環境因子對木黴菌促進作物生長之影響研究 丘麗蓉、謝建元 ; 羅朝村

環境因子對木黴菌促進作物生長之影響研究 丘麗蓉、謝建元 ; 羅朝村

E-mail: [email protected]

摘 要

本研究旨在探討木黴菌促進作物生長之可能因子，及受土壤環境的可能影響。試驗分成兩部分：一、木黴菌對不溶或稀溶 礦物元素的溶出與嵌合能力的測定，二、不同木黴菌菌株在不同土壤環境中對作物吸收氮、磷等營養元素之影響，及其對 作物生長之效應。在培養液中磷酸鈣、氧化銅、氧化鐵、氧化錳及鋅的溶出試驗，獲知接種木黴菌處理會使培養液中磷、

鐵和銅元素的溶解度降低。錳及鋅在溶液中元素濃度則呈現增加。此外，木黴菌的添加可將鐵離子（Fe3+）還原成亞鐵離 子（Fe2+）、銅離子（Cu2+）還原成亞銅離子（Cu+），且會產生嵌合物質與銅產生嵌合作用。在作物生長試驗方面；

（1）在平鎮系酸性土壤經接種T1295-22、R1-6及Yam3-7菌株，甘藍之植株乾物量及氮素吸收量均顯著地高於對照處理。

且T1295-22及Yam3-7菌株也顯著增加蘿蔔氮素吸收量。（2）吉安系鹼性土壤接種木黴菌，僅有T1295-22菌株增加甘藍乾 物產量，其它接菌處理增進甘藍及蘿蔔的加氮素吸收量。在不同土壤pH值下，木黴菌對甜玉米生長及產量之效應試驗結 果顯示，強酸性、中性及微鹼性土壤接菌處理，膝高期植株的乾物量均略低於未接菌處理。然而經接菌處理；植株在雌穗 吐絲期之地上部乾物產量相較於未接菌處理明顯有增產效果，分別在強酸性土壤增加20﹪（T1295-22）、24﹪（R1-6）

及8﹪（R42）。中性土壤13﹪（T1295-22）、10﹪（R1-6）、1﹪（R42），及微鹼性土壤9﹪（R1-6）。惟在三種酸鹼值 土壤；各菌株間對甜玉米植株氮素吸收量之影響則略有差異。鮮穗產量之效應，分別在強酸性土壤之增產率為6﹪

（T1295-22）、3﹪（R1-6）及5﹪（R42），中性土壤之增產率為3﹪（R1-6），在微鹼性土壤則為5﹪（T1295-22）、3

﹪（R1-6）及1﹪（R42）。氮素生產效率方面；則接種木黴菌顯著增加23％（T1295-22）、20％（R1-6）及18％（R42）

。接種木黴菌顯著減少胡瓜之幼瓜感病數目，延長生育日數及增加著果的數量，顯著增加胡瓜的產量。同時；接菌處理顯 著增加植株乾物產量，分別增加98%(T1295-22) 、51%(R1-6) 及95%(R42) 。植株氮素吸收量也會增加，尤其T1295-22菌株 在始花期及收穫期，提昇23％及140％的氮素吸收量，達5%顯著差異水準。

關鍵詞 : 木黴菌 ; 甜玉米 ; 氮素吸收量 ; 促進生長

目錄

封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書...iii 中文摘要...iv 英文摘

要...vi 誌 謝...vii 目 錄...ix 圖目 錄...xii 表目錄...xiv 第一章 前言...1 第 二章 文獻回顧...4 2.1 木黴菌之分類...5 2.2 木黴菌之型態其特

性...6 2.3 木黴菌在病害防治上之應用...7 2.4 木黴菌防治病害之機 制...8 2.5 木黴菌促進作物生長...10 2.6 台灣酸性土壤與鹼性土壤之概

述...13 2.7 營養元素在植物體內之功能...14 2.8 氮素對作物生長之效能...15 第三章 材料與方法...16 3.1 木黴菌菌株的來源...16 3.2 木黴菌菌株的培養與保 存...16 3.3 試驗藥劑及配製...17 3.4 供試作物種類...18 3.5 不 同酸鹼值(pH)土壤的製作...18 3.6 土壤性質分析...18 3.7 植物體樣本分

析...20 3.8 木黴菌對礦物元素溶出之影響...21 3.9 木黴菌對銅、鐵之還原與嵌合能力之 影響...22 3.10作物盆栽試驗土壤之製備...23 3.11木黴菌對甘藍、蘿蔔生長之影

響...24 3.12 木黴菌在不同酸鹼值土壤中對玉米生長之影響...24 3.13木黴菌對胡瓜抗病能力與產量之影 響...25 3.14試驗檢測種類及計算項目與資料分析方法...26 第四章 結 果...28 4.1木黴菌對礦物元素溶出之影響...28 4.1.1對磷溶出之影響與pH值的變化...28 4.1.2對氧化銅 溶出之影響與pH值的變化...28 4.1.3對氧化鐵溶出之影響與pH值的變化...29 4.1.4對氧化錳溶出之 影響與pH值的變化...33 4.1.5對鋅溶出之影響與pH值的變化...33 4.2木黴菌對銅、鐵之還原與螯 合能力之影響...36 4.3木黴菌對甘藍生育及土壤有效養分含量之影響...40 4.3.1木黴菌對栽植甘藍後之土壤 酸鹼值的變化...40 4.3.2對乾物產量、氮素含量、氮素吸收量及葉片葉綠素計測值之影

響...42 4.3.3甘藍營養元素吸收量之比較...43 4.3.4甘藍栽植後土壤有效養分 的變化...46 4.4接種木黴菌對蘿蔔生育及土壤有效養分含量之影響...50 4.4.1木黴菌對栽植蘿蔔後土壤酸 鹼值的變化...50 4.4.2乾物產量、氮素含量、氮素吸收量及葉片葉綠素計測值之影響.50 4.4.3蘿蔔營養元素吸收量 之比較...53 4.4.4蘿蔔栽植後土壤有效養分之比較...54 4.5不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌對甜玉米

生長及產量之效應...59 4.5.1木黴菌對甜玉米地上部及地下部乾物累積之影響...59 4.5.2處理木黴菌菌株對玉米氮素 吸收量之影響...65 4.5.3不同菌株處理間甜玉米鮮穗及收穫指數之比較...67 4.5.4木黴菌處理對甜玉米葉片氮 素含量、葉面積、葉片單位面積重 量及鮮穗重/葉面積之影響...67 4.5.5氮素吸收效率及氮素生產效率之 比較...70 4.5.6生育各階段植體中要素含量之比較...73 4.5.7接種木黴菌對土壤酸鹼值(pH)之影 響...78 4.5.8對水溶性鹽類之影響...78 4.5.9對無機態氮素含量之影響...81 4.5.10有效性磷(Bray NO.1 P)及交換性鉀、鈣、鎂...83 4.6木黴菌對胡瓜生長及產量之效應...87 4.6.1胡 瓜乾物產量及氮素吸收量之比較...87 4.6.2胡瓜產量、氮素吸收效率及氮素生產效率之比較...90 4.6.3對胡 瓜其他營養元素吸收之影響...90 4.6.4木黴菌對胡瓜生育日數及感病率調查之影響...94 第五章 討 論...96 第六章 結論...104 參考文獻...106 圖 目 錄 圖1. 木黴菌在蔗糖酵母培養基對磷酸鈣之溶解...30 圖2. 木黴菌在蔗糖酵母培養液對氧化銅之溶

解...31 圖3. 木黴菌在蔗糖酵母培養液對氧化鐵之溶解...32 圖4. 木黴菌在蔗糖酵母培養液對氧化錳之溶 解...34 圖5. 木黴菌在蔗糖酵母培養液對鋅之溶解...35 圖6. 木黴菌濾液對銅之嵌合情

形...37 圖7. 木黴菌將Fe(Ⅲ) 還原為Fe(Ⅱ)之能力...38 圖8. 木黴菌將Cu(Ⅱ) 還原為Cu(I)之能 力...39 圖9. 平鎮系、吉安系土壤接種木黴菌在甘藍種植後pH值之變化...41 圖10.平鎮系、吉安系土壤接種木黴 菌在蘿蔔種植後pH值之變化...51 圖11.接種木黴菌對玉米膝高期地上部乾物與地下部乾物比之影響...61 圖12.接種木黴菌 對玉米吐絲期地上部乾物與地下部乾物比之影響...62 圖13.接種木黴菌對玉米收穫期地上部乾物與地下部乾物比之影響...63 圖14.接種木黴菌對玉米氮素吸收量與氮素生產效率之相關...72 表目錄 表1.試驗供試土壤理化性

質...27 表2.木黴菌對甘藍乾物量、氮素含量、氮素吸收量與葉綠素計測值 之影

響...44 表3.木黴菌對甘藍各營養元素吸收量之影響...45 表4.甘藍種植21天收穫土壤 中無機態氮、有效性磷及置換性鉀鈣鎂 之含量...48 表5.甘藍要素吸收量與收穫後土壤中有效 養分含量合計值之比較....49 表6.木黴菌對蘿蔔乾物量、氮素含量、氮素吸收量與葉綠素計測值 之比

較...52 表7.木黴菌對蘿蔔各營養元素吸收量之影響...56 表8.蘿蔔種植21天後土壤中 無機態氮、有效性磷及置換性鉀鈣鎂之 含量...57 表9.蘿蔔植株要素吸收量與土壤中有效養分 含量合計值之比較...58 表10. 不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌對甜玉米各生育期地上部乾物量 累積之比

較...64 表11. 不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌對玉米各生育期氮素吸收量之比

較...66 表12. 不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌在玉米收穫期鮮穗產量及收穫指 數之比

較...68 表13. 不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌甜玉米吐絲期植株葉片氮素含量 、葉面積、單位面積 葉重及鮮穗重/葉面積之比較...69 表14. 不同酸鹼值土壤接種木黴菌對氮素吸收效率及氮素生產效率 之影

響...71 表15.木黴菌對甜玉米在膝高期植株內各營養元素吸收量之影影...75 表16.木黴菌對甜 玉米在吐絲期植株各種營養元素吸收量之影響...76 表17.木黴菌對甜玉米在收穫期植株內各營養元素吸收量之影響...77 表18.接種木黴菌在甜玉米生育期間土壤pH之變化...79 表19.接種木黴菌對甜玉米生育期間土壤EC之影

響...80 表20.甜玉米生育期間土壤無機態氮（硝酸態氮＋銨態氮）之變化...82 表21.接種木黴菌對甜玉米膝高期土壤 中有效性磷（Bray NO1.P）及 交換性鉀、鈣及鎂之影響...84 表22.接種木黴菌對甜玉米吐絲期土壤中 有效性磷（Bray NO1.P）及 交換性鉀、鈣及鎂之影響...85 表23.接種木黴菌對甜玉米收穫期土壤中有 效性磷（Bray NO1.P）及 交換性鉀、鈣及鎂之影響...86 表24.木黴菌對胡瓜各生育期乾物累積量之比 較...88 表25.木黴菌對胡瓜各生育期氮素吸收量之比較...89 表26.木黴菌對胡瓜產量、氮素吸收效率及氮 素生產效率之比較...91 表27. 木黴菌在胡瓜始花期植株各營養元素吸收量之比較...92 表28. 木黴菌在胡瓜收穫期植株各 營養元素吸收量之比較...93 表29. 木黴菌對胡瓜生育期及感病調查之比較...95

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