠᣂᡖΖ. ᇷறࠐᄭΚઔߒृᖞ෻۞ᑛᐅᐝ 2012Ιඒߛຝጻీ ᑛᐅᐝΰ2012α Ζ՞ ՞௧ഏ՛‫ء‬Ւ፿ߢඒᖂऱ‫اܒޅ‬ග፾ઔߒ---‫ڍ‬ց֮֏հᎁ‫ٵ‬ ፖ஁ฆऱᇞ࣫(‫נآ‬ठհ໑Փᓵ֮)(଄ 32)Ζഏ‫م‬೏ႂஃᒤՕᖂΔ೏ႂؑΖ 12.

(23) ΟǵѠ᡼চՐ҇҇௼௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖! ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛऱ࿇୶Δ‫؀ڇ‬᨜բᆖ။ࠐ။࠹ૹီΔ‫࢓אط‬ਙࢌආ࠷௣ᄕऱ ψ‫֏ٵ‬ਙ࿜ωࠩ෼‫ڇ‬ਢ‫א‬ψᗨᄕࢤ‫چ‬༇ૹ֮֏஁ฆωΔࠀղ‫ٺא‬ႈ‫ܗݿ‬Ζઔߒ ृᖞ෻ຫࣤ௺ΰ2008α༼‫଺ڇנ‬۰‫اا‬ගඒߛ࣍ऄ‫ח‬๵ࡳፖඒߛऱኔᔌΔ։૪ ‫؀‬᨜଺۰‫اا‬ගඒߛऱ࿇୶Ζ ΰԫα‫ڇ‬ऄ‫ח‬խऱ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛ 1996 ‫۩مګڣ‬ਙೃ଺۰‫ا‬ගࡡ୉ᄎΰ១ጠ଺‫ا‬ᄎα Δ੡խဎ‫ا‬ഏ‫ڶ‬ᣂፕ᨜ ଺۰‫ا‬ගࠃ೭ऱ່೏‫׌‬ጥᖲᣂΔ଺ጠψ۩ਙೃ଺۰‫ࡡا‬୉ᄎω Δ࣍ 2002 ‫ޏڣ‬੡ ෼‫ټ‬Ζ1997 ‫ڣ‬ᖆऄᏺଥය֮รԼය֮ࣔ๵ࡳΚഏ୮्ࡳ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏Δᗨᄕፂᥨ ࿇୶଺۰‫ا‬ග፿ߢ֮֗֏࿛Ζ1998 ‫ڣ‬ቇؒ଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛऄΚਙࢌᚨ‫ڍ࣍ء‬ցΕ ؓ࿛Ε۞‫׌‬Ε༇ૹհ壄壀Δං୶଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛΖ2011 ‫ڣ‬ቇૡ଺۰‫ا‬ඒߛਙ࿜ ‫ؼػ‬஼Δਐ‫ࠩ࠹נ‬ഏᎾ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏֗ፕ᨜‫ء‬Ւ֮֏৸ᑪऱᐙ᥼Δ଺۰‫ا‬ගऱ֮֏ ‫ီૹ࠹ޓ‬Δ‫ݦ‬ඨຘመඒߛࠐঅ‫଺ژ‬۰‫ا‬ග֮֏Ζ ΰԲα‫ڇ‬ඒߛխऱኔᔌ ᖂீխኔਜ଺۰‫اا‬ග֮֏Δ່‫ڰ‬ದᄭપ࣍ 1989 ‫ڣ‬Δ‫ק؀ط‬ᗼΕࡵᥞᗼΕ ৠࣟᗼԿᗼ‫׌اط‬ၞ‫᤻ޡ‬ചਙΔൎᓳ‫؀‬᨜‫ء‬Ւऱ෻࢚Δᙇࡳ֟ᑇഏ՛ၞ۩‫ئ‬፿ ඒᖂΔ‫ץ‬ਔᎸত፿Εড়୮፿ፖ଺۰‫ا‬፿Δ‫ڼ܀‬ழཚ‫آ‬ཏ֗٤ഏΖ1993 ‫ڣ‬ഏ‫ا‬ ՛ᖂᄅᓰ࿓ᑑᄷΔᏺ‫ף‬ၢՒඒᖂ੒೯ԫઝΔ‫ܶץ‬ၢՒᖵ‫׾‬ΕၢՒ‫چ‬෻ΕၢՒ۞ ྥΕၢՒᢌ๬ፖၢՒ፿ߢ࿛նᣊΔ଺۰‫چا‬೴ᖂீၲࡨኔਜ‫ٺ‬ගऱ଺۰‫֮ا‬ ֏Ζ2001 ‫ڣ‬ኔਜ԰‫ڣ‬ԫ຃ᓰ࿓Δ‫ீٺ‬࿇୶ᖂீ‫ۯء‬ᓰ࿓ፖ௽‫ۥ‬Δᗨᄕං೯‫ا‬ ග֮֏Ζ2002 ‫ڣ‬ၲᙄ଺۰‫ا‬ຝᆵष೴Օᖂං೯଺۰‫ا‬ඒߛፖ֮֏Ζ۩ਙೃ࣍ 2003 ‫ڣ‬๻‫ام‬ගᇷᄭඒ৛ᙄ෻଺۰‫ا‬ගඒߛΖ2011 ‫ا଺ڣ‬ᄎਐ‫נ‬Δ଺۰‫ا‬ග ඒߛਢ଺۰‫ا‬ග࿇୶ৰૹ૞ऱԫᛩΔലᄎᐙ᥼଺۰‫ا‬ග‫ࠐآ‬࿇୶ऱԳթഛߛΔ ‫֏֮֗א‬Εवᢝࡉ፿ߢऱঅ‫֗ژ‬ႚࢭΖ. ມǵʳӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬ཀ఼ᆶय़ӛ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ෻࢚ਢ्ࡳԳऱᏝଖΔૹီଡԳᑨ౨ऱ࿇୶Ιۖ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ ऱඒߛ‫ؾ‬ᑑਢኔ෼ඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛ऱषᄎֆؓ‫إ‬ᆠΖ 13.

(24) ΋ǵӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬౛‫!ۺ‬ Sonia Nieto ༼‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏ඒߛਢ‫ۯޢ‬ᖂ‫س‬ऱഗ‫ء‬ඒߛΔ൷࠹լ‫ٵ‬ᖂ‫ֱٺس‬ ૿ऱ஁ฆΔਢᖂீ٤૿᠏֏ऱᖵ࿓Δਗᖏ֗֘ኙᖂீ֗षᄎխլֆؓऱ෼ွΔ ਢԫጟഗ‫ء‬ऱ‫׊‬ኙ٤᧯ᖂ‫ॺس‬ൄૹ૞ऱඒߛΖ‫ڍܛ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱึᄕ‫ؾ‬ᑑਢኔ ෼षᄎֆؓ‫إ‬ᆠΰ֧۞ᑛᐅᐝΔ2012α Ζ ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱඒߛ෻࢚Δ‫ࡳ्࣍ڇ‬ԳऱᏝଖΔૹီଡԳᑨ౨ऱ࿇୶ΖᏥભᐝ ΰ2009αਐ‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏ඒߛഗཬ֮࣍֏‫ڍ‬ց‫׌‬ᆠΔભഏਢԫଡฝ‫ا‬षᄎΔലભ ഏषᄎֺ໧੡‫ࢨࢮޥ‬਋ؒΔൎᓳ‫ޢ‬ጟ‫ګ‬։ਢ‫۞ٺ‬ᗑ‫܀م‬ԾઌյࠉᘸΙ‫۞ٺ‬ᗑ‫م‬ ೴։‫ߪء‬ऱ஁ฆΔཅೈ֮֏‫֏ٵ‬ऱუऄΔൎᓳ֮֏஁ฆۖॺ֮֏լ‫ܓ‬ऱუऄΙ ઌյࠉᘸൎᓳ࢖‫سڇڼ‬੒խऱ൷ᤛፖٌੌΔյઌ༇ૹፖ‫୲ץ‬Ζ‫ڇڼڂ‬ඒߛՂΔ ᚨ‫஁୲ץ‬ฆΔൎᓳඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δᨃլ‫֏֮ٵ‬હནऱᖂ‫س‬ຟ‫ݺ۞ڶ‬ኔ෼ऱᖲᄎΖ ᑛᐅᐝΰ2012αՈല‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛֺ໧‫್֗ܣࢮޥګ‬᝛‫܌‬Δਐ‫ڍנ‬ցගᆢ ‫ڇ‬ගᆢյ೯መ࿓խΔսঅ‫۞ڶ‬աගᆢऱ௽ࢤऱ௽‫ۥ‬Ζઔߒृ෡ᤚຍਢઌᅝ၀֊ ऱֺ໧Δ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱመ࿓խΔࠀॺਢ૞‫֏ٵװ‬ٚ۶ගᆢΔۖਢ‫ڇ‬յ೯መ࿓ խΔ౨յઌࣲᓾ࢖‫֏֮ڼ‬ፖ༇ૹΖ‫ڔ‬Ծ‫א‬ψ൑૙հભ‫ۥڍ࣍ڇ‬٥‫ژ‬ω‫ֺאף‬໧ ‫ڍ‬ցගᆢ‫୶۞ٺ‬෼ऱᤈ౑ભტΔ‫ٺ‬ගᆢ౨٥‫ژ‬ᖂ฾Ζ ഏ؆ઔߒኙ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱᓵ૪ৰ‫ڍ‬Δጵᨠഏ؆ᖂृ Bank ‫ ڇ‬1993 ፖ Bennett ‫ ڇ‬1995 ኙ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ઎ऄΔូ౏‫אנ‬Հնរΰ֧۞ຫ‫܆‬ᨆΔ2000Ι ᘸ८ࣾΔ2012αΚ ΰԫαԫጟψᄗ࢚ωࢨψᨠរωΚ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ො።ࢤܑΕጟගࢨගᆢΕࡲඒΕष ᄎၸ్‫֏֮֗א‬௽ࢤ࿛ᐋ૿Δ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛᚨᇠ༇ૹࢬ‫஁ڶ‬ฆΔؓ࿛ኙৱ ࢬ‫ڶ‬ᆢ᧯ऱᖂ‫س‬Δࠆ‫ٵڶ‬࿛ऱᖂ฾ᖲᄎΖ ΰԲαԫጟψඒߛ‫଀ޏ‬ሎ೯ωΚᖂீᚨᇠ๻ऄ‫᧢ޏ‬ᖞ᧯ᛩቼΔࠌࠐ۞լ‫֏֮ٵ‬ હནऱᖂ‫س‬Δ‫ڶ‬ֆؓऱᖂ฾ᖲᄎΔཚ౨ሒࠩඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛Δ֠ࠡਢᖂீխ ऱᑨ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ऱૹီΖ ΰԿαԫଡψ਍ᥛլឰऱᖵ࿓ωΚ‫ؾ‬ছषᄎսྤऄ‫ݙ‬٤ሒࠩ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱ‫ؾ‬ᑑΔ ‫ڕ‬ඒߛᖲᄎऱֆؓ‫ݙ֗א‬٤௣ೈࣴီ࿛Δ‫ڼڂ‬Ꮑ૞լឰऱ‫ؾٻ‬ᑑ‫ܘ‬ԺΔ៶ ‫ࠌڼ‬ଡԳ౨‫ګ‬੡ࠠ‫ڍڶ‬ց֮֏ᨠΔࢨ࿇୶‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏वᤚΕေᦸΕॾ࢚֗ ۩೯ऱ౨ԺΖ 14.

(25) ΰ؄αԫጟψᓰ࿓๻ૠຜஉωΚཚ౨ࠌᖂ‫س‬ᎁᢝፖԱᇞ෼վ‫اٺ‬ගፖഏ୮ၴऱ ֮֏஁ฆΕᖵ‫֗׾‬ಥ᣸ΙࠀીԺ࣍ല‫ڍ‬ց‫ا‬ග֗٤෺ࢤऱᨠរΔᘜԵመ‫װ‬ റ੡໢ԫ‫ا‬ගࢬ๻ૠऱอᓰ࿓խΖ ΰնαਢԫጟψࢭᘭωΚཚ౨ຘመᔞᅝऱ෻ᇞΕኪ৫ࡉषᄎ۩೯‫ݾ‬౨ऱഛ塄Δ ၞۖኙ‫ݼ‬ጟගΕࢤܑ֗ࠡ‫ٺה‬ጟ‫ڤݮ‬ऱೣߠࡉࣴီΔ৬‫م‬ᗨᄕյ೯ऱषᄎΖ ጵՂࢬ૪Δψ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛωਢԫጟᏝଖ࠷‫ٻ‬ፖኔᔌऱඒߛ‫଀ޏ‬ሎ೯Δຘ መ਍ᥛլឰऱᓰ࿓‫הࠡࡉ଀ޏ‬ඒߛ‫଀ޏ‬ຜஉΔ‫ܘ‬Ժඒᖄᖂ‫س‬ೈԱᛵᇞፖᎁ‫۞ٵ‬ աऱ֮֏ΔՈ౨‫װ‬෻ᇞࡉࣲᓾࠡ‫֏֮ה‬Δ塄‫ګ‬ᗨᄕኙৱࠡ‫֏֮ה‬Δ௣ೈ‫ٺ‬ጟೣ ߠࡉࣴߠΔࠌ‫ޢ‬ଡᖂ‫س‬ຟࠠ‫ٵڶ‬࿛ऱᖂ฾ᖲᄎΔຟ౨᧯᧭‫פګ‬ऱᖂ฾ᆖ᧭Δࠌ ගᆢհၴऱᣂএࡉᘫΔআၞԳᣊ٥‫ژ‬٥ዊΔሒ‫੺׈ګ‬ԫ୮ऱ෻უΖ. ΒǵӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬Ҟ኱! ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱඒᖂ‫ؾ‬ᑑΔ٣‫ݺ۞ط‬რᢝ൓ᤚᙌၲࡨΔၞۖᎁᢝ֮֏ऱ‫ڍ‬ ᑌࢤΔഛ塄‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱრᢝΔ٦៶‫ط‬ፖ‫ڍ‬ගᆢ൷ᤛ᧯ᎁፖ‫ृה‬ऱ஁ฆΔഛ塄ᚵ ൣऱ౨ԺΔ່৵‫א‬ഛ塄ࠠ‫ڶ‬षᄎ۩೯౨Ժऱ‫੺׈‬ֆ‫ا‬੡່ึ‫ؾ‬ᑑΖඒߛՠ‫ृ܂‬ ٦ၞ۩‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱඒᖂழΔᚨᇠࠉ‫ؾڼ‬ᑑዬၞছၞΔഛ塄ࠠ‫੺׈‬ֆ‫ا‬ऱᖂ ‫س‬ΰᑛᐅᐝΔ2012α Ζ ᖂृኙ࣍‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ‫ؾ‬ᑑ‫ڶ‬լ‫ٵ‬ऱ઎ऄΔ༼‫נ‬ᎅࣔ‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ΰԫαຫࣤ௺ΰ1997α༼‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ‫׌‬૞‫ؾ‬ᑑ‫ץ‬ਔΚ 1.ᖂ‫֏֮הࠡط៶س‬ऱᨠរࠐઊီ۞աΔࠀࠠ‫إڶ‬ᒔऱኪ৫Εवᢝፖ‫ݾ‬౨Δʳ ࠌ ࠡ౨ؓ࿛‫הࡉچ‬Գઌ๠Δ౨‫ޓ‬෡Եऱ۞‫ݺ‬ԱᇞΖ 2.༼ࠎࢬ‫ڶ‬ᖂ‫ࠠس‬ໂᔞᚨ‫ء‬ග֮֏ፖ‫ࢬ֏֮ੌ׌‬Ꮑऱ‫ݾ‬౨Εኪ৫ፖवᢝΖ 3.༼ࠎ݁࿛ऱඒߛᖲᄎΔ࠰‫ڶࢬܗ‬ᖂ‫س‬壄ᑵᔹᦰΕᐊ‫܂‬ፖૠጩ౨ԺΔ‫༼א‬೏ʳ ᖂ ᄐ‫ګ‬༉Ζ 4.আၞኙլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢ֮֏ࡉᨠរऱԱᇞΔ៶‫ط‬լឰऱᓰ࿓‫଀ޏ‬Δඒᖄᖂ‫س‬౨ᎁᢝ ࠀࣲᓾլ‫ٵ‬ऱ֮֏Δࠌլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢࢨࢤܑၴऱᣂএ‫ࡉףޓ‬ᘫΔ्ࡳ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱ ᏝଖΖ ΰԲαᏥભᐝΰ2012α‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ‫ؾ‬ᑑ‫࣍ڇ‬Κ 1.ፂᥨඒߛᖲᄎ݁࿛ऱ壄壀Δࠌᖂ‫ڇس‬ᖂீ࠹ࠩؓ࿛ऱኙৱΔ൓ࠩᔞࢤඒߛऱ 15.

(26) ᖲᄎΖ 2.༼֒இႨගᆢᖂ࿙ऱᖂᄐ‫ګ‬༉ΔԱᇞࠀ༳༽இႨගᆢᖂ࿙ᖂᄐ‫܅‬ᆵ‫ైڂ‬Δආ ࠷ᇖඑൻਜΖ 3.ᛵᇞፖ֭਍֮֏‫ڍ‬ᑌࢤΔഛ塄ᖂ‫س‬ऱ֮֏რᢝΔཚ๺ᖂ‫֏֮ط៶س‬ऱʳ ʳ ᖂ ฾ΔԱᇞࠀ༇ૹ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏հભΖ 4.ഛ塄ᆢᎾᣂএΔ༼ࠎᖂ‫س‬ፖլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢ‫܂ٽ‬ᖲᄎΔআၞ࢖‫ڼ‬ઌ๠౨ԺΖ 5.ഛ塄ᏺ౨ፖषᄎ۩೯౨ԺΔ៶‫ط‬೶ፖ‫׌ا‬መ࿓Δ्ࡳԳࢤᏝଖΕ༇ૹԳᦞΕ ഛ塄ֆ‫ا‬ຂٚΔ৬‫م‬ၲខ‫੺׈‬ᨠΖ ጵ‫ٽ‬Ղ૪ᖂृऱ઎ऄΔ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱඒߛऱ‫ؾ‬ᑑ‫׌‬૞‫ࠎ༼࣍ڇ‬ԫଡᖲᄎ݁࿛ ऱඒߛᛩቼΔࠀ៶‫ط‬ඒߛᓰ࿓ऱ‫଀ޏ‬Δ༼ࠎ‫ޢ‬ԫଡᖂ‫س‬ᎁᢝ۞‫ݺ‬ፖ‫ה‬Գऱ֮ ֏Δ᧯ᄎࠀࣲᓾषᄎऱψ‫ڍ‬ցωࡉψ஁ฆωհભΖ. ΟǵӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬य़ӛ! Banks,J.A. ࡉ Banks,C.A.M.ΰ2010α༼‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱնՕ૿‫ٻ‬Κփ ୲อᖞΕवᢝ৬ዌΕؓ࿛ඒᖂΕ྇‫܅‬ೣߠΕᏺ౨ऱᖂீ֮֏Ζ։૪‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ΰԫαփ୲อᖞ ඒஃ‫ڇ‬ඒᖂழΔ‫شܓ‬լ‫ٵ‬ऱ֮֏ऱփොࢨࠏ՗Δࠐ᤭ᤩᖂઝऱᄗ࢚Ε଺෻ ࢨ଺ঞΖ֮֏ਢᓤᠧऱ᧯ߓΔආփ୲อᖞ‫אױ‬ᚥ‫ܗ‬ᖂ‫س‬ൕ‫ڍ‬ցऱᨠរ෻ᇞᄗ ࢚Δਢԫጟ᠏֏ऱᓰ࿓Δլ‫֏֮ੌ׌א‬੡‫׌‬Ζ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛല‫ڍ‬ցवᢝፖփො ᘜԵઌᣂᖂઝΔਢ᥆࣍อᖞᓰ࿓խऱψሀઝᎾอᖞᓰ࿓ωΖ ΰԲαवᢝ৬ዌʳ ‫ڇ‬ඒᖂመ࿓խΔᨃᖂ‫س‬ᛵᇞवᢝ‫ڕ‬۶ข‫س‬Δᖂઝխऱ֮֏೗๻Εᨠរፖೣ ߠ‫ڕ‬۶ᐙ᥼वᢝ৬ዌऱመ࿓Ζ৬ዌ࠷‫ٻ‬ऱඒᖂመ࿓Δൎᓳஃ‫س‬ऱߡ‫᧢ޏۥ‬Δඒ ஃਢംᠲፖಛஒऱ༼ࠎृΔۖᖂ‫س‬ਢवᢝऱ໌ທृΖ ΰԿα྇‫܅‬ೣߠʳ ሎ‫ٺش‬ጟ࿜ฃ྇‫܅‬ᖂ‫س‬ኙ࣍լ‫֏֮ٵ‬ቸ᧯ऱೣߠΖ༼ࠎԫଡؓ࿛Ε֭਍ග ᆢյ೯Ε࢖‫ڼ‬ᛵᇞΕ‫܂ٽ‬ሒ‫ګ‬٥‫ؾٵ‬ᑑऱᖂ฾ᛩቼΔᨃࢬ‫ڶ‬ᖂ‫ڇس‬ԫଡ൷౏ऱ ௛ࣷՀΔ‫ڶ‬ઌ‫ٵ‬Εؓ࿛ऱᖲᄎᖂ฾௛ࣷΖ ΰ؄αؓ࿛ඒᖂʳ 16.

(27) ඒஃሎ‫ٺش‬ጟլ‫ٵ‬ऱඒᖂֱऄΔ‫֒༼א‬լ‫֏֮ٵ‬હནᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂᄐ‫ګ‬༉Ζؓ ࿛ਢ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱு֨Δ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛഒॾլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢᖂ‫س‬ຟ‫ڶ‬ઌ‫ٵ‬ऱ࿇୶ᑨ ౨Δඒஃᚨᇠ‫ޢނ‬ଡ৘՗൅ದࠐΖ ΰնαᏺ౨ऱᖂீ֮֏ʳ ᏺ౨ਢ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱ‫׌‬૞‫ؾ‬ऱΔਢ࿯ղଡ᧯्ࡳ۞‫ݺ‬౨Ժऱॾ࢚Δࢨਢ ሒ‫ؾګ‬ᑑऱԫጟԺၦΖᖂீᛩቼऱᖞ᧯‫଀ޏ‬Δᛜທԫଡࠌլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢહནᖂ‫س‬ຟ ౨ᏺ౨ऱᖂீ֮֏Ζᖂீऱ᠏ী֮֏ΔᏁ‫ڇ‬ඒߛ෻࢚Ε‫ڤإ‬ᓰ࿓Εᑨ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓Ε ඒᖂֱऄፖ࿜ฃΕஃ‫س‬յ೯Εྒྷ᧭ፖေၦΕᖂீऱ‫׌ا‬௛ࣷΕඒ៭୉ኙᖂ‫س‬ऱ ཚඨΕீႼᛩቼΕ୮९೶ፖΕष೴յ೯࿛ᐋ૿೚ᛀီፖ‫଀ޏ‬Ζ. ୖǵʳჴ፬ӭϡЎϯ௲‫ޑػ‬ፐำᆶ଺‫ݤ‬ Banks ࡉ Banks(2010)༼‫ڍנ‬ց֮֏ᓰ࿓ਮዌऱ؄ጟᑓ‫ڕڤ‬ቹ 2-1Δ։ܑ ੡Κಥ᣸ᑓ‫ڤ‬Εॵ‫ף‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬Ε᠏ীᑓ‫ڤ‬Εषᄎ۩೯ᑓ‫ڤ‬Δ‫ٺ‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬փ୲‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳၸ੄؄Κषᄎ۩೯ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ᖂ‫س‬ኙૹ૞ऱᤜᠲ೚ެࡳࠀ ආ࠷۩೯ᇞެംᠲ. ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳၸ੄ԿΚ᠏ীᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫᧢ޏ‬ᓰ࿓ਮዌΔࠌᖂ‫س‬౨ ൕլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢፖ֮֏ᨠរ઎ ᄗ࢚ፖᤜᠲ. ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳၸ੄ԲΚॵ‫ף‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫ڇ‬լ‫᧢ޏ‬ᓰ࿓ਮዌऱൣ‫ݮ‬ ՀΔല֮֏ᄗ࢚Ε‫׌‬ᠲፖ ᨠរ‫ף‬Եᓰ࿓խ. ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳၸ੄ԫΚಥ᣸ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ൎᓳ૎ႂΕᆏᐜፖׂ੄ऱ ֮֏૞ై. ቹ 2- 1 Banks ࡉ Banks ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ᓰ࿓‫଀ޏ‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬؄ၸ੄. ᇷறࠐᄭΚBanks, J. A., & Banks, C. A. M. (2010).Multicultural education:Issues and perspectives(7th ed.) (pp.238). Hoboken, N.J. :John Wiley & Sons.. 17.

(28) ΰԫαಥ᣸ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫ੌ׌᧢ޏآ‬ᓰ࿓ऱഗ‫ء‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬Ε‫ؾ‬ᑑΕ௽ᐛΔല֟ᑇගᆢऱᆏᐜΕ૎ႂࢨׂ ੄֮֏‫ף‬Ե‫ੌ׌‬Δࠡᚌរ੡១໢࣐ኔਜΙ౒រ੡ᖂ‫آس‬౨‫ݙ‬ᖞᖂ฾ගᆢ֮֏ऱ ٤ᎎΖ ΰԲαॵ‫ף‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫ੌ׌ޓ᧢آ‬ऱᓰ࿓࿨ዌࡉփ୲Δ‫ף‬Եගᆢઌᣂऱփ୲Εᄗ࢚Ε‫׌‬ᠲࡉᨠរΖ ࠡᚌរ੡լᏁૹᄅ৬ዌᓰ࿓ਮዌΔઊழઊԺΔՈլᏁᠰ؆ಝᒭஃᇷΙ౒រ੡‫א‬ ‫ੌ׌‬ऱᨠរ઎ৱ֟ᑇගᆢऱ֮֏փ୲Ζ ΰԿα᠏ীᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫᧢ޏ‬ᓰ࿓ऱࠢᒤഗ‫ء‬೗๻Δᨃᖂ‫س‬ൕլ‫ٵ‬ගᆢ֮֏ऱᨠរΔ൶ಘᄗ࢚Εം ᠲࡉࠃٙΔࠀ෻ᇞवᢝਢᄎ৬ዌऱΖഛ塄ᖂ‫ܒޅس‬৸‫ە‬ऱ౨ԺΖࠡᚌរ੡ᘜԵ լ‫ٵ‬ऱᨠរΔ೶‫ە‬ਮዌࡉගᆢ֮֏ऱփ୲Δᨃᖂ‫س‬Աᇞᖞ᧯֮֏ऱ‫ࢤګݮ‬ᔆፖ ಥ᣸Ζሒࠩ྇‫܅‬ೣߠΕගᆢ۞ᤚऱ‫ؾ‬ऱΙ౒រ੡ᓰ࿓‫଀ޏ‬ՠ࿓௯ՕΔ‫ءګ‬ለ‫ڍ‬Δ ܺᣄ৫ለ೏Ζ ΰ؄αषᄎ۩೯ᑓ‫ڤ‬ ‫ڶࢬܶץ‬᠏ীᑓ‫ڤ‬ऱ૞ైΔࠀᏺ‫ף‬ᖂ‫س‬ኙಘᓵመऱᄗ࢚ࡉᤜᠲΔ೚‫ࡳެګ‬ ࡉආ࠷षᄎ۩೯Ζࠡᚌរ੡ഛ塄ᖂ‫س‬ൕ‫ܒޅ‬৸‫ە‬Ε‫ࡳެ܂‬Εቸၷՠ‫ࡉ܂‬षᄎ۩ ೯ኔᔌऱ౨ԺΙ౒រ੡ՠ࿓௯ՕΔඒஃႊࠠໂߜ‫ࡉړ‬റᄐऱై塄Δթ౨࠰‫ܗ‬ᖂ ‫س‬๠෻षᄎᤜᠲΖ ຍ؄ጟᓰ࿓ᑓ‫ڤ‬։᥆࣍լ‫ٵ‬ऱᐋ‫ڻ‬Δ‫׊‬ኔਜᣄ࣐࿓৫Ո‫ܑ஁ڶ‬Ζ‫ؾ‬ছഏփ ऱઔߒለ‫ڍ‬ආ‫ش‬ಥ᣸ᑓ‫ڤ‬ፖॵ‫ף‬ᑓ‫ڤ‬Δ‫ڂ‬੡ຍࠟጟᑓ‫ڤ‬ኙ෼‫ڶ‬ऱஃᇷΕඒ‫ޗ‬Ε ۩ਙ࿛ᐋ૿ᓢᚰለ՛Δኔਜለ୲࣐Ζ‫܀‬᠏ীፖषᄎ۩೯ऱᓰ࿓ᑓ‫ڤ‬ኙගᆢऱᤜ ᠲ౨༼ࠎߓอࢤᓰ࿓Δ‫א׊‬෡Եড়ᨠֱ‫ڤ‬൶ಘΔᨃᖂ‫س‬ൕ‫ܒޅ‬৸‫ە‬խ‫ࡳެ܂‬Δ ࠀኔᔌ࣍षᄎ۩೯հխΔթ౨‫ڶޓ‬ய‫׊‬٤૿ऱഛ塄ᖂ‫س‬౨ԺΔᇞެ֟ᑇගᆢ‫ڇ‬ ᖂ฾ፖषᄎᔞᚨՂࢬᔡሖऱܺቼΖ Shor ᎁ੡ԫଡψᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒߛωթਢআၞଡ᧯ፖषᄎ‫᧢ޏ‬ऱԫጟ‫ܒޅ‬ ፖ‫׌ا‬ऱඒߛ‫܂‬ऄΖൕषᄎፖᖂீऱᐋ૿Δψᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒߛωਢ੡Ա‫ڍ‬ց֮ ֏ऱ‫׌ا‬Δࠀ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬੡խ֨ऱඒߛֱூΔ‫ֱڼ‬ூൎᓳԼԫଡૹ૞ऱᏝଖΚ೶ፖ ऱΕൣრऱΕ༼‫נ‬ംᠲऱΕൣቼ֏ऱΕ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱΕኙᇩऱΕ‫װ‬षᄎ֏ऱΕ‫ا‬ 18.

(29) ‫׌‬ऱΕઔߒऱΕሀᖂઝऱΕ೶ፖ۩೯ऱΰ֧۞ஊᙩᐂΔ2009α Ζ։૪‫ڕ‬ՀΚ ΰԫα೶ፖऱ Shor ֧‫ޙ‬৖‫ ڇ‬1963 ऱᎅऄΚ ψԳଚ‫ڇ‬ᖂீፖषᄎऱ೶ፖΔኙᖂ฾‫֗א‬ኙ ‫ߢۖ׌ا‬ຟਢᣂএૹՕऱωΖඒߛᚨᇠ‫ܒޅڇ‬ፖ‫׌ا‬ऱඒஃ֧ᖄՀΔᖂ‫س‬๯ီ ੡‫ڶ‬౨Ժ૤ຂऱଡ᧯Δԫದ੡‫ה‬ଚ۞աࢬ࿇୶ऱࠃढΙࠀ౨‫ڇ‬೶ፖऱመ࿓խტ ࠩየߩΔ਍ᥛ‫چ‬ᣋრᖂ฾Ζ೶ፖऱᏝଖ༉‫࣍ڇ‬ᨃᖂ‫س‬౨ᎅΕ౨ტ࠹Δፖ৸‫הە‬ ଚऱᆖ᧭Δઔߒ‫ה‬ଚ۞աΕ‫ה‬ଚऱषᄎΕ‫ה֗א‬ଚऱᖂઝΔ‫ٵ‬ழ୶ၲԱᖂ‫س‬ኙ ᦞԺऱᄅ৸ፂΖ ΰԲαൣრऱ ‫ܒޅ‬ऱᖂ฾ਢᎁवऱՈਢൣრऱΔ‫ڂ‬੡Գଚऱᆖ᧭ਢषᄎյ೯ऱ࿨࣠Δԫ ࡳ௫֗৸ፂፖൣტΖᏺ౨ᓿᦞऱඒߛ‫ڇ‬ტ࠹ፖ৸ፂၴ༈‫૿إޣ‬ऱᣂএΔຘመ‫ٽ‬ ‫܂‬ᖂ฾Ε‫࡛֨ړ‬Ε৩ᚈΕ‫ݦ‬ඨΕຂٚტΕ༇ૹΕၲ࣋Εᣂࣹ࿛ࠐ֭਍ᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂ ฾Δᛧ൓‫૿إ‬ய࣠Ζ ΰԿα༼‫נ‬ംᠲऱ ඒஃ‫ڇ‬ംᠲ༼‫נ‬ழᚨࣹრࠟଡ૿‫ٻ‬Κԫਢംᠲऱ༼‫נ‬ᚨᜤ࿨ᖂ‫س‬ऱൣቼव ᢝΔԲਢംᠲ༼‫נ‬ᚨൎᓳᖂ‫س‬ၴ஁ฆऱणउΖംᠲऱ༼‫נ‬૞ࣹრඒߛխऱषᄎ ፖ֮֏ൣቼ౧࿮Ιۖඒஃऱຂٚ‫ࠌ࣍ڇ‬ઝ‫᧢ؾ‬൓‫ڶ‬ᔊΔࠀࠌ‫ش‬ᖂ‫س‬ᆖ᧭ᚥ‫ࠡܗ‬ ৸‫ە‬ፖኙᇩΖംᠲऱ༼‫נ‬Ոਢԫጟ‫׌ا‬ऱֱ‫ڤ‬Δᨃᖂ‫س‬೶ፖ‫ڇ‬वᢝፖषᄎ‫ګݮ‬ ऱ‫ٺ‬ጟᤁञႨԺऱኙ‫ݼ‬ऱඒᖂֱऄΔຘመຍᑌऱ೶ፖԫ‫໌ٵ‬ທᖵ‫׾‬Ζ ΰ؄αൣቼ֏ऱ ඒஃ‫נ༼ڇ‬ംᠲழᚨፖᖂ‫س‬ऱൣቼवᢝ೚ᜤ࿨Δ‫ڼڕ‬ഗ࣍ᖂ‫س‬ᆖ᧭Ε፿ߢ ࿛ൣቼ֏ऱᖂ฾ֱ౨ข‫س‬ଡԳፖषᄎऱ᠏ীΖ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬੡ᆖ᧭ऱൣቼᖂ฾ኙ࣍ᖂ ‫س‬թਢ‫ڶ‬რᆠऱᖂ฾Ζ ΰնα‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱ ᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒᖂऄਢൕᖂ‫֏֮س‬ऱ‫ڍ‬ᑌࢤΰ஁ฆα‫נ‬࿇Δࠐ࿇୶ඒ৛փऱ ᓵ૪Δࠡඒᖂ‫ؾ‬ᑑլႛ‫ڇ‬ᛧ൓ߓอ֏ऱवᢝ‫ܒޅ֗א‬ऱ฾ክΔ‫ޓ‬ൎᓳֲൄ‫س‬੒ ֗षᄎխᦞԺፖवᢝऱᣂএΔ‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ऱඒ৛ਗᖏषᄎխਬࠄ௽ࡳቸ᧯‫׌‬ᖄԱ ᓰ࿓ۖᐙ᥼ԱඒߛऱֆؓࢤΖ. 19.

(30) ΰքαኙᇩऱ ኙᇩऱඒߛਢԫጟඒᖂֱऄΕᖂ฾ऱ෻ᓵΕ‫׌ا‬ऱਙएΔࠡ௅ཬ࣍Գᣊऱ ࿇୶ΔԯਢԳᣊऱ౨Ժፖႜ‫ٻ‬Δᄎԫದ֘ઊࠡᆖ᧭ፖवᢝऱრᆠΖࠡு֨੡յ ೯ᓵΔਝਢ࿨ዌࢤऱԾਢ໌ທࢤऱΖShor ༼ࠎኙᇩඒᖂऄ‫ڇ‬ඒ৛ሎ‫܂‬ழऱ೶ ‫ە‬Κఄ్٥‫ٵ‬࿇୶ፖެࡳᓰ࿓Ε೶ፖृ‫ڶ‬ຂٚေ۷መ࿓ࠀ࿯ղ‫ڃ‬墅Ε౨ኙ۞‫ݺ‬ ፖषᄎ‫ܒޅ‬Ε৸‫ە‬၌။࣍ఄ్ऱ۩೯Εၞ۩‫ڤإ‬ፖॺ‫ڤإ‬ᓰ࿓Ε‫ࢴݼ‬ᚘ૰ࢤऱ რᢝ‫ݮ‬ኪΕ‫א‬ᖂ‫س‬౨Աᇞऱ፿ߢ֗‫׌‬ᠲࢨൣቼ੡ኙᇩऱದរΕ່৵૞᧢֏ኙᇩ ऱ‫ڤݮ‬Ζ ΰԮα‫װ‬षᄎ֏ऱ Shor ᜰ‫נ‬հࢬ‫א‬૞‫װ‬षᄎ֏ऱ଺‫ڂ‬Δ‫࣍ڇ‬षᄎ֏ऱመ࿓ᓤ፹Աषᄎऱլ ؓ࿛Δۖᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒߛਢ֘ኙٚ۶ᓤ፹षᄎլؓ࿛ऱᖲࠫΖ‫ה‬৙ጠ૞ਗᖏष ᄎऱᏝଖΕ壀ᇩΕ‫ݺ‬ଚፖ‫֏֮ੌ׌‬ऱᣂএΔՈ૞ਗᖏᖂீፖषᄎխऱᦞ৖࿨ዌΕ ׂ૿‫ᦞچ‬Ժፖ։ࠆऱຂٚ෼ွΖ‫װ‬षᄎ֏რ࠺ထΔඒஃ‫ڇ‬ඒߛխᚨ༼ࠎԫଡष ᄎᆖ᧭Δ‫ץ‬ਔ೶ፖΕ‫܂ٽ‬࿇୶ᓰ࿓Ε‫܂ٽ‬ᖂ฾Ε൶౉‫ڤإ‬ᓰ࿓‫א‬؆ᝫႊᛵᇞऱΕ ֘ઊवᢝፖᦞԺऱᣂএΙᨃᖂ‫װس‬ᔆጊ‫ؾ‬ছᖂீፖषᄎਝ‫ژ‬ऱᆖ᧭Δࠀ‫ق‬ᒤᄅ ऱᏝଖΕᣂএΕᓵ૪ΕवᢝΔፖլ‫ڤݮٵ‬ऱᦞ৖Ζ‫ڼڂ‬Δ‫װ‬षᄎ֏‫ڶ‬ൎᓳऱ௽ ᐛਢΚᦞԺऱᤚᙌΕ‫ܒޅ‬ऱᢝᦰΕ‫ة‬Նऱ‫װ‬षᄎ֏Ε۞‫ݺ‬ඒߛፖิ៣Ζ ΰԶα‫׌ا‬ऱ Shor ༼‫נ‬ԫଡ‫ڶ‬ᔊऱᄗ࢚ࠐᎅࣔᖂ‫س‬ኙᖂீᖂ฾ऱ‫ࢴݼ‬Δ༉ਢψᇘมωΔ ຍਢఒஇऱ‫֧ࢬ׌ا‬࿇ᖂ‫س‬ኙᖂீ૤૿ᆖ᧭ऱ‫ڃ‬ᚨΖຘመᇘมࠐధᡏඒஃऱᦞ ৖Δ‫֗א‬ඒஃ‫ᦞא‬৖‫ף‬壆‫ה‬ଚߪՂऱ֮֏Δࢴ࿪߷ࠄ࢙ฃ‫ה‬ଚऱ፿ߢΕᘋᔊΕ ൣቼΔፖ೶ፖऱ‫ڤإ‬ᓰ࿓Ζ‫ڼڂ‬Δᖂ‫س‬੡Ա‫ࢴݼ‬ᖂீऱլ‫׌ا‬೚Աψॺิ៣֏ ।෼ऱ‫ؚ‬ᚰω ΰԫጟլપۖ‫ٵ‬ऱᖂᄐ।෼լࠋα Δࠌᦞ৖(ඒஃ)ፖᖂ‫ڼ࢖س‬๯ᆙ ਮΔۖᣤૹ‫چ‬ధᡏ‫ה‬ଚᑨ‫ڇ‬ऱ‫س‬ขԺΖ ΰ԰αઔߒऱ ‫֏׌ا‬ऱઔߒൎᓳஃ‫݁س‬ਢઔߒृΔຘመઔߒ‫س‬੒ۖ‫س᧢ޏ‬੒Δᖂ‫س‬ਢ‫א‬ ᗨᄕऱઔߒࠐ৬ዌრᆠΔॺ௣ᄕऱवᢝ൷࠹ृΖShor ઌॾࢬ‫ڶ‬ᣤ᠃ऱඒ৛ຟ բᆖਢԫጟ‫ڤݮ‬ऱઔߒΔ‫ڂ‬੡ඒஃ࠰‫ܗ‬ᖂ‫ګس‬੡वᢝ։՗‫א‬࿇୶‫ࠐآ‬षᄎΔඒ ஃᏁ૞‫ڇ‬ඒ৛խઔߒᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂ฾ᖵ࿓Ζ༉‫ٵڕ‬ඒஃऱ۩೯ઔߒԫᑌΔඒஃ‫ܛ‬ઔ 20.

(31) ߒृΔۖඒ৛ऱઔߒኙඒஃ‫ڶ‬ৰՕऱ‫ܗ‬墿Κஃ‫شܓ܂ٽس‬ष೴ᇷᄭࠐᇞެૹ૞ ംᠲΕඒஃऱඒᖂᄎ᠏ী‫אګ‬ኔᎾ۩೯‫ࠩބ‬ᣂᜤࢤΕඒஃऱᤚव᧢൓‫ޓ‬റᄐΕ ඒஃ‫ګ‬੡᠆༄ऱᇷᄭࠐᎁᢝ‫ה‬ଚऱඒ৛ፖᖂ‫س‬Εઔߒࠌඒஃ‫ګ‬੡‫ܒޅ‬ऱΕ‫ڃڶ‬ ᚨऱᦰृፖࠌ‫ृش‬Ζ ΰԼαሀᖂઝऱ ሀᖂઝრ࠺ထ‫ڇ‬ᓰ࿓ᇙᖞ‫ᦰٽ‬ΕᐊΕ‫ܒޅ‬ኙᇩΕ‫܂ٽ‬ᖂ฾Ι‫ܒޅא‬ਢംᠲ ੡ದរΔൕᖂઝ‫נބߪء‬ᖂઝፖᖂ‫س‬ઌᣂऱᆖ᧭ࢨषᄎൣቼΔᖂ‫س‬ፖඒஃԫದ ࿇୶ᓰ࿓Ζ ΰԼԫα೶ፖ۩೯ऱ ‫ݺ‬ଚᚨሀ။ᖂ๬ऱ੺ૻ‫א‬ਗᖏ‫ؾ‬ছ֭಻ඒߛᖲዌऱᓰ࿓۩೯Δኙ‫ؾ‬ছඒߛ ෼णऱওૻ༼‫נ‬ਗᖏΖඒஃ࠰‫ܗ‬ᖂ‫س‬լ‫׽‬೚ઔߒΔᝫ૞‫ګ‬੡᠏ীऱवᢝٝ՗Δ ੡Ա۞ա֗षᄎ‫׌ا‬ऱ᠏ীۖ೚ऱᖂ฾ፖ۩೯Ζ Shor ༼‫ࠢנ‬ᒤऱ᠏ฝΔൕψႚอ़‫ػ‬ऱࠢᒤω Δലᖂ‫ီس‬੡լߩऱΕ़‫ػ‬ ऱΔ࿛ৱ࿯ղࢬ‫ڶ‬वᢝΕ‫ݾ‬౨ऱଡ᧯Δ࢙ฃᖂ‫س‬൅ࠩఄ్ऱ֮֏Ι᠏ী۟ψ‫ޅ‬ ‫ܒ‬ऱࠢᒤωΔਢؓ࿛‫׌‬ᆠऱΕյ೯ऱΕઌյऱΔஃ‫س‬ऱԫࠄ৸უፖ۩೯֭਍ထ ᓿᦞᏺ౨ऱඒߛΖრ࠺ထ‫֏֮ط‬ऱլߩ᠏ฝ֮ࠩ֏ऱ‫׌ا‬Ζ֮֏ਢԳᣊࢬᎅΕ ࢬ‫܂‬Εࢬ፹ທऱΔषᄎᆖ᧭࿯ղԳଚ৸‫ە‬Ε፿ߢΕ۩੡ፖᣂএऱߓอΔྥۖࠀ ॺࢬ‫ڶ‬ऱቸ᧯݁ᖑ‫ڶ‬ઌ‫ٵ‬ऱ֮֏‫ۯچ‬Δ‫ה‬ଚࠠໂլ‫ٵ‬հᦞ‫ܓ‬ΔެࡳԱ،ଚࢬ᥆ ቸ᧯‫ڇ‬षᄎՂऱࡎሎΔۖ‫ڼڕ‬ऱၸᐋ‫ࡳܡ‬Ա֮֏ऱ‫ࢤ׌ا‬Ζࠢᒤऱ᠏ฝᏁ૞֮ ֏ऱᓿᦞᏺ౨Δრ࠺ထஃ‫ڇس‬լؓ࿛෼णՀΔૹᄅ໌ທ‫ה‬ଚࢬᖂ฾ऱ֮֏Δ‫ٵ‬ ழ‫ڇ‬ຍጟઌյ໌ທᄅ֮֏ऱመ࿓ᇙΔ‫ؘ‬ႊధᡏႚอऱࠢᒤ‫א‬৬ዌᄅऱࠢᒤΖᅝ ‫ܒޅ‬---‫׌ا‬ऱඒஃ൅Ꮖထ᠏ীऱఄ్Δ‫ה‬ଚՈ໌ທԱ Vygotsky ࢬᘯऱ‫ױ‬౨࿇ ୶೴ΔՈ໌ທԱԫଡለᐈᐖऱ֮֏Ζ. 21.

(32) ಃΒ࿯ Ўϯӣᔈ௲Ꮲ. ൘ǵʳЎϯӣᔈ௲Ꮲ‫ޑ‬ཀ఼ᆶय़ӛ ΋ǵЎϯӣᔈ௲Ꮲ‫!ۺཷޑ‬ ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱᄗ࢚ದᄭ࣍ 1970 ‫זڣ‬Δᖂृ‫א‬լ‫ٵ‬ऱ‫ࠐဲټ‬ਐጠຍଡᄗ ࢚Δࠏ‫ڕ‬ΔAu & Jordan ‫ ڇ‬1981 ‫ٽ֏֮נ༼ڣ‬ᔞΰculturally appropriateα ΕJordan ‫ ڇ‬1985 ‫֏֮ڣ‬ઌ୲ΰculturally compatibleα ΕLadson-Billings ‫ ڇ‬1994 ‫֮נ༼ڣ‬ ֏ઌᣂΰculturally relevantα࿛Δ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂਗᖏऺ਍֮֏ཏሙࢤࢨ֮֏խ ‫م‬ऱႚอඒᖂΔ֘ኙᖂீ‫ګ‬੡፹ທઌ‫ٵ‬ข঴ऱՠᐗΖ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂ‫്׌‬Δඒஃ ᚨᇠԱᇞᖂ‫۩س‬੡ࢬ᧩‫ق‬ऱ֮֏რොΔᝩ‫֏֮ੌ׌ش܍‬ऱᑑᄷࠐေឰᖂ‫س‬ऱᖂ ฾۩੡Δᚨࠉᖂ‫س‬ऱ֮֏஁ฆΔኔਜᔞࢤඒᖂΰ֧۞ᏥભᐝΔ2012α Ζ Gay ᎁ੡֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂࢬࠉᖕऱ৸უΔൕԫၲࡨ༉᥆࣍‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛऱԫ ຝٝΔ‫ڂ‬੡‫ڍ‬ց֮֏ඒߛ‫ ڇڰ‬1970 ‫זڣ‬༉‫ڶ‬ᖂृ༼‫נ‬Δᅝழऱભഏጟගࡉග ᆢ‫ڇ‬ᖂ฾ᖲᄎࡉ‫࣠ګ‬Ղ‫ڶ‬๺‫ڍ‬լؓ࿛Δ‫ڶ‬ԫࠄᖂृ༼ᤜΚ‫ࠅڕ‬໑ࢮዧፖጶ࡛‫ڇ‬ 1972 ‫ڣ‬൶ಘΔඒஃૉ૞‫ڶ‬யਐᖄ֟ᑇጟගᖂ‫س‬Δ‫ؘ‬ႊᎁᢝ֮ࠩ֏ऱ஁ฆ۶‫ڇ‬Δ ‫ړړ‬ऱ‫ڼشܓ‬ᇷᄭΔۖॺ࢙ฃຍࠄ஁ฆΙॳཎࡣ௑‫ ڇ‬1975 ‫ڣ‬।ࣔψ‫ݺ‬ଚᏁ૞ ऱඒߛ࿓‫ݧ‬Δਢ૞ᨃࢬ‫ڶ‬ᖂ‫س‬ຟಥ᣸աԺΔࠐທ‫ګ‬ԫଡ೯ኪ֮֏ऱषᄎΔലࢬ ‫ࠐ֏֮ڶ‬ᄭຟ౏Ե‫ە‬ၦω Ι壂ؒཎ‫ ڇ‬1973 ‫ڣ‬ಾኙष೴࿇୶ፖભഏ଺۰‫ا‬ᖂ‫س‬ ψ‫פګ‬ωऱૹ૞ࢤΔ৬ᤜψ‫ޢ‬ଡԳຟᚨᇠ‫ڶ‬ԫଡ෡ࠥ᧯ᄎΚ۞ա᥆࣍ԫଡፖ‫ה‬ Գஒஒઌᣂऱष೴Δ۞աऱ‫ݺ۞ࡉژس‬ऱࡳᆠΔຟ‫ڼڇܶץ‬ष೴փΞΞΖ‫ޢ‬ଡ Գຟ૞‫ܘ‬Ժଥᒭ۞աऱ۩੡ፖ‫א؏ݾ‬ሒ‫ݙ‬ભΔ੡ຍଡ‫੺׈‬൅ࠐ‫ڍޓ‬ભ‫ړ‬Δ‫۩ڇ‬ ੡Ε֮‫ڗ‬Εࡉढ᧯խ໌ທભ‫ړ‬Δຍਢ٤‫੺׈‬Գᣊऱ᜔᧯‫ؾ‬ᑑΖωΔຍࠄუऄ৵ ࠐຟ‫ګ‬੡֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऱு֨փ୲ΰ֧۞ᇞ‫ݳ‬ൎ࿛᤟Δ2006α Ζ ឈྥ‫ٺڶ‬ጟլ‫ٵ‬ऱጠᘯΔ‫܀‬ຍࠄᄗ࢚‫ءڇ‬ᔆՂ༓‫׏‬ਢઌ‫ٵ‬ऱΔ༉ਢኙ࣍ψ੡ չᏖᓰഘඒᖂࡉլ‫ٵ‬ጟගᖂ‫س‬ऱ֮֏હན૞࠷൓ԫીωፖψ‫ڕ‬۶թ౨೚ࠩωΖ Gay ᇭᤩნᖞ‫ګ‬ԫଡ‫ش‬፿ψ֮֏‫ڃ‬ᚨඒᖂऄωΔ‫ܛ‬ψ‫֏֮ڇ‬Ղղ‫ڃא‬ᚨऱඒᖂ 22.