高頻地下水位監測系統之設置與地下水位分析

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢ౛ᏢଣӦ፦ࣽᏢسᄤࣴز܌

ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Geosciences College of Sciences National Taiwan University

Master Thesis

ଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ϐ೛࿼ᆶӦΠНՏϩ݋!

High Frequency Monitoring System of Groundwater Level and Data Analysis

׵٫ች Chia-Hui Lee

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻၘሺѳറγ Advisor: Yeeping Chia, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯΋ԭ႟ΒԃϖД

May, 2013

i

୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢᅺγᏢՏፕЎ α၂ہ঩཮ቩۓਜ!

ଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ϐ೛࿼ᆶӦΠНՏϩ݋

High Frequency Monitoring System of roundwater Level and Data Analysis

ҁፕЎ߯׵٫ች։ȐᏢဦ R97224209ȑӧ୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢ

Ӧ፦ࣽᏢسᄤࣴز܌ֹԋϐᅺγᏢՏፕЎǴܭ҇୯ 102 ԃ

05 Д 28 В܍ΠӈԵ၂ہ঩ቩࢗ೯ၸϷα၂Ϸ਱Ǵ੝Ԝ᛾ܴ

ii

ᇞ ᇞ ᖴ !

ӣֹ៝ԋᅺγፕЎޑၸำύǴుϪགڙډԾρޑࣴزϐ܌аૈ໩ճֹԋǴ

ࢂӢࣁךيᜐԖ΋ဂфόёؒޑ຦Γॺόᘐ๏ךࡐӭᔅշǴόᆅࢂᏢೌ΢ޑࡌ

᝼܈௴วǴ܈ޣғࢲύޑᜢЈᆶഉՔǴ೿ӧӧᙯඤԋᡣךᝩុֹԋᏢ཰ޑന٫

շΚǶ

२ӃགᖴࡰᏤ௲௤ၘሺѳറγ΋ၡаٰޑࡰᏤᆶ௲ᇧǴԴৣჹܭךޑόԋ ዕ๏ϒΑཱུεޑऐЈǴԶԴৣᆒ੻؃ᆒޑբᏢୢޑᄊࡋǴаϷࡑΓೀ٣ޑ၈ᔊ

॥ጄǴ೿ᡣךᕇ੻ؼӭǹӕਔགᖴα၂ہ঩৪ԃ౰௲௤ǵߋ҉჏௲௤ǵаϷ᛿

ကᕮ௲௤ǴჹךޑፕЎ஼Јࡰ҅Ǵ٠ගٮుΕޑࡌ᝼ᆶᢀᗺǴᔅշ೭ጇፕЎ׳

ࣁֹ᏾Ƕ

ԜѦǴΨགᖴНЎӦ፦ࣴز࠻؂Տԋ঩ǴԢλۆѳВޑᜢЈᆶྣ៝Ǵᕴࢂ

Ϸਔ๏ϒጋ༡ޑךന፾྽ޑࡌ᝼ᆶගᒬǹӧѳᆶդࣻٿՏᏢߏǴ೸ၸ΋ଆբჴ ᡍ܈рഁѦ฻ǴόᆅӧᏢೌࣴز΢ᆶғࢲύ೿ܗ৖Αךޑຎഁǹ໡൫Ꮲۆόਔ ޑ੿၈ႴᓰᆶᜢЈǴᕴࢂᡣך७གᆂЈǹቼ܃ಒЈǵᝄᙣޑ଺٣ᄊࡋᆶБݤǴ

೿ԋࣁךόᆅࢂӧբࣴز܈ѳВғࢲύޑིኳǴԶ؂྽ࣴزၶډ౟ᓍਔǴᆶቼ

܃૸ፕᕴૈளډךགྷόډޑӳᗺη܈གྷݤǹԶεΚᔅԆਠዺޑሎଈаϷததჹ ჴᡍϣ৒ගрჴҔࡌ᝼ޑञύǴᔅշךቪፕЎޑၸำ׳у໩ճǹۗ੿ᆶаធٿ ՏᏢۂǴӧѳВޑࣴز࠻ғࢲύᕴࢂ஥ٰόϿ኷፪ǹԶς౥཰ՠᗋࢂ཮όਔӣ

ٰޑᏢߏۆॺǴჹܭπբ࿶ᡍޑϩ٦܈ჹךॺ೭٤Ꮲ׌ۂޑᜢЈǴ೿ԋࣁךᝩ

ុոΚޑ୏ΚǶ

ฅࡕǴᗋाགᖴ؂Տӧךي਒΋ၡഉՔǵѺ਻ޑӳ϶ॺǴ໚ܴξλࢃࢃޑ უՔॺǵЎεӦ፦سޑԴ϶ॺǵIN94 ৎΓॺǴᗋԖ܃ዝǵਖరǵքքǵаϷவ ࠄ׫ၟךӣৎޑΐғǴӢࣁԖգॺ೭ဂคᆶউКޑᆒઓ୚୚໗Ǵךωૈֹԋ೭ ҽࣴزǶ

നࡕགᖴനᒃངޑৎΓॺǴݿݿǵ༰༰ǵԴۂǵߓᓽǴаϷӧϺ୯ޑྭྭǵ ѪѪϷߓϦǶ

ᙣஒ೭ጇፕЎ᝘๏ךനᒃངޑৎΓॺǴаϷ؂ՏᜢЈךаϷךᜢЈޑΓǶ

!

iii

ᄔ ᄔ ा !

Ѡ᡼ޑӦΠНՏᢀෳϔၹթؑᑈѳচᆶࣧӦӦ୔ǴНՏ૶ᒵ೯தаਔНՏ ࣁЬǴϿ೽ϩᅱෳᓎ౗ࣁϩដ܈ࣾដ฻ભǶӧӦΠНՏ૶ᒵύǴԖਔёـόӕ ܭफ़ߘǵዊԤǵ਻ᓸǵ܈Ӧ᎜฻ԾฅӢનЇวޑ౦தӦΠНՏᡂϯǴஒϐᆶΓ ࣁࢲ୏(ٯӵܜН܈ଶܜ)຾ՉჹКࡕǴҭคܴᡉ᛾ᏵᡉҢԜᜪ౦தᡂϯᆶ΢ॊ

Ӣન࣬ᜢǶଓᙫ౦தᡂϯޑёૈচӢࡕǴว౜Ьाᆶᅱෳس಍ޑ೛࿼܈ၮբԖ ᜢǴԶЪၗ਑ᒱᇤ܈લᅅև౜ӭϡޑࠠᄊǴ৒ܰቹៜϩ݋่݀Ƕҁࣴز჋၂ࡌ ҥ΋ঁ௦Ҕ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺբࣁਡЈޑଯှ݋ࡋޑଯᓎᇻᆄӦΠНՏᅱෳس

಍ǴӢԜߛሡ௖૸ӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ύǴ೷ԋ૶ᒵᒱᇤޑٰྍǶҁࣴزว౜ቹ ៜНՏ૶ᒵှ݋ࡋǵᛙۓࡋ฻ӢનӸӧܭᅱෳس಍ύޑӚ໨ᕉ࿯Ǵٯӵό྽ᒧ Ҕ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑനε܍ၩᓸΚज़ࡋǴ܈ޣၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ҂٬Ҕӝەޑၗ਑

ೀ౛ኳԄ຾Չ೛ۓ฻Ǵӕਔྕࡋᆶႝᓸᛙۓ܄ҭ཮ቹៜᅱෳ่݀Ǵफ़եНՏ૶

ᒵޑ҅ዴ܄ǴԜѦᅱෳس಍ϣ೽ޑ࣬ᜢམଛϡҹ೛࿼ǴΨ཮ቹៜӦΠНՏޑ૶

ᒵǶܭ௨ନᅱෳس಍ϣӚᅿёૈቹៜ૶ᒵࠔ፦ϐӢનࡕǴҁࣴزஒଯှ݋ࡋޑ ଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍೛࿼ӧࠄ׫ᑜޗቧ୯λޑӦΠНՏᢀෳϔǴа1Hz ޑᓎ

౗ᅱෳӦΠНՏǴှ݋ࡋࣁ 0.2 ϦᙶǴว౜ޗቧޑӦΠНՏ཮ჹफ़ߘౢғջਔ ϸᔈǴр౜༾൯ޑ୏ᄊᡂϯǴᡉҢޗቧ֖Нቫ཮ჹफ़ߘЇวޑӦ߄಻ख़ᡂϯౢ

ғϸᔈǴ֖НቫӢӦ߄಻ख़ׯᡂԶౢғཱུࣁλ൯ޑᡏᑈᑩ๞ᆶᓸᕭǴЇวӦΠ НՏᡂϯǶӕਔǴᙖҗගϲӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑှ݋ࡋᆶ૶ᒵᓎ౗Ǵᅱෳس಍

ჹӕ᎜ϸᔈޑᡫ௵܄ҭගϲǴёаᅱෳӦ᎜ჹԾҗ֖НቫޑӦΠНՏቹៜǴ٠ வԶࡌҥ΋ঁଯှ݋ࡋޑଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍܌ሡޑङඳచҹཷۺǶ

ᜢᗖຒǺӦΠНՏǵफ़ߘǵ಻ख़բҔǵᅱෳ

iv

Abstract

Groundwater level monitoring wells are densely distributed in the plains and basins of Taiwan. The groundwater level is usually recorded every hour at these wells;

only a few wells recorded every minute or every second. After analyzing groundwater level data, we found some abnormal groundwater level changes inconsistent with those induced by natural factors or human activities. These erroneous records may mislead the results of hydrologic analysis or research. This study intends to develope a remote high resolution and high frequency groundwater level monitoring system. It is essential to identify the source of error in the component of the system. It was found that inappropriate setting and installation would cause incorrect groundwater level record, such as exceeding the full scale pressure of the submersible pressure transducer or improper for data processing. The stability of the monitoring environment is also important, such as the consistency of voltage or variation of temperature. After factors might interfere data recording were reduced as possible, the groundwater level monitoring system was installed in Shelia. The recorded groundwater level data indicated that the auqifer is mostly unconfined. And it was found that groundwater level changed in a fluctuation pattern as rainfall occured, which indicated the loading to aquifer changed due to precipitation and resulted in the compaction and dilation of the aquifer. As promoting the resolution and accuracy of groundwater level monitoring system, the sensitivity to response earthquake rose as well, and a foundamental requirment to a high resolution and high frequency groundwater level monitoring system was also enhanced.

Key words: groundwater level, monitoring, rainfall, loading

v

Ҟᒵ!

α၂ہ঩཮ቩۓਜ... i

ᇞᖴ... ii

ᄔा...iii

Abstract ... iv

Ҟᒵ... v

კҞᒵ...vii

߄Ҟᒵ... 1

ಃ΋ക!ᆣፕ... 2

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ... 2

1.2 ࣴزҞޑ... 4

1.3 ࣴزБݤ... 4

ಃΒക ӦΠНՏᡂϯ... 6

2.1 ӦΠНՏϷځቹៜӢન... 6

2.2 ӦΠНՏᅱෳሺᏔ... 11

2.3 ך୯ӦΠНՏᅱෳ౜ݩ... 14

ಃΟക ӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍... 15

3.1 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ... 15

3.1.1 চ౛ᆶᄬ೷... 15

3.1.2 ᏹբᆶ೛ۓ... 20

3.1.3 ၗ਑ࠔ፦... 22

3.2 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ... 23

3.3 ᇻᆄᅱෳᆶ໺ᒡ... 26

vi

ಃѤക ଯᓎᇻᆄᅱෳس಍... 28

4.1 س಍ࡌ࿼... 28

4.2 س಍೛࿼ᆶׯ຾... 32

4.2.1 ᛙۓ૶ᒵ܌ሡਔ໔... 33

4.2.2 ០୏ኳԄ... 35

4.2.3 ၗ਑ೀ౛ೲ౗... 38

4.2.4 ٮႝᛙۓ܄... 40

4.3 ౜Ӧᅱෳ... 42

ಃϖക ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔଯᓎНՏᡂϯ... 43

5.1 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϷਔНՏ૶ᒵϩ݋... 43

5.2 फ़ߘЇว֖Нቫ܍ڙϐ಻ख़ׯᡂ౜ຝ... 51

5.3 ޗቧଯᓎᢀෳϔჹӦ᎜ϐϸᔈ... 55

ಃϤക ่ፕ... 61

ୖԵЎ᝘... 62

vii

კҞᒵ!

კ1.1 2011 ԃ 5 ДྷᓪઠӦΠНՏᐕጕკ... 3

კ1.2 ࣴزࢬำკ... 5

კ2.1 ڙᓸ֖НቫҢཀკ... 7

კ2.2 Ծҗ֖НቫҢཀკ... 7

კ2.3 Ծҗ֖Нቫ(a)ᆶڙᓸ֖Нቫ(b)ჹᔈ਻ᓸᡂϯϸᔈҢཀკ ... 9

კ2.4 ӦΠНՏ૶ᒵᆶ਻ྕᡂϯჹКკ... 13

კ3.1 НՏໆෳҢཀკ... 17

კ3.2 ๊ჹᓸΚᆶᒮीᓸΚϐᜢ߯... 18

კ3.3 НᓐǵుࡋǵᓸΚНᓐҢཀკ... 21

კ3.4 ᜪКኧՏᙯඤҢཀკ... 24

კ4.1 ҁࣴز٬Ҕϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔೱௗҢཀკ... 31

კ4.2 ๏ϒНᡏ໔ྂ܄᎜ᕏаϷᓉ࿼НᡏޑНՏໆෳ่݀ጄٯ... 32

კ4.3 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ... 34

კ4.4 ჹК࿼ܭӕ΋Нᡏ٠๏ϒ໔ྂ܄᎜ᕏޑ΋ဦᆶΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ НՏ૶ᒵ... 36

კ4.5 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔаזೲኳԄ୺ՉǴ΋ࣾដ΋฽ϐНՏᡂϯໆ... 39

კ4.6 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔа΋૓ኳԄ୺ՉǴ΋ࣾដ΋฽ϐНՏᡂϯໆ... 39

კ4.7 ҁࣴز܌٬Ҕޑ UPS ഢႝૈΚკ ... 41

კ4.8 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ౜ӦଯᓎᇻᆄӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍... 42

კ5.1 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐӦ౛Տ࿼... 44

კ5.2 ޗቧӦΠНᢀෳϔ܌ӧ୔ୱӦ፦კ... 46

კ5.3 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ۟Јࢊ... 47

viii

კ5.4 2010 ԃޗቧӦΠНՏᆶᄆ໦ᐏઠНՏᐕጕკ... 49

კ5.5 2010 ԃ 5 ДΠԒޗቧӦΠНՏᆶᄆ໦ᐏઠӦ߄Нޑჹफ़ߘϸᔈ... 50

კ5.6 2011 ԃ 11 ДޗቧϔਔНՏ૶ᒵჹफ़ߘϐϸᔈ ... 51

კ5.7 2012 ԃ 4 Д 18 ВࣾНՏ૶ᒵჹफ़ߘϐϸᔈ... 53

კ5.8 2012 ԃ 4 Д 6 ВࣾНՏ૶ᒵჹफ़ߘϐϸᔈ... 53

კ5.9 Ԗϸᔈफ़ߘ٣ҹᆶคϸᔈफ़ߘ٣ҹჹಕᑈफ़ߘ٣ҹϐ՞КϩѲ... 54

კ5.10 ਔНՏ૶ᒵ 2008 ԃ 4 Д 25 Вӕ᎜΢ϲϸᔈ... 56

კ5.11 ਔНՏ૶ᒵ 1999 ԃ 9 Д 21 Вӕ᎜ϸᔈ... 56

კ5.12 ࣾНՏ૶ᒵ 2012 ԃ 4 Д 11 Вჹᇻ᎜ϸᔈ... 60

1

߄Ҟᒵ!

߄4.1 KPSI735 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑނ౛੝܄ᆶໆෳ܄ૈ ... 29

߄4.2 GG200 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑނ౛੝܄ᆶໆෳ܄ૈ ... 31

߄4.3 ҁࣴزϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ០୏ኳԄޑᒡΕᆶჹᔈᒡрೕ਱... 37

߄5.1 2011 ԃ 7 ДԿ 2012 ԃ 5 ДޗቧଯᓎНՏ૶ᒵӕ᎜ϸᔈ... 58

2

ಃ΋കᆣፕ!

1.1 ࣴز୏ᐒ

Ѡ᡼Ӧ୔Ծ1992 ԃԿϞഌុࡌ࿼ΎԭӭαϩቫӦΠНᢀෳϔǴᢀෳϔНՏ

؂λਔ૶ᒵ΋฽Ǵ૶ᒵޑᆒࡋࣁ΋ϦϩǶᔠຎਔНՏ૶ᒵࡕǴёᢀჸᢀෳϔН ՏᡂϯǴନΑڙډΓࣁܜНޑᘋ୏ǴΨ཮ڙډफ़ߘǵዊԤǵ਻ᓸǵӦ᎜฻Ծฅ ӢનޑቹៜǴฅԶਔНՏ૶ᒵڙज़ܭڗኬᓎ౗ᆶᆒࡋ೛ۓǴคݤֹ᏾૶ᒵНՏ ᡂϯᐕำಒ࿯Ǵځࡕ਻ຝֽܭ2002 ԃഌុࡌ࿼ϤҘǵٗܘǵܿکǵ֧ൎǵ៪۝

Ϸځд฻ଯᓎӦ᎜ᢀෳϔǴᅱෳᓎ౗ගϲԿࣾដભǴ٬ӦΠНՏಒ༾ᡂϯ׳ᖿ

ܴᡉǶ

ฅԶၸѐϩ݋ӦΠНՏǴᡉҢӦΠНՏ૶ᒵό໻ϸᔈफ़ߘǵ਻ᓸ฻ԾฅӢ નаϷܜН฻Γࣁࢲ୏ቹៜǴᗋёᢀჸډόᛙۓޑ౦தНՏᡂϯǴԶЪᡂϯޑ

׎ᄊ࣬྽ӭϡǴхࡴၗ਑ύᘐǵ೴ᅌѨྗ܈ᚇૻၸεǴаϷኧໆᆶਔ໔֡ᜤа ඓඝޑ౦தેፂૻဦ฻Ǵа2011 ԃ 5 ДྷᓪઠޑӦΠНՏᡂϯࣁٯǴკ 1.1 ᡉ ҢӦΠНՏόۓਔޑ౦தᡂ୏Ǵᡂϯ൯ࡋёஒ߈20 ϦϩǶԜѦǴջߡၨཥࡌϐ ᢀෳϔǴҭԖёૈр౜ᜪ՟౦தǴϸࢀၗ਑૶ᒵޑࠔ፦(хࡴᆒࡋǵᛙۓࡋǵၗ

਑ೱុ܄฻)ǴϝڙډѦӧӢનቹៜǴ٠ቹៜࣴزϷځ่݀ϐёߞࡋǶ

аӦΠНᢀෳᆛ2007 Կ 2008 ԃϐӦΠНՏ૶ᒵࣁٯǴऊ 15%ޑਔНՏ૶

ᒵр౜ᒱᇤ܈લᅅǴ჋၂௨ନӚᅿΓࣁࢲ୏(ܜНǵଶܜ฻)܈ԾฅӢન(फ़ߘǵ ዊԤǵӦ᎜ǵ਻ᓸᡂϯ฻)ࡕǴᡉҢቹៜӦΠНՏ૶ᒵࠔ፦Ϸ҅ዴ܄ϐӢનёૈ

ٰԾᅱෳس಍ϣ೽ޑಔҹᆶଛ࿼Ǵό྽೛࿼ஒ٬ӦΠНՏ૶ᒵคݤϸࢀჴሞН ՏᡂϯǶԜѦǴѦӧᕉნׯᡂΨ཮ቹៜᅱෳس಍Ǵٯӵቃਗ਼ޑྕࡋᡂϯёૈ೷

ԋሺᏔѨྗౢғᇤৡǴӢԜԖѸाᕕှ೷ԋНՏ૶ᒵᒱᇤޑӢનᆶᅱෳس಍ϐ ໔Ӛঁᕉ࿯ޑᜢᖄ܄Ǵϩ݋҅ዴޑӦΠНՏᡂϯǶ

3

კ1.1 2011 ԃ 5 ДྷᓪઠӦΠНՏᐕጕკ

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

267 268 269

Н ᓐ (m)

-20 0 20

5/1 5/6 5/11 5/16 5/22 5/27 6/1

Μ ϩ ដ Н Տ ᡂ ϯ (cm)

फ़

ߘ

ໆ

(mm)

4

1.2 ࣴزҞޑ

ҁࣴزᏇఈଞჹӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑӚঁᕉ࿯຾Չ௖૸Ǵ຾΋؁ᙶమځቹ ៜНՏ૶ᒵϐ҅ዴ܄ޑӢનϷٰྍǴ٠ࡌҥଯှ݋ࡋޑଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍Ǵ

௖૸ӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑࡌ࿼ၸำύǴёૈ೷ԋᇤৡϐӢનǴаճ҂ٰᔠຎѠ

᡼Ӧ୔ӦΠНՏᡂϯਔǴૈ௨ନሺᏔ೷ԋНՏ૶ᒵᒱᇤޑёૈ܄Ǵࡌҥ׳ܴዴ ޑНՏ౦தᔠຎ኱ྗǶନԜǴܭ௨ନᅱෳس಍Ӛᅿёૈቹៜၗ਑҅ዴ܄ӢનࡕǴ ҁࣴزࡌ࿼ᇻᆄᅱෳس಍ܭࠄ׫ᑜޑޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔǴղញ၀ϔޑӦΠН ՏᡂϯǴ٠ϩ݋ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔНՏϐಒ༾ᡂϯᆶԾฅӢનϐ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ

1.3 ࣴزБݤ

ҁࣴز२Ӄຑ՗፾ܭଯᓎᇻᆄջਔᅱෳس಍ޑሺᏔ೛ഢǴ຾Չ؈НԄᓸΚ ᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔϐᆒࡋǵှ݋ࡋǵᒡрᆶᒡΕೕ਱ǵໆෳᓎ౗฻ୖኧచҹ ޑϩ݋ᆶჹКǹځࡕܭჴᡍ࠻ϣࡌҥෳ၂س಍ǴኳᔕϔϾϣӦΠНՏᡂϯǴෳ

၂Ӛᅿόӕୖኧ೛ۓჹНՏ૶ᒵϐቹៜǴϩ݋НՏ૶ᒵϐᛙۓᆶᆒዴࡋǴ௖૸

НՏᡂϯ࿶གᔈᏔ຾Չགෳǵᙯඤǵ໺ᒡǵԿᒡрࡕޑၸำύёૈޑᇤৡٰྍǴ ٠ஒϐϒа௨ନǶԜѦǴᇆ໣ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐӦ፦ၗૻǴ٠ᔠຎ1997 ԃԿ2012 ԃਔНՏ૶ᒵǴ჋၂ᘠନܜНǵࢱϔ฻ወӧΓࣁӢનǴҬΰКჹफ़ߘǵ ε਻ᓸΚ฻ᡂϯǴϩ݋อයᆶߏයНՏ౦தᡂϯǴᑔᒧޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ੝

ۓϐНՏᡂϯኳԄᆶ੝ቻǴᙶమ֖НቫЬा੝܄Ƕଯᓎջਔᅱෳس಍೛࿼ֹԋ ࡕǴଞჹᅱෳය໔НՏ૶ᒵղញځၗ਑ԏᒵރݩǴᕕှ၀ϔޑӦΠНՏᡂϯ੝

܄аϷӧեᓎ૶ᒵύคݤᢀჸډޑ੝ਸНՏᡂϯǶࣴزБݤࢬำـკ1.2Ƕ

5

კ1.2 ࣴزࢬำკ

௖૸ᅱෳس಍ύӚϡҹ ቹៜၗ਑ࠔ፦ϐӢનʳ

ჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍᆶ!

ᇤৡ௨ନʳ

ճҔਔНՏ૶ᒵ௖૸֖

Нቫ੝܄Ǵ٠ճҔଯᓎࣾ

НՏ૶ᒵϩ݋ಒ༾ӦΠ НՏᡂϯʳ

ϩ݋ޗቧϔӦ፦ङඳᆶ ਔНՏ૶ᒵʳ ࡌ࿼ޗቧଯᓎᇻᆄᅱෳ

س಍ʳ

6

ಃΒക ӦΠНՏᡂϯ

2.1 ӦΠНՏϷځቹៜӢન

ӦΠНϐۓကǴ੟ကޣ໻૸ፕӦቫύႫک஥ޑϾሜНǴቶကޣ߾ፕϷӦ߄ य़аΠ܌ԖޑНǴхࡴ҂Ⴋک஥ޑНǴ΋૓૸ፕӦΠНՏᡂϯਔЬा٩ൻ߻ޣǶ ӦΠНय़ΞᆀԾҗНय़ǴࣁӦΠНႫک஥ϾሜНᓸࣁε਻ᓸΚϐࣚय़ǶฅӦቫ ύႫک஥ڙӦ፦׷਑ϐᄬ೷ǵಔᙃǵԋϩ฻ӢનቹៜǴё຾΋؁ϩࣁڙᓸ֖Н ቫ(confined aquifer)(კ 2.1)ᆶԾҗ֖Нቫ(unconfined aquifer) (კ 2.2)ǶӢԜ྽ፕ ϷӦΠНՏ(groundwater level)ਔǴځж߄ཀကᆶӦΠНय़(water table)όӕǶ

ڙᓸ֖Нቫ΢ΠᜐࣚᆶߔНቫ(aquitard)܈ᜤ೸Нቫ(aquclude)࣬ௗǴߔНቫ ޑեᅖ೸܄٬ځϣ೽ӦΠНࢬ୏ё۹ౣ(Maxey, 1964)Ǵ٠ߔᅉӦΠНޑࠟӛࢬ

୏ǴӢ֖Нቫ΢ጔ܍ڙځ΢ߔНቫᓸΚǴ၀य़܍ᓸᆶε਻ᓸΚό฻Ǵόૈᆀϐ ԾҗНय़ǹऩᢜϔऀϐǴ߾཮٬ڙᓸޑӦΠНݮϔᆅࠟӛ౽୏ޔډϔНय़ᆶε

਻ᓸΚၲѳᑽϐՏ࿼Ǵ၀Нय़߾ᆀڙᓸНय़(piezometric surface)Ǵаుࡋ܈ଯ ำޑཷۺඔॊϐջࣁ܌ᒏޑӦΠНՏ(groundwater level)ǶԶԾҗ֖Нቫ΢Б߾

ᙟᇂ࣬ჹ೸Н܄ၨଯϐӦ፦׷਑Ǵε਻೸ၸϾሜᆶ֖Нቫ΢ࣚ࣬ೱǴӢԜڀԖ ᆶε਻࣬೯ϐӦΠНय़Ǵ΋૓ӦΠНՏϐᅱෳЬाଞჹϔНՏᡂϯǴჹܭԾҗ

֖НቫԶقջࣁӦΠНय़Ƕ

7

კ2.1 ڙᓸ֖НቫҢཀკ

კ2.2 Ծҗ֖НቫҢཀკ

ڙᓸНय़ʳ

ڙᓸ

֖Нቫʳ

ߔНቫʳ ߔНቫʳ

ԾҗНय़ʳ

֖Нቫʳ

ߔНቫʳ

8

ӦΠНՏϐᡂ୏ڙፏӭӢનቹៜǴځ΋ࣁٰԾӦᡏڙДߝᆶϼ໚໔ЇΚԶ

ౢғޑੇዊ(ocean tide)ᆶڰᡏዊ(earth tide)բҔǶੇዊբҔჹ߈ੇӦ୔ϐԾҗ֖

Нቫቹៜၨࣁᡉ๱ǴӦΠНՏჹᔈዊԤౢғڬය܄ޑᡂϯᖿ༈Ǵ٠ёஒНՏᡂ ϯኧᏵᔈҔܭीᆉ၀ڙᓸ֖НቫϐᏤН߯ኧ(hydraulic conductivity)ᆶКᓯН߯

ኧ(specific storage) (Carr and Van Der Kamp, 1969)ǶڰᡏዊբҔё٬֖НቫϣϾ ሜНᓸౢғຼය܄ޑϲफ़ᡂϯǴᏤठӦΠНՏౢғࠟӛՏ౽ᡂϯ(Blanchard and Byerly, 1935)Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴڙᓸ֖Нቫڙڰᡏዊቹៜ࣬ჹၨܴᡉǴ߯ӢӧஒϺᡏ ЇΚຎࣁεЁࡋբҔΚޑ߻ගϐΠǴளаλЁࡋཷۺԵໆ֖НቫǴҭջ֖Нቫ ϣӚᗺ܌ڙЇΚёຎࣁ֡Ϭ࣬฻Ǵࡺё۹ౣ֖НቫϣᐉӛόӕНΚఊࡋϐ୔ୱ

܌ڙЇΚቹៜޑᡂϯৡ౦ǶӧԜ୷ᘵΠૈஒڙᓸ֖Нቫຎࣁคݤ௨Нޑቸ܄Н ᡏǴڀԖեрНࡋ(specific yield)ǴӢԜڙዊԤЇΚਔౢғϐᡏᑈᑩ๞ᆶᓸᕭϸ ᔈΨၨԾҗ֖НቫܴᡉǴԶЇวϐӦΠНՏᡂϯ൯ࡋ߾ќҗӦΠНᆶӦ፦׷਑

ҁيϐᓸᕭ܄ЬᏤ(Narasimhan et al., 1984)Ƕ

਻ᓸࢂӦΠНՏᡂϯќ΋ቹៜӢનǴڙᓸ֖НቫᆶԾҗ֖Нቫࣁόӕ܄፦

ޑӦ፦ൂϡǴٿޣϸᔈኳԄҭό࣬ӕǶԾҗ֖Нቫޑ਻ᓸϸᔈǴӢ਻ᓸᡂϯޔ

ௗբҔܭϔНय़Ǵ໔ௗբҔܭϔѦ֖Нቫ΢БҬࣚय़ǴԜӢન٬ٿޣϐ໔Ӹӧ ᓸΚৡǴ٬ӦΠНՏౢғ࣬ჹᡂ୏Ǵޜ਻ᒿ਻ᓸᡂ୏Զ౽୏٠຾рԾҗ֖Нቫ

΢Бޑ҂Ⴋک஥ǴჹԾҗНय़ౢғ໔ௗቹៜ(Buckingham, 1904)ǴԾҗНय़ޑᡂ ϯำࡋڙ௓ܭ҂Ⴋک஥ޑࠆࡋǵӦ፦׷਑ϐᅖ೸܄฻ӢનǴ٠Ъಖஒᆶε਻ᓸ ΚၲѳᑽǴࡺӦΠНՏ཮ᒿਔ໔ӣൺډচҁՏ࿼(Weeks, 1979)(კ 2.3a)ǹ྽ڙᓸ

֖Нቫϸᔈ਻ᓸᡂ୏ਔǴ΢ቫޑߔНቫҥջஒٰԾӦ߄ޑ܍ᓸᡂϯޔௗ໺ሀԿ ᆶ֖Нቫ࣬ௗޑҬࣚय़Ǵ೽ϩᓸΚҗНᡏᆶӦ፦׷਑֎ԏǴܢᎍࡕޑᓸΚջ࿶

җӦΠНՏϸᔈ(Jacob, 1940)ǴӢό՟Ծҗ֖Нቫёҗၨଯᅖ೸܄ϐ҂Ⴋک஥ᒿ ਔ໔ፓ࿯ԜᓸΚৡǴڙᓸ֖НቫϐӦΠНՏჹᔈε਻ᓸΚᡂϯ཮࡭ុϸᔈǴЪ НՏᡂϯޑࠠᄊ཮ᆶε਻ᡂϯࠠᄊ࣬՟(კ 2.3b)Ƕ

9

კ2.3 Ծҗ֖Нቫ(a)ᆶڙᓸ֖Нቫ(b)ჹᔈ਻ᓸᡂϯϸᔈҢཀკ(অׯԾ Weeks, 1979)

ε਻ᓸΚʳ

ӦΠНՏ

∆Hʳ ^{ε਻ᓸΚᡂϯໆ}ʳ

∆hʳ

ᓸΚ໔ௗᡂϯໆʳ

∆WLʳ

ӦΠНՏᡂϯໆʳ

b∆hwʳڙᓸ֖Нቫ֎ԏϐᓸΚໆʳ

Timeʳ

∆Hʳ Pressureʳ

Depthʳ

∆Hʳ

∆WL

∆hʳ

(a)

Timeʳ

∆Hʳ Pressureʳ

Depthʳ

∆H.b∆hwʳ

(b)

10

फ़ߘΨࢂӦΠНՏᡂϯϐЬाቹៜӢનǴफ़ߘ׎ԋӦ߄೵ࢬ٠༊໣ԿݞࢬǴ ය໔ڙख़ΚݮβᝆϷ۟ҡޜሜᅖΕӦΠǴ٠ቹៜ֖Нቫ܌܍ڙޑӦ߄಻ख़բҔǶ ӦΠНय़ଆҷ׎ᄊ཮ᆶӦ׎ᡂϯ࣬߈(King, 1899)ǴԶफ़ߘჹӦΠНՏϐቹៜ൯ ࡋ߾ڗ،ܭӦ߄Ӧ፦НЎϷచҹǴനಖև౜ޑӦΠНՏϸᔈ၀֖Нቫ܍ڙޑ಻

ख़ᡂϯаϷံݙ(recharge)ᆶ௨Н(discharge)ѳᑽࡕޑ่݀ǶIgarashi ᆶ

Wakita(1991)මᢀჸډӦ߄Π 500 ϦЁޑڙᓸ֖НቫǴڙफ़ߘౢғቸ܄ᔈᡂǴԜ ѦSophocleous ฻Γ(2006)ҭමෳ၂Ӧ߄Π 300 ϦЁޑڙᓸ֖НቫǴӧ΋ԛफ़ߘ ໆ86 Ϧᙶޑफ़ߘ٣ҹύǴϔύНՏр౜ܴᡉܴᡉޑᡂϯૻဦϸᔈफ़ߘޑ಻ख़բ ҔǶ

ନ΢ॊቹៜӢનϐѦǴۘԖΓᜪࢲ୏฻Ӣન཮ቹៜӦΠНՏǹΓࣁܜНᆶ πำ໒ว֡཮ቹៜӦΠНՏᡂϯǴٯӵ1950 Կ 1970 ԃжය໔ѠчࣧӦޑεೕ

ኳ໒วຬܜӦΠН೷ԋНՏၸեǴ຾ԶЇวӦቫΠഐ(ֆࡌ҇Ǵ1970)ǴќѦ݈

༧ࢲ୏ЇଆϐӦ᎜᎜ݢ໺ሀҭ཮೷ԋӦΠНՏϐᡂϯ(Cooper et al., 1965)Ǵځቹ ៜӢનΞё຾΋؁ϩ໒૸ፕ֖НቫᜪࠠǵᓯН߯ኧǵᅖ೸܄฻໨ҞǹԜѦǴ1985 ԃऍ୯уԀParkfield ߕ߈Ӧ୔ 2 αᢀෳϔҭᢀჸډ᎜߻ᆶӕ᎜ᡂϯ(Roeloff and Quility, 1997)ǶӦΠНՏϸࢀ၀֖Нቫᆶ྽Ӧ୔ୱᔈΚϩѲǵӦ׎ଆҷǴΓࣁ ࢲ୏ᆶफ़ߘǵ਻ᓸ฻਻ংӢન࣬ϕբҔၲѳᑽϐև౜่݀ǴࡺӦΠНՏϐᡂ୏

ϩ݋۳۳ሡԵໆӭ໨ӢનǶ

11

2.2 ӦΠНՏᅱෳሺᏔ

ӦΠНՏໆෳמೌᒿ๱ਔ໔௢౽ᄽᡂрኧᅿໆෳ೛ഢᆶБݤǶԐය٬Ҕ៓

௔Ё຾ՉӦΠНᓉНՏໆෳǴ௔Ё߄य़ߕԖڅࡋǴௗ߈҃ᆄ೽ϩԖᙔՅણ฽܈

ၶНջૈᡂՅϐނ፦ϒаຏ૶Ǵஒځ࿼ΕϔϾǴ᝻ϷӦΠНय़ࡕڗрǴ٩ځڅ ࡋр౜ՅৡϐՏ࿼Ǵٰᒣ᛽ӦΠНՏుࡋǴໆෳుࡋёၲ300 ϦЁа΢(Everett, 1981)Ƕځࡕ่ӝႝη೛ഢǴܭ௔஥ୁጔ೛࿼ᏤጕǴۭᆄགෳᏔགᔈډНՏࡕӣ

໺ૻဦǴ٠аᖂៜ܈ᐩӀගҢǴԜໆෳݤ፾ܭНΚఊࡋၨեϐᓉНՏǴӢෳள ޑၗ਑໻߄Ңൂ΋ਔ໔ᗺޑНՏుࡋǴคݤֹ᏾ࡰҢ֖НቫޑНՏᡂϯǴ֖Н ቫёૈӢዊԤǵΓࣁܜНǵπำǵफ़ߘǵ܈਻ᓸᡂϯ฻ӢનǴ೷ԋӦΠНՏౢ

ғЁࡋό΋ޑᡂϯǴυᘋНՏ૶ᒵǶ

៓௔Ёܭໆෳၸำύڙख़Κ܎஭Ǵ࿶΋ۓਔ໔ᆶ٬ҔԛኧࡕǴڅࡋ໔ჴሞ ໔ຯ཮εܭ௔Ё΢኱Ңޑ໔ຯǶԜѦǴໆෳుϔԖਔ໪ӭԛ௖ෳుࡋǴаᗉխ

௔Ёޑߏࡋόى܈ؒΕНύၸుǴᏤठคݤ᠐ڗڅࡋǶЋ୏Ԅޑ៓௔Ёคݤໆ

ෳೱុ܄ޑНՏᡂϯ܈ӕਔᅱෳኧαӦΠНϔǴჹܭߏයᅱෳୃᇻӦ୔ϐӦΠ НՏᡂϯԖځᜤࡋǴӢԜૈೱុ૶ᒵНՏᡂϯޑԾ૶ԄНՏीᒿϐр౜Ƕځ΋

ࣁ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ(submersible pressure transducer)ǴऊԾ 1960 ԃж໒ۈ٬Ҕ (Gaber and Koopman, 1968)Ǵচ౛ࣁճҔႝηϡҹགᔈНᓸǴ٬ႝ৒ǵႝߔǵ܈

ႝᓸᒿϐׯᡂǴᐒఓૈᙯඤࣁႝૈǴ૶ᒵНՏᡂϯǶᒿ๱ъᏤᡏౢ཰ޑว৖Ǵ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺຫᖿ຾؁٠Ъ׳ቶࣁ٬ҔǴ၁ಒ೽ҽܭಃΟക૸ፕǶ

ќ΋ᅿࢂੌ฿ԄԾ૶НՏीǴ߯ճҔੌ฿ᒿНՏࠟӛՏ౽஥୏ᢑጕϷځ΢

ᙯ፺Ǵ٬ሺᏔϣႝՏीགᔈౢғႝՏৡǴ຾΋؁ஒႝՏᡂϯᙯࣁНՏᡂϯ૶ᒵǴ

ੌ฿ԄНՏीϐᡫ௵ࡋڙੌ฿ᆶϔᏛ໔ޑነᔔΚቹៜǴό፾ܭอਔ໔ϣНՏᡂ ϯ൯ࡋၨεϐНϔǴλα৩ϔᆅҭ཮ቚуځነᔔߔΚ(Rosenberry, 1990)Ǵ፾Ҕ ܭᆅ৩Ѥәа΢ǵНՏᡂϯᖿ༈ၨѳ጗ϐНϔǴໆෳЬाज़ܭుࡋ100 ϦЁа

12

ϣǴၨόճܭᅱෳዊྒྷᕉნ܈ᡶϯϐӦΠН፦Ǵ٠Ъ໻፾ܭࠟޔϐϔᆅǶ ќԖ೽ϩٮНໆεޑНϔ཮ᒧ᏷٬Ҕଌ਻ᆅ(air line)ໆෳНՏǴᙖҗஒߎឦ ᇙޑλα৩೯਻ᆅጕ೛ܭϔύǴᆅϣНՏᆶϔНՏ࣬೯Ъ฻ଯǴځ΢ճҔଌ਻

ሚஒޜ਻ଌΕᆅύǴ௨ନՏܭᆅύϐӦΠНǴ٠аᓸΚीໆෳ௨ନᆅύ܌ԖН

܌ሡϐᓸΚॶǴ຾Զж߄ϔНుࡋǴ೭ᅿໆෳݤதـܭπ཰܈҇ғҔϔǴځᆒ ࡋऊϟܭ²3 ϦϩǴคݤගٮၨଯᓎЪଯᆒࡋϐНՏᡂ୏ၗ਑ǶԜѦǴۘԖຬᖂ ݢНՏी(acoustic water level meters)Ǵ߯೸ၸճҔᖂݢϸ৔চ౛ໆෳНՏᡂϯǴ

ၨό፾ܭଯНՏϐӦΠНϔǴځᆒࡋऊϟܭ2 Կ 4 ϦϩǴӭᔈҔܭӦ߄НᅱෳǴ

ၨϿᔈҔܭӦΠНՏෳໆǶ

Ҟ߻Ѡ᡼ӭ٬Ҕӧዊᔸᕉნ܈ᆭᇑ܄ӦΠНύڀԖၨଯऐҔ܄ޑ؈НԄᓸ ΚᙯඤሺǶᒿ๱؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ೏ቶݱ٬ҔǴໆෳБԄᆶׯ຾ഌុ೏૸ፕǴ Gaber ᆶ Koopman(1968)ӧऍ୯ϣ๮ၲԀ၂ᡍ൑֟ஒଯᡫ௵ࡋޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺᔈҔܭНΚఊࡋཱུեЪుࡋϟܭ1000 Կ 2000ft ޑ֖НቫǴ٠س಍ϯ௖૸

ӦΠНՏໆෳޑ؁ᡯǵۓයޑΓࣁਠ҅ᆶሺᏔӚᅿୖኧޑᕕှᆶჹྣǶԜѦǴ ໆෳሺᏔаѦޑᇤৡٰྍΨ຾΋؁຾ՉᕕှǴ᛽ձٰԾሺᏔҁيޑᇤৡǴٯӵ

֖НቫᆶߔНቫٿޣᆶϔᆅ೛࿼ޑ࣬ჹՏ࿼ҭ཮ቹៜНՏ૶ᒵ(Isaac, 1970)Ƕ

೷ԋᇤৡϐӢનӕਔёૈٰԾᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔམଛໆෳޑಔҹǴ1983 ԃऍ୯

൐ᙓථԀნϣ຾ՉӦΠНՏໆෳǴ௖૸೯਻஥ᆶႫک஥ϐ࣬ϕᜢ߯Ǵ؈НԄᓸ ΚᙯඤሺҔܭགෳε਻ᓸΚᆶӦΠНՏᡂϯǴ٠ᢀჸډஒϐ่ӝၗ਑૶ᒵᏔࡕǴ ٿޣϐ໔ޑႝᓸϩᓸᏔڙྕࡋᡂϯቹៜǴНՏ૶ᒵౢғຼය܄ޑଆҷᏤठВН Տᡂϯޑᇤղ(კ 2.4)ǴѸሡଞჹᒡрᆶᒡΕႝᓸޑ೛ഢ຾Չፓ᏾(Sophocleous and Perry, 1984)Ƕ

13

კ2.4 ӦΠНՏ૶ᒵᆶ਻ྕᡂϯჹКკ(Sophocleous and Perry, 1983)

Rosenberry(1990)ӧऍ୯ཥشѲহԀܫ࿼Ϥঁ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴჹӦΠН Տ຾Չࣁය15 ঁДޑᅱෳǴว౜؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺགෳޑӦΠНՏइᒵܭᅱෳ

ය໔ౢғ߈3 Ϧϩޑត౽ᇤৡǴόឦܭჴሞӦΠНՏᡂϯǴ௨ନځдёૈᇤৡ

ٰྍǴፏӵྕࡋᡂϯᏤठᒡрૻဦᇤৡ܈ٮႝႝᓸׯᡂ฻ёૈ܄ࡕǴᇡࣁЬा

ᇤৡٰྍࣁགᔈᏔҁيޑ႟ᗺୖԵᗺត౽Ƕ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺҭ೏ᔈҔܭᅱෳӦΠНՏᡂϯᆶӦ᎜ϐ໔ޑᜢ߯Ǵ૶ᒵ ӦΠНڙ᎜ݢ܈εӦᔈΚख़ཥϩթ೷ԋޑอਔ໔ᡂ୏(O’brien, 1992)ǶԜѦΨഌ

ុᔈҔܭӦ߄НՏޑໆෳǴEndale ฻Γ(2010)຾Չࣁයٿԃޑ၂ᡍǴ٬Ҕ؈Н ԄᓸΚᙯඤሺམଛၗ਑૶ᒵᏔٰᢀჸྛНࢬໆޑᡂϯǴ٠ۓයќՉΓπෳໆࢬ ೲམଛਠ҅Ƕ

14

2.3 ך୯ӦΠНՏᅱෳ౜ݩ

Ծ1950 ԃѠ᡼җѠ᡼ᑗ཰ϦљڗளٰԾऍ୯ޑ Johnston International Ϧљ ޑᢕ௖מೌࡕǴӦΠНङඳளа೏׳ቶݱޑፓࢗᆶ໒ว(஭ࡌരǴ1955)Ƕ1958 ԃѠ᡼࣪ӦΠНπำೀ໒ۈܭӭೀؑᑈѳচᆶࣧӦӦ୔௖୎ӦΠНၗྍ(؋ύ ک฻ΓǴ2004)Ǵ1959 ԃഌុࡌ࿼ӦΠНᢀෳϔǴԿ 1966 ԃςֹԋ 300 αᢀෳ

ϔǹ1970 ԃжᒿ๱ӦΠНܜڗໆ೴ԃቚଯǴഌុ຾ՉӦቫΠഐ࣬ᜢϐӦΠНፓ

ࢗᆶᅱෳǴԿ1987 ӦΠНᢀෳϔᘉቚԿ 339 αǴځύ 37 αࣁԾ૶ԄᢀෳϔǶ 1986 ԃऍ୯Ӧ፦ፓࢗ܌ Holzer റγڙᗎٰѠǴࡌ᝼ࡌҥӦΠНᢀෳس಍ᇆ໣ၗ

਑(Hsu, 1998)ǴߦԋՉࡹଣ࿶ࡌ཮ܭ 1990 ԃ೯ၸȨѠ᡼Ӧ୔ӦΠНᢀෳᆛ᏾ᡏ

ीฝȩǴ٠ܭ1992 ԃ୺ՉǶ

1992 ԃҗ࿶ᔮ೽Нճ࿿ᆶύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌ЬᏤࣁය 17 ԃޑѠ᡼Ӧ୔ӦΠ Нᢀෳᆛࡌ࿼ीฝǴ٬ཥ΋жᢀෳϔၹѲѠ᡼ӚӦǴ఼ᇂѠчࣧӦǵਲ༜Ӧ୔ǵ ཥभӦ୔ǵᐜНྛؑᑈ৻ǵ჏ࠄѳচǵࡀܿѳচǵើ໚ѳচǵаϷዋ෫ဂ৞฻

୔ୱǴቶݱᢀෳӦΠНՏᆶӦΠН፦ǴӦΠНՏޑᅱෳᓎ౗аਔНՏ૶ᒵࣁЬǴ 2002 ԃ਻ຝֽഌុቚ೛ϤαࣾដભᢀෳϔǴϩձࣁ޸ጪǵ֧ൎǵٗܘǵϤҘǵ

ܿکǵهξǴ2007 ԃ࿶ᔮ೽ύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌ҭ௴୏ξ୔ӦΠНၗྍޑፓࢗᆶࣴ

زǴߏයаٰಕᑈεໆӦΠНՏᅱෳၗ਑Ƕ

ӦΠНՏໆෳБԄܭ1950 ԃжය໔ЬाΓπۓය߻۳౜ӦෳۓǴԜਔໆෳ

ሺᏔ٬Ҕ៓௔Ё຾ՉໆෳǴӢځόճܭೱុ܄ໆෳ܈ᇻᆄᅱෳǴໆෳᓎ౗а΋

Д΋฽Ƕ1980 ԃжаࡕᅱෳБԄᅌᙯࣁ٬ҔԾीԄНՏीǴ٬Ҕᜪࠠхࡴੌ฿

ԄᆶᓸΚԄǴය໔ፓ᏾٠؎ඤᙑԖԾ૶ԄᢀෳϔǴхࡴੌ฿ԄНՏीҗ٬Ҕ૶

ᒵરᙯࣁኧՏ૶ᒵǵᓸΚԄНՏीᙯࣁ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴаफ़եόё௓ڋޑ ᕉნӢનჹНՏᡂϯϐቹៜǶ౜ϞҞ߻ך୯ӦΠНՏᅱෳςࡌҥ࣬྽ஏ໣ޑᅱ

ෳᆛǴ٠೴ᅌۯ՜Կа۳ၨϿ௖૸ޑξ୔ӦΠНϐࣴزǶ

15

ಃΟക ӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍

аᓸΚԄНՏीࣁЬाགෳϡҹޑӦΠНՏໆෳس಍хࡴ಄ӝࣴزሡ؃ೕ

਱ϐ؈НԄᓸΚᓸΚᙯඤሺǴႝၡ໺ᒡᆶၗ਑໺ᒡૈΚֹ๓ޑ໺ᒡႝᢑǵёॄ

ၩεໆၗ਑ޑၗ਑૶ᒵᏔೀ౛ᏔǴаϷᇻᆄջਔᅱෳس಍Ƕ౜Ϟ؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺޑᆒࡋکှ݋ࡋ฻ς࣬྽ᆒ຾Ǵᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ᏾ӝϐࡕǴёԏวኧДԿኧ ԃϐၗ਑ǴࣗԿё߻ᆄೀ౛ӦΠНՏᡂϯၗૻǴ࿶ᒧۓ፾྽ϐᇻᆄ໺ᒡ೼৩Ǵ ջёό໪ډၲ౜ӦΨૈߏਔ໔ᅱෳӦΠНՏᡂϯǶԶࡌҥᇻᆄӦΠНՏᅱෳس

಍ǴሡჹӚໆෳሺᏔᆶ࣬ᜢಔҹԖ࣬྽ΑှǴᗉխёႣයϐሺᏔ࣬ᜢᇤৡǴа ճ҅ዴှញНՏᡂϯܭНЎӦ፦ϐཀကǴࡺܭҁകಒ೽௖૸ᅱෳس಍Ӛᜢᗖᕉ

࿯Ƕ

3.1 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ

3.1.1 চ౛ᆶᄬ೷

ᓸΚᙯඤሺឦ༾ᐒႝس಍(micro.electrical.mechanical System)(݅ηѳǴ 2004)Ǵځϣ೽໺ሀႝηૻဦϐಔҹᡏᑈࣁ༾ԯ(um)฻ભǴ୷ҁচ౛ࣁճҔႝη ϡҹڙᓸǴౢғ׎ᡂࡕ཮٬ᒡрႝᓸᆶᒡΕႝᓸр౜ৡ౦ޑނ౛੝܄Ǵஒᐒఓ

ૈᙯඤࣁႝૈǴ٠ёஒౢғޑႝᓸᡂϯຎࣁж߄Ԝᙯඤሺ܌ӧೀϐᓸΚॶǴځ ύᔈᡂሺԄ(strain.gage pressure transducer)ࣁၨதـϐᜪࠠǴ٠ᔈҔܭҁࣴزύ

٬Ҕޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ(submersible pressure transducer)Ƕ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺឦܭႝߔԄᙯඤሺޑ΋ᅿǴЬाճҔᓸߔচ౛຾ՉໆෳǶ ᓸߔ׷਑ڙᓸౢғᡂ׎ǴႝߔॶᒿϐׯᡂǴ٠ౢғࠟޔႝࢬБӛޑႝᓸৡ (Bridgman, 1925)Ǵ྽ႝၡޑᒡΕᆶᒡр೷ԋᒡрႝᓸр౜࣬ჹᔈᡂϯǴႝߔॶ

16

ޑᡂϯໆёᙯඤࣁᓸΚ᠐ॶǴឦܭ೏୏ԄޑᓸΚᙯඤࠠᄊǶ

ႝߔԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ٩ځਡЈϡҹޑ่ᄬόӕǴёεठϩԋႝߔጕࠠǵߎឦ ᖓТࠠǴаϷъᏤᡏࠠΟᅿᜪࠠ(Lawrence et. al, 1984)ǴځύਡЈϡҹޑ߄य़ᑈ ёၲ2 ѳБϦᙶаΠǴࠆࡋёၲ 0.2 ༾ԯаΠ(Clark and Wise, 1979)Ƕ

ႝߔጕࠠޑਡЈϡҹ߯ஒཱུಒޑᏤጕа࢐ឯރޑ൳Ֆ׎ރ௨ӈಔԋǴҞޑ ࣁቚமႝߔǴ΢БᙟᇂߥៈҔޑᖓቫ׷፦ࡕڰۓܭ๊ጔ႖ጢ΢Ǵٿᆄೱௗႝၡ ЇጕಔԋགᔈϡҹǶߎឦᖓТࠠ߾ஒߎឦᖓТаᇑڅБԄᇙ೷όӕ൳Ֆ׎ޑϐ

࢐ឯރڅ౩Ǵջᄬԋ΋ֹ᏾ᓸߔགᔈϡҹǶъᏤᡏࠠޑਡЈϡҹ߾ճҔъᏤᡏ ᇙำஒޖᇙԋ༝׎ޑъᏤᡏᖓጢǴ߄य़аᘉණݤ(diffusion)ஒᄞ፦(doping)চη ᅖΕъᏤᡏύ(Tufte et. al, 1962)ǴጢТᜐጔᇙ೷Ѥঁᓸႝߔ٠аߎឦጕೱௗǴ ಔԋඁථႥႝᐏᙖԜགᔈᓸΚޑᡂϯǴጢТޑ΋ୁࣁೱௗෳໆᆄޑଯᓸ๚Ǵќ

΋ୁ߾ࣁᆶε਻࣬ೱ܈࠾ഈԋ੿ޜϐեᓸ๚Ǵ྽ጢТӢٿୁᓸΚр౜ৡ౦٠ౢ

ғ׎ᡂࡕǴځᔈᡂ೷ԋႝߔׯᡂǴ٬ᒡрႝᓸᒿϐ࣬ᔈᡂϯǴࡺᒡрᓸΚॶё ϸࢀϸࢀጢТ܌܍ڙᓸৡǶ౜ϞനࣁதـϐᓸΚᙯඤሺջࣁޖъᏤᡏԄǶԶጢ ТޑԔ౗ǵࠆࡋ฻੝܄Ǵ،ۓᓸΚᙯඤሺޑᡫ௵ࡋǴ٠຾Զቹៜനε܍ၩᓸΚ ज़ࡋ(full scale)аϷᆒࡋǵှ݋ࡋ฻ሺᏔޑӃϺૈΚǶ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ᏾ӝᓸΚགᔈሺᆶ૶ᒵᏔǴૈޔௗ࿼ΕНय़ΠໆෳНՏ ϐᓸΚԄНՏीǴૈҔܭໆෳӦΠНᆶӦ߄ННՏǴҭԖҔܭໆෳϾሜНᓸΚ ϐࣴزǴதޔௗᆀࣁНՏी܈НᓸीǶҔܭໆෳϔНՏਔǴሡஒϐ࿼ܭࡰۓు

ࡋǴ҂࿶ε਻ᓸΚਠ҅Ӧ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴځໆෳॶж߄ځ΢НࢊᓸΚᆶε

਻ᓸΚϐᕴک(კ 3.1)Ƕ

17

კ3.1 НՏໆෳҢཀკ

ஒӦΠНᆶε਻ຎࣁࢬᡏϐ߻ගΠǴࢬᡏᓸΚޑໆෳёϩԋѤᅿ૸ፕǴѤ ޣޑໆෳচ౛ౣԖόӕǴӧှ᠐؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑໆෳኧᏵਔǴӚڀόӕޑ

੝ۓ߄Ңݤᆶނ౛ཀကǴԖᕕှځཀကϐѸाǴаΠϩ໒௶ॊǴϩձࣁ๊ჹᓸ Κǵᒮ૶ᓸΚǵৡ౦ᓸΚǴаϷ࠾ഈᓸΚǶ

1.๊ჹᓸΚ(absolute pressure)Ǻа๊ჹ੿ޜࣁ୷ྗᗺ຾ՉໆෳϐᓸΚǴж߄ ࢬᡏϩηၮ୏܌೷ԋޑჴሞᓸΚ᠐ॶǴඤقϐǴֹӄคᓸΚਔP absࣁ႟ǶӢԜ Ҕpsia ԄޑᓸΚᙯඤሺໆෳε਻ᓸΚਔǴPabs཮ᡉҢࣁ14.7 psia(܈ௗ߈Ԝॶ)Ǵ

߯ӢᓸΚᙯඤሺϣ೽ޑᓸႝᖓጢ΋ୁࣁ੿ޜǴќ΋ୁ߾ᆶԿε਻࣬ೱ܌ठǶ๊

ჹᓸΚࡡࣁ҅ॶǴൂՏதـаpsia ߄Ң(კ 3.2)Ƕ НࢊᓸΚʳ ε਻ᓸΚʳ

18

2.ᒮीᓸΚ(gage pressure)Ǻаѳ֡ੇѳय़ϐε਻ᓸΚࣁ႟ᗺᓸΚǴж߄࣬

ჹॶǴӢԜੇѳय़а΢ޑᒮीᓸΚᡉҢࣁॄॶǴϸࢀε਻ᓸΚᒿଯࡋሀ෧Ƕၨ

தـޑൂՏаpsig ܈ޔௗа psi ߄ҢǶ΋૓ԶقǴੇѳय़ϐε਻ᓸΚॶࣁ 1atm=14.7psia=0psigǴӢགᓸጢТٿୁᓸΚ࣬฻Ǵځᆶ๊ჹᓸΚ໔ᜢ߯Ԅࣁ Pabs = Pgage+PatmǶ

კ3.2 ๊ჹᓸΚᆶᒮीᓸΚϐᜢ߯

ੇѳय़ʳ (0 psig=14.7 psia)ʳ

๊ჹ੿ޜʳ (P

=0 psia)ʳ

P

ࣁ҅ॶʳ P

ࣁ҅ॶʳ

P

ࣁ҅ॶ

P

ࣁॄॶʳ

19

3.ৡ౦ᓸΚ(differential pressure)Ǻа΋੝ۓᓸΚٰྍࣁୖԵ୷ྗᗺ຾ՉໆෳǴ ٯӵڬൎε਻ᓸΚǴԜᓸΚ୷ྗёڀᡂ୏܄ǴӢԜჴሞໆෳॶࣁٿঁᐱҥᓸΚ

ٰྍϐৡ౦Ǵٯӵ೯਻Ԅ(vented)؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴځໆෳॶࣁᙯඤሺ΢Б܍

ڙϐᕴᓸΚᆶε਻ᓸΚϐৡǶӧ࣬྽ుࡋΠǴৡ౦ᓸΚԄᙯඤሺޑ٬ҔԖਔё

೏࠾ഈԄڗжǴӢځᒿྕࡋᡂϯౢғϐໆෳᇤৡς຾Εёௗڙጄൎϣ

4.࠾ഈᓸΚ(sealed.reference pressure)Ǻ೸ၸ෧ᓸ(٬੿ޜ)܈ࡼᓸܭགᓸ႟ҹǴ

٬ځ࠾ഈ٠ϣࡌ΋๊ჹᓸΚॶǴதـаpsis ߄ҢǶऩஒ΋ε਻ᓸΚ࠾ܭ࠾ഈԄ ᙯඤሺύǴځε਻ໆෳॶஔ߈0psisǴԜӢჴሞε਻ᓸΚ཮ᒿ๱ਔ໔༾൯ᡂ୏Ƕ Ӣགᓸᖓጢ΋ୁ࿼Ԗڰۓᡏᑈϐ਻ᡏǴࡺྕࡋᡂϯჹ࠾ഈԄᓸΚᙯඤሺԖख़ा

ቹៜǶ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺϐໆෳεठаᒮ૶ᓸΚࣁ߄౜БԄǴ٠຾΋؁ϩԋ೯਻

Ԅᆶߚ೯਻ԄǶ೯਻ԄᔈҔৡ౦ᓸΚচ౛Ǵܭႝηಖᆄ೛࿼λα৩೯਻ϾࢰǴ ٠٬ځႝᢑጕೱௗǴ೯਻α೛࿼ӭϾሜޑόឌᒳ༝ТаᘠନԖ্ޑޜ਻ಈη຾

ΕᙯඤሺǴ٬ᙯඤሺϣ೽གᓸጢТૈϩձགᔈ΋ୁޑε਻ᓸΚᆶќ΋ୁޑε਻

ᓸΚᆶНࢊᓸϐکǴ࣬ܢϐΠջૈ໻ໆෳࣴز܌ሡϐНࢊᓸǹߚ೯਻Ԅ߾ᔈҔ

࠾ഈᓸΚࣁໆෳচ౛Ǵϣ೽࠾Ε੿ޜǴࡺໆෳॶж߄ε਻ᓸᆶໆෳᗺ΢БϐН

ࢊᓸᕴکǶ

20

3.1.2 ᏹբᆶ೛ۓ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺϐᏹբᆶ೛ۓሡԵໆࣴزҞޑᆶ౜ӦރݩǴᙯඤሺޔ৩

΋૓ϟܭ1 Կ 2 ϦᙶǴ፾ܭ 2 әϔ৩а΢ϐᢀෳϔǶځѦෘ׷፦ӭࣁқᒳ܈⑲ ᒳǴѦෘҁيё܍ڙᓸΚᆶናᔐϒаߥៈբҔǴՠځϣ೽ឦᆒஏሺᏔǴԾϔϾ ڗрᆶ࿼Εਔ֡໪ᙣ཈ᏹբᗉխናᔐǴౢғϐᓸΚᆶ᎜୏཮຾΋؁೷ԋᐒఓੲ മઇᚯǴ٠Ꮴठ᏾ᡏ่ᄬϐ໔ޑόᛙۓǶ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᔈӼးܭ΋ڰۓޑᛙۓᝌ௠ᗺǴ٠ࠟܫԿ፾྽ుࡋǴ၀

ుࡋᔈࣁϔНՏനեۑ࿯ᡂϯጄൎа΢ǴаዴߥײۑനեНՏਔϝૈዴჴ૶ᒵ ӦΠНՏᡂϯǴ٠࿼ܭ၀ᙯඤሺനε܍ၩᓸΚጄൎаϣǴҭջკ3.3 ύ኱Ңᓸ ΚНᓐϐጄൎǴᗉխ܍ᓸၸଯǶԜѦǴӢૻဦம১ᆶ໺ᒡႝᢑጕߏࡋև࣬ϸჹ Кᜢ߯Ǵᢑጕຫߏૻဦமࡋຫ১Ǵࡺᒧ᏷ё೛࿼ϐుࡋጄൎϣਔǴϝόەܫ࿼

ၸుаխቹៜၗ਑ࠔ፦Ƕӵၶ၀ӦԖόӕుࡋϐ֖НቫǴ٠೛Ԗٿαа΢όӕ НᓐଯϐᢀෳϔǴ߾ٿαϔܫ࿼ుࡋҭ໪ᒿϐϩ໒ԵໆǶᙯඤሺϐᝌ௠ᆶೱௗ

Бݤϐ΋ࣁ٬Ҕႝᢑޔௗஒᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ܈ႝတೱ่Ǵ٠ѸխӦΠНᅖ ΕሺᏔϣ೽೷ԋၗ਑ᇤৡࣗԿཞᚯǴԜा໨፾ܭ໪ջਔᅱෳӦΠНՏᡂϯޣǹ ќ΋БԄࣁаޓਵ΢ᙹǴᛠаѭᓪᛣ܈ᒳᛣᝌ௠ܭϔϾϣࡰۓుࡋǴۓයڗр ԏڗၗ਑ǶӦय़೛࿼೽ϩǴऩᙯඤሺܭӦय़ᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ܈ႝတೱௗǴሡ೛࿼

ٛዊǵٛᔸǵٛᙝ฻ߥៈǴதـќ೛࿼ߥៈҔѦጃ܈ᙁܰ׈ៈλࡂǶ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺܭϔНՏޑໆෳதـаᓸΚНᓐ(pressure head)߄Ң(კ 3.3)Ǵځཀကж߄ໆෳᗺа΢ϐНࢊଯǹऩीΕࢌ੝ۓ୷ྗय़ӝٳଯำीᆉǴ

߾ᆀНᓐ(hydraulic head)Ǵ΋૓аѳ֡ੇѳय़ࣁ୷ྗǹќ΋ᅿ኱Ңݤаుࡋ߄ ҢǴж߄Ӧ߄۳ΠԿϔНय़ϐຯᚆǴԖਔаᓉНՏ(static water level)૸ፕϐǴӚ ߄ҢݤڀԖځ੝ۓཀကǴऩషౄ߾཮೷ԋНՏှញޑᙤᇤǶ

21

კ3.3 НᓐǵుࡋǵᓸΚНᓐҢཀკ

ໆෳᓎ౗ϐ೛ۓ٩ࣴزҞޑԶԖ܌όӕǴதـ૶ᒵᓎ౗ёϩВНՏǵਔН ՏǵϩНՏǵࣾНՏ૶ᒵǶԐයԾीԄНՏीۘ҂දၹ٬ҔਔǴӭςΓπБԄ ໆෳᕓਔНՏǴ٠ӢҬ೯܈ΓΚଛ࿼Ӣન؂Вۓਔໆෳаж߄྽ВޑӦΠНՏ ᡂϯǴ౜Ϟς࣬ჹၨϿـԜᅿࠠᄊޑВНՏ૶ᒵǹਔНՏ૶ᒵၨதـܭߏਔ໔ ޑӦΠНՏᅱෳǴٯӵ౜ϞѠ᡼ӦΠНᢀෳᆛջЬाаԜᓎ౗ໆෳǴෳளޑН Տᡂϯϸᔈໆෳ྽ΠޑᕓਔНՏǹϩНՏᆶࣾНՏ૶ᒵ፾ܭၨอਔ໔܈੝ਸҞ ޑϐࣴزǴٯӵኧλਔ܈׳อਔ໔ϐНΚ၂ᡍǴߡܭอਔ໔ϣஏ໣ᢀჸНՏࢻ फ़ᡂϯǴ௖૸ӦΠНՏᆶӦ᎜࣬ჹᔈᜢ߯ϐࣴزǴෳளޑၨଯᓎϐࣾដ܈ϩដ ભᕓਔНՏҭё຾Չѳ֡ၮᆉٮࣴزޣ٬ҔǶќѦځд೛ۓᗋхࡴӚୖኧ٬Ҕ

ൂՏǵӦΠНႣ೛ஏࡋǵջਔᡉҢϐਔ໔ጄൎаϷЁࡋ฻Ǵ౜Ϟε೽ϩёႣӃ

೛ۓǶ

ໆෳᗺʳ

Нుʳ

ᓸΚНᓐʳ

ଯำʳ

୷ྗय़ʳ

)ᕴ*Нᓐʳ

22

3.1.3 ၗ਑ࠔ፦

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺёа٩ྣࡰۓޑໆෳᓎ౗ೱុ૶ᒵӦΠНՏᡂϯǴ૶ᒵ ډޑӦΠНՏၗ਑ϐೱុ܄ᆶᛙۓ܄ჹܭࣴز่݀Ԗ࣬྽εޑቹៜΚǴၗ਑ޑ ύᘐǵ౦தޑՏ౽ǵ܈ޣр౜όೕࡓޑ౦தঢ়ॶǴ೿཮ቹៜჹНՏᡂϯӢનޑ ղញǶቹៜНՏ૶ᒵࠔ፦٠Ꮴठၗ਑ύᘐ܈ᒱᇤޑёૈӢન࣬྽ӭᅿǴٮႝᛙ ۓࡋǵၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ௟ඔᓎ౗ǵНՏ૶ᒵޑᓎ౗ǵᕉნྕࡋǵНᓸ฻೿ёૈౢғ ቹៜǴ೭٤Ӣનჹܭၗ਑ࠔ፦ޑቹៜ௃׎ࣣሡ೏ܴዴޑᕕှǶ

ԜѦǴӚᅿၗ਑ޑୖኧǴှ݋ࡋǵᆒࡋǵᆒዴࡋ฻Ǵ֡ڀԖځ੝ۓނ౛ཀ ကǶှ݋ࡋ(resolution)߯ࡰٿ฽ໆෳၗ਑໔܌ૈໆෳډޑനλৡ౦ǴඤقϐǴ ٿၗ਑ໆෳᗺϐ໔ځৡॶѸࣁှ݋ࡋϐ᏾ኧ७ǹᆒࡋ(accuracy)߯ࡰෳໆޑѳ֡

ॶᆶჴሞॶϐৡǴऩ؂ԛෳໆ᠐ॶ֡ᖿ߈੿ჴኧॶǴ߾ᆀࣁଯᆒࡋǴ߄Ңݤϩ

๊ჹᇤৡ߄ҢݤаϷ࣬ჹᇤৡ߄ҢݤǴځύࡕޣၨቶࣁ܌ҔǺ

๊ჹᇤৡǺE X  Xt

࣬ჹᇤৡǺ u100%

t

r

X

E E

ځύ

X ࣁໆෳѳ֡ॶǴ X ߄Ңਔ໔ࣁ̪ਔϐໆෳॶǹᆒዴࡋ(precision)ж

ᆉ؃ளǶԶჹܭଯᓎӦΠНՏ૶ᒵޑϩ݋ԶقǴؼӳޑှ݋ࡋᆶᆒࡋཱུࣁख़ाǴ ӢԜӧӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑೕჄᆶࡌ࿼໘ࢤǴ೭٤Ӣન೿ሡा೏вಒԵໆǶ

Զ྽ၗ਑ࠔ፦р౜ᡉ๱Πफ़ޑਔংǴёଞჹ၀ԛ౦தНՏᡂϯᆶ߻ࡕНՏ ᡂϯᖿ༈຾ՉჹКǴ٠ӕਔ௖૸ᕉნޑѦӧӢનᆶᅱෳس಍ޑϣ೽ӢનǴ຾Զ

຾Չਠ҅Ƕ

23

3.2 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ

᏾ӝ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ύǴᙯඤሺᆶၗ

਑૶ᒵᏔ֡ԖӚԾޑᆒࡋǵှ݋ࡋǵаϷໆෳᓎ౗฻όӕୖኧޑ೛ۓǴՠځת ᄽޑفՅᆶཀကᄒฅόӕǶ߻ޣॄೢஒНՏᡂϯҗᐒఓૈᙯඤࣁႝηᜪКૻဦǴ

ࡰሺᏔҁيໆෳ౜ӦӦΠНՏϐനεཱུज़ޑвಒำࡋᆶ҅ዴࡋǴԶࡕޣஒٰԾ

߻ޣޑᜪКૻဦᙯࣁኧՏૻဦǴж߄ଞჹٰԾ߻ޣϐໆෳၗ਑ޑΒԛ໘ࢤೀ౛

ૈΚǴᖐٯԶقǴଯှ݋ࡋޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺམଛե௟ඔᓎ౗ޑၗ਑૶ᒵᏔǴ և౜ޑၗ਑ϸԶ࣬ჹಉᕫǴคݤӵႣයޑᆒዴև౜ಒ༾ޑӦΠНՏᡂϯǶӦΠ НՏޑ૶ᒵϸࢀޑࢂٿޣӝٳೀ౛ၗ਑ࡕޑ่݀ǴӢԜܭҁ࿯ќՉ຾΋؁૸ፕ

ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔϐচ౛ᆶ੝܄Ƕ

ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔࣁᐱҥ೛࿼ܭӦ߄ޑሺᏔǴதـаሺᏔጃ܈ᙁܰࡌᑐނߥៈǴ

೛࿼БݤёϩࣁӦय़ԄᆶӦΠԄǴ΋૓ϣ֖ᜪКኧՏᙯඤ(Analog.to.digital converter, ADC)ǵӄౚۓՏس಍(GPS)ǴаϷᆛၡೱௗᆶ໺ᒡϟय़฻೽ҽǶཷౣ

ၮբၸำࣁஒགෳளډޑᜪКૻဦᙯඤࣁኧՏૻဦǴ࿶ӄౚۓՏس಍ਠਔࡕǴ ஒၗ਑຾ՉᓯӸᆶഢҽǴ٩ࣴزҞޑ຾Չጕ΢ϩ݋܈ೀ౛ࡕǴ࿶җࡰۓᆛၡϟ य़໺ᒡԿᇻᆄௗԏᆄǶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔϣ೽ᜪКኧՏᙯඤሺࣁനЬाቹៜၗ਑ೀ౛

่݀ϐϡҹ(Walden, 1999)Ǵፏӵځ௦ኬᓎ౗ǵှ݋ࡋǵૻဦೀ౛ೲ౗฻೛ۓୖ

ኧǴࣣ཮ቹៜНՏᡂϯ૶ᒵޑ૶ᒵ่݀Ƕ

ᜪКኧՏᙯඤᏔёஒឦܭೱុ܄ਔ໔(continuous time)ޑᜪКૻဦǴᙯඤࣁ җ0 ᆶ 1 ж߄ᚆණਔ໔(discrete time)ޑኧՏૻဦ(David and Wiley, 1994)Ǵ྽ྕ

ࡋǵᓸΚǵᖂݢ฻ނ౛ୖኧᒿਔ໔ᡂϯਔǴ೸ၸགෳϡҹ(ᓸႝ඲Т܈ႝߔԄᔈ ᡂሺ)ǴᐒఓૈᙯඤࣁႝૈǴᜪКૻဦׯаႝᓸ܈ႝࢬॶ߄ҢǴᙯඤࣁΒ຾ڋጓ ዸࡕޑኧՏૻဦǴ౛གྷރݩΠ฻ӕܭᜪКૻဦ฻КٯܫεࡕϐૻဦǴკ3.4 ࣁ ᜪКኧՏᙯඤҢཀკǴᜪКૻဦ(კѰ)аჴጕ߄ҢǴᙯඤࡕϐኧՏૻဦаޔచ

24

კ߄Ң(კѓ)Ǵ຀ጕ߄ҢᜪКૻဦᡂϯᖿ༈ǴӚޔచጕ໔ຯϸࢀ௦ኬᓎ౗Ƕ

კ3.4 ᜪКኧՏᙯඤҢཀკ

ӧਔୱύևೱុᡂϯޑᜪКૻဦǴᄒϪࡕᙯඤࣁόೱុޑၗ਑୔໔ (interval)Ǵځϩപᓎ౗ϐ٩Ᏽᆀࣁ௦ኬᓎ౗Ȑsampling frequencyȑ܈௦ኬ౗

Ȑsampling rateȑǴ߄ҢኧՏૻဦ௦ኬԾᜪКૻဦϐᓎᕷำࡋǴ٠،ۓᙯඤࡕኧ Տૻဦೱុ܄ޑֹ౜ำࡋǴຫଯ߾ຫૈֹ᏾և౜ނ౛ୖኧᡂϯǶ

ᜪКૻဦࠟӛਁ൯ޑᡂϯϩ݋ڙڋܭADC ҁيϐՏϡኧελǴᜪКૻဦ

཮ޑਁ൯٩ྣ˟ޑࡰኧ຾ՉϩപǴԶࡰኧޑελ߾җՏϡኧ،ۓǴӢԜADC ޑՏϡኧຫεǴϩപࡕޑኧՏૻဦځࠟӛᡂϯޑಒጏำࡋຫܴᡉǶϩപࡕϐന λൂՏջж߄ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔҁيޑڗኬှ݋ࡋȐsampling resolutionȑǴаΒ຾ڋ߄ ҢǴҗ1 ᆶ 0 ಔԋǴൂՏࣁՏϡǶ

ૻဦॶ຾ՏԿΠ΋ঁኧॶޑཀကϸᔈૻဦᡂϯࢂցԖεܭനλՏ໘ႝᓸ Ȑleast significant bit, LSBȑǴж߄᝻วኧՏૻဦ຾ՏԿΠ΋ঁ໘ࢤ܌ሡᒡΕޑന λॶႝᓸǴեܭLSB ϐႝᓸᡂϯคݤ᝻ว຾ՏǴคݤ૶ᒵܭኧՏૻဦύǴࡺ΋

૓ޔௗ٬ҔLSB ૸ፕ ADC ޑှ݋ࡋǶ

౛གྷރᄊΠǴADC ᙯඤޑᒡΕᆶᒡрૻဦελևጕ܄КٯǴՠࢂᙯඤၸำ ύӸӧ๱ѸฅޑᇤৡǴ೷ԋᜪК/ኧՏૻဦޑჴሞᙯඤڄኧᆶ౛གྷᙯඤڄኧр౜

ৡ౦Ƕ΋૓ԶقǴቹៜADC ᙯඤϐᆒዴࡋޑӢનёаϩࣁኧᅿᇤৡ(Staller,

25

2005)Ǵ྽ᒡΕႝᓸ҂εܭനλՏ໘ႝᓸǴኧՏᒡрጓዸߡคݤ຾ՏډΠ΋ঁՏ ໘ǴᏤठႝᓸᡂϯ҂೏૶ᒵǴߡ཮ౢғໆϯᇤৡ(quantization error)Ǵ೭٤ᄒϪ ࡕ҂೏ኧՏૻဦև౜ޑТࢤǴϸࢀჴሞᜪКૻဦᡂϯᆶኧՏૻဦ૶ᒵϐ໔ޑৡ ౦Ǵё೸ၸቚуڗኬᓎ౗ஒϐफ़եǹ྽ኧՏᒡрጓዸ٠҂ჹᔈᜪКᒡΕႝᓸǴ Ꮴठᙯඤڄኧޑଆᗺୃ౽ਔǴջ཮೷ԋୃ౽ᇤৡ(offset error)ǹԶ྽ጓዸၲനε ॶЪคୃ౽ᇤৡӸӧਔǴऩჴሞॶᆶ౛གྷॶԖ܌ৡຯǴ೷ԋ౛གྷᆶჴሞϐᙯඤ ڄኧ௹౗όӕǴ߾ᆀᅈڅࡋᇤৡ(full scale error)ǴᇤৡٰྍࢂӢࣁୖԵႝᓸ (reference voltage)р౜ᆒࡋᇤৡǴё࿶җਠྗำׇफ़եᇤৡǶ

ԜѦǴऩૻဦᙯඤޑ໘ଯр౜ό΋ठޑ௃ݩǴᆶ౛གྷޑനλՏ໘ႝᓸр౜

ৡ౦Ǵ೷ԋᒡрޑኧॶό฻ܭჴሞૻဦǴ߾ᆀࣁ༾ϩߚጕ܄ᇤৡ(Differential Nonlinearity, DNL)Ǵ٠ќԖᑈϩߚጕ܄ᇤৡ(Intergral Nonlinearity, INL)Ҕܭඔॊ

ჴሞޑᙯඤ֖ኧᆶ౛གྷڄኧޔጕр౜ৡ౦ޑ௃ݩǶӕਔǴᗋԖ΋ᅿᇤৡٰԾႝ

ᓸޑᕓ໔ε൯ׯᡂǴᆀࣁँݢ(glitch)ǴёૈޑᆬӢхࡴௗӦय़ጕၡޑႝᓸᡂ୏ǵ

ૻဦޑόӕ؁฻Ӣન(Wu et. al, 1995)ǴၨᜤаᗉխǶ

΋૓ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔܭჴሞᔈҔύǴှ݋ࡋӭςڙज़ܭځϣ೽ᑈᡏႝၡϐ೛ीǴ

ှ݋ᜪКૻဦϐਁ൯ޑૈΚςڰۓܭ੝ۓՏϡǹ௦ኬᓎ౗߾ڙज़ܭрቷ೛ۓǴ

೽ϩၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ٠҂ගٮፓ᏾ϟय़Ǵ܈ሡа੝ۓБԄ᠐ڗǴٯӵε೽ϩኧՏᒡ рϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺςϣࡌλࠠޑၗ਑ᙯඤᏔǴᐱҥ຾ՉA/D ᙯඤаϷᙁܰ

ၗ਑ೀ౛Ǵ୯ϣၨத٬ҔޑޑхࡴIn Situ Ϧљᇙ೷ϐ Troll سӈНՏीаϷ Schlumberger ޑ Diver سӈНՏीǶԶ٬ҔᜪКᒡрϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺམଛ

ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޣǴ߾ሡჹ௦ኬᓎ౗຾ՉΑှ٠٩ࣴزሡ؃ќՉ೛ۓǶԜѦǴ௦ኬ ᓎ౗ຫଯǴନቚуᜪКૻဦϐֹ౜ࡋǴᚇૻ೏և౜ޑᐒ཮ҭᒿϐගଯǶ

26

3.3 ᇻᆄᅱෳᆶ໺ᒡ

ӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ࡌҥࡕǴၗ਑ޑᇻᆄ໺ᒡёϩࣁคጕ܈Ԗጕૻဦ໺ᒡǴ ԵໆӢનхࡴࣴزӦᗺϐӦ౛ᕉნచҹǵ٩НՏໆෳᓎ౗،ۓޑൂՏਔ໔ϣၗ

਑ໆελǵၗ਑ӣ໺ᓎ౗ᆶ਱Ԅǵ୔ୱᆛၡᓎቨ฻ǶႣ೛ܭௗԏᆄϐس಍ำԄ ᆶฯᡏҭ໪ڀ࣬ჹᔈϐၗ਑ೀ౛ೕ਱ᆶᛙۓௗԏኧᏵϐૈΚǶ

֖НቫޑӦΠНՏϐᡂϯǴҗ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ᏾ӝ຾Չໆ

ෳ٠ೀ౛ࡕǴջё೸ၸᇻᆄ໺ᒡϟय़໺ᒡԿࣴزޣࡰۓᗺǶ΋૓ԶقǴύߏำ ຯᚆϐคጕૻဦ໺ᒡǴၨࣁதـϐᒧ᏷ԖΟᅿǴϩձࣁӄౚ౽୏೯ߞس಍

(Global System for Mobile Communications, GSM)ǵ᏾ӝ࠾хคጕ୍ܺ(General Packet Radio Service , GPRS)ǵаϷϩዸӭख़຾ௗ(Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA)Ƕ

ҁࣴزଞჹࡌ࿼ϐӦΠНՏس಍ଛ࿼ޑคጕૻဦ໺ᒡБԄ߯௦ҔGPRSǴ ࣁว৖ԾGSM ޑၗ਑໺ᒡБԄǴGSM ޑኧᏵ໺ᒡБԄࣁӄำ٬ҔႝၡޑȨႝ

ၡҬඤȩ(circuit switch)БԄǴGPRS ׯа࣬ӕޑႝၡ຾Չ໺ᒡǴၗ਑ҁيа࠾

хҬඤ(packet switch)БԄڗжǴၗ਑ϩԋኧঁȨ࠾хȩࡕ໺ᒡǴ࣬ჹගଯൂՏ ਔ໔ϣ໺ᒡໆᆶᆛၡࢬໆϐ٬Ҕਏ౗Ǵࡺᒧۓࣁҁࣴزޑᇻᆄ໺ᒡБԄǶځ໺

ᒡೲ౗ຎၗ਑ጓዸБԄǵس಍ёҔၗྍǵᆛၡҬ೯ࢬໆǵаϷ٬Ҕ൑܌ރݩ฻

ӢનԶۓǶ

౜Ӧᏹբ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑ܌ሡႝΚӚԖόӕǴٯӵόӕ ޑ௦ኬᓎ౗཮ቹៜႝΚ੃઻ǹԜѦǴሺᏔ΋૓ڀԖӚԾ੝ۓޑᒡрᆶᒡΕႝᓸ ሡ؃ጄൎǴٿޣϐ໔Ѹ໪ჹᔈԿ࣬ӕጄൎǶ೽ϩሺᏔёޔௗһᒘޔࢬႝྍǴՠ

೽ϩ߾໻፾ҔܭҬࢬႝྍǴ܈ޣёᆶޔࢬႝྍӝٳ٬ҔǴࡺ౜Ӧٮႝϐଛഢᆶ ڬᜐႝᏔ׷೛ഢሡ಄ӝس಍ሡ؃Ǵ٠໪ዴߥᅱෳس಍೛࿼ᕉნޑٮႝᛙۓ܄Ǵ ᗉխߏයޑӦΠНՏᅱෳ૶ᒵڙႝΚٮᔈރݩቹៜǶ

27

চۈၗ਑ܭௗԏ٠ഢҽࡕǴε਻ਠ҅ǵᓸΚඤᆉǵНᓐ኱Ңᙯඤ฻ࡕុ೽

ϩǴё٩ࣴزޣࡰۓϩҗၗ਑૶ᒵᏔႣӃೀ౛Ǵ܈ܭᇻᆄᅱෳᆄ຾ՉඤᆉǴٿ ޣϐᒧ᏷٩ࣴزޣղᘐǴځ୷ҁচ߾ࣁዴߥၗ਑ϐ҅ዴ܄ǶԜѦǴᅱෳ߃යᔈ ќՉໆෳӦΠНՏǴჹྣس಍ӣ໺ၗ਑Ǵ٠ܭѸाਔϒаਠ҅Ǵځࡕҭᔈۓය ќՉᔠຎ٠ໆෳ౜ӦӦΠНՏǴᆶНՏ૶ᒵஒჹྣ٠ۓයਠ҅Ƕ

28

ಃѤക ଯᓎᇻᆄᅱෳس಍

ҁࣴز჋၂ࡌ࿼ଯᓎᇻᆄӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍Ǵஒ౜ϞѠ᡼Ьाа؂λਔໆ

ෳ΋฽ᕓਔНՏޑ૶ᒵᓎ౗ׯа؂ࣾដ΋฽Ǵ٠ගϲଯᓎӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ໆ

ෳޑှ݋ࡋϷᆒࡋǴаයૈவ׳ࣁ༾ᢀޑفࡋᕕှӦΠНՏޑಒ༾ᡂϯǶ ჹܭ΋ঁᇻᆄᅱෳس಍ԶقǴவຑᒧሺᏔᆶځ࣬ᜢ೛ഢǴډ຾Εჴᡍ࠻ෳ

၂ǴޔԿ໒ۈᅱෳǵௗԏᆶೀ౛ၗ਑ޑӚঁ໘ࢤǴ֡Ӹӧቹៜ૶ᒵࠔ፦ޑӢનǴ ӢԜӧޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔࡌ࿼ଯᓎᇻᆄᅱෳس಍ޑၸำύǴҁࣴز჋၂ܭჴ ᡍ࠻၂ᡍ໘ࢤ೸ၸёႣයޑ၂ᡍ่݀Ǵ᛽ձቹៜᅱෳ่݀ޑᇤৡٰྍǴ೴؁຾

Չ௨ᇤǴගٮჴሞᔈҔᅱෳϐୖԵᆶׯ຾ޑ٩ᏵǶ

4.1 س಍ࡌ࿼

٩Ᏽೕ਱ຑᒧр፾྽ޑሺᏔ೛ഢࡕǴ٠ߚж߄၀ᅱෳس಍ૈև౜಄ӝႣය ޑ҅ዴໆෳ่݀ǴচӢϐ΋ࣁሺᏔ೛ഢޑ߄౜ό΋ۓᆶ܌Ңೕ਱΋ठǴ௨ନႝ

ᓸک࣬ᜢ೛ഢޑቹៜ฻ӢનǴёૈሺᏔҁيջڀԖྵ౪Ǵനޔௗޑᔈჹ௛ࡼё ޔௗ؎ඤǴฅԶӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑࡌ࿼ၸำύǴԜࣁന৒ܰೀ౛ϐ೽ϩǹচ ӢϐΒ߾ࣁനЬाϐӢનǴ߯ᆶ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺམଛޑ࣬ᜢ೛ഢԖᜢ(ᆅጕ೛

࿼ǵၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑೀ౛ኳԄ฻)Ǵ྽؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ࿶җႝᢑጕᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ

࣬ௗǴቹៜၗ਑ࠔ፦ᆶև౜่݀ޑᇤৡٰྍҭӕਔቚуǴ೽ϩቹៜӢનԖਔค ݤ೸ၸᇙ೷ޣ܌ගٮޑϟय़຾Չׯ຾ǴቚуΑׯ๓ၗ਑ࠔ፦ޑ֚ᜤࡋǶӢԜᅱ

ෳس಍ύӚঁಔҹᒧҔޑሺᏔ೛ഢѸ໪࿶ၸӄय़܄ޑቩ཈ԵໆǶ

ຑ᏷ᔈҔܭҁࣴزᅱෳس಍ύޑಔҹਔǴ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺаှ݋ࡋϷന ଯໆෳᓎ౗ࣁ߃؁ᓬӃԵໆǴځԛࣁനε܍ၩᓸΚǵᓸΚໆෳኳԄ฻ǹᆶϐ࣬

ௗϐၗ਑૶ᒵᏔǴᓬӃຑᒧᆶ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑႝྍᒡΕೕ਱࣬಄ޣǴ٠ஒ

29

ၗ਑ᓯӸໆǵਠਔфૈǵႝྍሡ؃ኳԄǵᆛၡ໺ᒡϟय़฻ΨયΕԵໆǶೱௗٿ ޣϐ໔ޑႝᢑጕᆶೱௗၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑႝྍጕǴ߾ຎࣴزሡ؃ԵໆځߏࡋаϷ࣬

ᜢߥៈ௛ࡼǴځдၨ႟ࢃޑಒ࿯ፏӵΓࣁࢲ୏܈౜Ӧ਻ং฻ቹៜำࡋၨλޑӢ નǴ΋ٳયΕࡌ࿼ਔޑᆕӝԵໆǶ

ҁࣴز჋၂຾Չᇻᆄᅱෳس಍ϐ౜Ӧໆෳ၂ᡍǴᒧۓࠄ׫ᑜޑޗቧӦΠН Տᢀෳϔ೛࿼ᅱෳس಍Ǵၗ਑ໆෳᓎ౗ሡ؃ࣁ΋ࣾ΋฽Ǵ٠Եໆ၀୔ୱ֖Нቫ ޑНՏᡂϯ੝܄Ǵӧอਔ໔ϣޑНՏᡂϯၨࣁಒ༾Ǵሡाၨଯޑှ݋ࡋ຾Չໆ

ෳǴᆕӝຑ՗ࡕຑᒧࡕ௦ҔPressure Systems Inc.ᇙ೷Ǵࠠဦࣁ KPSI 735 ϐ؈Н ԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǶځѦෘ೽ϩҗόឌᒳ׷፦ಔԋǴڀԖٛᇑфૈǴ߈ໆෳᗺޑ҃

ᆄҗ໒ܫय़ሷᇂ(open face nose cap)ߥៈǴϣ೽ޑᓸΚໆෳኳԄ߯௦Ҕৡ౦ᓸΚ БԄǴឦܭ೯਻ԄޑགᓸᜪࠠǴԶႝྍᒡрኳԄ٬Ҕ0.5 ҷ੝(ޔࢬႝ)ޑႝᓸᜪ КૻဦǶځނ౛੝܄ᆶໆෳ܄ૈ฻໨Ҟӵ߄4.1 ܌ҢǶ

߄4.1 KPSI735 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑނ౛੝܄ᆶໆෳ܄ૈ

ख़ໆ 198g

ႝᢑѦෘ׷፦ ᆫữ✊(Polyurethane) നε܍ၩᓸΚ

(full scale) 30psig ऐᓸᓸΚ

(Proof Pressure) 1.5 x FS ઇᚯᓸΚ

(Burst Pressure) 2.0 x FS

ှ݋ࡋ

(Resolution) ±0.0001% FS ᆒࡋ

(Accuracy) ±0.05% FSO

30

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ܌ૈໆෳϐനε܍ၩᓸΚǴܭᇙբ໘ࢤߡς೛ۓǴ΋૓

೯਻Ԅёᒧ᏷ޑനε܍ၩᓸΚጄൎҗλԿεёϩࣁ5ǵ15ǵ30ǵ100ǵ300ǵ500 psiǴԶߚ೯਻Ԅ߾Ԗ 30ǵ100ǵ300ǵ500 psi ฻Ѥᅿᒧ᏷ǶᔈҔܭҁࣴزύޑ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴځനεޑ܍ၩᓸΚࣁ300 psig (ऊ 210 m H2O)ǴฅԵໆډ؈

НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑനε܍ၩᓸΚຫଯǴځᆒࡋᆶှ݋ࡋΨ࣬ჹຫեǴӕਔޗቧ ӦΠНՏᢀෳϔᐕԃНՏനεࠟӛᡂϯጄൎӧ10 ϦЁаϣǴӦ߄ᆶӦΠНՏय़ ޑຯᚆϐᡂ୏ጄൎҭऊኧϦЁޑރݩΠǴԵໆᅱෳҞޑࣁڗளଯᓎЪଯᆒࡋޑ НՏᡂϯ૶ᒵǴӧ՗ᆉ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺܭ౜Ӧёૈၶډޑനε܍ᓸጄൎࡕࡺ

ࡰۓᔈҔܭҁࣴزύޑനε܍ၩᓸΚࣁ30 psigǴඤᆉൂՏऊࣁ 21 ϦЁǴჹᔈ ள౛གྷှ݋ࡋࣁ0.2 ϦᙶǴᆒྗࡋऊࣁ 1 ϦϩǶ

ԶԜᆒྗࡋॶᆶှ݋ࡋ֡໻ज़ҔܭԜനε܍ၩᓸΚࣁ30psi ޑ؈НԄᓸΚ ᙯඤሺǴ΋ѿ܍ᓸጄൎຬၸԜज़Ǵߡ཮೷ԋၨεޑໆෳᇤৡǴ྽܍ᓸࣁനε܍

ၩᓸΚޑ1.5 ७ਔǴۘёࠀமᆢ࡭ໆෳޑфૈǴऩຬၸ 2 ७а΢Ǵ߾཮೷ԋ҉

Φ܄ઇᚯǴԶόፕᓸΚຬၸӭϿǴ୷ྗ೿ٰԾ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺϣ೽ޑགᓸጢ Тޑ܍ڙᓸΚໆǴӢԜό໻ၸుޑНՏ཮೷ԋໆෳ΢ޑၸၩǴᏹբၸำύޑ᎜

୏܈࿘ናΨёૈԋࣁቹៜགᓸጢТޑѦΚӢનǴ೷ԋᅱෳس಍ಔҹޑ઻ཞǶ ҁس಍٬Ҕޑၗ਑૶ᒵᏔǴҗSkyBees Technology Ϧљᇙ೷Ǵࠠဦࣁ GG200Ǵϣࡌ GPS ᆶ GPRSǴϣ೽೛࿼ 32 ঁᓎၰǴёӕਔᆶ 32 ঁፁࢃೱጕǴ

ၗ਑ޑۓਔ߯࿶җགᔈፁࢃૻဦࡕ຾Չ૶ᒵǴԶࡕஒໆෳၗ਑а࠾хБԄ໺ᒡ ԿᇻᆄௗԏᆄǶၗ਑ᓯӸ໨Ҟхࡴਔ໔ǵѳ֡НᓸаϷႝ౟ႝᓸ฻໨Ǵ೽ϩф

ૈ߾ܭᇻᆄҗќѦኗቪޑำԄ୺Չ(ٯӵҗᇻᆄ೛ۓڗኬᓎ౗܈୺Չమନ೛ۓ)Ƕ

ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔϐނ౛੝ቻᆶ࣬ᜢၗ਑ӈܭ߄4.2Ƕ

31

߄4.2 GG200 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑނ౛੝܄ᆶໆෳ܄ૈ

Ѧෘελ(Ϧϩ) 12 x 9.3 x 3.4

ख़ໆ 530 g

҅தᏹբྕࡋ -20 ~ +60 ʚ

૶Ꮻᡏ৒ໆ 1GB

A/D 0.5DCV

ᒡΕα 4

ڗኬᓎ౗ 1.3600 ࣾ/ԛ ѳ֡ᓯӸᆶ໺ᒡᓎ౗ 1.1440 ϩដ/ԛ

ޔࢬႝᓸᒡΕጄൎ 6.30VDC

ᒧۓ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔࡕǴ຾΋؁ᆶ࣬ᜢಔҹ᏾ӝܭٛНѦ ጃϣǴӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑᚉࠠҢܭკ4.1Ƕҁࣴزᅱෳس಍ޑૻဦ᏾ӝၸำ߯

࿶җၗ਑૶ᒵᏔஒᜪКૻဦኧՏϯǴ຾ՉᓯӸᆶ໺ᒡࡕǴӆܭᇻᆄஒᜪКႝᓸ ॶ࿶ጕ܄ਠ҅ϦԄᙯࣁНՏ૶ᒵǶฅԶᗨฅӚঁ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ֡а࣬ӕޑ ᇙำᇙ೷Ǵ༾൯ޑঁᡏৡ౦ϝฅӸӧǴӢԜӚԾޑਠ҅ϦԄࣣό࣬ӕǴΠӈϦ Ԅ໻፾ҔᔈҔܭҁࣴزޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǺ

Level = 6.1807 × (VDC − 0.1787)

კ4.1 ҁࣴز٬Ҕϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔೱௗҢཀკ(অׯ ԾPressure Systems Inc.ᆶ SkyBees Technology Co.)

32

4.2 س಍೛࿼ᆶׯ຾

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺܭрቷ߻Ǵӭς຾Չ΋سӈෳ၂аዴߥځໆෳфૈǴٯ ӵӭᗺෳ၂ǵᚇૻК(signal to noise ratio)ǵᡫ௵ࡋ(sensitivity)ǵ႟ᗺᆶനε܍ၩ

ᓸΚ(full scale) аϷᛙۓࡋ฻ǴӚ໨ෳ၂ᕴीᐕਔҭ໪ၲډ΋ۓޑໆෳਔኧǴ ฅԶஒځᔈҔܭᅱෳϐ߻Ǵ٩ฅԖѸा٣߻຾ՉኳᔕໆෳǴନΑዴߥ၀ᙯඤሺ ޑໆෳ่݀಄ӝႣයǴ٠Ъёаӕਔᔠᡍᙯඤሺᆶٯӵၗ਑૶ᒵᏔམଛਔޑᆕ ӝໆෳ่݀ᆶ૶ᒵࠔ፦Ƕ

аҁس಍ԶقǴෳ၂ਔޑЬाБӛࣁᡍ᛾၀؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺჹܭНՏᡂ ϯ૶ᒵޑᛙۓ܄Ǵ٠೸ၸόӕБԄׯᡂНᡏރᄊǴዴᇡНՏ૶ᒵࢂցϸࢀჴሞ НՏᡂϯǶ၂ᡍБԄхࡴᓉ࿼Нᡏǵ᎜ᕏНᡏǵ܈ቚ෧НՏଯࡋ฻БԄǴӕਔ Ѹ໪མଛόӕໆෳᓎ౗೛ۓǴаϷଛӝၗ਑૶ᒵᏔаόӕ௟ඔೲ౗຾ՉໆෳǴ ቶݱӦ຾Չᡍ᛾٠ᢀჸ؂ԛНՏ૶ᒵޑࠔ፦ᆶ่݀Ǵკ4.2 ջࣁ๏ϒ໔ྂ܄᎜

ᕏᆶᓉ࿼Нᡏ٠຾ՉНՏໆෳޑጄٯǶԜѦǴӕਔᔠᡍᆶፓ᏾ᇻᆄջਔᡉҢس

಍Ǵଞჹᇻᆄ໺ᒡޑၗ਑ಕᑈໆǵ໺ᒡރᄊ฻೽ϩ຾ՉਠᡍǴ຾Չࡕᆄޑೀ౛

ำׇǶ

კ4.2 ๏ϒНᡏ໔ྂ܄᎜ᕏаϷᓉ࿼НᡏޑНՏໆෳ่݀ጄٯ

13

15 17

0 1 2 3 4 5

16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

ϩដ

Н

Տ (cm)

Н

Տ

(cm)

33

4.2.1 ᛙۓ૶ᒵ܌ሡਔ໔

ჴᡍ࠻ෳ၂߃යǴନଞჹҁࣴز٬Ҕϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ຾Չჴሞໆෳᡍ

᛾ᛙۓࡋᆶᡫ௵ࡋǴ٠ӧჴᡍ࠻ኳᔕϔНՏໆෳᕉნǴ٬Ҕ೛ഢࣁ΋Ѡၗ਑૶

ᒵᏔ(GG200)ᆶٿЍ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ(KPSI735)ೱௗǴය໔ϩԛ຾Չኧᅿόӕ ໆෳᓎ౗ϐᕓਔНՏᡂϯෳ၂Ǵхࡴϖϩដ΋฽ǵ΋ϩដ΋฽ǵаϷ΋ࣾដ΋

฽฻Ƕკ4.3 ࣁஒٿଫᙯඤሺ࿼ܭӕ΋ుࡋǴ٠؂ϩដໆෳ΋฽ޑอයෳ၂ၗ

਑Ǵෳ၂ϣ৒ࣁᓉ࿼НᡏԶࡕ༾൯ගଯНՏǶ

კ4.3 ᡉҢٿЍ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ૶ᒵεठ࣬಄Ǵᓉ࿼ය໔НՏݢ

୏ޑङඳှ݋ࡋ֡ࣁ0.2 ϦᙶѰѓǴᒿНՏ༾൯ቚଯǴٿޣϐ໔ޑНՏᡂϯ૶

ᒵ໻Ԗ٤༾ৡ౦ǴޔԿ၂ᡍ่״ǴНᡏӆࡋᓉ࿼ਔǴёᢀჸډٿޣНՏᡂϯৡ ౦ऊࣁ0.21 ϦᙶǴჹᔈНՏᡂϯޑࠟӛᡂϯ૶ᒵໆҭ࣬ৡค൳ǴᡉҢٿЍ؈Н ԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ૶ᒵڀԖؼӳޑ΋ठ܄ǴҁࣴزᇡࣁԜ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ ڀԖёჹᔈ҂ٰޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐໆෳૈΚᆶᛙۓ܄Ƕ

ฅԶෳ၂߃යϝёว౜НՏ૶ᒵό࣬಄ޑ೽ϩǴკ4.3 ᡉҢԾଆۈਔ໔ၸ ٿঁၗ਑ᗺǴҭջٿϩដࡕǴٿЍ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ૶ᒵωᖿܭ࣬಄Ǵ ӧԜϐ߻΋ဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ܌૶ᒵНՏऊଯрΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ0.15 ϦϩǴᡉҢ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺԾ௴୏ډᛙۓޑ૶ᒵНՏሡ΋ۓޑਔ໔Ǵёૈচ Ӣϐ΋ࢂᙯඤሺϣ೽ޑགᓸጢТჹྕࡋ࣬྽௵གǴ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺӧᆶНᡏ ޑྕࡋϷᓸΚᡂϯၲډѳᑽϐ߻Ǵ཮ቹៜНՏኧᏵޑ૶ᒵǶ

34

კ4.3 ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ

Ѡ᡼ޑᢀෳϔӦΠНՏ૶ᒵύǴҭමӢࢱϔ܈ځдӢનᏤठᅱෳ૶ᒵύᘐǴ ځࡕНՏ૶ᒵܭኧλਔࣗԿъϺа΢ωӣᘜ҅தϐރݩǶӢԜӦΠНՏၗ਑҅

ዴ܄ޑቹៜӢનǴځ΋ջࣁଆۈය໔ޑໆෳᇤৡǴჹܭϩ݋ၨอਔ໔НՏᡂϯ ϐࣴزǴԖਔ໪ჹᅱෳଆۈය໔ޑ૶ᒵ຾Չຑ՗ǴӢځёૈࢂሺᏔ೛ഢᆶѦӧ ᕉნၲډѳᑽၸำύЇଆϐᡂϯǴ٠ߚ੿ჴӦΠНՏǶ

Н Տ (cm)

0.0 0.1 0.2

0.3

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ(1) ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ(2)

ϩដ Н

Տ ᡂ ϯ ໆ (cm)

35

4.2.2 ០୏ኳԄ

ࡕុჴᡍ࠻ෳ၂ය໔ǴΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ૶ᒵ೴ᅌр౜౦தᆶᒱ ᇤǴᛙۓࡋ೴ᅌΠफ़Ǵаკ4.4 ܌ҢࣁٯǴໆෳය໔ٿЍ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ࿼ܭ ᓉ࿼НᡏύǴ٠໔ྂ܄ޑ๏ϒѦΚᇙ೷᎜ᕏǴᢀჸНՏᡂϯǴᅱෳᓎ౗ࣁ؂ࣾ΋

ដ΋฽Ǵᕴෳ၂ਔ໔ऊ5 λਔǴკύ໻ᄒڗෳ၂ၸำύ೽ϩТࢤǴаँᡉࣾដભ ᅱෳၗ਑ܭှ݋ࡋόىϐ௃ݩΠޑໆෳ่݀ǴკύёܴᡉᢀჸډΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚ ᙯඤሺޑ૶ᒵܴᡉᆶ΋ဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺόӕǶ

΋ဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺёᢀჸډѤԛၨЬाޑ᎜ᕏᡂϯǴಃ΋ԛ᎜ᕏࠟӛന εᡂϯໆၲ2.22 ϦᙶǴԶΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ߾ࣁ 1.4 ϦᙶǴ٠҂և౜ӵ΋ဦ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ૶ᒵډޑӛ΢ၨε൯ࡋᡂϯǹԶಃΒԛ᎜ᕏΒޣ֡Ԗ૶ᒵډර

΢ޑᡂϯǴฅԶΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ٠҂ϸᔈරΠޑ᎜ᕏᡂϯǴ٠Ъև౜চӢ όܴޑНՏ࡭ѳǴ૶ᒵޑ࡭ѳਔ໔ऊኧΜࣾǹԶಃΟԛޑ᎜ᕏёаว౜Βဦ؈Н ԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ٠҂ϸࢀНՏޑ΢ϲᡂϯǴ໻ԖНՏᡂϯරΠޑ૶ᒵǴ٠Ъϐࡕ٠

҂ҥջӣᘜԿচҁНय़ଯࡋǴёаᢀჸډٿЍ܌૶ᒵډޑࠟӛനεᡂϯໆᆶᡂϯ

׎ᄊ࣬྽όӕǴ྽Βဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑ૶ᒵډၲঢ়ॶޑਔংǴр౜ऊኧΜࣾ

ޑНՏ࡭ѳǴԶЪ᎜ᕏࡕ҂ӣᘜԿচҁНय़ଯࡋǶ

ෳ၂่݀ᡉҢᅌᖿ౦தϐΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺคݤᔈҔܭჴӦᅱෳޗቧ ӦΠНՏᢀෳϔǴᙖҗӧჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍஒϐᆶ΋ဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺჹКǴளаᕕ

ှΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ૶ᒵόឦܭჴሞޑНՏᡂϯǴளаᗉխᇤղǶ࿶

җჹКٿЍ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ่݀ǴளаΑှѨѐᆒྗࡋޑНՏ૶

ᒵϸᔈϐ௃ݩǶ

ჹܭჴሞᅱෳᢀෳϔНՏᡂϯǴ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑ༾λ౦த۳۳όܰԾਔ ໔ЁࡋၨεޑНՏ૶ᒵύว౜ǴߏၲኧД܈ኧԃޑНՏᐕጕკёૈคݤᡉ౜ᆒዴ ࡋ೴ᅌफ़եޑНՏ૶ᒵ௃ݩǴ٬ࣴزޣᇤղࣁ੿ჴНՏᡂϯǴࣗԿёૈ೷ԋϐࡕ ߏਔ໔ಕᑈϐၗ਑֡ሡక࿼ϐރݩǶӢԜܭӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ޑࡌҥ߻යǴԖѸ

ा౗ӃᘠନሺᏔচӢ೷ԋϐНՏᡂϯϸᔈόᆒྗޑٰྍǴ٠ЪΑှځ܌೷ԋޑᒱ ᇤޑНՏᡂϯࠠᄊࣁՖǴаٮࡕុࡌҥᒣᇡޑ୷ྗǶ

36

კ4.4 ჹК࿼ܭӕ΋Нᡏ٠๏ϒ໔ྂ܄᎜ᕏޑ΋ဦᆶΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺНՏ૶ᒵ

ԜѦǴଞჹໆෳ่݀և౜ှ݋ࡋ࣬ჹၨեǴЪ೴ᅌр౜౦தനಖᏤठ؎ඤޑ Βဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴࣴղёૈᆶᒧҔޑ០୏ኳԄԖᜢǴҁ၂ᡍύޑٿЍ؈Н ԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ֡௦ҔۓႝᓸྍޑኳԄ຾ՉໆෳǴа9-28v ޑႝᓸᒡΕǴ٠௦Ҕ 0-5VDC բࣁᒡрޑႝᓸ਱Ԅၗ਑(߄ 4.3)ǴЬाৡ౦ٰԾΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ ޑᢑጕၨ΋ဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺߏǴឦၨߏຯϐၗ਑໺ᒡຯᚆǴฅԶ٬Ҕۓႝᓸ

ྍբࣁୖԵႝྍޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴځᒡрޑႝᓸૻဦྗዴ܄ᆶጕ܄࣬ჹၨեǴ

߯ӢځڀԖӢႝߔᒿᏤጕᡂߏԶቚεࡕǴҭ཮ᒿϐ෧১Ꮴठໆෳૻဦᡂλޑ੝܄Ǵ ڙྕࡋᡂϯϐቹៜҭ࣬ჹၨܴᡉǴ٠ёૈӢԜ೷ԋΒဦ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺޑНՏ

૶ᒵౢғ౦தǶ΋૓ԶقǴۓႝᓸྍኳԄၨ፾ܭ30 ϦЁаϣᢑጕߏޑӦΠНՏ ᅱෳس಍ǴӢԜၸߏޑၗ਑໺ᒡຯᚆёૈ೷ԋᅱෳس಍ޑॄᏼǴᏤठໆෳၗ਑ޑ ౦தǶ

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

0 3 6 9

؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺ(2)

؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺ(1)

ϩដ

Н

Տ (cm)

Н

Տ

(cm)

37

߄4.3 ҁࣴزϐ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ០୏ኳԄޑᒡΕᆶჹᔈᒡрೕ਱

០୏БԄ

(excitation mode) ᒡрೕ਱

ۓႝᓸ (constant voltage)

9-28 V

0-5 VDC 0-2.5 VDC

0-4 VDC 9-28 V 4-20 mA 15-28 V 0-10 V 10-28 V 1.5-7.5 VDC ۓႝࢬ

(constant current)

20 mA(Max) mA 3-5 mA(Max) VDC

38

4.2.3 ၗ਑ೀ౛ೲ౗

ᔈҔܭҁᅱෳس಍ޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔǴځໆෳ໩ׇӃҗᙯඤ ሺགᓸࡕஒϐᙯඤࣁаႝᓸॶ߄ҢޑᜪКૻဦǴԶࡕࡌҥਔ໔΢ࣁӭᗺೱុϐᚆ ණၗ਑Ǵϐࡕ໺ᒡԿၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ٠٩ࣴزޣࡰۓೲ౗຾Չೀ౛Ǵࡰۓϐڗኬᓎ౗

ஒኧՏϯޑᜪКૻဦᙯࣁࣾដǵϩដǴ܈ޣλਔભޑኧᏵǴ٠಍᏾ᆶᓯӸǶ ܭჴᡍ࠻ෳ၂ၸำύǴว౜НՏᡂϯ૶ᒵϐှ݋ࡋޑచҹନΑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯ ඤሺϐѦǴۘԖ೽ϩڗ،ܭၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑ௟ඔᓎ౗Ǵόӕޑ௟ඔᓎ౗཮ᏤठНՏ

૶ᒵև౜ޑ่݀όӕǶаკ4.5 ᆶ 4.6 ࣁٯǴٿঁ၂ᡍ֡٬Ҕӕ΋Ѝ؈НԄᓸΚ ᙯඤሺ(KPSI735)ෳ၂Ǵෳᡍၸำύ࿼ܭᓉ࿼НᡏǴໆෳᓎ౗֡௦΋ࣾដ΋฽Ƕ კ4.5 ܌Ң߯ࡰۓၗ਑аזೲኳԄໆෳϐ่݀Ǵҭջ೛ۓၨଯޑ௟ඔೲ౗ೀ౛ٰ

ԾᙯඤሺޑኧᏵǴӧӕኬा؃ࡌҥ΋ࣾដ΋ঁНՏ૶ᒵᗺޑ௃ݩΠǴӢၗ਑૶ᒵ Ꮤа࣬ჹၨזޑೲ౗௟ඔၗ਑Ǵ຾ԶᏤठၗ਑ޑև౜ᡂள࣬ჹಉᕫǴԜਔङඳН Տޑှ݋ࡋऊࣁ0.4 Կ 0.5 ϦᙶǴՠНՏᡂϯ૶ᒵ࣬ჹᡂளၨࣁѳᛙǶკ 4.6 ࣁ

ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔа΋૓ኳԄ୺Չϐໆෳ่݀Ǵӧᅱෳᓎ౗ӕࣁ΋ࣾដ΋฽ޑ௃ݩΠǴ

΋ኬаӄำᓉ࿼Нᡏ຾ՉໆෳǴёаᢀჸډໆෳளډޑНՏ૶ᒵᆶკ4.5 ᄒฅό ӕǴНՏ΢Πᡂ୏ޑ൯ࡋᆶஏ໣ำࡋεࣁගଯǴϸᔈ၀ԛ၂ᡍНՏ૶ᒵჹНՏᡂ ϯޑᡫ௵ࡋගϲǴङඳНՏϐှ݋ࡋගଯࣁ0.2 Կ 0.3 ϦᙶѰѓǴ᏾ᡏНՏ૶ᒵ ϸᔈಒ༾ޑε਻ᓸΚᡂϯǴౢғλ൯ޑᖿ༈ᡂϯǶ

ଞჹҁࣴز܌٬Ҕޑၗ਑૶ᒵᏔаٿᅿόӕ௟ඔᓎ౗ޑኳԄ୺Չໆෳޑ่

݀Ǵёว౜זೲኳԄૈගٮၨѳᛙՠှ݋ࡋ࣬ჹၨեޑНՏᡂϯ૶ᒵǴ௦Ҕ΋૓

ኳԄ߾཮ගଯ૶ᒵှ݋ࡋǴϸᔈ׳ಒ༾НՏᡂϯǶฅԶǴᆶԜӕਔᚇૻ೏ܫεϐ ёૈ܄ҭ࣬ჹගଯǶ

ܭӦΠНϔ຾ՉӦΠНՏᅱෳਔǴନΑԵໆၗ਑૶ᒵᏔޑ܄ૈ೛ۓǴ௟ඔᓎ

౗ޑ௦Ҕҭ໪ԵቾࣴزҞޑᆶࣴز୔ୱޑ֖Нቫ੝܄ǴаҁࣴزޑޗቧӦΠНՏ ᢀෳϔࣁٯǴ၀ϔߏਔ໔НՏᡂϯᖿ༈ѳ጗ǴङඳНՏᡂ୏൯ࡋλǴԵໆଯᓎᅱ

ෳϐҞޑԑӧϩ݋ਔ໔Ёࡋၨอޑ࣬ჹᡉ๱ᡂϯǴࡺᒧҔזೲ୺ՉኳԄᔈҔܭᅱ

ෳس಍ύǶ

39

კ4.5 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔаזೲኳԄ୺ՉǴ΋ࣾដ΋฽ϐНՏᡂϯໆ

კ4.6 ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔа΋૓ኳԄ୺ՉǴ΋ࣾដ΋฽ϐНՏᡂϯໆ 0

1 2 3

0 5 10 15 20

ϩដ!

Н Տ ᡂ ϯ ໆ (mm)

0 1 2 3

0 5 10 15 20

ϩដ!

Н Տ ᡂ ϯ ໆ (mm)

40

4.2.4 ٮႝᛙۓ܄

ٮႝႝᓸϐᛙۓ܄ჹܭଯှ݋ࡋޑଯᓎᇻᆄᅱෳس಍࣬྽ख़ाǴჹܭаႝߔ ϡҹࣁਡЈޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺǴځϣ೽ޑགᓸϡҹѸ໪Ӄ೸ၸٮႝႝᓸᒡΕ௴

୏ǴԶࡕωૈགᔈᓸΚᡂϯǴӢԜჹٮႝႝᓸޑᡂϯཱུࣁ௵གǶόᛙۓޑٮႝႝ

ᓸ܈ᖏਔ܄ޑᘐႝǴ཮ቹៜໆෳ่݀Ǵ೷ԋ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺନΑགᔈჴሞНᓸ ᡂϯ೷ԋޑႝᓸૻဦѦǴᚐѦڙډٮႝႝᓸᡂϯޑቹៜǴёૈ೷ԋόឦܭჴሞН ՏᡂϯޑેፂૻဦǴ٠ЪёૈӢᖏਔ܄ᘐႝ೷ԋၗ਑ύᘐаϷ࣬ᜢሺᏔ೛ഢޑཞ ᚯǴѸ໪ଞჹԜёૈ܄уаٛጄǶ

ҁࣴز࿶Եໆࡕᒧ᏷ܭ౜Ӧᆶᇻᆄᅱෳᗺ೛࿼ڀԖᛙᓸфૈޑόᘐႝس಍

(uninterruptible power supply, UPSȑǴᒧ᏷ޑࠠဦࣁ BE500TWǴҗ American Power Conversion Ϧљᇙ೷Ǵँݢૈໆޑ֎ԏໆࣁ 365 ขԸǴᚐۓ৒ໆ(؂ࣾനεႝф

౗)ࣁ 300 ґ(500 ҷӼ୻)Ǵനεᕴႝૈٮᔈໆࣁ 90000 ขԸǴҭջૈаനεॄၩ

300 ґೱុٮႝऊ 5 ϩដ(კ 4.7)ǴҔа௨ନᢀෳϔٮႝႝᓸόᛙჹНՏ૶ᒵᛙۓ

܄ϐቹៜǶ

ҁࣴز೛࿼ޑӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ύǴ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺᆶၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ࣬ೱǴ

܌ሡޑٮႝҗၗ਑૶ᒵᏔೱௗٮᔈǴаၗ਑૶ᒵᏔ(GG200)ϐႝྍᒡΕೕ਱ 100 డӼ୻ᆶ12 ҷ੝(ޔࢬႝ)ीᆉǴҭջځ܌ሡႝф౗ࣁ 1.2 ґǴඤᆉࡕ၀س಍ё ܭᘐႝਔೱុٮႝऊ20 λਔǴբࣁٮႝύᘐਔයޑᖏਔႝྍǶܭჴᡍ࠻ჴሞჹ

٬Ҕܭҁࣴزޑᅱෳس಍຾Չෳ၂ࡕǴዴۓёගٮ҂ٰޗቧ౜Ӧٮႝύᘐࡕೱុ

8 λਔа΢ޑٮႝሡ؃ໆǶ

ܭჴᡍ࠻၂ᡍ໘ࢤǴමӢᇻᆄᅱෳᆄᘐႝ೷ԋၗ਑৤ཞ྄ǴᏤठၗ਑ޑ໺ᒡ ᆶௗԏύᘐǴࡺჹܭႣ೛ߏය٬ҔѦௗႝྍϐᇻᆄᅱෳس಍ǴԖѸाԵໆٮႝҁ يᆶٮႝႝᓸϐᛙۓ܄Ǵ೛࿼࣬ᜢޑᔈჹ೛ഢǴ٠ૈӢԶᗉխӦΠНՏ૶ᒵӢཀ Ѧ(Ӧ᎜܈ኪߘ฻)Ӣન೷ԋ૶ᒵલᅅ܈౦தǶ

41

კ4.7 ҁࣴز܌٬Ҕޑ UPS ഢႝૈΚკ(অׯԾ APC)

42

4.3 ౜Ӧᅱෳ

ҁࣴزύӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍࿶ၸᕴी655 λਔޑ၂ᡍᆶਠ҅ࡕǴନΑࡌҥჹ ܭёૈቹៜӦΠНՏ૶ᒵࠔ፦ϐӢનޑΑှǴ٠Եໆ၀س಍ࡕុޑჴሞᔈҔǴᒧ Ҕ೯਻Ԅޑ؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ຾Չ೛࿼а௨ନ਻ᓸᡂϯቹៜǴനε܍ၩᓸΚᒧۓ 30 psiǴаჹᔈႣۓᅱෳӦᗺϐӦΠНՏᡂϯǴୖԵႝྍϐ០୏ኳԄ௦ۓႝᓸྍǴ ٠ќ೛࿼όᘐႝᛙᓸس಍ߥ࡭ٮႝႝᓸޑᛙۓ܄Ǵၗ਑ޑೀ౛߾௦ҔזೲኳԄа ճᢀჸډಒ༾ޑНՏᡂϯǶӕਔࣁዴߥଯᓎၗ਑ܭਔ໔૶ᒵ΢ޑ҅ዴ܄Ǵ௦Ҕӄ ౚۓՏس಍຾ՉਠਔǴၗ਑ޑᇻᆄ໺ᒡБԄ٬ҔGPRS ໺ᒡǴ؂ϩដ໺ᒡ΋ԛ࠾

хǴᇻᆄջਔௗԏᆄ߾а؂΋ϩដ׳ཥ΋ԛӧᑻჿᡉҢനཥӦΠНՏᡂϯǴջਔ ᢀჸޑਔ໔୔໔ጄൎࣁ΋ԿΟλਔǶ

ᅱෳس಍ޑ೛࿼ೕჄନԵໆႝྍޑٮᔈѦǴ٠ќՉϩ݋ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ ޑਔНՏᐕў૶ᒵǴႣӃΑှޗቧޑӦΠНՏᡂϯኳԄǴዴߥ௨ନΓࣁࢲ୏ϐቹ ៜǴᒧۓϐᢀෳϔՏܭࠄ׫ᑜԮξᙼޗቧ୯λǶ

؈НԄᓸΚᙯඤሺ࿼ܭϔు20 ϦЁೀǴ࿼ܭӦ߄ϐ໺ᒡጕаᆫෛΌ౎(PVC)

׷፦ޑ঺ᆅߥៈǴӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍ύ೛ܭӦ߄ޑಔҹ(ၗ਑૶ᒵᏔǵόᘐႝᛙ ᓸس಍ǵନᔸ೛ഢ฻)(კ 4.8)Ǵ᏾ӝ࿼ΕٛНጃࡕࢎ೛ܭᢀෳϔڬᜐ୔ୱǶ

კ4.8 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ౜ӦଯᓎᇻᆄӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍

43

ಃϖക ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔଯᓎНՏᡂϯ

5.1 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϷਔНՏ૶ᒵϩ݋

ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐࡌ࿼ۈܭ࿶ᔮ೽Нճ࿿วଆϐࣁය17 ԃޑѠ᡼Ӧ୔

ӦΠНᢀෳᆛीฝǴԜीฝஒѠ᡼ޑӦΠНϩѲ຾ՉϩࣚǴ٠ჹӚ୔ޑНЎӦ፦

຾Չӭঁ௖୎໨ҞǴхࡴӦ፦ᢕ௖ᆶ۟޻ϩ݋ǵӦౚނ౛ෳ୎ǵӦ߄ႝߔ౗௖୎ǵ ђ؈ᑈᕉნӦቫࣴزǵӦΠНᢀෳϔޑࡌ࿼ᆶᆅ౛ǵаϷНճ၂ᡍᆶН፦ϩ݋฻Ǵ ٠ஒѠ᡼୔ୱӦΠН٩ࢬୱϷՉࡹ୔ୱ຾ՉϩࣚࡕǴࡌҥӚ୔ޑНЎӦ፦ϩቫϷ ӦΠНཷۺኳࠠǴࡌ࿼ӄѠ᡼ӄय़܄ޑНЎӦ፦ၗ਑৤ǶځύޑޗቧӦΠНՏᢀ

ෳϔឦܭѠ᡼Ӧ୔ӦΠНᢀෳᆛीฝ1992 ԃԿ 1998 ԃಃ΋යीฝޑࡌ࿼ϔǴϔ ဦ08040311Ǵጎࡋࣁܿ࿶ 120±42Ǵчጎ 23±48Ǵ೛֟ܭࠄ׫ᑜԮξᙼޗቧٚ໣

ξၡ1723 ဦޗቧ୯λϣǶ၀යीฝය໔ᕴीࣁය 7 ԃǴፓࢗጄൎхࡴᐜНྛؑ

ᑈ৻ǵࡀܿѳচǵаϷԘηྛачޑ჏ࠄѳচ(Ԣ஖ᄪ฻Ǵ1999)Ƕ

ಃ΋යीฝхࡴᕴय़ᑈऊ1800 ѳБϦٚޑᐜНྛؑᑈ৻Ǵჹځಒ೽НЎӦ

፦຾Չ௖୎ǴᐜНྛݞНЬाวྍܭӝ៿ξЬঢ়ᆶܿঢ়ϐ໔ޑ՘Φ໔᎟೽Ǵࢬ࿶

ϐՉࡹ୔ୱхࡴᄆϯᑜǵ໦݅ᑜǵ჏ကᑜǵаϷࠄ׫ᑜǴ٠ԾᄆϯᑜεࠤໂΠੇ

❵׸Ϸ໦݅ᑜഝቧໂ೚ছቧϐ໔ࢬΕѠ᡼ੇ৙ǴЬࢬߏࡋᕴीऊ186.6 ϦٚǴࣁ ӄ୯നεޑؑᑈ৻ᆶΟفࢪѳচǴीฝය໔Ԝ୔ୱᕴी೛࿼Α77 ઠНЎӦ፦ፓ

ࢗઠаϷ175 αӦΠНᢀෳϔǴ೛࿼ጄൎԾܿӛՋ఼ᇂύѧξેаՋǵЫഊǵѠ ӦǵаϷΠෞϐؑᑈ৻ѳচǴх֖ΖړξેᆶЏϤЫഊǴчаਜ਼ྛࣁࣚǴࠄԿԘ ηྛǴӄ୔НЎӦ፦ޑፓࢗుࡋѳচ୔ୱၲ300 ϦЁѰѓǴξ୔ޑፓࢗుࡋၲ

250 ϦЁѰѓǶҁࣴزჹຝޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔջՏܭᐜНྛؑᑈ৻৻ഗ΢Бϐ

୔ୱ(კ 5.1)Ƕ

44

კ5.1 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐӦ౛Տ࿼

ᐜ

ᐜ Н ྛʳ ਜ਼ ྛʳ

Ԙ η ྛʳ

ޗ

ޗቧʳ ʳ

45

ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔӦೀѠ᡼ύѧξેՋ೽᜾ξ஥ᆶᐜНྛؑᑈ৻ഗҬࣚ

ೀ΢ጔǴՏܭᐜНྛѰ۞ऊ1.5 ϦٚೀǴ۳ՋчБᎃ߈ΖړξેǴ۳ՋࠄБᆶЏ ϤЫഊ࣬ௗǴឦܭᐜНྛύෞ໣Н୔Ѧ᜾ξ஥ϐጄൎǶ၀୔۟ዬࣁ׳ཥШϐᓐ≝

ξ᝟ҡቫᆶ΢ཥШϐᒸН।۟ቫǴᓐ≝ξቫ؈ᑈጄൎՏܭύѧξેՋୁǴ؈ᑈٰ

ྍхࡴξ᜾୴ᑈؑᑈ৻ǵזೲݞၰ؈ᑈǵаϷѦୁޑభੇ؈ᑈǴᄬԋϐӦ፦׷਑

х֖җҡम۟፦ࣳ۟ᆶ݈۟ಔԋϐ᝟ҡаϷ݈۟৕ࣳ۟ǹᒸН।۟߾ғԋܭభੇ

аΠޑੇ࣬؈ᑈᕉნǴଽ֨ࣳ۟ǵણࣳ۟ᆶݝ۟ޑ೸᜔ᡏǴёᢀჸډဎىᜪǵܬ ىᜪǵԖϾᙝ฻ђғނϯҡ(2008Ǵഋ୻ྍ)Ƕ

᏾ᡏԶقǴޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ܌ӧ୔ୱϐӦ፦׷਑җఁ׳ཥШԿ΢ཥШϐ

᝟ҡǵࣳǵᆶᗹβಔԋǴ۟ዬӦቫ߾җᓐ≝ξቫᆶᒸН।۟ቫಔԋǴεठឦܭե ࡋጤ่ࡋϐ᝟۟ǵࣳ۟ǵᆶݝ۟(კ 5.2)ǶԜ୔ڙזೲ؈ᑈբҔǴЪ҂ڙܴᡉޑ ӄౚੇ຾ੇଏ٣ҹቹៜǴ຾Զளа୴ᑈрεጄൎݞ࣬ޑѮࠆ᝟ҡቫǴ٬ځр៛ܭ Ӧ߄ϐ୔ୱԋࣁଯೱ೯܄ϐӦΠНံݙ୔ǴԶځՋୁᆶً᠈঵ᘐቫ࣬ᎃǴਥᏵύ ѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌ଞჹځНՏϩѲϐࣴزǴᘐቫჹԜೀ֖НቫԶقёຎࣁ΋ঁό೸Н ᜐࣚǶ

46

კ5.2 ޗቧӦΠНᢀෳϔ܌ӧ୔ୱӦ፦კ(অׯԾύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌)

ಃѤइ!

ؑᑈቫʳ ӄཥШ!

໘Ӧ୴ᑈቫʳ ӄཥШ!

໘Ӧᆶξ᜾ؑᑈቫʳ

׳ཥШ!

आβѠӦ୴ᑈቫʳ

׳ཥШ!

ᓐ≝ξቫ३ξࢤʳ

΢ཥШ!

ڑើቫʳ

׳ཥШ!

Ζړξቫʳ

(120.669906, 23.846737)ʳ (120.756405, 23.846737)ʳ

(120.756405, 23.775533)ʳ (120. 669906, 23.775533)

ޗቧϔ

߃ʳ ໂʳ ᘐʳ ቫʳ

ً!

᠈

঵ʳ ᘐʳ ቫʳ Ϸ!

ځ!

Ѝ!

ᘐ!

ቫʳ

ᘐቫ

௝ᙟ܈௢ෳᘐቫʳ

!ࢲᘐቫ)຀ጕ߄Ң௢ෳ*ʳ

଍ᘐቫ)ᒯᏁҢ΢ϲୁ*ʳ

0ʳ 2ʳ 4ʳ Ϧٚʳ

Nʳ

6ʳ

47

ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔࡌܭ1996 ԃ 7 Д 26 ВǴ၀ϔϐӦ߄ଯำࣁ 179 ϦЁǴϔు

24 ϦЁǴ۟܄ᡉҢܭკ 5.3Ǵ၀ӦϐӦቫԾӦ߄۳Πుࡋऊ΋ϦЁϣҗણࣳᆶᗹ βಔԋǴځΠऊ16 ϦЁࣣࣁݞၰ᝟ҡቫǴҭࣁԜ୔֖НቫϐЬाϩѲጄൎǴਥ ᏵᐕԃਔНՏၗ਑ΨёᢀჸډޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔӦΠНՏޑۑ࿯܄ᡂϯ൯ࡋ ҭϟܭԜుࡋጄൎϣǴԶϔᆅ໒ᑔుࡋ߾ՏӧӦ߄Π9 Կ 18 ϦЁೀǶ

კ5.3 ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔ۟Јࢊ

ޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐਔНՏ૶ᒵۈԾ1997 ԃ 1 Д 1 ВǴНՏ૶ᒵϐှ݋

ࡋࣁ1 ϦϩǴԶҁࣴز٬Ҕϐଯᓎଯှ݋ࡋޑӦΠНՏᅱෳس಍೛࿼ܭ 2011 ԃ 6 Д 24 ВǴᅱෳᓎ౗௦ 1 ࣾ 1 ฽Ǵှ݋ࡋࣁ 0.2 ϦᙶǶ

ଯำ (ϦЁ)ʳ ϔଯำǺ179 ϦЁʳ

ϔుǺ24 ϦЁʳ 160ʳ 170ʳ 180ʳ

150ʳ

᝟۟ʳ

ણࣳǵᗹβʳ ಒࣳʳ

୷ዬʳ ᘠНᆅʳ

48

ՏܭᐜНྛؑᑈ৻৻ഗξڵ΢ጔϐޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔǴਥᏵᢕ௖ၗ਑ᡉҢǴ ӦቫЬाҗ᝟ҡಔԋǴ٬ޗቧᢀෳϔ܌ឦޑ֖НቫڀԖଯࡋ೸Нޑ੝ቻǶਥᏵޗ ቧᢀෳϔ1997 ԃԿ 2012 ԃޑӦΠНՏ૶ᒵǴϩ݋ځӦΠНՏᡂϯᆶε਻ᓸΚᡂ ϯϐ໔ޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ǵ٠คܴᡉޑ᛾ᏵᡉҢޗቧӦΠНՏᡂϯڙډε਻ᓸΚቹៜǴ΋

૓ԶقǴԾҗ֖Нቫܭε਻ᓸΚׯᡂޑၸำύǴځ΢Бޑ҂Ⴋک஥ёᙖҗ਻ᡏӧ ϾሜаϷϔᏛ໔ޑрΕǴѳᑽε਻ᓸΚޑׯᡂǴ຾Զܢᎍε਻ᓸΚჹԾҗНय़ޑ բҔΚǴ٬Ծҗ֖Нቫၨόڙε਻ᓸΚቹៜǴӢԜԾҗНय़ό཮և౜ᒿε਻ᓸΚ ᡂϯᡂ୏ϐ౜ຝǴԶޗቧᢀෳϔջև౜Ԝ໨ϸᔈ่݀ǴԜѦǴஒޗቧޑӦΠНՏ

૶ᒵϪപԋၨอϐਔ໔Ёࡋ຾Չϩ݋Ǵҭ҂ᢀჸډܴᡉޑӦΠНՏᒿڰᡏዊᡂϯ ޑ౜ຝǴа΢౜ຝ೿ࡰрޗቧޑ֖НቫЬाև౜Ծҗ֖Нቫϐ੝܄Ƕ

ϩ݋ᐕԃޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐӦΠНՏޑਔНՏ૶ᒵǴёᢀჸډځӦΠН Տۑ࿯܄ᡂϯጄൎऊౣϟܭӦ߄Πుࡋ6 Կ 18 ϦЁೀǹჹӦ᎜ϐӕ᎜ϸᔈၨத ـࣁᡂϯ൯ࡋ࣬ჹၨλϐ࡭ុԄᡂϯǴ࡭ុԄᡂϯໆࣁ3 ϦϩаΠǴ໻ 1999 ԃ

໣໣Ӧ᎜೷ԋ14 Ϧϩޑ᎜ᕏԄᡂϯǹჹफ़ߘϸᔈӧߘۑၨࣁܴᡉǴऩаၨࣁֻ

ᢀفࡋᔠຎޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔϐԃࡋӦΠНՏᡂϯǴ໻ёԾ၀ԃӦΠНՏଯঢ় යղձଳǵᔸٿۑڙफ़ߘቹៜϐৡ౦Ǵฅ௨ନεໆफ़ߘޑߘۑϐࡕǴځдਔයϐ ӦΠНՏᡂϯᆶफ़ߘϐ໔ۘคᡉ๱ϐᜢᖄ܄ǶஒޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔޑНՏᡂϯ ᆶޔጕຯᚆന߈ޑߘໆઠ຾ՉჹКǴхࡴ໣໣ઠǵВД዇ઠǵԮξઠǴว౜аԮ ξઠᆶޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔޑНՏᡂϯᜢ߯നࣁஏϪǴၱ௦ҔԮξઠߘໆ૶ᒵ຾

Չϩ݋Ƕа2010 ԃޑޗቧӦΠНՏᐕጕკࣁٯ(კ 5.4)ǴޗቧӦΠНՏᆶԮξઠ ߘໆჹКϐ่݀ᡉҢǴޗቧӦΠНՏᢀෳϔӦΠНՏڙߘۑफ़ߘံݙӦΠНǴЇ วᡉ๱ޑӦΠНՏ΢ϲᡂϯǴၲډ၀ԃӦΠНՏϐനଯঢ়ॶǴߘۑਔයϐѦǴफ़ ߘ٣ҹᆶНՏᡂϯٿޣϐ໔ޑᜢᖄ܄߾ၨόܴᡉǴϸᔈаλਔᓎ౗૶ᒵޑޗቧӦ ΠНՏǴჹफ़ߘϸᔈၨόᡫ௵ǴϩДᔠຎࡕҭёว౜ѳਔӦΠНՏᡂϯև౜ၨࣁ ᛙۓЪѳ጗ޑᖿ༈Ƕ